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Myers Psychology for AP Chapter 5 Dreams and Consciousness Flashcards
Based off of Myers Psychology for AP
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| 1419753591 | Dreams | Images/Emotions/Thoughts like hallucinations in sleep. Difficulty remembering them. Used to maybe satisfy wishes, file memories, develop pathways, make sense of mental static, or reflect on development. | 0 | |
| 1419753592 | REM Rebound | When deprived of REM sleep, next sleep has more REM sleep. | 1 | |
| 1419753593 | Hypnosis | Hypnotist suggests behavior to another that spontaneously occurs. Increased suggestibility state. | 2 | |
| 1419753594 | Posthypnotic Suggestions | Suggestions made in hypnosis that carry on after spell breaks. Used to control behavior and symptoms. | 3 | |
| 1419753595 | Stage 4 Sleep | Delta Waves. Hard to awaken. | 4 | |
| 1419753596 | NREM Sleep | Stages 1-4 sleep | 5 | |
| 1419753597 | Insomnia | Reoccurring problems with sleeping | 6 | |
| 1419753598 | Ecstasy | MDMA. Mild hallucinogen and stimulent | 7 | |
| 1419753599 | Hallucinogens | Make hallucinations. LSD, with effects like a near death experience, and marijuana. | 8 | |
| 1419753600 | Physical Dependence | Physical pain and cravings with withdrawal | 9 | |
| 1419753601 | Psychological Dependence | Psychological need for a drug | 10 | |
| 1419753602 | Addiction | Compulsive cravings for a negative substance | 11 | |
| 1419753603 | Cognition | Mental processes | 12 | |
| 1419753604 | Dissociation | Split between consciousness levels. Occurs during hypnosis | 13 | |
| 1419753605 | Psychoactive Drugs | Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through synapses | 14 | |
| 1419753606 | Selective Attention | Being distracted from pain by something else, blocks it out. | 15 | |
| 1419753607 | Tolerance | Diminishing effect of a drug, requires larger doses to get same effect. | 16 | |
| 1419753608 | Withdrawal | Distress or illness following the end of using a drug | 17 | |
| 1419753609 | Night Terrors | High arousal and terror in stage 4 sleep. Not remembered. | 18 | |
| 1419753610 | Manifest content | From Freud. Remembered storyline of a dream | 19 | |
| 1419753611 | Latent Content | From Freud. Dream's underlying message | 20 | |
| 1419753612 | Amphetamines | Cocaine and Ecstasy. Increased heartbeat, breathing, and energy. | 21 | |
| 1419753613 | Methamphetamine | Greater affects than amphetamines. Meth | 22 | |
| 1419753614 | Caffeine | Widely consumed. Doesn't last long. Over time, can have withdrawal. | 23 | |
| 1419753615 | Nicotine | Cigarettes. Very addictive and dangerous | 24 | |
| 1419753616 | Sleep | Reoccurring loss in consciousness. Helps body recuperate, make memories, and plays a role in growth. | 25 | |
| 1419753617 | Narcolepsy | Periodic overwhelming sleepiness. | 26 | |
| 1419753618 | Sleep Apnea | Temporary lack of breathing during sleep. | 27 | |
| 1419753619 | Alcohol | Disinhibits, slows processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness. | 28 | |
| 1419753620 | Barbiturate | Tranquilizers. Mimic effects of alcohol. | 29 | |
| 1419753621 | Opiates | Opium and heroin. With time will stop body from making endorphins. | 30 | |
| 1419753622 | Stage 3 Sleep | Transition stage | 31 | |
| 1419753623 | Delta Waves | Large and slow waves that occur in stage 4 sleep. | 32 | |
| 1419753624 | Depressants | Alcohol, Barbiturates, and opiates. Calm and slow body. | 33 | |
| 1419753625 | Sleep Spindles | Bursts of rapid and rhythmic brain wave activity that happen in stage 2 sleep. | 34 | |
| 1419753626 | Stage 2 sleep | Have sleep spindles and sleeptalking. Now truly asleep. | 35 | |
| 1419753627 | Alpha waves | Slow waves when relaxed but still awake. | 36 | |
| 1419753628 | Hallucinations | False sensory experiences | 37 | |
| 1419753629 | Stage 1 sleep | Hallucinations and hypnagogic feelings. Very brief | 38 | |
| 1419753630 | Hypnagogic | Falling or floating feeling | 39 | |
| 1419753631 | Consciousness | Awareness of ourselves and environment | 40 | |
| 1419753632 | Circadian Rhythm | 24 hour biological clock. | 41 | |
| 1419753633 | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | Causes pinal gland to either produce sleep causing melatonin or stop it to make circadian rhythm. | 42 | |
| 1419753634 | REM Sleep | Rapid Eye Movement sleep, dreams occur. Body relaxed, other systems active. | 43 | |
| 1419753635 | Stimulants | C affine , nicotine. Arouse and excite body and neural paths. | 44 |
APUSH Chapter 6 Flashcards
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| 1887212083 | Alexander hamilton | 1st Secretary of the Treasury he promoted an economy based on banking investing trading and industry. Also promoted the federal assumption of state debts | 0 | |
| 1887212084 | Alien and sedition acts | acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government | 1 | |
| 1887212085 | Antifederalists | People who opposed the constitution | 2 | |
| 1887212086 | Bill of rights | First ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, placed limitations of government and protects natural rights. | 3 | |
| 1887212087 | Checks and balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power. | 4 | |
| 1887212088 | Citizen genet affair | the French minister to the United States, objected Washington's proclamation of neutrality and stated that the Americans should support the French People. was then removed from being diplomat for the French government, but still stayed in US. | 5 | |
| 1887212089 | Federalists | A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. | 6 | |
| 1887212090 | Federal structure | Organizational structure with a central government that shares power with strong regional governments. | 7 | |
| 1887212091 | Great compromise | Where the American government compromised on a combination of both options of government to make a new system with everyone satisfied | 8 | |
| 1887212092 | James Maddison | Drafter of the United States constitution and fourth president of the United States | 9 | |
| 1887212093 | Jays treaty | A treaty to settle trade issues between the US and Britain and said to have stopped another war | 10 | |
| 1887212094 | John Adams | Second president and vp under George Washington | 11 | |
| 1887212095 | New Jersey plan | A plan for the government that made all the states vote equal no matter the size of population | 12 | |
| 1887212096 | Pinckney's plan | His plan was to create a new government for the United States as soon as possible | 13 | |
| 1887212097 | Quasi war | An undeclared war between America, Britain, and France, and Spain | 14 | |
| 1887212098 | Republicans | People with conservative beliefs | 15 | |
| 1887212099 | Revolution of 1800 | The presidential election between Thomas Jefferson with the democratic republicans and john Adams with the federalists Thomas Jefferson ultimately won the election | 16 | |
| 1887212100 | 1786 | Annapolis Conference meets | 17 | |
| 1887212101 | 1787 | Constitutional Conference in Philadelphia meets, Constitution adopted | 18 | |
| 1887212102 | 1787-1788 | States ratify constitution | 19 | |
| 1887212103 | 1789 | Washington becomes first president, Bill of Rights adopted, French Revolution begins | 20 | |
| 1887212104 | 1791 | First bank of the United States chartered | 21 | |
| 1887212105 | 1792 | Washington reelected for president | 22 | |
| 1887212106 | 1794 | Whiskey Rebellion, Jay's treaty | 23 | |
| 1887212107 | 1795 | Pickney's treaty signed | 24 | |
| 1887212108 | 1796 | John Adams elected president | 25 | |
| 1887212109 | 1798 | XYZ Affair, Alien & Sedition Acts passed | 26 | |
| 1887212110 | 1801 | Thomas Jefferson elected as president, Judiciary Act of 1801 passed | 27 | |
| 1887212111 | Seperation of Powers | A fundamental principle of the United States government, whereby powers and responsibility are divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Within the governments creation of checks and balances. | 28 | |
| 1887212112 | Sovereignty | Created friction between the colonies and Great Britain and troubled Americans as they attempted to create their own government with both the national government and state government. | 29 | |
| 1887212113 | The Federalist Papers | A collection of articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the the ratification of the United States Constitution. | 30 | |
