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American Pageant 13th Edition Chapter 27 Vocab Flashcards

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589329049ImperialismPolicy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire in seeking to control raw materials and world markets through war, the conquest of other countries and the establishment of colonies. The creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, based on domination and subordination0
469034053Reasons for Imperialism1) Political (nationalism, to be the most powerful country by ruling many other countires). 2) Economical (capitalism, to strengthen their economy, to increase profits by exploiting other country's natural resources and labor force and establishing markets to sell their goods). 3) Religious (to spread Christianity, set up missionaries) 4) Ideological (racism, social darwinism believed whites/Europeans were superior and had a duty to civilize other people by teaching them European culture and historu1
292614644American exceptionalismthe notion that the US is a unique country in the world which represents freedom, democracy, and justice and whose actions are always and only for the good, used to justify US actions in the world2
40510818Alfred Thayer MahanAmerican Naval officer and historian, wrote "The Influence of Sea Power on History" stressed importance of strong navy. Philosophy influenced expansionists like Teddy Roosevelt. Argued that modern industrial nations must secure markets for trade.3
692590532Theodore RooseveltAssistant secretary of the Navy. Led Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba in war against Spain. Was a expansionist/imperialist. President from 1901-1909. Foreign policy was the big stick policy4
157627481William McKinleyPresident of US during Spanish-American War. Imperialist/Expansionist. Declared war on Spain, annexed Hawaii and ordered occupation of Philippines5
302184631Valeriano WeylerSpanish general referred to as "Buther" Weyler. Undertook to crush Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire concentration camps. These civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 18976
425117339JingoismAggressive, nationalistic and patriotic expansion. Roosevelt and many others believed in this extreme form of expansion7
204687673Propagandaspeech that attempts to influence people to think, believe, and act a certain way. form of brain washing. used by all governments to justify their acts and demonize the enemy using fear, half truths, emotion, exaggeration, and symbols.8
34199046Yellow journalismsensational and exaggerated news stories designed to divert people's attention away from important issues like government corruption and class conflict functioned as source of propaganda for American imperalists.9
90434558USS MaineBattleship sent by Washington in 1898 to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans if necessary. Ship blew up mysteriously on Feb 15, 1898 in Havana Harbor. Due to yellow journalism and desire to go to war, Americans were led to believe the Spanish blew it up. Propaganda led to Spanish-American War. Spanish claimed explosion to be accidental which was the truth10
20933493Teller AmendmentThe act of Congress in 1898 that stated when the US had rid Cuba of Spanish misrule, Cuba would be granted freedom11
769304485Rough Ridersgroup of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men eager to go to war; organized by Theodore Roosevelt; Expansionist12
1061185960Queen Lilioukalanithe native rule of Hawaii in the 1890s; She tried to defend Hawaii's independence and sovereignty from American planters and businessmen but was eventually forced out of power13
782647756AnnexationTo take over land and add it to one's terrority; the US annexed Hawaii in 189814
786881434Pan - American ConferenceConference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between US and Latin American countries15
316323341Anti-Imperialist Leagueformed to fight McKinley administration's expansionist moves. Members included, William James, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie. League claimed it was against American Democratic ideals to "take-over" other lands.16
881029048George DeweyCommodore of the Pacific fleet of American ships in the Spanish-American War. He attacked the Philippines when war was declared by the US17
207653432Emilio AguinaldoRevolutionary Filipino who first commanded his Filipino troops to help George Dewey acquire Manila from Spain. He later led Filipinos against the US in 1899 because of their denied freedom after the war.18
626506339Treaty of Paris 1898Treaty concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would end the war after 6 months of hostility. From treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico, and paid 20 million for Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain19
631666637Platt amendmentGave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger. Also gave the US the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and US holdings in Caribbean. Amendment was resented by most Cubans20
240331468Foraker ActAct of 1900 set up a Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico that dealt with domestic affairs. In 1917, the same act gave the Puerto Ricans United States citizenship21
570012258Insular casesIn 1901 and 1903, these Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag. The newly acquired islands of Puerto Rico and the Philippines would not have all the rights of American citizens22
661806023Philippine InsurrectionAfter Spain was defeated, the US annexed the Philippines and made it part of the US empire. Filipinos were denied their independence and freedom and thus beginning a rebellion against US forces. It took 2 years to crush Filipino rebels. Between 200,000 to 600,000 Filipinos were killed in this war.23
