AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 2089062702 | mobile scaffold tower | mobiles (Bau)Gerüst | 0 | |
| 2089063268 | guard rail | Sicherheitsgeländer | 1 | |
| 2089063561 | safety harness | Sicherheitsgurt | 2 | |
| 2089063732 | platform | Plattform | 3 | |
| 2089063820 | warning sing | Warnschild | 4 | |
| 2089063821 | ladder | Leiter | 5 | |
| 2089063873 | hard hat | Schutzhelm | 6 | |
| 2089064085 | stabilizer | Stabilisator | 7 | |
| 2089064137 | locking castor | feststellbare Laufrolle | 8 | |
| 2089064621 | cone | Warnhütchen | 9 | |
| 2089126033 | sway | schwingen, schwanken | 10 |
| 706223595 | Consciousness | the awareness of Internal and External stimuli | 0 | |
| 706223596 | Brain Waves | i. Measured in height and frequency ii. Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta Waves | 1 | |
| 706223597 | Biological Rhythms | Periodic Fluctuations in Physiological functioning | 2 | |
| 706223598 | Circadian Rhythms | The 24-hour biological cycles found in Humans and many animals | 3 | |
| 706223599 | Melatonin | Hormone that Adjusts Biological Clocks | 4 | |
| 706223600 | Electromyograph (EMG) | records muscle activity and tension | 5 | |
| 706223601 | Electrooculograph | Records Eye Movement | 6 | |
| 706223602 | Stage 1 Sleep | i. Light sleep ii. Hypnic Jerks | 7 | |
| 706223603 | Stage 2 Sleep | i. Sleep Spindles ii. Respiration, Heart Rate and Muscle Tension and Body Temperature all bgin to decline | 8 | |
| 706223604 | Stage 3 and 4 Sleep | Slow WAve Sleep | 9 | |
| 706223605 | Stage 5 Sleep | REM Sleep | 10 | |
| 706223606 | REM Sleep | i. Deep sleep ii. vivid dreams iii. Paralyzed iiii. Memory COnsolidation | 11 | |
| 706223607 | Ascending Reticular Activating System | Fibers in Reticular formation that influence Sleep and rising from Sleep | 12 | |
| 706223608 | Insomnia | Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep. Most common Sleep Disorder | 13 | |
| 706223609 | Narcolepsy | Disease causing sudden onsets of sleep during waking periods | 14 | |
| 706223610 | Sleep Apnea | Frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep | 15 | |
| 706223611 | Nightmares | Anxiety arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep | 16 | |
| 706223612 | Night Terrors | Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feeling of Panic. Bolt up with a scream | 17 | |
| 706223613 | Somnambulism | Sleepwalking | 18 | |
| 706223614 | REM Dreams | Visual, vivid, story-like dreams | 19 | |
| 706223615 | NREM Dreams | Short, not very vivid | 20 | |
| 706223616 | Lucid Dreaming | Dreamer knows they are dreaming | 21 | |
| 706223622 | Hypnosis | i. Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of Suggestibility ii. Produces: anesthesia,hallucinations, Disinhibition and Posthypnotic Suggestions | 22 | |
| 706223624 | Dissociation | Splitting off of Mental Processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness | 23 | |
| 706223625 | Divided Conscious | Is a normal experience such as driving a car, but you don't remember specific things about it. You just do it | 24 | |
| 706223626 | Meditation | Family of Practices that Train Attention to heighten awareness and bring Mental Processes under greater Voluntary Control | 25 | |
| 706223627 | Psychoactive Drugs | Chemical substances that modify Mental, Emotional, or Behavioral Functioning | 26 | |
| 706223628 | Narcotics | i. Drugs derived from Opium that relieves Pain ii. Heroine and Morphine | 27 | |
| 706223629 | Sedatives | i. Sleep Inducing drugs that decrease Central Nervous System Activation and Behavioral Activity ii. Sleeping pills, Barbituates | 28 | |
| 706223630 | Stimulants | i. Drugs that Increase Central Nervous System activation and Behavioral Activity ii. Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamines | 29 | |
| 706223631 | Hallucinogens | i. Drugs that have powerful effect upon Mental and Emotional Functioning. Causing Distortions in Sensory and Perceptual Experience ii. LSD and Shrooms | 30 | |
| 706223632 | Cannabis | i. Hemp Plant from which Marijuana, Hashish, and THC are derived ii. Marijuana and Hash | 31 | |
| 706223633 | MDMA | i. Compound Drug related to both Amphetamines & Hallucinogens, especially Mescaline ii. Ecstasy | 32 | |
| 706223634 | Tolerance | Progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug | 33 | |
| 706223635 | Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway | all abused drugs increase activity here | 34 | |
| 706223636 | Physical Dependence | When a person must continue to take a Drug to avoid withdrawal illness | 35 | |
| 706223637 | Psychological Dependence | When a Person must continue to take a Drug to satisfy intense Mental and Emotional Craving for the Drug | 36 | |
| 706223638 | Learning | Any relatively durable Change in Behavior or Knowledge that is due to Experience | 37 | |
| 706223639 | Conditioning | Learning Associations between events that occur in an Organisms Environment | 38 | |
| 706223640 | Phobias | Irrational Fears of specific Objects or Situations | 39 | |
| 706223641 | Classical Conditioning | Type of Learning in which a Stimulus acquires the Capacity to Evoke a Response that was originally evoked by another Stimulus | 40 | |
| 706223642 | Ivan Pavlov | i. Classical Conditioning ii. Pavlov's Dogs | 41 | |
| 706223643 | Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | A Stimulus that evokes an Unconditional response without previous Conditioning | 42 | |
| 706223644 | Unconditioned Response (UCR) | An Unlearned Reaction to an Unconditioned Stimulus that occurs without previous Conditioning | 43 | |
| 706223645 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | A Previously Neutral Stimulus that through Conditioning, can Evoke a Conditioned Response | 44 | |
| 706223646 | Conditioned Response | A Learned Reaction to a Conditioned Stimulus that occurs because of Previous Conditioning | 45 | |
| 706223647 | Conditioned Reflex | Conditioned Response is relatively Automatic or Involuntary | 46 | |
| 706223648 | Trail (Classical Conditioning) | Any Presentation of Stimulus or a pair of Stimuli | 47 | |
| 706223649 | Acquisition | Initial Stage of Learning Something | 48 | |
| 706223650 | Extinction | The Gradual Weakening and Disappearance of a Conditioned Response Tendency | 49 | |
| 706223651 | Spontaneous Recovery | Reappearance of an Extinguished Response after a period of No Exposure to the Conditioned Stimulus | 50 | |
