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APUSH Period 2: 1607~1754 Flashcards

2409322221	Jamestown, 1607	- 1st permanent British colony in New World -Founded by Virginia Company (received charter from King James I.) - Goal: Promise of gold, conversion of Amerindians to Christianity (just like Spain), and new passage through North America to the East Indies (Northwest Passage)	0
2409324990	Virginia Charter	- Overseas settlers given same rights of Englishmen in England - Foundation for American liberties; rights extended to other colonies	1
2409326622	"starving time" (1610-1611)	- Jamestown colony wracked by tragedy during early years: famine, disease, war with Indians - Only 60 out of 400 settlers survived starving time.	2
2409329092	Captain John Smith	organized the colony beginning in 1608 - "He who will not work shall not eat." - His leadership helped Jamestown survive the "starving time"	3
2409334534	John Rolfe	introduced new tough strain of tobacco "Colony built on smoke" Tobacco, the most important reason for Virginia's survival	4
2409336533	House of Burgesses	First colonial parliament in the British American colonies Representative self-government	5
2409337950	Virginia Charter revoked, 1624	because James I believed assembly too seditious but he also loathed tobacco. Virginia became a royal colony	6
2409338935	Maryland	Charles I gave Sir George Calvert (the first Lord Baltimore) Catholic haven and profit	7
2409340513	Act of Toleration (1649)	Guaranteed toleration to all Christians; Catholics sought to protect their faith by granting a certain degree of religious freedom.	8
2409349405	"Headright" System	A person who paid for the passage of a white indentured servant (indentured servants) received 50 acres of land	9
2409350540	Indentured servants	- ___________ agreed to years of servitude in exchange for transatlantic passage (term of servitude usually 5-7 years) - By 1700, about 75% of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland were ________	10
2409355157	Bacon's Rebellion (1676)	Frustrated former indentured servants (freedmen) led by Nathaniel Bacon massacred Amerindians and set fire to Jamestown Significance: white planters began to increase importation of black slaves while reducing the number of white indentured servants	11
2409364335	Carolina	this colony was created in 1670 after restoration. Goals: grow foodstuffs for sugar plantations in Barbados. Rice became main cash crop	12
2409696477	North Carolina	this colonay was Created officially in 1712 as a refuge for poor whites and religious dissenters from Carolina and Virginia.	13
2409774490	Georgia	this colony is last British American colony; founded as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state by James Oglethorp (1733)	14
2409778853	Stono Rebellion (1739)	- largest slave revolt in history of the 13 colonies - Slaves in South Carolina tried to march to Spanish Florida - Significance: slave system became more strictly controlled.	15
2409783678	Calvinism	- Omnipotent God, Original sin & Pre-destination - "visible saints": After conversion, people expected to lead "sanctified" lives as a model for the community.	16
2409786984	Puritans	Protestants seeking to reform the Anglican Church by removing its Catholic elements and excluding people who were not committed.	17
2409787387	Separatists Puritans	Extreme group of Puritans who wanted to break from the Anglican Church altogether- later called Pilgrims	18
2409788166	17th CStuart Line of Monarchs	o James I (r. 1603-1625) o Charles I (r. 1625-1642) o 1642-1649 -- English Civil War o Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658) o Restoration: Charles II (1660-1685) o James II (r. 1685-1688) o "Glorious Revolution" (1688): William & Mary; Bill of Rights (1689)	19