740105944Spheres of InfluenceEuropean powers such as Britain and Russia moved in to divide up China in 1895. These countries gained control of certain parts of China's economy.These countries were called spheres of influence. The US feared that these European powers would divide up China so they proposed the Open Door policy. Chinese did not like the idea of unwelcome foreigners trading freely within their country, so they started the Boxer Rebellion24
256185107Open Door PolicyIn 1899 the US feared that European countries with "spheres of influence" in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to each country who held influence in power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low.25
453620422Boxer RebellionAnti-imperialist uprising in China. A group of Chinese revolutionaries called the Righteous Fists of Harmony (called The Boxers by the British) rebelled against western imperialism and intervention in China by Europeans which was overtaking their culture and economy The Boxers attacked Europeans and their businesses and other Chinese people working with the Europeans and Christian Missionaries. It took 5 countries' armies and four months to stop the rebellion which killed thousands26
654396131Portsmouth Conference27
81709269Gentleman's AgreementAgreement negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 with Japanese government. Japanese agreed to limit immigration to the US and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped28
335583104Root-Takahira AgreementIn 1908 US and Japan signed an agreement saying they would both honor the territorial possessions of the respective countries that were in the Pacific Ocean, and they would also uphold China's Open Door Policy29
412629599Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt stated that the US would use military to intervene in Latin American affairs if necessary. This was an extension to the Monroe Doctrine which said the US would oppose any further colonization in the Western Hemisphere (except their own colonization)30
843004169Big Stick PolicyForeign policy of Theodore Roosevelt; enforcement of imperialism. "Big stick" symbolizes US military power and readiness to use force (war) against Latin American countries that did not agree with (follow) US policies. The US used its power to intimidate (threaten) these countries to form governments and economic policy that did not challenge US imperialism31
451868486Clayton-Bulwar TreatyTreaty between British and the US. Stated that any canal project on the isthmus of Panama would be a joint effort by the two countries.32
88332103Hay-Pauncefote TreatyAgreement created in 1901 between US and Great Britain in which the US would receive exclusive rights to construct Panama Canal, and presumably control and fortify it. In previous years the agreement had been that the US and Britain would build and fortify the canal jointly33
451654864Hay-Buanu-Vanilla TreatyTreaty signed in 1903 between the US and Panama that allowed the US to build the Panama Canal. US leased the 10-mile wide canal zone with a down payment of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000 for ninety nine years.34
31243899Panama CanalUS built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost 400 million to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal but then with the financial and military assistance of the US, a civil war vegan that led to creation of Panama from Columbian territory. The new ruling people naturally allowed the US to build the canal35
252324195John HayUS Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the US. Also negotiated treaties for the Panama Canal36
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Chapter 26 APUSH American Pageant 13th Edition Flashcards

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1271347164Sitting BullAn American Indian (ca. 1834-1890), a Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man and chief, was the political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre and during the Sioux War of 1875-1876.0
1271347165Eugene V. DebsUnion leader whose views became more and more akin to socialism1
1271347166Battle of Wounded Kneethe massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 18902
1271347167Farmers AllianceThis was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. It sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.3
1271347168Buffalo SoldiersNickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s4
1271347169Pullman StrikeThis was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions.5
1271347170Helen Hunt JacksonArdent defender of the Native American and the crtiic of American Indian Policies6
1271347171William McKinley25th president responsible for the American-Spanish war7
1271347172Little Big HornGeneral Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse at this battle8
1271347173George Armstrong CusterArrogant military commander whose disaster at Little Big Horn really spelled the end of the Plains Indians.9
1271347174Gold Bugsa person who believes that American currency should be based on a gold standard10
1271347175Homestead ActPassed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.11
1271347176Exodusters...12
127134717716 to 1The ratio of silver to gold promoted by Bryan's Democratic political platform in 1896.13
1271347178Frederick Jackson TurnerFrontier thesis essayist who stated that the West was a "Safety valve"14
1271347179SoonerOklahoma's nickname because about 500,000 people illegal entered that state before it became an offical state in 190715
1271347180Cross of Gold SpeechAn address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.16
1271347181Morrill Land Grant ActAct of 1862 that transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education. This act led to many land-grant institutions17
1271347182Gold StandardSigned by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.18