| 706223652 | Stimulus Generalization | Occurs when an Organism that has learned a Response to a Specific Stimulus Responds in the same way to new Stimulus that are similar to the Original Stimulus | 51 | |
| 706223653 | Stimulus Discrimination | Occurs when an Organism that has learned a Response to a Specific Stimulus does Not Respond in the same way to a new Stimuli that are Similar to the Original Stimulus | 52 | |
| 706223654 | Higher Order Conditioning | A Conditioned Stimulus functions as if it were an Unconditioned Stimulus | 53 | |
| 706223655 | Operant Conditioning | i. A Form of Learning in which Responses come to be Controlled by their Consequences ii. B. F. Skinner | 54 | |
| 706223656 | Law of Effect | i. If a Response in the presence of a Stimulus leads to Positive Effects, the Associations between the Stimulus and Response is Strengthened ii. Edward Thorndike | 55 | |
| 706223657 | Reinforcement | i. Occurs when an event following a Response increases the Organisms tendency to make that Response ii. B. F. Skinner | 56 | |
| 706223658 | Operant Chamber / Skinner Box | Small Enclosure where an Animal can make a specific Response that is recorded, while the consequences are controlled. | 57 | |
| 706223659 | Reinforced Contingencies | Circumstances or Rules that determine whether Responses lead to the Presentation of Reinforcers | 58 | |
| 706223661 | Shaping | The Reinforcement of closer and closer Approximations of a Desired Response | 59 | |
| 706223662 | Resistance to Extinction | Occurs when an Organism continues to make a Response after Delivery of the Reinforcer has been Terminated | 60 | |
| 706223663 | Discriminative Stimulus | Cues that influence Operant Behavior by indicating the Probable Consequences of a Response | 61 | |
| 706223664 | Primary Reinforcers | Events that are Inherently Reinforcing because they Satisfy Biological Needs | 62 | |
| 706223665 | Secondary/Conditioned reinforcers | Events that acquire Reinforcing Qualities by being Associated with Primary Enforcers | 63 | |
| 706223667 | Continuous Reinforcement | When Every Instance of a Designated Response is Reinforced | 64 | |
| 706223669 | Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule of Reinforcement | The Reinforcer is given after a Fixed Number of Non-Reinforced Responses | 65 | |
| 706223670 | Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule of Reinforcement | The Reinforcer is Given after a Variable Number of Non-Reinforced Responses | 66 | |
| 706223671 | Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule of Reinforcement | The Reinforcer is Given for the First Response that Occurs after a Fixed Time Interval has Elapsed | 67 | |
| 706223672 | Variable Interval (FI) Schedule of Reinforcement | The Reinforcer is Given for the First Response after a Variable Time Interval has Elapsed | 68 | |
| 706223673 | Positive Reinforcement | When a Response is Strengthened because it is followed by the Presentation of a Rewarding Stimulus | 69 | |
| 706223674 | Negative Reinforcement | When a Response is Strengthened because it is followed by the Removal of an Unpleasant Stimulus | 70 | |
| 706223675 | Escape Learning | An Organism Acquires a Response that Decreases or Ends some Aversive Stimuli | 71 | |
| 706223676 | Avoidance Learning | An Organism Acquires a Response that Prevents some Aversive (Unpleasant) Stimulation from Occurring | 72 | |
| 706223677 | Punishment | When an Event following a Response Weakens the Tendency to make that Response. Adding an Aversive Stimulant | 73 | |
| 706223679 | Taste Averion | i. Discovered Link between Taste/Smell and Nausea over a long period of time, but not other Senses ii. John Garcia | 74 | |
| 706223680 | Latent Learning | i. Learning that is not apparent from Behavior when it First Occurs ii. Edward Tolman | 75 | |
| 706223681 | Signal Relations | i. The Predictive Value of a CS is an Influential Factor Governing Classical Conditioning ii. Robert Rescorla | 76 | |
| 706223682 | Observational Learning | i. When an Organism's Responding is Influenced by the Observation of others, who are called Models ii. Key Processes: Attention, Retention, Reproduction and Motivation | 77 | |
| 706223683 | Encoding | Forming Memory Code | 78 | |
| 706223684 | Storage | Maintaining encoded information in Memory over time | 79 | |
| 706223685 | Retrieval | Recovering Information from Memory Stores | 80 | |
| 706223686 | Attention | Focusing Awareness on a narrowed range of Stimuli or Events | 81 | |
| 706223687 | Structural Encoding | Shallow Processing - Emphasizes the Physical Structure of the Stimulus | 82 | |
| 706223688 | Phonemic Encoding | Intermediate Processing - Emphasizes what a word sounds like | 83 | |
| 706223689 | Semantic Encoding | Deep Processing - Emphasizes the meaning of Verbal Input | 84 | |
| 706223690 | Levels-Of-Processing Theory | Proposes that deeper levels of processing result in Longer-Lasting Memory codes | 85 | |
| 706223691 | Elaboration | Linking a Stimulus to other information at the time of Encoding | 86 | |
| 706223692 | Imagery | Creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered | 87 | |
| 706223693 | Dual-Coding Theory | Memory is Enhanced by Forming Semantic and Visual codes, since either can lead to Recall | 88 | |
| 706223694 | Self-Referent Coding | Deciding how or whether Information is Personally Relevant | 89 | |
| 706223695 | Sensory Memory | Preserves Memory in its Original Sensory form for a Brief Time, Usually only a Fraction of a Second | 90 | |
| 706223696 | Short-Term Memory (STM) | A Limited-Capacity Store that can Maintain Unrehearsed Information for up to about 20 Seconds | 91 | |
| 706223697 | Rehersal | The Process of Repetitively Verbalizing or Thinking about the Information | 92 | |
| 706223698 | George Miller | People could recall only about 7 Items in tasks that require Short-Term Memory | 93 | |
| 706223699 | Chunk | A Group of Familiar Stimuli Stored as a Single Unit | 94 | |
| 706223700 | Alan Baddeley | Working Memory | 95 | |
| 706223701 | Phonological Loop | Facilitate the Acquisition of Language | 96 | |
| 706223702 | Visuospatial Sketchpad | Permits people to Temporarily Hold and Manipulate Visual Images | 97 | |
| 706223703 | Central Executive System | Controls Deploying, Switching, and Dividing Attention | 98 | |
| 706223704 | Episodic Buffer | Temporary Limited-Capacity storage for Integrating Working Memory to Long-Term Memory | 99 | |