| 1887212114 | Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions | Written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were political statements drafted in the 1970's that affirmed states rights in response to the federal alien and sedition acts. | 31 | |
| 1887212115 | Virginia Plan | A proposal by delegates for bicameral legislative branch. This plan was drafted by James Madison. This plan proposed that a national government ought to be established consisting of a supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary. | 32 | |
| 1887212116 | Whiskey Rebellion | A revolt of settelers that broke out in western Pennsylvania during 1794 that was against a tax on whiskey. | 33 | |
| 1887212117 | XYZ Affair | Was a political and diplomatic incident in 1797 that almost led to war between the United States and France. | 34 |
IBHOA Vocab Ch. 9- The American Pagent 15th edition Flashcards
IB History of Americas, AP US History, IBHOA, APUSH, bolded words
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| 1805490593 | Society of the Cincinnati | Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army | 0 | |
| 1805490594 | Disestablished | To separate an official state church from its connection with the government | 1 | |
| 1805490595 | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom | enacted by the Virginia legislature, prohibited state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution. | 2 | |
| 1805490596 | Civic Virtue | Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good | 3 | |
| 1805490597 | "Republican Motherhood" | Ideal that emerged from the American Revolution that held that women had a responsibility cultivate the civic virtues of republicanism in their children | 4 | |
| 1805490598 | Articles of Confederation | First American constitution that established the United States, a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes | 5 | |
| 1805490599 | Old Northwest | Territories acquired by the federal government from the states: land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes | 6 | |
| 1805490600 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest, earmarked proceeds toward repaying the national debt. | 7 | |
| 1805490601 | Northwest Ordinance | Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories, included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. | 8 | |
| 1805490602 | Shay's Rebellion | Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures, inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries | 9 | |
| 1805490603 | Virginia Plan | Favored making the representation of both congress and house of representatives based on population of the state | 10 | |
| 1805490604 | New Jersey Plan | Favored making the representation of both congress and house of representatives a flat number no matter what the population of the state is | 11 | |
| 1805490605 | Great Compromise | Combined Virginia and New Jersey plans giving states equal representation in the senate and representation based on population in the house | 12 | |
| 1805490606 | Common Law | Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes | 13 | |
| 1805490607 | Civil Law | Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions | 14 | |
| 1805490608 | 3/5 compromise | Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation | 15 | |
| 1805490609 | Anti-federalists | Those who appose a strong federal government (weak federal government in which most affairs ate taken care of by the individual states) | 16 | |
| 1805490610 | Federalists | Those who are for a strong federal government | 17 | |
| 1805490611 | "The Federalist" | Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. | 18 |
The American Pageant Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790-1860 Flashcards
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| 3091031170 | American Temperance Society | Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption. |  | 0 |
| 3091031171 | Brook Farm | Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. |  | 1 |
| 3091033076 | Burned-Over District | Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. |  | 2 |
| 3091034030 | Deism | Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe. | 3 | |
| 3091035073 | Federal Style | Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe. | 4 | |
| 3091036320 | Greek Revival | Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular. |  | 5 |
| 3091037371 | Hudson River school | American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. |  | 6 |
| 3091038542 | lyceum | (From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught.) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century. | 7 | |
| 3091040425 | Maine Law of 1851 | Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade. | 8 | |
| 3091041555 | minstrel shows | Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century. |  | 9 |
| 3091042670 | New Harmony | Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years. | 10 | |
| 3091042671 | Oneida Community | One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age. |  | 11 |
| 3091044234 | romanticism | Early-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society. | 12 | |
| 3091045975 | Second Great Awakening | Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members. |  | 13 |
| 3091047454 | Shakers | Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out. |  | 14 |
| 3091048579 | The Age of Reason (1794) | Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind." |  | 15 |
| 3091049436 | The American Scholar | Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions. |  | 16 |
| 3091050871 | transcendentalism | Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God. |  | 17 |
| 3091050881 | Unitarians | Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century. |  | 18 |
| 3091058796 | Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls | Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal." |  | 19 |
PRACTICE QUIZ CHAP. 8 AP Biology Flashcards
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| 986876568 | Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways? 1) Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways. 2) Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways. 3) Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways. 4) Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules. 5) The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is reversible. | 3 | 0 | |
| 986876569 | Which of the following situations represent(s) a transformation of one type of energy to another? 1) the burning of gasoline in a car engine to move a car 2) the production of sugar by photosynthesis 3) the production of electrical power by damming a river 4) playing music by putting new batteries in your CD player 5) all of the above | 5 | 1 | |
| 986876570 | Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. Which of the following statements is consistent with this description? 1) The metabolism of an organism is isolated from its surroundings. 2) Because energy must be conserved, organisms constantly recycle energy and thus need no input of energy. 3) Organisms acquire energy from their surroundings. 4) Heat produced by the organism is conserved in the organism and not lost to the environment. 5) all of the above | 3 | 2 | |
| 986876571 | Consider the growth of a farmer's crop over a season. Which of the following correctly states a limitation imposed by the first or second law of thermodynamics? 1) The entropy of the universe must decrease to account for the increased entropy associated with plant growth. 2) The process of photosynthesis produces energy that the plant uses to grow. 3) To obey the first law, the crops must represent an open system. 4) Growth of the crops must occur spontaneously. 5) all of the above | 3 | 3 | |
| 986876572 | Which of the following states the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology? 1) The total energy taken in by an organism must be greater than the total energy stored or released by the organism. 2) Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved. 3) Photosynthetic organisms produce energy in sugars from sunlight. 4) All organisms must produce some heat as a result of the processes of life. 5) Living organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings. | 2 | 4 | |