2409794186	The Pilgrims	First wave of Separatists who landed off Playmouth Bay	20
2409797406	Mayflower Compact (1621)	An agreement to legitimize Pilgrims' settlement outside Virginia by creating a secular document recognizing James I as their sovereign [DEMOCRACY] Agreement provided for majority rule among settlers	21
2409800690	Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)	Non-Separatist Puritans founded ________ out of fear for their faith and England's future.	22
2409806425	John Winthrop	Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; he suggested Covenant Theology (=Puritans had a covenant with God to lead new religious experiment in New World)	23
2409808320	A city upon a hill	John Winthrop wrote "We shall build a city upon a hill," a model of Christian Charity	24
2409813274	Quakers	_______ believed in an inner light and not in theology, flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy and were persecuted.	25
2409814321	Anne Hutchinson:	prayer meetings at home to discuss John Cotton's sermons with other women; banished from MBC	26
2409817432	Antinomianism	The belief that there are no moral laws God expects Christians to obey. It takes a biblical teaching to an unbiblical conclusion. "salvation is attained solely through faith and divine grace"	27
2409822080	Roger Williams	Extreme Separatist who challenged legality of Plymouth and MBC charters because land belonged to Amerindians and was not the king's land to grant.; separation of church & political authority; banished from MBC	28
2409827752	Rhode Island (1644)	Williams built a Baptist church at Providence - Complete freedom of religion, even for Jews, Catholics and Quakers. - No oaths required regarding one's religious beliefs - No compulsory attendance at worship - No taxes to support a state church - simple manhood suffrage	29
2409829475	Connecticut (1636)	by Rev. Thomas Hooker (MBC is too oppressive and limitating!)	30
2409831992	Fundamental Orders (1639)	First modern constitution in American history, Established a democracy controlled by wealthy citizens	31
2409833882	Charles II	This king clamped down on New England Confederation and revoked MBC charter in 1684.	32
2409838466	Dominion of New England (1686)	established by James II to enforce Navigation laws and to bolster colonial defense against Indians, Dutch, and French	33
2409850821	Glorious Revolution (1688)	James II was replaced by William (of Orange) & Mary; Constitutional monarchy; Consequence: DNE collpased & enforcement of Navigation Laws was disrupted	34
2409962942	Economy of New England	Hardworking (Puritan/Protestan work ethic), subsistence farming, TRADE, Lumbering, shipping, and fur trade; less ethnic diversity	35
2409967164	Townhall meetings	Democracy (within the Congregational church) via town meetings and voting rights to church members (starting in 1631)	36
2409968495	Perfectionism	Puritans sought to create a perfect society based on God's laws Puritans argued against slavery on moral graounds	37
2409970362	Education in New England	Harvard College founded in 1636 to train the clergy; first college in the colonies; MA school of Law; high literacy rate	38
2409979697	New York	- In 1664, Charles II ordered military removal of Dutch from New Netherlands - In 1685 when James II became king New York became a royal colony.	39
2409984520	New York Chapter of Liberties (1683)	Granted freedom of religion to all Christians and gave all landholders suffrage.	40
2417755185	Leisler's Rebellion in NYC (1691)	.	41