| 706223705 | Long Term Memory (LTM) | i. An Unlimited Capacity Store that can hold Information over Lengthy Periods of Time ii. Permanent | 100 | |
| 706223706 | Flashbulb Memories | i. Vivid and Detailed Recollections of Momentous Events ii. often inaccurate | 101 | |
| 706223707 | Conceptual Hierarchy | A Multilevel Classification System Based on Common Properties Among Items | 102 | |
| 706223708 | Schema | i. An Organized Cluster of Knowledge about a Particular Object or Event Abstracted from Previous Experience with the Object or Event ii. People are more likely to Remember things that are Consistent with their Schemas than Things that are not | 103 | |
| 706223709 | Semantic Network | Consists of Nodes Representing Concepts, Joined Together by Pathways that Link Related Concepts | 104 | |
| 706223710 | Parallel Distributed Processing Models (PDP) | Cognitive Processes Depend on Patterns of Activation in Highly Interconnected Computational Networks that Resemble Neural Networks | 105 | |
| 706223711 | Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon | The Temporary Inability to Remember Something You Know, Accompanied by a Feeling that It's "Just out of Reach" | 106 | |
| 706223712 | Misinformation Effect | Occurs when Participants Recall of an Event they Witnessed is Altered by Introducing Misleading Post-Event Information | 107 | |
| 706223713 | Imagination Inflation | A few moments of belief that a person has had an experience they haven't allows them to make up details that didn't occur | 108 | |
| 706223715 | Source Monitoring | Involves Making Attributions about the Origins of Memories | 109 | |
| 706223716 | Source Monitoring Error | Occurs when a Memory Derived from one Source is Misattributed to Another Source | 110 | |
| 706223717 | Reality Monitoring | Process of Deciding Whether Memories are Based on External Sources (One's Perception of Actual Events) Or Internal Sources (One's Thoughts and Imaginations.) | 111 | |
| 706223718 | Herman Ebbinghaus | Forgetting Curve | 112 | |
| 706223719 | Forgetting Curve | i. Graphs Retention and Forgetting Over Time ii. more meaningful material makes for a shallower curve | 113 | |
| 706223720 | Retention | Refers to the Proportion of Material Remembered | 114 | |
| 706223721 | Recall | Measure of Retention Requires Subjects to Reproduce Information from an Array of Options | 115 | |
| 706223722 | Recognition | Measure of Retention Requires Subjects to Select Previously Learned Information from an Array of options | 116 | |
| 706223723 | Relearning | Measure of Retention Requires a Subject to Memorize Information a Second Time to Determine How Much Time or How Many Practice Trials are Saved by Having Learned it Before | 117 | |
| 706223724 | Pseudo Forgetting | You don't learn something well due to a lack of Attention | 118 | |
| 706223725 | Decay Theory of Forgetting | Forgetting Occurs because Memory Traces Fade with Time | 119 | |
| 706223726 | Interference Theory of Forgetting | People Forget Information because of Competition from other Material | 120 | |
| 706223727 | Retroactive Interference in Forgetting | Occurs when New Information Impairs the Retention of Previously Learned Information | 121 | |
| 706223728 | Proactive Interference in Forgetting | Occurs when Previously Learned Information Interferes with the Retention of New Information | 122 | |
| 706223729 | Encoding Specificity Principle | The Value of a Retrieval Cue Depends on How Well it Corresponds to the Memory Code | 123 | |
| 706223730 | Transfer-Appropriate Processing | Occurs when the Initial Processing of Information is Similar to the Type of Processing Required by the Subsequent Measure of Retention | 124 | |
| 706223731 | Repression | i. keeping Distressing Thoughts and Feelings Buried in the Unconscious ii. Freud | 125 | |
| 706223732 | Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | A Long-Lasting Increase in Neural Excitability at Synapses Along a Specific Neural Pathway | 126 | |
| 706223733 | Long-Term Depression (LTD) | A Long-Lasting Decrease in Neural Excitability at Synapses Along a Specific Neural Pathway | 127 | |
| 706223734 | Retrograde Amnesia | Involves the Loss of Memories for Events that Occurred prior to the Onset of Amnesia | 128 | |
| 706223735 | Anterograde Amnesia | The Loss of Memories for Events that Occur after the Onset of Amnesia | 129 | |
| 706223736 | Consolidation | A Hypothetical Process Involving the Gradual Conversion of Information into Durable Memory Codes Stored in Long-Term Memory | 130 | |
| 706223737 | Non-Declarative Memory System | Houses Memory for Actions, Skills, Conditioned Responses, and Emotional Responses | 131 | |
| 706223738 | Declarative Memory System | Handles Factual Information | 132 | |
| 706223739 | Episodic Memory System | Chronological Recollections of Personal Experiences | 133 | |
| 706223740 | Semantic Memory System | General Knowledge that is not tied to the Time when the Information was Learned | 134 | |
| 706223741 | Prospective Memory | Remembering to Perform Actions in the Future | 135 | |
| 706223742 | Retrospective Memory | Remembering Events from the Past or Previously Learned Information | 136 |
| 948659827 | Bill of Rights (1791) | Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. | 0 | |
| 948659828 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. | 1 | |
| 948659829 | Funding at par | Payments of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolder the nation's credit. | 2 | |
| 948659830 | Assumption | Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests to wealthy lenders with those of the national government. | 3 | |
| 948659831 | Tariff | Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, opposed high tariffs. | 4 | |
| 948659832 | Excise Tax | Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program. | 5 | |
| 948659833 | Bank of the United States (1791) | Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasure funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argues that the bank was unconstitutional. | 6 | |
| 948659834 | Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. | 7 | |
| 948659835 | Reign of Terror (1794-1794) | Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. W maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced. | 8 | |
| 948659836 | Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 | Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. | 9 | |