| 986876573 | Which is the most abundant form of energy in a cell? 1) chemical and electrical gradients 2) mechanical energy 3) heat 4) kinetic energy 5) chemical energy | 5 | 5 | |
| 986876574 | Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological reactions? 1) The aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose produces six molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. 2) All types of cellular respiration produce ATP. 3) Cellular respiration releases some energy as heat. 4) The first and second choices are correct. 5) The first, second, and third choices are correct. | 1 | 6 | |
| 986876575 | According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true? 1) Energy conversions increase the order in the universe. 2) The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. 3) The decrease in entropy associated with life must be compensated for by an increase in entropy in the environment that life occurs in. 4) The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing. 5) All reactions produce some heat. | 3 | 7 | |
| 986876576 | If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, which of the following is most likely to be occurring simultaneously? 1) The entropy of the organism's environment must also be decreasing. 2) Heat is being used by the organism as a source of energy. 3) The first law of thermodynamics is being violated. 4) Energy input into the organism must be occurring to drive the decrease in entropy. 5) In this situation, the second law of thermodynamics must not apply. | 4 | 8 | |
| 986876577 | Which one of the following has the most free energy per molecule? 1) a sugar molecule 2) an amino acid molecule 3) a starch molecule 4) a fatty acid molecule 5) a cholesterol molecule | 3 | 9 | |
| 986876578 | Which part of the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS tells you if a process is spontaneous? 1) ΔG 2) ΔH 3) ΔS 4) TΔS 5) All of these values reveal the direction in which a reaction will go. | 1 | 10 | |
| 986876579 | If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then _____. 1) ΔG is negative 2) ΔG is positive 3) ΔH is negative 4) ΔH is positive 5) ΔS is negative | 5 | 11 | |
| 986876580 | When one molecule is broken down into six component molecules, which one of the following will always be true? 1) An input of free energy is needed. 2) ΔG is positive. 3) ΔH is negative. 4) ΔS is positive. 5) ΔS is negative. | 4 | 12 | |
| 986876581 | From the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS it is clear that _____. 1) a decrease in the system's total energy will increase the probability of spontaneous change 2) increasing the entropy of a system will increase the probability of spontaneous change 3) increasing the temperature of a system will increase the probability of spontaneous change 4) The first and second choices are correct. 5) The first three choices are correct. | 5 | 13 | |
| 986876582 | What must be true if the reaction AB + CD → AC + BD occurs spontaneously? 1) The ΔH of the reaction must be negative. 2) The ΔS of the reaction must be positive. 3) The reaction must be endergonic. 4) The difference between ΔH and TΔS must be negative. 5) all of the above | 4 | 14 | |
| 986876583 | An exergonic (spontaneous) reaction is a chemical reaction that _____. 1) occurs only when an enzyme or other catalyst is present 2) cannot occur outside of a living cell 3) releases energy when proceeding in the forward direction 4) is common in anabolic pathways 5) leads to a decrease in the entropy of the universe | 3 | 15 | |
| 986876584 | Which of the following reactions would be endergonic? 1) HCl → H+ + Cl- 2) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 3) ATP → ADP + Pi 4) glucose + fructose → sucrose 5) all of the above | 4 | 16 | |
| 986876585 | Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. Which of the following processes tend to keep these pathways away from equilibrium? 1) the continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions 2) an input of free energy from outside the pathway 3) an input of heat from the environment 4) The first and second choices are correct. 5) The first, second, and third choices are correct. | 4 | 17 | |
| 986876586 | Which of the following is an example of the cellular work accomplished with the free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP? 1) mechanical work, such as the beating of cilia 2) transport work, such as the active transport of an ion into a cell 3) chemical work, such as the synthesis of new protein 4) all of the above 5) none of the above | 5 | 18 | |
| 986876587 | In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by _____. 1) changing to ADP and phosphate 2) releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions 3) releasing heat 4) acting as a catalyst 5) lowering the free energy of the reaction | 2 | 19 | |
| 986876588 | Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of ATP hydrolysis being used to drive the active transport of an ion into the cell against the ion's concentration gradient? 1) ATP is acting as a transport protein to facilitate the movement of the ion across the plasma membrane. 2) The hydrolysis of ATP endergonic, and the active transport exergonic. 3) Neither ATP hydrolysis nor active transport is spontaneous. 4) This is an example of energy coupling. 5) Both ATP hydrolysis and active transport are spontaneous because they result in an increase in entropy of the system. | 4 | 20 | |
| 986876589 | Which compound could be most easily modified to form ATP? 1) the RNA nucleotide adenosine 2) the amino acid tryptophan 3) the DNA nucleotide adenosine 4) the nitrogenous base adenine 5) the monosaccharide ribose | 1 | 21 | |
| 986876590 | Much of the suitability of ATP as an energy intermediary is related to the instability of the bonds between the phosphate groups. These bonds are unstable because _____. 1) the valence electrons in the phosphorus atom have less energy on average than those of other atoms 2) the negatively charged phosphate groups vigorously repel one another and the terminal phosphate group is more stable in water than it is in ATP 3) they are hydrogen bonds, which are only about 10% as strong as covalent bonds 4) the phosphate groups are polar and are attracted to the water in the cell's interior 5) the bonds between the phosphate groups are unusually strong and breaking them releases free energy | 2 | 22 | |
| 986876591 | When 1 mole of ATP is hydrolyzed in a test tube without an enzyme, about twice as much heat is given off as when 1 mole of ATP is hydrolyzed in a cell. Which of the following best explains these observations? 1) Cells are less efficient at energy metabolism than reactions that are optimized in a test tube. 2) The amount of heat released by a reaction has nothing to do with the free energy change of the reaction. 3) In the cell, the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to other endergonic reactions. 4) In cells, ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, but in the test tube it is hydrolyzed to carbon dioxide and water. 5) Cells have the ability to store heat; this cannot happen in a test tube. | 3 | 23 | |
| 986876592 | What best characterizes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism? 1) The release of free energy during the hydrolysis of ATP heats the surrounding environment. 2) The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis may be coupled to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate. 3) It is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water. 4) The DG associated with its hydrolysis is positive. 5) The charge on the phosphate group of ATP tends to make the molecule very water-soluble. | 2 | 24 | |
| 986876593 | The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose is an endergonic reaction and is coupled to which of the following reactions or pathways? 1) the conversion of glucose + fructose to make sucrose 2) the contraction of a muscle cell 3) the hydrolysis of ATP 4) the active transport of a phosphate ion into the cell 5) the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi | 3 | 25 | |
| 986876594 | A chemical reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when _____. 1) activation energy is required 2) the products are less complex than the reactants 3) activation energy exceeds net energy release 4) the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants 5) it absorbs more energy | 4 | 26 | |