1271347183Election of 1896republicans elected William McKinley of Ohio; republican platform=gold standard, high protective tariff, vigorous foreign policy; republicans were supported by the east and the rich; democrats elected William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska; democratic platform=silver standard, low tariff, populous party supported the democrats; democrats were supported by farmers, and the south and west until they split; national democrats supported gold standard; McKinley won all east coast states19
1271347184Jacob CoxeyLeader of a group of unemployed workers who petitioned Washington DC20
1271347185Sand Creek Massacre1864, Chvington's militia massacred Indians (400) who had been promised immunity; woman and children mutilated; leads to Indian fight backs21
1271347186GrangeGrangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional22
1271347187Dawes Severalty ActDawes Severalty Act Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, ineffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes23
1271347188Bonanza FarmsLarge scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate24
1271347189Populismfounded in 1892 advocated variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators25
1271347190Carlisle School1879 - Indian children were separated from tribes and taught English and the white customs; gov't funded26
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Chapter 7 Cell Membrane Flashcards

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491001502diffusionWhen a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy.0
491001503osmosisThe diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.1
491001504dialysisThe diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.2
491001505passive transportTransport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion. Going with a concentration gradient.3
491001506active transportWhen a cell gets materials or excretes them by using its own energy, usually through ATP; going against a concentration gradient.4
491001507hypertonicDescribes a solution that has a greater concentration of total solute.5
491001508hypotonicDescribes a solution that has a lesser concentration of total solute.6
491001509isotonicDescribes solutions that have an equal concentration of total solutes.7
491001510turgor pressureThe pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.8
491001511plasmolysisThis happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.9
491001512flaccidThis happens when water moves, but the amount within the cell is constant; no pressure builds.10
491001545turgidA cell with a cell wall that has a reasonable amount of pressure but is healthy.11
491001513cytolysisThis happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.12
491001514crenationThis happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.13
491001515water potentialThe physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.14
491001516solute potentialThis measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.15
491001517pressure potentialThis measurement has a minimum value of 0 (when the solution is open to the environment); it increases as pressure increases.16
491001518selective permeabilityA property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.17
491001519amphipathicMolecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.18
491001520fluid mosaic modelStructural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.19
491001521integral proteinsTransmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.20
491001522transmembrane proteinsIntegral proteins that span the membrane.21
491001523peripheral proteinsThe proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.22
491001524transportAn exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes.23
491001525enzymatic activityA protein built into the membrane with active site exposed.24
491001526signal transductionA series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.25
491001527cell-cell recognitionThe function of membrane proteins in which some glycoproteins serve as ID tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.26
491001528intercellular joiningThe function of membrane proteins in which membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together, as in gap junctions or tight junctions.27
491001530glycolipidsMembrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.28
491001531glycoproteinsMembrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.29
491001536transport proteinA membrane protein that is responsible for moving hydrophilic substances from one side to the other.30
491001537channel proteinA membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.31
491001538aquaporinA membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.32
491001539carrier proteinA membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.33
491001540concentration gradientA difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.34
491001543tonicityThe ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends partly on concentration of nonpenetrating solutes relative to inside of cell.35
491001544osmoregulationThe control of water balance.36
491001547facilitated diffusionPassive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy.37
491001548membrane potentialThe voltage of a plasma membrane.38
491001550electrochemical gradientThe combination of forces that acts on membrane potential.39
491001555gated channelA protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.40
491001556electrogenic pumpA transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, causing a net separation in charge.41
491001557proton pumpAn electrogenic pump that works largely with H+ ions.42
491001558cotransportThe coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.43
491001559exocytosisOccurs when a cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.44
491001560endocytosisOccurs when a cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.45
491001561phagocytosisProcess in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.46