| 948659837 | Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) | Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States. | 10 | |
| 948659838 | Treaty of Greenville (1795) | Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status. | 11 | |
| 948659839 | Jay's Treaty (1794) | Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which lay bound to the United States repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. | 12 | |
| 948659840 | Pinckney's Treaty (1795) | Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. | 13 | |
| 948659841 | Washington's Farewell Address (1796) | George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. | 14 | |
| 948659842 | XYZ Affair (1797) | Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay for a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. | 15 | |
| 948659843 | Convention of 1800 | Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty alliance with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. | 16 | |
| 948659844 | Alien Laws (1798) | Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. | 17 | |
| 948659845 | Sedition Laws (1798) | Enacted by the Federal Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jefferonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism form Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. | 18 | |
| 948659846 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1789-1799) | Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of where the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. | 19 | |
| 948659847 | George Washington | Entered office with the full support of the national and state leadership. The Electoral College electors, which were chosen by the state legislatures, elected Washington unanimously in 1789, and again in the 1792 election. He refused to run for a third term, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president, which later became law by the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. | 20 | |
| 948659848 | Alexander Hamilton | A Founding Father of the United States, chief of staff to General Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the first American political party. | 21 | |
| 948659849 | Louis XVI | King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, after which he was subsequently King of the French from 1791 to 1792, before his deposition and execution during the French Revolution. The first part of Louis' reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideals. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation; increased discontent among the common people ensued. From 1776 Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. | 22 | |
| 948659850 | Edmond Genet | He was a French prodigy who could read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, and German by the age of 12. Rose to in France and appointed to the post of minister to the United States. In 1793, he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain. His in South Carolina were to recruit and arm American privateers who would join French expeditions against the British. His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation of April 22. | 23 | |
| 948659851 | Little Turtle | He was a chief of the Miami people, and one of the most famous Native American military leaders of his time. He led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars. | 24 | |
| 948659852 | "Mad Anthony" Wayne | An outstanding Revolutionary war officer, President Washington called upon to train and lead an assault during the Northwest Indian wars.Wayne mounted an assault on the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, in modern Maumee, Ohio, which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, ending the war & acquiring Ohio territory. | 25 | |
| 948659853 | John Jay | He was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, signer of the Treaty of Paris, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789-95). Major diplomatic achievement was to negotiate trade terms with Great Britain when he was still serving as Supreme Court Chief Justice. He was an a proponent of strong, centralized government, worked to ratify the new Constitution in New York in 1788 by writing five of the Federalist Papers, along with the main authors Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. | 26 | |
| 948659854 | John Adams | A lawyer and public figure in Boston, as a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and was its primary advocate in the Congress. He served as Vice President prior to his presidency. He signed the controversial Alien & Sedition Acts. | 27 | |
| 948659855 | Charles Maurice de Tallyrand | He was a French Foreign Minister. President John Adams refused to pay the £50,000 bribe and loan before formal negotiations could begin aka XYZ Affair. The failure of the commission led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War (1798 to 1800), and caused a political firestorm in the United States when the commission's dispatches were published. | 28 |
| 400555061 | james madison | delegate from virginia who signed the virginia plan | 0 | |
| 400555062 | virginia plan | government having a president, courts, and congress with two houses | 1 | |
| 400555063 | new jersey plan | a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the constitutional convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state | 2 | |
| 400555064 | william patterson | american revolutionary leader who was a member of the c.c. | 3 | |
| 400555065 | george washington | 1st president of the U.S, general and political leader | 4 | |
| 400555066 | john adams | 2nd president of the U.S. | 5 | |
| 400555067 | samuel adams (anti-federalists) | cousin to john adams, attended c.c. (who did he represent) | 6 | |
| 400555068 | alexander hamilton (federalists) | solider, believed in more law (who did he represent) | 7 | |
| 400555069 | philidelphia | where c.c. took place on may 25, 1787 | 8 | |
| 400555070 | benjamin franklin | delegate in the c.c. who was active in the fight for independence- oldest member | 9 | |
| 400555071 | articles of confederation | what was our first constitution called | 10 | |
| 400555072 | deleware | 1st state ratified | 11 | |
| 400555073 | james madison | took notes at the c.c. | 12 | |
| 400555074 | rhode island | only state to not send a delegate to the c.c., 13th state ratified | 13 | |