| 986876595 | What do the sign and magnitude of the ΔG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction? 1) The sign determines whether the reaction is spontaneous, and the magnitude determines the speed. 2) The sign does not matter, but the larger the magnitude of ΔG the faster the reaction. 3) The sign does not matter, but the smaller the magnitude of ΔG the faster the reaction. 4) The more negative the ΔG, the faster the reaction is. 5) Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ΔG have anything to do with the speed of a reaction. | 5 | 27 | |
| 986876596 | The mechanism of enzyme action is _____. 1) providing energy to speed up the rate of the reaction 2) lowering the energy of activation for a reaction 3) changing the direction of thermodynamic equilibrium 4) changing endergonic into exergonic reactions 5) lowering the free energy change of a reaction | 2 | 28 | |
| 986876597 | Which of the following statements about enzymes is true? 1) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by raising the activation energy for reactions. 2) Enzymes react with their substrate (form chemical bonds) forming an enzyme-substrate complex, which irreversibly alters the enzyme. 3) Enzymes speed up the rate of the reaction without changing the DG for the reaction. 4) The more heat that is added to a reaction, the faster the enzymes will function. 5) all of the above | 3 | 29 | |
| 986876598 | Which of the following statements about enzyme function is correct? 1) Enzymes can greatly speed up reactions, but they cannot change the net energy output because they cannot change the activation energy. 2) Enzymes can change the equilibrium point of reactions, but they cannot speed up reactions because they cannot change the net energy output. 3) Enzymes can greatly speed up reactions, but they cannot change the activation energy because they cannot change the net energy output. 4) Enzymes can lower the activation energy of reactions, but they cannot change the equilibrium point because they cannot change the net energy output. 5) none of the above | 4 | 30 | |
| 986876599 | A plot of reaction rate (velocity) against temperature for an enzyme indicates little activity at 10°C and 45°C, with peak activity at 35°C. The most reasonable explanation for the low velocity at 10°C is that _____. 1) the hydrogen bonds that define the structure of the enzyme's active site are unstable 2) the substrate becomes a competitive inhibitor at lower temperature 3) the enzyme was denatured 4) the cofactors required by the enzyme system lack the thermal energy required to activate the enzyme 5) there is too little activation energy available | 5 | 31 | |
| 986876600 | Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct? 1) Most enzymes are proteins. 2) An enzyme is not consumed by the catalytic process. 3) An enzyme is very specific in terms of which substrate it binds to. 4) An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction. 5) all of the above | 5 | 32 | |
| 986876601 | Which of the following statements about the active site of an enzyme is correct? 1) The active site has a fixed structure (shape). 2) Coenzymes are never found in the active site of an enzyme. 3) The active site may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the substrate fits. 4) The structure of the active site is not affected by changes in temperature. 5) The active site allows the reaction to occur under the same environmental conditions as the reaction without the enzyme. | 3 | 33 | |
| 986876602 | What is meant by the "induced fit" of an enzyme? 1) The substrate can be altered so that it is induced to fit into the enzyme's active site. 2) The enzyme structure is altered so that it can be induced to fit many different types of substrate. 3) The presence of the substrate in solution induces the enzyme to slightly change its structure. 4) The shape of the active site is nearly perfect for specifically binding the enzyme's substrate(s). 5) The enzyme changes its shape slightly as the substrate binds to it. | 5 | 34 | |
| 986876603 | Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the role(s) of heat and temperature in biological reactions? 1) Heat from the environment is necessary for substrates to get over the activation energy barrier. 2) Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the substrates. 3) Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. 4) The first and second choices are correct. 5) The first, second, and third choices are correct. | 4 | 35 | |
| 986876604 | Above a certain substrate concentration, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction drops as the enzymes become saturated. Which of the following would lead to a faster conversion of substrate into product under these saturated conditions? 1) an increase in concentration of enzyme 2) increasing the temperature by a few degrees 3) increasing the substrate concentration 4) The first and second choices are correct. 5) The first, second, and third choices are correct. | 4 | 36 | |
| 986876605 | Which of the following environments or actions affect(s) the rate of an enzyme reaction? 1) heating the enzyme 2) cooling the enzyme 3) substrate concentration 4) pH 5) all of the above | 5 | 37 | |
| 986876606 | Enzyme activity is affected by pH because _____. 1) most substrates don't function well at high or low pH 2) high or low pH may disrupt hydrogen bonding or ionic interactions and thus change the shape of the active site 3) low pH will denature all enzymes 4) changes in pH can cause loss of cofactors from the enzyme 5) the binding of hydrogen ions to the enzyme absorbs energy and thus there may not be enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier | 2 | 38 | |
| 986876607 | Which of these statements about enzyme inhibitors is true? 1) A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a place that is separate from the active site. 2) The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible. 3) A noncompetitive inhibitor does not change the shape of the active site. 4) When the product of an enzyme or an enzyme sequence acts as its inhibitor, this is known as positive feedback. 5) Inhibition of enzyme function by compounds that are not substrates is something that only occurs under controlled conditions in the laboratory. | 2 | 39 | |
| 986876608 | Succinylcholine is structurally almost identical to acetylcholine. If succinylcholine is added to a mixture that contains acetylcholine and the enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine (but not succinylcholine), the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis is decreased. Subsequent addition of more acetylcholine restores the original rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. Which of the following correctly explains this observation? 1) Succinylcholine must be a competitive inhibitor with acetylcholine. 2) Succinylcholine must be an allosteric regulator for this enzyme. 3) The active site must have the wrong configuration to permit succinylcholine binding. 4) Succinylcholine must be a non-competitive inhibitor. 5) The activation energy barrier for succinylcholine hydrolysis is higher than for acetylcholine hydrolysis. | 1 | 40 | |
| 986876609 | The process of stabilizing the structure of an enzyme in its active form by the binding of a molecule is an example of _____. 1) feedback inhibition 2) competitive inhibition 3) allosteric regulation 4) non-competitive inhibition 5) cooperativity | 3 | 41 | |
| 986876610 | Which of the following statements about allosteric proteins is/are true? 1) They are sensitive to environmental conditions. 2) They are acted on by inhibitors. 3) They exist in active and inactive conformations. 4) all of the above 5) none of the above | 4 | 42 | |
| 986876611 | The binding of an allosteric inhibitor to an enzyme causes the rate of product formation by the enzyme to decrease. Which of the following best explains why this decrease occurs? 1) The allosteric inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding. 2) The allosteric inhibitor causes free energy change of the reaction to increase. 3) The allosteric inhibitor causes a structural change in the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding at the active site. 4) The allosteric inhibitor lowers the temperature of the active site. 5) The allosteric inhibitor binds to the substrate and prevents it from binding at the active site. | 3 | 43 | |