491001562pinocytosisA type of endocytosis in which the cell "gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles.47
491001563receptor-mediatedA type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of specific substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.48
491001564ligandAny molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.49
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Movement across cell membranes Flashcards

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2352280380diffusionThe net movement of molecules or ions in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area where they are less concentrated.0
2352280381facilitated diffusionThe passive movement of molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient, which is aided by transport (carrier) protein molecules. No metabolic energy is required.1
2352280382osmosisThe movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.2
2352280383active transportMovement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy in the form of ATP. Active transport usually involves the use of transport proteins3
2352280803ATPAdenosine triphosphate - a molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to adenosine diphosphate + phosphate to release energy to drive metabolic processes.4
2352280804concentration gradientThe gradient in molecular concentration (the difference in concentrations) that allows diffusion to occur5
2352281593channel proteinsA protein pore that spans a membrane, through which very small ions and water soluble molecules may pass.6
2352302461carrier proteinA protein found in membranes, which is capable of carrying a specific molecule or ion through the membrane by active transport.7
2352282768water potentialA measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution. Measures the potential for a solution to lose water - this is decreased by the presence of solutes.8
2352283454endocytosisThe process of taking materials into a cell by surrounding them with part of the plasma membrane, which then pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell. This is an active process requiring ATP9
2352283455exocytosisThe process of removing materials from the cell by fusing vesicles containing the material with the plasma membrane (cell surface membrane).10
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Unit 9 & 10 APUSH American Pagent Flashcards

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654934910Ulysses S. Grantan American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.0
654934911"Forgettable Presidents"term applied to the U.S. presidents between Grant and Roosevelt. (Hayes, Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, McKinnley) Because business men dominated the National scene.1
654934912Garfield- GuiteauPresident who got assasinated2
654934913Railroad BaronsPowerful individuals who controlled the nation's railroad traffic and companies. They were generally quite wealthy and often worked together to ensure that they would make money and retain control over their businesses.3
654934914Interstate Commerce Commissioncreated by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland;regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers.4
654934915Interventions that helped women in the workforceTelephone Lightbulb5
654934916Andrew CarnegieCreates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"6
654934917John D. Rockefelleran American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history7
659552830JP MorganHad made a legendary reputation for himself and his Wall Street banking house by financing the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks, He did not believe that "money power" was dangerous. He also bought out Carnegie's Steel, and became the top Robber Barron of all time, and arguably the most powerful money-man ever8
659552831Henry Bessemer(1813-1898) An English engineer who created the Bessemer procces, a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron.9
659552832United States SteelJ. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 (incorporated on February 25) by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation.10
659552833American Federal of Laborfounded by SAMUEL GOMPERS, is considered to be the most success union in American History. It is composed of chiefly skilled workers, is tightly organized, had limited objectives, dealt primarily with bread and butter issues and stayed out of politics & strikes. Its greatest strength has always been the ability of its leadership to convince its workers of the need for a strong union. In 1955 it merged with JOHN L. LEWIS' Congress of Industrial Organizations to form the AFL-CIO making it the strongest union in the US.11
659552834Immigrant Groups with the hardest transitionNew Immigrants: Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe.12
659552835Buffalo SoildersAfrican American soliders who were named this because of their hair, which was like the buffalo's fur13
659552836Cheif JosephThe leader of the Nez Perce tribe that killed white settlers on the way to reservations because goverement took their land away.14
659552837Sitting BullThe American Indian Sitting Bull (ca. 1834-1890), a Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man and chief, was the political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre and during the Sioux War of 1875-1876.15
659552838GeronimoGeronimo, the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. Geronimo had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered16
659552839Soonersin 1889 U.S. government opened up what is now Oklahoma to give away land. Some settlers took possession of land before the government officially declared it open.17
659552840National Grange and their issuesThe more common name of the Patrons of Husbandry—this organization was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was a educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business.18