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[APUSH] 2.1-4 Review (1607-1754) Flashcards

I am basing these flashcards off of Adam Norris's Youtube videos.

2.1 - Colonization of America
2.2 - Contact between Natives and Colonizers
2.3 - Impact of other Countries on America
Also covered: The Seven Years War, The Enlightenment

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1992166971	What did Spain do with colonization, and why did they do this?	They established strict control over colonization and converted/exploited natives to make money	0
1992171752	How did the Spanish make money from colonization?	They controlled trade through Spanish ports	1
1992174844	How did the French colonize America?	They intermarried with natives and build extensive trading partnerships	2
1992176179	How did the Dutch colonize America?	They built extensive trade routes, mostly in NY. They also encouraged settlement in the New World.	3
1992181669	Who were the coureurs de bois?	They were French fur traders who developed relationships with natives.	4
1992185649	How did the English colonize America?	Colonies were based on agriculture, large number of immigrants, hostile relations with Natives	5
1992189720	What became a cash crop in America?	Tobacco	6
1992191224	List some conflicts between the English and Natives.	Bacon's Rebellion, Pequot War, King Philip's War	7
1992197783	What was unique about English colonization of the Americans?	They encouraged immigration and did not intermarry.	8
1992202499	What was the headright system?	It encouraged landowners to immigrate and receive additional land	9
1992209068	Why was there an emergence of the Atlantic slave trade?	There was an abundance of land, so labor was needed for agriculture, and there was a shortage of indentured servants. It was hard to enslave natives, as well.	10
1992217504	Describe slavery in the British colonies.	It was based on a belief of racial superiority. Families could be broken up at any time, and children were made into slaves as well.	11
1992224265	Describe slave resistance in the British colonies.	Most resistance was covert, but one notable rebellion was the Stono Rebellion.	12
1992231113	Describe the Stono Rebellion.	1739 in SC, 100 Africans killed several whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida. Caught, many executed + more harsh laws were passed.	13
1992235348	What did Puritans believe regarding the Anglican Church?	They believed in predestination and wanted to purify the Anglican Church. There was little religious toleration, and church members had tremendous power.	14
1992248488	Who was John Winthrop?	He gave the "City upon a Hill" speech, which described Massachusetts Bay as a model society.	15
1992258837	How did the New England economy change as a result of colonization?	It saw agriculture, fishing, and commerce. Rocky terrain did not allow for large plantations, and Boston became a major port city.	16
1992267347	How did the middle colonies' economy change as a result of colonization?	- Very diverse in religion/ethnicity - Quakers settled in PA - Women in PA had more rights/equal Church power - Many German immigrants.	17
1992271267	Who was William Penn?	He was the man who essentially brought Quakers into America.	18
1992275808	Describe settlement in the Chesapeake colonies and North Carolina.	They heavily relied on tobacco, and long work days/exhausted land began to develop.	19
1992579331	Most labor in the Chesapeake colonies and North Carolina was made up of	indentured servants	20
1992582459	Describe settlement in the Southern Colonies and the West Indies.	- Rice was a major staple crop. - Arduous labor which caused switch to slave labor	21
1994861342	Describe the economy in the Southern Colonies and the West Indies.	- Sugar cultivation was important - Slave labor was heavily used - Many slaves in population	22
1994861343	How did conflicts among Europeans spread to North America?	- Example is the French and Indian conflicts at Fort Necessity - Each side was vying for Native support - British offered goods while French offered toleration. - During the French and Indian war, most societies were allied with the French, notably excepting the Iroquois.	23
1994861344	What was the goal of England and of France in America?	English focused on tobacco and used slaves. French focused on trading fur.	24
1994861345	How did European and colonial interests vary?	Britain forbade the colonists' territorial expansion past the Proclamation Line of 1763. They began to pass acts to raise money, which caused smuggling.	25
1994861346	How did contact with Europeans change life for Americans?	- Trade and diseases were increased - Native population in New England went from 10,000 to 1,000 due to disease in dispersion. - A famous war was King Philip's War	26
1994861347	Describe Spanish colonization after the Pueblo Revolt.	- More freedom than the English - Some Puritans sought to convert natives, many viewed them as disposable. - Tribes gained new weapons.	27
1994861348	What is the Pueblo revolt sometimes referred to as?	The Popé's Rebellion.	28
1994861349	Describe the background of the Pueblo Revolt.	- Pueblos were Natives located in the Rio Grande region - Known for distinct buildings - Don Juan de Onate defeated the Pueblos - Spanish ruled Pueblos harshly	29
1994861350	Describe the Pueblo Revolt.	Popé (a Native religious leader) killed hundreds and forced the Spanish to flee, who regained control in 1686.	30
1994861351	What was the significance of the Pueblo Revolt?	The Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the Natives, and were also given more freedoms after the Revolt.	31