| 986876612 | Under most conditions, the supply of energy by catabolic pathways is regulated by the demand for energy by anabolic pathways. Considering the role of ATP formation and hydrolysis in energy coupling of anabolic and catabolic pathways, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? 1) High levels of ADP act as an allosteric inhibitor of catabolic pathways. 2) High levels of ATP act as an allosteric activator of anabolic pathways. 3) High levels of ATP act as an allosteric activator of catabolic pathways. 4) High levels of ADP act as an allosteric activator of catabolic pathways 5) High levels of ADP act as an allosteric inhibitor of anabolic pathways. | 4 | 44 | |
| 986876613 | Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as ___________ is to ___________. 1) exergonic; spontaneous 2) exergonic; endergonic 3) free energy; entropy 4) work; energy 5) entropy; enthalpy | 2 | 45 | |
| 986876614 | Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because 1) heat is not a form of energy. 2) cells do not have much heat; they are relatively cool. 3) temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell. 4) heat can never be used to do work. 5) heat must remain constant during work. | 3 | 46 | |
| 986876615 | Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process? 1) ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O 2) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 3) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 4) amino acids → protein 5) glucose + fructose → sucrose | 2 | 47 | |
| 986876616 | If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to 1) add more of the enzyme. 2) heat the solution to 90°C. 3) add more substrate. 4) add an allosteric inhibitor. 5) add a noncompetitive inhibitor. | 1 | 48 | |
| 986876617 | If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what would occur? 1) Additional product would be formed. 2) Additional substrate would be formed. 3) The reaction would change from endergonic to exergonic. 4) The free energy of the system would change. 5) Nothing; the reaction would stay at equilibrium. | 5 | 49 | |
| 986876618 | Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because 1) they are able to maintain a lower internal temperature. 2) high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary. 3) their enzymes have high optimal temperatures. 4) their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature. 5) they use molecules other than proteins or RNAs as their main catalysts. | 3 | 50 | |
| 986876619 | Using a series of arrows, draw the branched metabolic reaction pathway described by the following statements, and then answer the question at the end. Use red arrows and minus signs to indicate inhibition. L can form either M or N. M can form O. O can form either P or R. P can form Q. R can form S. O inhibits the reaction of L to form M. Q inhibits the reaction of O to form P. S inhibits the reaction of O to form R. Which reaction would prevail if both Q and S were present in the cell in high concentrations? 1) L → M 2) M → O 3) L → N 4) O → P 5) R → S | 3 | 51 |
ap bio chap 8 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 39803551 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions is called | 0 | |
| 39803552 | metabolism | is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell. | 1 | |
| 39803553 | catabolic pathways | release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. | 2 | |
| 39803554 | cellular respiration | A major pathway of catabolism is _________, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. | 3 | |
| 39803555 | anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds. They are also called biosynthetic pathways. | 4 | |
| 39803556 | bioenergetics | is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources | 5 | |
| 39803557 | heat or thermal energy | is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. | 6 | |
| 39803558 | chemical energy | is a form of potential energy stored in molecules because of the arrangement of their atoms. | 7 | |
| 39805152 | thermodynamics | Another way to state the second law of thermodynamics is for a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe. | 8 | |
| 39805153 | system | refers to the matter under study and the surroundings include everything outside the system | 9 | |
| 39806284 | closed system | approximated by liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings. | 10 | |
| 39806285 | open system | energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. | 11 | |
| 39806286 | first law of thermodynamics | states that energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 12 | |
| 39806287 | entropy | is a quantity used as a measure of disorder or randomness | 13 | |
| 39806288 | second law of thermodynamics | states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 14 | |
| 39806289 | spontaneous | describes a process that can occur without an input of energy. | 15 | |
| 39806290 | free energy change | The ______________of a reaction tells us whether it is spontaneous. | 16 | |
| 39806291 | free energy | is the portion of a system's energy that is able to perform work when temperature and pressure is uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. | 17 | |
| 39806292 | G | = H − TS, where T is temperature in Kelvin units. | 18 | |
| 39806293 | free energy | can be thought of as a measure of the stability of a system. | 19 | |
| 40077513 | negative | change in G must be _________ for a process to be spontaneous | 20 | |
| 40077514 | exergonic | An _________ reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy; G is negative. | 21 | |
| 40077515 | endergonic | An __________ reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.change in g is positive | 22 | |
| 40077516 | energy coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. | 23 | |
| 40077517 | ATP | a type of nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups. | 24 | |
| 40077518 | phosphorylated | • In the cell, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to endergonic processes by the transfer of the phosphate group to another molecule. This recipient molecule is now | 25 | |
| 40077519 | hydrolysis of ATP | • Mechanical, transport, and chemical work in the cell are nearly always powered by the | 26 | |
| 40077520 | phosphate group | • ATP is a renewable resource that can be regenerated by the addition of a _____________ to ADP. | 27 | |
| 40077521 | Catabolic | ________(exergonic) pathways, especially cellular respiration, provide the energy for the exergonic regeneration of ATP. | 28 | |
| 40077522 | activation energy | The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction is the | 29 | |
| 40077523 | transition state | At the summit, the molecules are in an unstable condition, the __________ | 30 | |
| 40077524 | enzyme-substrate complex | • The enzyme binds to a substrate, or substrates, forming an ________________ | 31 | |
| 40077525 | weak interactions | • In most cases, substrates are held in the active site by ______________, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. | 32 | |
| 40077526 | R groups | ________of a few amino acids on the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product. | 33 | |
| 40077527 | microenvironment | R groups at the active site may create a ______________ that is conducive to a specific reaction. | 34 | |
| 40077528 | low | At ____ substrate concentrations, an increase in substrate concentration speeds binding to available active sites. | 35 | |
| 40077529 | increases | As temperature _________, collisions between substrates and active sites occur more frequently as molecules move more rapidly. | 36 | |
| 40077530 | 6 and 8 | Optimal pH falls between pH __________ for most enzymes. | 37 | |
| 40077531 | cofactors | • Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers, called ___________, for catalytic activity. | 38 | |
| 40077532 | coenzymes | Organic cofactors are called _________ | 39 | |
| 40077533 | inhibitors | Binding by __________ prevents enzymes from catalyzing reactions | 40 | |