659552841Booker T. WashingtonAfrican American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality; he was the head of the Tuskegee Institute19
659552842W.E.B. DuBoisblack intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)20
659552843William Randolph HearstA leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."21
659552844Joseph PulitzerHe used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.22
659552845Boss TweedWilliam Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.23
659552846Thomas NastPolitical cartoonist who's work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South's attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions. Created the animal symbols of the Democratic and republican parties.24
659552847Jacob Coxeya wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts25
659552848WIlliam Jennings BryanThis Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley.26
659552849Union Pacificthe railroad company that began building of the transcontinental railroad from its eastern starting point in Omaha, Nebraska27
659552850Central Pacificthe railroad company based on the West Coast that helped build the transcontinental railroad; starting point was Sacramento, California28
659552851Condition of Business and Government After the Civil WarBig Business29
659552852Credit Moblilier Scandalunion railroad set up company to build part of railroad; charged taxpayers $23 mill. more than railroad cost30
659552853Results of the Compromise of 1877the withdrawal of federal troops from the south31
659552854Sherman Anti-Trust ActFirst federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions32
659552855Inventions by Thomas EdisonMotion picture projector, the electric power plant, and the phonograph33
659552856What spurred the growth of the cities in the late 19th century?Factories and Big Business34
659552857Settlement Housesa welfare agency for needy families, combated juvenile delinquency, and assisted recent immigrants in learning the English language and in becoming citizens. Jane Addams of the Hull House Settlement in Chicago35
659552858Extinction of the BuffaloThe Native American tribes out west relied heavily on the Buffalo for nearly all of their supplies. When American settlers nearly wiped out all of the buffalo in the west, Native American tribes had no choice but to settle permanently on reservations.36
659552859Battle of Wounded KneeThe Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.37
659552860Sand Creek MassacreIn Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict38
659552861Problems in the Great Plains for Farmers/SettlersIndians Lack of Water*39
659552862Billion Dollar CongressRepublican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 189040
659552863Reason free public education gained supportGoes back to Jefferson saysing that a Jefferson cannot survive without educated people41
659552864Major reasearch universities post Civil WarJohn Hopkins42
659552865Library Funding in late 19th centuryJP Morgan43
659552866Sports in the late 19th centuryBaseball Football Bakssetball Football Croquet44
659552867Panic of 1873Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver45
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Airways, Lungs, Pleura Flashcards

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32266676pleuraa continuous sheet of mesothelium surrounding the lungs and the inside of the chest wall0
32266677parietal pleuraThe portion of the pleura that lines the costal muscles, diaphragm, and mediastinum, and composes the pleural sac1
32266678parietal pleurathe portion of the pleura that is sensitive to pain2
32266679visceral pleurathe pleura that lines the lungs3
32266680lung rootThe point of reflection between visceral and parietal pleura4
32266681cupolaThe apex of the lungs, near the shoulder5
32266682intercostal nervesThe nerves that sense pain in the costal pleura6
32266683Phrenic NervesThe nerves that sense pain in the mediastinal pleura7
32266684costodiaphragmatic recessA channel or trough created where the costal pleura reflects onto the diaphragm8
32266685simple squamous epitheliumthe outermost layer of cells in a mesothelium such as the pleura9
32266686Connective TissueThe basal layer in a mesothelium such as the pleura10
32266687C6 to T4/T5The vertebral level of the trachea11
32266688carinaThe ridge between the orifices of the two main bronchi12
32266689lobar bronchiThe bronchi that branch after the main bronchi13
32266690segmental bronchiThe bronchi that branch after the lobar bronchi14
32266691HilusThe collection of inlets and outlets at the root of each lung15
32266692pulmonary ligamentA continuation of the parietal/visceral reflection inferior to the lung root that allows for movement of the lungs16
32266693serous pleural fluidThe fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces17
32266694Costomediastinal recessThe space located posterior to the sternum where the costal and mediastinal pleura reflect18
32266695AnteriorThe relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchi of the right lung19
32266696SuperiorThe relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchi of the left lung20
32266697Oblique fissureThe diagonal fissure that is present on both lungs21
32266698Horizontal fissureThe fissure present only on the right lung22
32266699lingulaThe tongue-like projection of the superior lobe of the left lung23
32266700cardiac notchThe indentation of the anterior margin of the left lung24
32266701T4/T5The vertebral level of the bifurcation of the trachea25
32266702rightOn this side, the main bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically26
32266703leftOn this side, the main bronchus passes inferolaterally, inferior to the aortal arch and anterior to the esophagus and thoracic aorta27
32266704pulmonary arteriesThese vessels carry de-oxygenated blood into the lungs28
32266705Pulmonary veinsThese vessels carry oxygenated blood back from the lungs29