| 400555075 | roger sherman | He helped draft the Great Compromise that determined how states would be represented in Congress | 14 | |
| 400555076 | legislative | having power to make laws | 15 | |
| 400555077 | executive | having power to carry out laws | 16 | |
| 400555078 | judicial | decide how laws should be applied in indivual cases | 17 | |
| 400555079 | ratify | to vote approval of | 18 | |
| 400555080 | compromise | an agreement in which each state gives something up | 19 |
| 1071407217 | Anterograde amnesia | A loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury | 0 | |
| 1071407218 | Attention | Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. | 1 | |
| 1071407219 | Chunk | Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units | 2 | |
| 1071407220 | Clustering | A technique to enhance memory by organizing items into conceptually-related categories | 3 | |
| 1071407221 | Conceptual hierarchy | a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items | 4 | |
| 1071407222 | Connectionist models | assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks; assert that specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks | 5 | |
| 1071407223 | Consolidation | A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory. | 6 | |
| 1071407224 | Decay theory | proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time | 7 | |
| 1071407225 | Declarative memory system | handles factual information includes episodic memory and semantic memory controlled by the hippocampus | 8 | |
| 1071407226 | Dual-coding theory | Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall. | 9 | |
| 1071407227 | Elaboration | Connecting new material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind. | 10 | |
| 1071407228 | Encoding | First stage of the memory process; in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored | 11 | |
| 1071407229 | Encoding specificity principle | Principle stating that recall is better if the retrieval context is like the encoding context. | 12 | |
| 1071407230 | Episodic memory system | made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences | 13 | |
| 1071407231 | Explicit memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory system) | 14 | |
| 1071407232 | Flashbulb memories | Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events | 15 | |
| 1071407233 | Forgetting curve | A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables. The typical forgetting curve is steep at first, becoming flatter as time goes on (Ebbinghaus) | 16 | |
| 1071407234 | Hindsight bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 17 | |
| 1071407235 | Implicit memory | Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously two types: procedural and dispositional controlled in the cerebellum | 18 | |
| 1071407236 | Interference theory | Belief that forgetting occurs because other items get in the way of the information a person wants to remember. | 19 | |
| 1071407237 | Keyword method | A memory strategy in which the learner identifies an English word (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word; then an image is created that links the keyword with the meaning of the new word. | 20 | |
| 1071407238 | Levels-of-processing theory | The explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory (more "deeply" processed) will be remembered better. | 21 | |
| 1071407239 | Link method | forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together | 22 | |
| 1071407240 | Long term memory (LTM) | Relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory. | 23 | |
| 1071407241 | Long term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory | 24 | |
| 1071407242 | Method of loci | A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations | 25 | |
| 1071407243 | Mnemonic devices | techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information | 26 | |
| 1071407244 | Nondeclarative memory system | A subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice (e.g., dance, playing the piano, driving a car) ie implicit memory system | 27 | |
| 1071407245 | Overlearning | Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it. | 28 | |
| 1071407246 | Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models | An approach to understanding object recognition in which various elements of the object are thought to be simultaneously analyzed by a number of widely distributed, but connected, neural units in the brain. | 29 | |
| 1071407247 | Proactive interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | 30 | |
| 1071407248 | Procedural memory system | The repository of memories for actions, skills, and operations (implicit/nondeclarative memory system) | 31 | |
| 1071407249 | Prospective memory | Remembering to do things in the future | 32 | |
| 1071407250 | Reality monitoring | The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (our perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (our thoughts and imaginations). | 33 | |
| 1071407251 | Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | 34 | |
| 1071407252 | Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test | 35 | |
| 1071407253 | Rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage | 36 | |
| 1071407254 | Relearning | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time | 37 | |
| 1071407255 | Repression | Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious. | 38 | |
| 1071407256 | Retention | Ability to recall or recognize things learned or experienced. | 39 | |
| 1071407257 | Retrieval | the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory | 40 | |
| 1071407258 | Retroactive interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | 41 | |
| 1071407259 | Retrograde amnesia | Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him. | 42 | |
| 1071407260 | Retrospective memory | Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information | 43 | |
| 1071407261 | Schema | A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. | 44 | |
| 1071407262 | Self-referent encoding | deciding how or whether information is personally relevant | 45 | |
| 1071407263 | Semantic memory system | contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned | 46 | |
| 1071407264 | Semantic memory | A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. | 47 | |
| 1071407265 | Semantic network | Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts | 48 | |