1994861352	Describe related events prior to the French and Indian War.	- Albany Plan of Union attempted to negotiate a treaty between the Iroquois and British - Attempt to unite the colonies - The delegates refused to pass it because colonists did not want to surrender control - Salutary neglect	32
1994861353	Describe the causes of the French and Indian War.	- Started in 1754 when Washington was sent to stop French expansion to Fort Cain - Beaten by French. - Most natives (except the Iroquois) sided with the French - British forcibly enlisted colonists and forced them to provide shelter.	33
1994861354	The French and Indian War was part of what larger conflict?	The Seven Years War	34
1994861355	Describe the Peace of Paris.	- Britain gained all French land east of the Mississippi River, save New Orleans - Everything west of the River given to Spain - Ended the French and Indian War	35
1994861356	List some effects of the French and Indian War.	- Balance of power shifted in North America. - French lost their alliances with Natives - Tensions began to increase between Britain and the colonists - Britain feels the colonies should have shared in the responsibility of the empire, which ended salutary neglect.	36
1994861357	List some political impacts of the French and Indian War.	Britain focused on active rule of the colonists, and salutary neglect ended.	37
1994861358	What did King George III and George Grenville do after the French and Indian War?	They focused on active rule of the Colonies.	38
1994861359	What four major events happened in 1763?	- French and Indian war ended - Salutary neglect ended - Proclamation Line of 1763 - Pontiac's Rebellion.	39
1994861360	What angered the colonists about the Proclamation Line of 1763?	British troops prevented Americans from expanding past the border, which colonists wanted to change.	40
1994861361	Describe Colonial Resistance to British Policies.	- Protest groups like the Sons of Liberty were created - Smuggling + writs of assistance - Harsh admirality courts were established	41
1994861362	What was a writ of assistance?	It was a search warrant for smugglers.	42
1994861363	List some economic impacts of the French and Indian War.	- Britain was in debt - Colonists contributed little financially - greater taxes - Stamp Act Congress was created, which successfully boycotted the Stamp Act - In response to Stamp Act, the British issued the Declaratory Act	43
1994861364	List some social impacts of the French and Indian War.	- Colonial soldiers viewed themselves as equals with the British soldiers - An American identity began to develop.	44
1994861365	How did Atlantic trade affect Americans and other countries?	Slavery grew in the Americas. The Triangular Trade developed.	45
1994861366	What was Middle Passage?	The dangerous shipment of Africans in close-quartered ships	46
1994861367	What was Triangular Trade?	Rum, sugar, molasses, and slaves were traded between the French, Dutch, and Spanish. Many Navigation Acts were defied.	47
1994861368	What promoted Anglicization?	- Similar assemblies to the English government - Trade + Contact increased - Enlightenment ideas traveled to America - Religious toleration granted in some colonies. - Trials by jury - Evangelism	48
1994861369	How did racial views emerge among colonists?	- Blacks and whites lived in separate living quarters and were segregated - Any slavery resistance was treated harshly. - The Spanish and French were more accepting of the emerging mullatos (European + African) and mestizos.	49
1994861370	How did regional differences in colonies give way to similarities?	- Crimes were redefined (seen with John Peter Zenger's Trial) - Institutions developed - Colonial governments ceased to act independently of Parliament.	50
1994861371	What was the goal of mercantilism?	England wanted to make money.	51
1994861372	How did England's goal of a unified imperial structure turn out?	It was not always successful. Widespread smuggling happened as a result of the Navigation Acts. The Dominion of New England occurred.	52
1994861373	Describe the Dominion of New England.	- Massachusetts combined with the rest of New England - Later addition of New Jersey and New York - Governed by Sir Edmund Andros, who was overthrown. He tried to escape as a woman.	53
1994861374	Why did colonists resist British control?	- Enlightenment questioned government - Great Awakening created religious diversity and questioning of authority - Colonists saw themselves as "Englishmen"	54
1994861375	How did the Enlightenment impact American politics and government?	It helped challenge traditional authority, which inspired the American Revolution (as well as the French and Latin American Revolutions).	55
1994861376	What was the Enlightenment?	It was a 17th/18th-century movement that valued reason and knowledge.	56
1994861377	Who was John Locke?	He was influential with his beliefs in "life, liberty, and property", as well as "consent of the governed". These ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence. He wrote the Two Treatises of Government.	57
1994861378	Who was Baron de Montesquieu?	He advocated separation of powers/checks and balances, and influenced the constitution. He wrote The Spirit of Laws.	58
1994861379	Who was Thomas Paine?	He advocated the US's independence and wrote Common Sense.	59
1994861380	What are some ideas seen in the US Government as a result of the Enlightenment?	Three branches of government, freedom of speech	60
2101224412	Describe King Philip's War.	Between natives and English in Wampanoags, which made the Natives less of a threat to the colonies.	61