322667062The average number of pulmonary veins on each lung30
32266707Pulmonary trunkThe vessel that emerges from the right ventricle31
32266708T4/T5The vertebral level of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk32
32266709bronchial arteriesThese vessels supply blood to the structures of the lung root, the supporting tissues of the lung, and the visceral pleura33
32266710thoracic aortaThe vessel from which the left bronchial arteries arise34
32266711rightThe bronchial arteries on this side may arise from a superior posterior intercostal artery, a common trunk with the 3rd posterior intercostal artery, or a superior bronchial artery of the other side35
32266712bronchial veinsThese vessels drain part of the plood supplied to the lungs, primarily from near the lung root36
32266713azygous veinThe vein into which the majority of blood supplying the supporting lung tissues will drain37
32266714bronchomediastinal nodesThese lymphatic nodes are at the lung hilus38
32266715pulmonary nerve plexusesPlexuses of nerves that occur around the tracheal bifurcation39
32266716Vagus nervesThese nerves, along with nerves from the sympathetic trunk, feed the pulmonary plexuses40
32266717Sympathetic trunkNerves from here feed the pulmonary plexuses, along with the vagus nerves41
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Algebra 1 Vocabulary Sets 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

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922631161solve0
922631162algebraic rule1
922631163expression2
922631164distribute3
922631165like terms4
922631166horizontal5
922631167vertical6
922631168parallel7
922631169perpendicular8
922631170linear9
922631171constant10
922631172coordinates11
922631173coordinate plane12
922631174correlation13
922631175data14
922631176decreasing15
922631177dependent16
922631178increasing17
922631179independent18
922631180negative19
922631181origin20
922631182point21
922631183positive22
922631184quadrant23
922631185table24
922631186variable25
922631187x-axis26
922631188x-coordinate27
922631189y-axis28
922631190y-coordinate29
922631191cubed30
922631192difference31
922631193digits32
922631194double33
922631195equation34
922631196operations35
922631197opposites36
922631198pattern37
922631199product38
922631200quotient39
922631201segment40
922631202sequence41
922631203signed number42
922631204square numbers43
922631205sum44
922631206term45
922631207triple46
922631208solution47
922631209squared48
922631210per49
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T3L8 - Diuretic Agents Flashcards

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2689973633What is a diuretic?a drug that increases the excretion of both fluids and solutes0
2689974215What are the 2 types of diuretics?Natriuretic: increases Na+ excretion Kaliuretic: increases K+ excretion1
2689974727What are the 2 modes of action of diuretics?1) Direct action on the cells of the nephron (more common) 2) Modification of content of the filtrate2
2689975361Two major applications of diuretic agents:1) Reduce circulating fluid volume 2) Removal of excess body fluid (oedema)3
2689975760In which conditions do we use diuretics?- hypertension - chronic heart failure - liver cirrhosis - renal disease - premenstrual oedema - toxic oedema - increase elimination of drugs - rapid weight loss (abuse) Other actions - glaucoma (reduces intra-ocular pressure) - epilepsy (reduces pressure of CSF?)4
2689977230Overview of fluid reabsorption in the Nephron5
2689979218How much water and Na+ are reabsorbed?99.5% 99.4%6
2689979724What are the 5 classes of diuretics- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - Osmotic diuretics - Loop diuretics - Thiazides - Potassium-sparing diuretics - Aldosterone antagonists - Non-aldosterone antagonists7
2689985908How (where from?) do diuretics produce their effect?Most (not all) are secreted into the proximal tubule and then produce their actions from the luminal (urine) side of the tubule8
2689982090Where do Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor act?PT9
2689982467Where do Osmotic Diuretics act?PT Descending LOH (i.e. water permeable part of the nephron)10
2689983009Where do loop diuretics act?Ascending LOH11
2689983255Where do Thiazides act?Early DT12
2689983820Where do Aldosterone antagonist Potassium sparing diuretics act?late distal tubule13
2689983821Where do Non-Aldosterone antagonist Potassium sparing diuretics act?Early Collecting Tubule14
2689987822Which diuretics are most effective?Loop Diuretics15
2689988147MOA of Loop DiureticsInhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporters (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle -> this reduces reabsorption of Na+, K+ and Cl- => Reduced Na+ reabsorption leads to rapid and profound diuresis: =>Single dose: can increase urine volume from 200 to 1,200 ml over 3 h...16
2689991343Loop Diuretics : Route of Administration and Effects (Furosemide)- Oral absorption: diuresis in 60 minutes and persists for 4-6 hours (called Lasix as it lasts 6h) - IV administration: diuresis begins within 5 minutes and persists for 2 hours - IM administration: diuresis begins in 30 minutes17
2689992775Clinical uses of Loop DiureticsAcute pulmonary oedema Chronic heart failure Cirrhosis of the liver Resistant hypertension USED FOR ACUTE CONDITIONS Nephrotic syndrome Acute renal failure REDUCED URINE PRODUCTION (OLIGURIA)18
2689993839Unwanted effects of Loop Diuretics- Dehydration - hypokalaemia (+can potentiate effects of cardiac glycosides ) - Metabolic alkalosis - Deafness (when used with aminoglycoside antibiotics)19
2689994947Why can Loop Diuretics cause Hypokalaemia?- Loop diuretics cause increased Na+ delivery to the DT - This is exchanged for K+ in the DT which is excreted in the urine => This K+ loss contributes to the hypokalaemia associated with loop diuretics20