| 1071407266 | Serial-position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list | 49 | |
| 1071407267 | Sensory memory | A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. | 50 | |
| 1071407268 | Short term memory (STM) | The memory system that codes information according to sound and holds about seven (from five to nine) itesm for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory | 51 | |
| 1071407269 | Source monitoring | involves making attributions about the origins of memories | 52 | |
| 1071407270 | Source-monitoring error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source | 53 | |
| 1071407271 | Storage | Maintaining encoded information in memory over time. | 54 | |
| 1071407272 | Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | knowing something, but not being able to retrieve it or verbalize it, because it wasn't stored properly | 55 | |
| 1071407273 | Transfer-appropriate processing | the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match | 56 | |
| 1071407274 | Richard Atkinson and Richard shiffrin | developed the 3-stage processing model of memory, suggesting that we form memories through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory | 57 | |
| 1071407275 | Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart | learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level, the deeper the easier to learn and recall | 58 | |
| 1071407276 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | 1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words | 59 | |
| 1071407277 | Marcia Johnson | created the source-monitoring theory | 60 | |
| 1071407278 | Elizabeth loftus | "misinformation effect" shown in memory studies | 61 | |
| 1071407279 | George Miller | Former president of the American Psychological Association, proposed that we can only hold 7(+/-) 2 items in Short Term Memory @ any one time. | 62 | |
| 1071407280 | Brenda Milner | patient "HM" lesion of hippocampus, remembered things before surgery, STM intact, but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia) | 63 | |
| 1071407281 | Endel Tulving | suggested 2 kinds of long-term memory: episodic and semantic | 64 |
Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution
| 1447202381 | Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. | 0 | |
| 1447202382 | Regulator movement | It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. | 1 | |
| 1447202383 | triangular trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 2 | |
| 1447202384 | Molasses Act | (1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling. | 3 | |
| 1447202385 | Arminianism | 16th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignity | 4 | |
| 1447202386 | Great Awakening | ..., Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | 5 | |
| 1447202387 | old lights | Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening | 6 | |
| 1447202388 | new lights | Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion | 7 | |
| 1447202389 | Poor Richard's Almanack | A bestselling book written by Benjamin Franklin that was a compilation of many different sayings | 8 | |
| 1447202390 | Zenger trial | 1735 trial that promoted the idea of freedom of the press. | 9 | |
| 1447202391 | royal colonies | Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws. | 10 | |
| 1447202392 | propietary colonies | colonies owned by persons who had been given a royal charter to own land | 11 | |
| 1447202393 | Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur | a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America: | 12 | |
| 1447202394 | Jacobus Arminius | Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609) | 13 | |
| 1447202395 | Jonathan Edwards | American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) | 14 | |
| 1447202396 | George Whitefield | (1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers | 15 | |
| 1447202397 | John Trumbull | American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington. | 16 | |
| 1447202398 | John Singleton Copley | American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815) | 17 | |
| 1447202399 | Phillis Wheatley | American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784) | 18 | |
| 1447202400 | John Peter Zenger | A New York editor whose trial for seditious libel backfired on the government; the jury found that truth was a defense for libel. | 19 |
| 1245471045 | Transformation | Incorporation of naked DNA into a bacteria cell. | 0 | |
| 1245471046 | Chargraff's Rule | Adenine to Thymine amount is proportional Cytosine to Guanine amounts and are proportional in a cell of an organism. | 1 | |
| 1245471047 | origins of replication | where DNA replication begins. | 2 | |
| 1245471048 | How do eukaryotic chromosome replication origins differ from prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic may have hundreds or even thousands of replication origins, compared to single origin site for prokaryotes. | 3 | |
| 1245471049 | What is the function of helicase? | Unwinds DNA during DNA replication. | 4 | |
| 1245471050 | What is the function of Single Stand Binding Protein? | Binds to and stabilizes unwound DNA during DNA replication. | 5 | |
| 1245471051 | What is the function of topoisomerase? | Corrects for overwinding and high tension at the replication fork during DNA unzipping. | 6 | |
| 1245471052 | What is the function of Primase? | Primase is an enzyme that makes RNA primers that attach to the 5 prime end of the leading strand and lagging strand. | 7 | |
| 1245471053 | What is the function of DNA polymerase 3? | It adds nucleotides to the 3 prime end of the RNA primer during DNA replication in leading and lagging strands. | 8 | |
| 1245471054 | What is the function of DNA polymerase 1? | It removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA on the 3 prime end of leading and lagging strands. | 9 | |
| 1245471055 | What is the function of ligase? | Ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA strand that replaced the RNA primer to the rest of the strand, in both the leading and lagging strand. | 10 | |
| 1245471056 | Name 3 DNA repair mechanisms. | 1) DNA Proof reading - finds errors and corrects them as "it" moves along the strand. 2) Mismatch repair - finds matching errors, cuts out the mismatched section and DNA pol I comes in and inserts a new corrected sequence of DNA. 3) Excision repair - finds non functional damaged DNA and excises it, then DNA pol I inserts the correct DNA base sequence in 5 prime to 3 prime direction. | 11 | |