| 40077534 | competitive inhibitors | • Some reversible inhibitors, called ____________, resemble the substrate and compete for binding to the active site. | 41 | |
| 40077535 | Noncompetitive inhibitors | _____________ impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the molecule. | 42 | |
| 40077536 | allosteric | Metabolic control often depends on ________ regulation. | 43 | |
| 40077537 | allosteric site | a specific receptor on the enzyme away from the active site. | 44 | |
| 40077538 | activator, inhibitor | • The binding of an __________ stabilizes the conformation that has functional active sites, while the binding of an __________ stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme. | 45 | |
| 40077539 | cooperativity | • In enzymes with multiple catalytic subunits, binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all other subunits, a process called . | 46 | |
| 40077540 | feedback inhibition | • A common method of metabolic control is ____________ in which an early step in a metabolic pathway is switched off by the pathway's final product. | 47 |
ap bio chap 8 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 39803551 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions is called | 0 | |
| 39803552 | metabolism | is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell. | 1 | |
| 39803553 | catabolic pathways | release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. | 2 | |
| 39803554 | cellular respiration | A major pathway of catabolism is _________, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. | 3 | |
| 39803555 | anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds. They are also called biosynthetic pathways. | 4 | |
| 39803556 | bioenergetics | is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources | 5 | |
| 39803557 | heat or thermal energy | is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. | 6 | |
| 39803558 | chemical energy | is a form of potential energy stored in molecules because of the arrangement of their atoms. | 7 | |
| 39805152 | thermodynamics | Another way to state the second law of thermodynamics is for a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe. | 8 | |
| 39805153 | system | refers to the matter under study and the surroundings include everything outside the system | 9 | |
| 39806284 | closed system | approximated by liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings. | 10 | |
| 39806285 | open system | energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. | 11 | |
| 39806286 | first law of thermodynamics | states that energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 12 | |
| 39806287 | entropy | is a quantity used as a measure of disorder or randomness | 13 | |
| 39806288 | second law of thermodynamics | states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 14 | |
| 39806289 | spontaneous | describes a process that can occur without an input of energy. | 15 | |
| 39806290 | free energy change | The ______________of a reaction tells us whether it is spontaneous. | 16 | |
| 39806291 | free energy | is the portion of a system's energy that is able to perform work when temperature and pressure is uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. | 17 | |
| 39806292 | G | = H − TS, where T is temperature in Kelvin units. | 18 | |
| 39806293 | free energy | can be thought of as a measure of the stability of a system. | 19 | |
| 40077513 | negative | change in G must be _________ for a process to be spontaneous | 20 | |
| 40077514 | exergonic | An _________ reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy; G is negative. | 21 | |
| 40077515 | endergonic | An __________ reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.change in g is positive | 22 | |
| 40077516 | energy coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. | 23 | |
| 40077517 | ATP | a type of nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups. | 24 | |
| 40077518 | phosphorylated | • In the cell, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to endergonic processes by the transfer of the phosphate group to another molecule. This recipient molecule is now | 25 | |
| 40077519 | hydrolysis of ATP | • Mechanical, transport, and chemical work in the cell are nearly always powered by the | 26 | |
| 40077520 | phosphate group | • ATP is a renewable resource that can be regenerated by the addition of a _____________ to ADP. | 27 | |
| 40077521 | Catabolic | ________(exergonic) pathways, especially cellular respiration, provide the energy for the exergonic regeneration of ATP. | 28 | |
| 40077522 | activation energy | The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction is the | 29 | |
| 40077523 | transition state | At the summit, the molecules are in an unstable condition, the __________ | 30 | |
| 40077524 | enzyme-substrate complex | • The enzyme binds to a substrate, or substrates, forming an ________________ | 31 | |
| 40077525 | weak interactions | • In most cases, substrates are held in the active site by ______________, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. | 32 | |
| 40077526 | R groups | ________of a few amino acids on the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product. | 33 | |
| 40077527 | microenvironment | R groups at the active site may create a ______________ that is conducive to a specific reaction. | 34 | |
| 40077528 | low | At ____ substrate concentrations, an increase in substrate concentration speeds binding to available active sites. | 35 | |
| 40077529 | increases | As temperature _________, collisions between substrates and active sites occur more frequently as molecules move more rapidly. | 36 | |
| 40077530 | 6 and 8 | Optimal pH falls between pH __________ for most enzymes. | 37 | |
| 40077531 | cofactors | • Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers, called ___________, for catalytic activity. | 38 | |
| 40077532 | coenzymes | Organic cofactors are called _________ | 39 | |
| 40077533 | inhibitors | Binding by __________ prevents enzymes from catalyzing reactions | 40 | |
| 40077534 | competitive inhibitors | • Some reversible inhibitors, called ____________, resemble the substrate and compete for binding to the active site. | 41 | |
| 40077535 | Noncompetitive inhibitors | _____________ impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the molecule. | 42 | |
| 40077536 | allosteric | Metabolic control often depends on ________ regulation. | 43 | |
| 40077537 | allosteric site | a specific receptor on the enzyme away from the active site. | 44 | |
| 40077538 | activator, inhibitor | • The binding of an __________ stabilizes the conformation that has functional active sites, while the binding of an __________ stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme. | 45 | |
| 40077539 | cooperativity | • In enzymes with multiple catalytic subunits, binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all other subunits, a process called . | 46 | |
| 40077540 | feedback inhibition | • A common method of metabolic control is ____________ in which an early step in a metabolic pathway is switched off by the pathway's final product. | 47 |
AP Biology - Photosynthesis Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3010178555 | photoautotrophs | organisms that produce their own food using light energy - plants, protists, and algae | 0 | |
| 3010180364 | mesophyll | inner tissue of a leaf, contain many chloroplasts | 1 | |
| 3010182099 | stroma | fluid that fills the inner area of a chloroplast | 2 | |
| 3010183256 | thylakoids | found in stacks in the chloroplast where the light reactions occur | 3 | |
| 3010185276 | grana | stacks of thylakoids | 4 | |
| 3010185277 | chlorophyll | pigment that absorbs light energy to power the light reactions of photosynthesis | 5 | |
| 3010188932 | stomata | pores in the epidermis of a leaf that allow water to leave the plant and carbon dioxide to enter it | 6 | |
| 3010190184 | light reactions | reactions that use carbon dioxide and water to create ATP and NADPH for use in the calvin cycle | 7 | |
| 3010191718 | NADP+ | an electron acceptor that is reduced and is used to fuel the calvin cycle | 8 | |
| 3010194048 | calvin cycle | the series of reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to form G3P which is then used to form glucose and other organic molecules including amino acids and nucleic acids | 9 | |