2689996969MOA of Thiazide Diuretics?- Act in the distal tubule to inhibit the apical Na+/Cl- co-transporter -> Cause moderate but sustained Na+ excretion with increased water excretion21
2689997809Characteristics of Thiazides-Moderately powerful diuresis -Well absorbed from GI tract - long duration of action: up to 24 h22
2689998807What is the most used Thiazide diuretic?bendroflumethiazide (bendrofluazide) (Neo-NaClex®, Aprinox®) (several others available)23
2690000107Clinical uses of Thiazide DiureticsHypertension Oedema Mild heart failure GENERALLY USED FOR LESS ACUTE CONDITIONS24
2690004861Unwanted Effects of Thiazide DiureticsHypokalaemia Metabolic alkalosis Increased plasma uric acid - gout Hyperglycaemia Increased plasma cholesterol (with long-term use) Male impotence (reversible)25
2690006720Why is hypokalaemia a potential problem?Mild hypokalaemia - fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, muscle weakness Severe hypokalaemia - abnormal heart rhythm, muscle paralysis, death26
2690007687How to avoid hypokalaemia when using diuretics?Potassium-sparing diuretics - Act on distal tubules to inhibit Na+ reabsorption - However, K+ is not secreted into the distal tubule Two subcategories: - Aldosterone antagonists (e.g. eplerenone, spironolactone) - Non-Aldosterone antagonists (e.g. amiloride, triamterene)27
2690008271MOA of ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS Potassium-sparing diuretics [Spironolactone & Eplerenone]- Spironolactone and Eplerenone - Competitive antagonists of aldosterone => reduce Na+ channel formation ==>Reduces Na+ absorption from distal tubule - Limited diuretic action (not as potent as loop diuretics or thiazides) - Mechanism depends on reduction of protein expression in distal tubular cells =>effects may take several days to develop28
2690010348Clinical uses of Spironolactone & EplerenoneHeart failure Oedema SHORT TERM USE Can also be used for resistant hypertension but some concerns over long-term use due to possible incidence of cancer (note: reported in rat studies only)29
2690011687Unwanted effects of Spironolactone & Eplerenone- HYPERkalaemia - needs to be monitored regularly - Metabolic acidosis (due to increased plasma H+) - GI upsets (peptic ulceration reported) - Gynaecomastia, menstrual disorders, testicular atrophy30
2690012476MOA of NON-ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS Potassium-sparing Diuretics [Triamterene and Amiloride]- Weak diuretics - act on distal tubule - Blocks luminal Na+ channel by which aldosterone produces its main effects -> inhibit Na+ reabsorption + decrease K+ excretion31
2690013317Clinical use of Triamterene and Amiloride- Of little therapeutic use alone - but are useful in combination with potassium-depleting diuretics as they limit hypokalaemia32
2690013897Main unwanted effects of Triamterene and Amiloride- hyperkalaemia - metabolic acidosis - GI disturbances - skin rashes33
2690016348What are the advantages of using diuretics in combination?(1) To increase diuretic effect - Some patients do not respond well to just one type of diuretic (e.g. loop diuretics) - reasons unknown, probably genetic - Combinations of diuretics with different sites of action can sometimes provide a synergistic action (2) To avoid the unwanted effects of hypokalaemia - Combinations of loop diuretics or thiazides with potassium-sparing diuretics - Diuretic preparations containing K+.......34
2690017430List the Diuretics combinations preparations- Loop diuretics with spironolactone Lasilactone®: furosemide + spironolactone - Loop diuretics with amiloride or triamterene Co-amilofruse: furosemide + amiloride - Thiazides with spironolactone Co-flumactone: hydroflumethiazide + spironolactone - Thiazides with amiloride or triamterene Co-amilozide: hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride35
2690021070List Diuretics containing K+Burinex K®: bumetanide + K+ Centyl K®: bendroflumethiazide + K+ Lasikal®: furosemide + K+ Neo-NaClex-K®: bendroflumethiazide + K+36
2690022023MOA of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors [azetozolamide (Diamox®)]- Blocks sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) reabsorption in the PT - These were the earliest diuretic agents developed - Causes only weak diuresis so not now commonly used as diuretic agent37
2690022856Clinical use of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors [azetozolamide (Diamox®)]- glaucoma (reduces intraoccular pressure) - epilepsy (reduces volume and pressure of CSF)38
2690023438Unwanted effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors [azetozolamide (Diamox®)]- metabolic acidosis (due to excretion of HCO3-) - enhances renal stone formation (due to alkaline urine)39
2690025226MOA of Osmotic Diuretics [Mannitol]- Non-reabsorbable solute which undergoes glomerular filtration -> Excreted within 30-60 min => Diuresis begins in 30-60 min and persists for 6-8 h40
2690030062Clinical uses of osmotic diuretics [Mannitol]- Treatment of raised intercranial pressure (cerebral oedema) - glaucoma (reduces intraoccular pressure) - If given orally, can cause 'osmotic diarrhoea' - eliminates toxins - May be useful for treatment of acute renal failure41
2690030828Unwanted effects of osmotic diuretics [Mannitol]Presence in blood also exerts osmotic pressure => increased plasma volume... ==> can't be used in patients with hypertension42
2690032180Water as a diuretic- most simple of diuretics - Under normal conditions, increased water intake leads to increase in volume of urine excreted - Process is controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)43
2690032599Characteristics of ADH- Most important hormone regulating water balance - Normally some ADH is present in the circulation, maintaining urine volume at approximately 1.5 L/day - However, this can be adjusted in various ways...44