| 1245471057 | What is the function of telomerase? | Telomerase catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in cells, and provides 3 prime O H hydroxyl to the RNA primer, making it serve as a template for laying down more DNA nucleotides to restore the original length of the DNA strand. | 12 |
| 1886185218 | What type of energy is stored in bonds between atoms? | chemical | 0 | |
| 1886185219 | What type of energy do we use to run, think and write? | mechanical | 1 | |
| 1886185220 | What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state? | energy cannot be created nor destroyed - only transformed | 2 | |
| 1886185221 | Packets of energy | photons | 3 | |
| 1886185222 | chlorophyll pigment clusters | photosystem | 4 | |
| 1886185223 | What type of energy do electrons contain? | chemical | 5 | |
| 1886185224 | What's another name for a hydrogen atom? | proton | 6 | |
| 1886185225 | a higher concentration of molecules on one side of a membrane than on the other | concentration gradient | 7 | |
| 1886185226 | What type of energy do concentration gradients contain? | potential energy | 8 | |
| 1886185227 | What type of energy is the proton motive force? | kinetic energy | 9 | |
| 1886185228 | When hydrogen ions rush back through a membrane, the force is called a... | proton motive force | 10 | |
| 1886185229 | What is the enzyme that builds ATP molecules called? | ATP synthase | 11 | |
| 1886185230 | The process of building ATP molecules using the energy from a hydrogen concentration gradient. | chemiosmosis | 12 | |
| 1886237568 | Type of metabolic reaction that synthesizes organic compounds. | anabolic reaction (anabolism) | 13 | |
| 1886237569 | Are anabolic reactions hydrolysis reactions or dehydration synthesis reactions? | dehydration synthesis | 14 | |
| 1886237570 | Any reaction that requires a net input of energy (reactants have less energy than products) | endergonic reaction | 15 | |
| 1886237571 | What are 6 ways plants use glucose they produce? | turn it into starch, store it as fat in seeds, cellulose for cell walls, converted to proteins, disaccharides in fruits, some used for energy (cellular respiration) | 16 | |
| 1886237572 | Three polymers used for energy by living things... | carbohydrates, fats and proteins | 17 | |
| 1886237573 | Type of metabolic reaction that involve the breakdown of complex molecules | catabolic reactions (catabolism) | 18 | |
| 1886237574 | Type of reaction when there is more energy in the reactant bonds than in the product bonds - energy is released | exergonic reactions | 19 | |
| 1886237575 | Energy in glucose is transferred to energy in | ATP molecules | 20 | |
| 1886237576 | What does the second law of thermodynamics say? | every time energy is transformed, some is lost to the environment as heat | 21 |
| 1080940276 | Peter Cartwright | Traveling frontier preacher who converted thousands of people. | 0 | |
| 1080940277 | Charles Grandison Finney | Greatest revivalist preacher. Led massive revivals. Denounces alcohol & slavery. | 1 | |
| 1080940278 | Joseph Smith | Established the Mormon faith. | 2 | |
| 1080940281 | Brigham Young | When Joseph Smith died, Young led the Mormons from persecution to Utah. Under his control the community became a prospering frontier theocracy & cooperative commonwealth. | 3 | |
| 1080940282 | Horace Mann | Campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, & an expanded curriculum. | 4 | |
| 1080940283 | Noah Webster | Improved textbooks. Lessons prompted patriotism. Developed dictionary that helped to standardize the English language in America. | 5 | |
| 1080940284 | William H. McGuffey | Teacher & preacher. Wrote popular lessons for schools that included themes of morality, patriotism, & idealism. | 6 | |
| 1080940285 | Emma Willard | Established Troy (NY) female seminary, caused women's schools at the secondary level. | 7 | |
| 1081083284 | Mary Lyon | Established Mount Holyoke Seminary. | 8 | |
| 1081083285 | Dorothea Dix | Helped to improve conditions for the mentally ill & convinced others that they were not willfully perverse. | 9 | |
| 1081083286 | William Ladd | Led the American Peace Society | 10 | |
| 1081083287 | T. S. Arthur | Wrote a popular anti-alcohol novel titled, "Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There". | 11 | |
| 1081083288 | Neal S. Dow | Thought alcohol should be removed by legislation. Supported Maine Law of 1851 which banned manufacture & sale of liquor in Maine. Many states followed Maine's example. | 12 | |
| 1081083289 | Lucretia Mott | Abolitionist & Women's rights activist. Mott & Stanton organized the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. | 13 | |
| 1081083290 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Helped to organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Advocated suffrage for women. Read a Declaration of Sentiments that declared all men & women were created equal. | 14 | |
| 1081083291 | Susan B. Anthony | Lecturer for women's rights. Other advocates for women's rights called Suzy Bs. | 15 | |
| 1081083292 | Elizabeth Blackwell | First female graduate of a medical college. | 16 | |
| 1081083293 | Margaret Fuller | Edited transcendentalist journal, "The Dial". Took part in a struggle to bring unity & republican government to Italy. | 17 | |
| 1081083294 | Grimke Sisters | Championed antislavery. | 18 | |
| 1081179792 | Lucy Stone | Retained her maiden name after marriage. "Lucy Stoners" follow her example. | 19 | |
| 1081179793 | Amelia Bloomer | Revolted against female attire by wearing "bloomers". | 20 | |
| 1081179794 | Seneca Falls, NY, Women's Rights Convention, (1848) | Launched the modern women's rights movement. | 21 | |
| 1081179795 | Robert Owen | Founded communal society in New Harmony, Indiana for human betterment but commune failed. | 22 | |
| 1081179796 | Brook Farm | Started by those committed to Transcendentalism. Community collapsed in debt. Inspired Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel, "The Blithedale Romance". | 23 | |
| 1081179797 | Oneida Community | Lasted 30 years. Produced superior steel & silver plating. Practiced free love, birth control, & selection of parents to promote superior offspring. | 24 | |
| 1081179798 | John Humphrey Noyes | Founded the Oneida community | 25 | |