| 3010199631 | carbon fixation | reactions that use co2 to make glucose | 10 | |
| 3010201978 | absorption spectrum | the range of wavelengths absorbed by a particular pigment | 11 | |
| 3010208130 | chloroplast | the organelle where photosynthesis takes place | 12 | |
| 3010210672 | products of light reactions | NADPH + ATP + O2 | 13 | |
| 3010212458 | reactants of calvin cycle | NADPH + ATP + CO2 | 14 | |
| 3010216389 | water | this molecule splits and allows for an electron to be bumped up to the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II | 15 | |
| 3010220190 | photosystem II | the location of water splitting | 16 | |
| 3010220218 | p700 | this is the special chlorophyll that is located in photosystem I | 17 | |
| 3010222902 | p680 | this is the special chlorophyll that is located in photosystem II | 18 | |
| 3010226488 | chemoautotroph | organisms that produce their own food using inorganic materials - thermophilic bacteria | 19 | |
| 3010236761 | guard cells | responsible for opening and closing stomata | 20 | |
| 3010238425 | photorespiration | process where o2 gets substituted for CO2 in the calvin cycle | 21 | |
| 3010240021 | c3 plants | these plants have stomata open during the day and are most efficient in cool/moist conditions in normal light | 22 | |
| 3010242712 | c4 plants | these plants have stomata open during the day, but barely open on hot days, work best in high light/temps, use h20 better | 23 | |
| 3010246530 | cam plants | these plants only have stomata open at night, convert co2 to an acid that is then broken down during the day - work well in dry conditions | 24 |
Pageant CH 10- Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 1587539417 | Assumption (Definition) | The act of taking to or upon oneself; taking possession of something. | 0 | |
| 1587539418 | Assumption (Significance) | Proposed by Hamilton to pay all state debts. He believed that this would chain the states more tightly to the federal government. It would shift the attachment of wealthy creditors from the states to the federal government, and thus strengthen the central government. | 1 | |
| 1587539419 | Excise (Definition) | An internal tax/duty on certain commodities, such as liquor or tobacco, levied on their manufacture, sale, or consumption within the country. | 2 | |
| 1587539420 | Excise (Significance) | National debt was $75 million. Hamilton imposed taxes from tariffs to raise money to pay off the debt. The tariffs imposed an 8% duty on the value of dutiable imports (1789) and an excise tax of 7 cents/gallon on whiskey (1791), which later led to the Whiskey Rebellion. | 3 | |
| 1587539421 | Nullification (Definition) | Failure/refusal of U.S. state to aid in enforcement of federal laws within its limits, especially on Constitutional grounds. | 4 | |
| 1587539422 | Nullification (Significance) | In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. This doctrine stated that if the federal government exceeds constitutional powers then the states could refuse to accept them. This concept was applied in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which were written by Jefferson and Madison in 1798-99. | 5 | |
| 1587539423 | Jay's Treaty (Definition) | 1794; Agreement between England and the U.S. by which limited trade relations were established. England agreed to give up its forts in the northwestern frontier, and a joint commission was set up to settle border disputes. | 6 | |
| 1587539424 | Jay's Treaty (Significance) | 1794; Britain attacked U.S. merchant ships and retained their posts on U.S. soil. Washington sent John Jay to London to come up with an agreement. Britain agreed to evacuate their posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for American ships. However, Britain forced the U.S. to pay debts owed to British merchants before the Revolution. This angered the Jeffersonians and led Spain to draw up Pinckney's Treaty with the U.S. | 7 | |
| 1587539425 | Talleyrand (Definition) | French statesman. | 8 | |
| 1587539426 | Talleyrand (Significance) | Crafty French foreign minister who sent secret agents X, Y, Z to bribe U.S. envoys. This led to an undeclared naval war. He soon regrets his decision and invites the U.S. to send another envoy to draw up the Convention of 1800 to end the war and form an alliance. | 9 | |
| 1587539427 | Funding at Par (Definition) | 1790; An economic plan devised by Hamilton in order to "bolster the nation's credit" and strengthen the central government. It was a plan to exchange old bonds for new bonds at face value. This would take on the debts of all states and reinforce faith in government bonds. | 10 | |
| 1587539428 | Funding at Par (Significance) | Hamilton's plan to pay off all national and state debts at face value plus interest ($54 million national + $21 million state). It would restore faith in government bonds and bolster the national credit. | 11 | |
| 1587539429 | Strict Construction (Definition) | Interpretation (as of a writing/legislation) based on a literal/technical understanding of the words used. | 12 | |
| 1587539430 | Strict Construction (Significance) | Jefferson employed this in his argument against the national bank with Hamilton. He said that there was no specific authorization in the Constitution for the government to do that and believed that powers not granted to the central government were reserved for the states (10th Amendment). Applying this logic, he concluded that the states, not Congress, had the right to charter banks. It was a theory that the Constitution should be interpreted literally and technically. | 13 | |
| 1587539431 | Bill of Rights (Definition) | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the U.S. It was incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10 and in all state constitutions. | 14 | |
| 1587539432 | Bill of Rights (Significance) | 1791; Drafted by Madison and includes the first 10 amendments. It was promised to antifederalists after ratifying the Constitution to guarantee individual rights which included: freedom of religion, speech, press; right to bear arms; right to be tried by a jury; right to assemble and petition the government for a redress of grievances; prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment; prohibition of arbitrary government seizure of private property. | 15 | |
| 1587539433 | Cabinet (Definition) | In the U.S., an advisory body to the president, consisting of the heads of the 13 executive departments of the federal government. | 16 | |
| 1587539434 | Cabinet (Significance) | 1789; Established during Washington's presidency that the Constitution didn't mention. | 17 | |
| 1587539435 | Elastic Clause (Definition) | A statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers. | 18 | |
| 1587539436 | Elastic Clause (Significance) | Employed in Hamilton's argument for a national bank. This clause stated that what the Constitution didn't forbid, it permitted. The Constitution says that Congress may pass any laws necessary and proper to carry out their vested powers (the bank was necessary to carry out transactions of taxes and trades). It supported a loose and broad interpretation of the Constitution. | 19 | |
| 1587539437 | Whiskey Rebellion (Definition) | 1794; A revolt of settlers in western Pennsylvania against a federal excise tax on whiskey. It was suppressed by militia called out by President G. Washington to establish the authority of the federal government. | 20 | |
| 1587539438 | Whiskey Rebellion (Significance) | 1794 Southwest Pennsylvania; Pioneers were angered by Hamilton's whiskey excise tax. They protested, tarred, and feathered tax officers. Washington sent an army to Pennsylvania to crush the rebellion. This showed that the government was willing to use violence to display its power. | 21 | |
| 1587539439 | Implied Powers (Definition) | Powers that Congress claims under the Elastic Clause granted by Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. These are powers exercised by Congress which aren't explicitly stated by necessary and property to execute the powers which are. | 22 | |