2690033198What happens in increased fluid intake?reduction in plasma osmolality ==> reduced secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary ===> Reduced expression of AP-2 receptors on apical surface of DT and collecting duct cells ====> more water excretion [Note - there is no increased excretion of Na+ - the AP-2 channel moves water only]45
2690040576Give an example of an agent inhibiting ADH release What is the consequence?Alcohol -> inhibits ADH release => increase urine excretion: (although tolerance develops rapidly so diuresis not sustained)46
2690042670What other agents increase diuresis? How?Xanthines [caffeine, theophylline, theobromine] - Commonly found in tea and coffee - increase cardiac output - Possibly also some vasodilatation of the glomerular afferent arteriole ==> Results in increased renal and glomerular blood flow which increases glomerular filtration rate and urine output ====> Produce a weak diuresis47
2690043902Are Xanthines used clinically? Why?Rarely used clinically due to gastric irritant effects (but theophylline used clinically as a bronchodilator for asthma)48
2690041653What agents increase ADH release? What is the consequence?Nicotine (anecdotal evidence) Ether Morphine Barbiturates ->increase ADH release => reduce urine excretion49
2690035971What are the two non-selective ADH antagonists developed as possible New Diuretics Agents?Two nonselective agents (orally active) - Lithium (Li+) and demeclocycline.50
2690038417What are the problems of Lithium & demeclocycline?Toxicity is a Problem - Can cause diabetes insipidus - Renal failure reported for both Li+ and demeclocycline - Li+ can cause tremors, mental confusion, cardiotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction and leukocytosis - Demeclocycline shouldn't be used in patients with liver disease51
2690039278What drug is currently in fast track trial for the treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease?Tolvaptan (OPC-41061) - V2 receptor antagonist, - approved in US for treatment of hyponatriuraemia. - In fast track clinical trials for polycystic kidney disease52
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Set #2 Emotional Intelligence Flashcards

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3074932277Persistencethe ability to stick with something0
3074934591Optimismthe ability to be positive, even in difficult situations1
3074949230Self-Controlthe ability to control your impulses to do something, ability to control thoughts2
3074974604Empathythe ability to feel what others feel3
3074976164Pessimisticthinking negative thoughts about something4
3074995805Self-Awarenessability to understand who you really are5
3074999515Self-Motivationthe ability to tell yourself what to do, rather than having to have someone else tell you what to do.6
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204 Renal Agents/ Diuretic Agents Final Study guide Flashcards

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1532597815*DiureticsAgents that increase Urine Output, increases the excretion of solutes and water, Main purpose: eliminate excess fluid from the body0
1532597816*Primary goal of diuretic therapyreduce extracellular fluid volume in order to: Lower blood pressure, Rid body of excess interstitial fluid1
1532639615*Kidneysare paired retroperitoneal organs, Perfused by renal artery, Active organ (not a passive filter)2
1532639616*Nephronis the Functional unit of the kidney, is composed of the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule and collecting duct.3
1532639617*Glomerulus (filtrate)filtration of fluid from the blood to the tubule occurs here, more than 99% is reabsorbed and less than 1% is excreted as urine4
1532639618*OliguriaUrine output < 30 - 60 mL/hr5
1532639619*AnuriaNo urine output6
1532639620*PolyuriaUrine output > 60 mL/hr7
1532639621*Na+ (Sodium)70% of this is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules, 20% in loops of Henle, 10% in distal tubules, Inhibition causes less H2O retention8
1532639622*AldosteroneIncreases Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the Distal Tubule9
1532639623Spironolactoneis a diuretic that increases Na+ and H2O loss by inhibiting aldosterone10
1532639624*Diureticsare relevant to respiratory and critical care clinicians to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF)11
1532639625*Osmotic (diuretic group)impairs proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of Henle to reabsorb NaCl12
1532639626*Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors (diuretic group)treats glaucoma, metabolic alkalosis, and altitude sickness, potential for metabolic acidosis-limits use, Hypokalemia is a common adverse effect, Decrease HCO3- and NaCl reabsorption (within proximal tubule)13
1532639627*Thiazides (diuretic group)block NaCl reabsorption at the Distal Tubule, Not much difference between minimal and maximal doses14
1532639628*Loop(diuretic group)inhibit NaCl reabsorption at the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle, "High-ceiling" diuretics, Up to 20% of NaCl and H2O is lost15
1532639629*Potassium-Sparing (diuretic group)block exchange of Na+ for K+ and H+, Weak action, in collecting duct, May cause hyperkalemia16
1532639630*Adverse Effects of DiureticsHypovolemia (low fluid volume), electrolyte and acid-base disorders are most common17
1535669539*Chloride and bicarbonateCl- and HCO3- are passively reabsorbed in the proximal and distal tubules18
1535669540*Potassiummost filtered K+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules, found in urine19
1535669541*Mannitolis an Osmotic Diuretic and is typically a selected agent because of its lower toxicity20
1535669542*Hypovolemiawhen sodium and fluid excretion exceed intake21
1535669543*Hypokalemialow potassium levels in the body22
1535669544*Glucose changesthe average increase in serum glucose is 6.5 to 9.6 mg/dL, associated with diabetic ketoacidosis23
1535669545*Ototoxicityhearing loss, reducing the infusion rate or administering the drug orally may alleviate the hearing loss24
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