| 1081179799 | Shakers | Led by Mother Ann Lee. Prohibited marriage & sexual relations. | 26 | |
| 1081179800 | Thomas Jefferson | Invented a new type of plow, a master architect, founded University of Virginia. | 27 | |
| 1081179801 | Nathaniel Bowditch | Mathematician. Made writings on practical navigation. | 28 | |
| 1081179802 | Matthew F. Maury | Oceanographer. Wrote on ocean winds & currents. | 29 | |
| 1081179803 | Benjamin Silliman | Most influential American scientist of the first half of the 19th c. Pioneer chemist & geologist. Taught & wrote at Yale. | 30 | |
| 1081179804 | Louis Agassiz | Professor at Harvard. Student of Biology. Insisted on original research, & hated memory work. | 31 | |
| 1081179805 | Asa Gray | Professor at Harvard. Made important gains in botany. Textbooks set new standards for clarity & interest. | 32 | |
| 1081179806 | John J. Audubon | Painted wild fowl. Illustrated "Birds of America" and "Passenger Pigeons". Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named for him. | 33 | |
| 1081179807 | Gilbert Stuart | Artist who painted many portraits of an idealized George Washington. | 34 | |
| 1081179808 | Charles Willson Peale | Artist who painted many portraits of George Washington. | 35 | |
| 1081179809 | John Trumbull | Artist who pained revolutionary war scenes. | 36 | |
| 1081179810 | Hudson River School | Style of painting that excelled in romantic mirroring of local landscapes. | 37 | |
| 1081179811 | Louis Daguerre | Perfected the Daguerreotype (Photograph). Gave competition to painters. | 38 | |
| 1081179812 | Stephen C. Foster | Created most famous black songs. Published "Old folks at home". Made valuable contribution to American folk music by capturing the plaintive spirit of the slaves. | 39 | |
| 1081179813 | Washington Irving | The first American to win international recognition as a literary figure. Published Knickerbocker's History of New York, The Sketch Book, Rip Van Winkle, & The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Used English & American themes. Tried to interpret Europe to America & America to Europe. | 40 | |
| 1081179814 | James Fenimore Cooper | The first American novelist to gain world fame & to make New World themes respectable. Wrote The Spy, The Leatherstocking Tales, & The Last of the Mohicans. | 41 | |
| 1081179815 | William Cullen Bryant | Wrote Thanatopsis, one of the first high quality poems produced in the U.S. Edited the New York Evening Post, set model for journalism. | 42 | |
| 1081179816 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Poet, philosopher, Transcendentalist, & Lyceum lecturer. Urged American writers to give up European traditions. Stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, & freedom. Ideals reflected those of expanding America. | 43 | |
| 1081190624 | Henry David Thoreau | Poet, mystic, abolitionist, Transcendentalist, & nonconformist. Refused to pay MA poll tax. Wrote Walden: Or Life in the Woods. Believed he should reduce bodily wants to gain time in pursuit of truth. Wrote essay called On the Duty of Civil Disobedience that influenced Ghandi & MLK Jr. | 44 | |
| 1081190625 | Walt Whitman | Poet that wrote Leaves of Grass. | 45 | |
| 1081190626 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | One of the most popular poets ever produced in America. Wrote Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, & The Courtship of Miles Standish. | 46 | |
| 1081190627 | John Greenleaf Whittier | Poet & abolitionist who wrote against slavery. | 47 | |
| 1081190628 | James Russell Lowell | One of America's best poets. Known for political satire in his "Biglow papers", where he condemned the alleged slavery expansion designs of the Polk administration. | 48 | |
| 1081216444 | Oliver Wendell Holmes | Taught anatomy at Harvard. Wrote poem called The Last Leaf, meaning the last white indian at the Boston Tea Party, this referred to himself. | 49 | |
| 1081216445 | Louisa May Alcott | Wrote the novel Little Women. | 50 | |
| 1081216446 | Emily Dickinson | Famous poet who wrote themes of love, death, nature, & immortality. | 51 | |
| 1081216447 | William Gilmore Simms | Most noteworthy literary figure produced by the South before the Civil War. Wrote themes that dealt with the Southern frontier & revolutionary war. | 52 | |
| 1081216448 | Edgar Allan Poe | Famous poet who wrote The Raven, The Gold Bug, The Fall of the House of Usher, & short horror stories. Helped to create the modern crime novel. Morbid, pessimistic themes contrasted with optimistic American culture. | 53 | |
| 1081226973 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Wrote The Scarlet Letter & The Marble Faun. | 54 | |
| 1081226974 | Herman Melville | Wrote Moby Dick. | 55 | |
| 1081226975 | George Bancroft | Historian & Secretary of the Navy. Helped to found the Naval academy at Annapolis. Published a superpatriotic history of America to 1789. | 56 | |
| 1081226976 | William H. Prescott | Historian who published classic accounts of the conquests of Mexico & Peru. | 57 | |
| 1081226977 | Francis Parkman | Historian who wrote volumes about the struggle between France & Britain for mastery of North America. | 58 |
| 1895752358 | Mexica | Built the Aztec Empire | 0 | |
| 1895752359 | Moctezuma II | Ruler of Aztecs from 1502 - 1520 | 1 | |
| 1895752360 | Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital | 2 | |
| 1895752361 | Emperor Constantine | Declared Christianity the main religion of the Roman empire. | 3 | |
| 1895752362 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 4 | |
| 1895752363 | Roman Senate | A council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders | 5 | |
| 1895752364 | Roman principate | Term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title priceps ("first citizen") adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. | 6 | |
| 1895752365 | Caesar Augustus | First emperor of Rome (r 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) Careful to maintain the form of government (the Senate, consuls, public assemblies); He spoke of the empire's conquest as reflecting the "power of the Roman people" rather than of the Roman states. | 7 | |
| 1895752366 | Pax Ramona | time of peace in Rome | 8 | |
| 1895752367 | Romanization | The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire | 9 |
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