| 1587539440 | Implied Powers (Significance) | Employed in Hamilton's argument for a national bank. It said that what the Constitution didn't forbid it permitted. The Constitution says that Congress may pass any laws that are necessary and proper to carry out their vested powers (the bank is necessary to carry out taxes and trade). It supported a loose, broad interpretation of the Constitution. - Powers that are inferred or implicated. | 23 | |
| 1587539441 | Bank of the United States (Definition) | Feb. 25, 1791; Proposed by Hamilton, supported by Northern/New England merchants and state governments, but Southerners were against it because their chief industry was agriculture, so they didn't need banks. The bank was charteredd for 20 years and handled the financial needs of the central government. | 24 | |
| 1587539442 | Bank of the United States (Significance) | Hamilton's proposal for a financial system. The bank would be a major stockholder in which the federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies into. It would stimulate business and also print stable currency. Jefferson was against the national bank because there was no authorization in the Constitution for Congress to do so. Hamilton believed that what the Constitution didn't forbid it permitted. He argued that the bank would be proper and necessary to carry out the financial system. The bank was created in 1791 and charted for 20 years. This was a clear Federalist victory over the Republicans. | 25 | |
| 1587539443 | French Revolution (Definition) | 1789-99; Revolution that overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges. It ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and his seizure of power. | 26 | |
| 1587539444 | French Revolution (Significance) | 1789; At first many Americans were overjoyed at France declaring itself a republic, but after France took a more radical turn in 1793, Jeffersonians supported France, and Hamiltonians were against France. It led to more of a division between the parties, with Jeffersonians being pro-French and Hamiltonians being pro-British. | 27 | |
| 1587539445 | Neutrality Proclamation (Definition) | April 22, 1793; Formal announcement by U.S. President Washington declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. | 28 | |
| 1587539446 | Neutrality Proclamation (Significance) | 1793; After the outbreak of the war between Britain and France, Washington issued this decree which proclaimed that U.S. neutrality in conflict. It angered pro-French Jeffersonians and was disobeyed by the British. | 29 | |
| 1587539447 | Tenth Amendment (Definition) | Ratified in 1791; Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as part of the Bill of Rights .It guaranteed to the states and the people those rights that aren't delegated to the federal government by the Constitution. | 30 | |
| 1587539448 | Tenth Amendment (Significance) | 1791; Amendment that is part of the Bill of Rights. It reserved all the rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution to the states and the people. | 31 | |
| 1587539449 | Alien and Sedition Acts (Definition) | 1798; Series of laws that were passed during the presidency of John Adams. It restricted public activities of political radicals who sided with the French Revolution and criticism of Adam's Federalist policies. In response to these acts, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asserted states' rights. | 32 | |
| 1587539450 | Alien and Sedition Acts (Significance) | 1798; Federalists took advantage of anti-French anger after the Convention of 1800 to pass these laws. The Alien Laws aimed at pro-Jeffersonian immigrants by raising residence requirements. The President was also empowered to deport or imprison dangerous foreigners. The Sedition Act stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed government officials would be liable to heavy fines or imprisonment. This led to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. | 33 | |
| 1587539451 | Farewell Address (Definition) | 1796; Statement from President Washington published in the Pennsylvania newspaper to announce that he wouldn't run for the 3rd time. In this message, he also voiced his views on foreign and domestic policy. | 34 | |
| 1587539452 | Farewell Address (Significance) | 1796; It was never delivered vocally, but published in newspapers instead. It was a statement by Washington that announced his retirement after his 2nd term and advised the U.S. of avoidance of permanent alliances. | 35 | |
| 1587539453 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Definition) | 1790s; Statements of principle adopted by 2 state legislatures. It affirmed states' rights in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Madison wrote the Virginia Resolution, while Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolution. It stated that nullification was an appropriate course of action by the state in the face of a dangerous increase in the strength of the federal government. The Kentucky legislature approved most of his draft, but they didn't adopt it. | 36 | |
| 1587539454 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Significance) | 1798-99; In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and Madison drafted the Resolutions. It stressed the compact theory (the 13 states created the federal government; therefore, it could regard the government's jurisdiction). It concluded that if the federal government had exceeded its constitutional powers then the states had the power to refuse to accept them (nullification). The Resolutions were approved by Virginia and Kentucky, but no other states adopted it. | 37 | |
| 1587539455 | Jeffersonian Republicans (Definition) | Evolved into the current Democratic-Republican/Republican Party. It was founded in the early 1790s by Jefferson and Madison. It was formed to contest the elections and programs of Treasury of Secretary Hamilton. The party supported an agrarian democracy, with power in the hands in the educated common people. They were pro-French and opposed Jay's Treaty as pro-British. | 38 | |
| 1587539456 | Jeffersonian Republicans (Significance) | Created because of the disagreement with Hamilton's financial system. The party was first led by Jefferson and Madison. They supported rule by the informed masses, an extension of democracy, a weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They believed in no special favors for businessmen or manufacturers and preferred an agricultural economy. The Jeffersonians believed in paying off the national debt and reducing government officials. They preferred state banks and supported free speech and press. They mostly lived in the South and Southwest and supported a small navy. | 39 | |
| 1587539457 | Judiciary Act of 1789 (Definition) | Sept. 24, 1789; Adopted in the 1st session of the first U.S. Congress to establish the U.S. federal judiciary (Supreme Court/federal court system). The act decided the # of members of the Supreme Court (6), the # of lower district courts (13), and established the principle that the decision by the Supreme Court is final. | 40 | |
| 1587539458 | Judiciary Act of 1789 (Significance) | Created by the first Congress. It created federal courts, organized the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 5 associates. It also created federal district/circuit courts and established an office of attorney of general. | 41 | |
| 1587539459 | XYZ affair (Definition) | 1798; Diplomatic episode during the administration of John Adams that Americans interpreted as an insult from France. It led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War (1798-1800). The Federalist Party took advantage of national anger to build an army and pass the Alien and Sedition Acts to damage the Democratic-Republican Party. | 42 | |
| 1587539460 | XYZ affair (Significance) | 1797; President Adams tried to reach an agreement with France and sent 3 men to Paris to meet Talleyrand. The U.S. envoys were approached by 3 French secret agents (X, Y, Z). The French agents demanded $250,000 bribe just for speaking with Talleyrand. The U.S. took this as an insult, which led to an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France from 1798-1800. Adams later sent a new envoy to France in 1799 for peace. The Convention of 1800 was signed to annul the Franco-American alliance, which later helped lead to favorable terms between the two countries, and allowed Napoleon to sell Louisiana to Jefferson in 1803. | 43 |
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