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AP Psychology Prologue Myers 7th Edition Flashcards

10 Vocabulary words from the prologue of the Myers Psychology book, 7th edition; 20 additional vocabulary words.

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880213535	Empiricism	the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes though observation and experiment.	0
880213536	Structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.	1
880213537	Functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how mental processes and behavioral processes function -- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish	2
880213538	Psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes	3
880213539	Nature-Nurture Issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development to psychological traits and behaviors	4
880213540	Natural Selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	5
880213541	Basic Research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	6
880213542	Applied Research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	7
880213543	Clinical Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	8
880213544	Psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy	9
880213545	Experimental Psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the scientific method	10
880213546	Behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not (2).	11
880213547	Humanistic Psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for growth.	12
880213548	Cognitive Neuroscience	the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)	13
880213549	Levels of Analysis	the differing complementary view, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon	14
880213550	Biopsychosocial Approach	an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	15
880213551	Biological Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.	16
880213552	Evolutionary Psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and metal processes using the principles of natural selection	17
880213553	Psychodynamic Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	18
880213554	Behavioral Psychology	the scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning	19
880213555	Cognitive Psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	20
880213556	Social-Cultural Psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	21
880213557	Psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	22
880213558	Developmental Psychology	the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	23
880213559	Educational Psychology	the study of how psychological processes can affect and can enhance teaching and learning	24
880213560	Personality Psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting	25
880213561	Social Psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	26
880213562	Industrial-Organizational Psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces	27
880213563	Human Factors Psychology	the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments	28
880213564	Counseling Psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	29

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AP Psychology Prologue: The Story of Psychology Flashcards

Psychology Ninth Edition by David Myers; Prologue Vocabulary

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761138010	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.	0
761138011	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	1
761138012	behaviorism	the view that psychology; 1, should be an objective science that, 2, studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not with 2.	2
761138013	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.	3
761138014	cognitive neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).	4
761138015	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes.	5
761138016	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.	6
761138017	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	7
761138018	levels of analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	8
761138019	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.	9
761138020	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	10
761138021	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.	11
761138022	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.	12
761138023	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	13
761138024	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.	14

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Ch. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15: Introduction to Genetics, DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis, Human Heredity, Genetic Engineering Flashcards

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1352726454	genetics	scientific study of heredity (the delivery of characteristics from parent to offspring)	0
1352726455	fertilization	process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells (gametes) join to form a new cell	1
1352726456	trait	specific characteristics of an individual	2
1352726457	hybrid	offspring of crosses between parents with different traits	3
1352726458	gene	a factor that is passed from parent to offspring; sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait	4
1352726459	allele	one of a number of different forms of a gene	5
1352726460	principle of dominance	Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive	6
1352726461	segregation	separation of alleles during formation of the gametes (sex cells)	7
1352726462	gamete	sex cell (i.e. sperm and egg)	8
1352726463	probability	likelihood that a particular event will occur	9
1352726464	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a particular gene	10
1352726465	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a particular gene	11
1352726466	phenotype	physical characteristics of an organism	12
1352726467	genotype	genetic makeup of an organism	13
1352726468	Punnett square	diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross	14
1352726469	independent assortment	one of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes	15
1352726470	incomplete dominance	situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele; Ex. when Mirabilis flowers inherit a red and white gene and this is expressed as pink flowers.	16
1352726471	codominance	situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed; Ex. When a chicken has both black and white feathers expressed.	17
1352726472	multiple allele	a gene that has more than 2 alleles; Ex. the fur color of rabbits which has one gene with 4 alleles - wild type, Chinchilla, Himalayan, albino	18
1352726473	polygenic trait	trait controlled by two or more genes; Ex. eye color in humans	19
1369126383	homologous	term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent	20
1369126385	diploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes	21
1369126387	haploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes or genes	22
1369126389	meiosis	process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell	23
1369126391	tetrad	structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis	24
1369126393	crossing-over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis	25
1369126395	zygote	fertilized egg, occurs when gametes (sperm and egg) combine	26
1463446433	base pairing	principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C)	27
1463446434	replication	process of copying DNA prior to cell division	28
1463446435	DNA polymerase	the main enzyme involved in DNA replication (copying)	29
1463446436	RNA (ribonucleic acid)	single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose; involved in protein synthesis	30
1463446437	messenger RNA	type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the creation of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	31
1463446438	transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	32
1463446439	RNA polymerase	enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template	33
1463446440	polypeptide	long chain of amino acids that makes up proteins	34
1463446441	genetic code	a collection of codons of mRNA in an organism, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis	35
1463446442	codon	group of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be built into a protein	36
1463446443	translation	process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into a sequence of amino acids of a protein	37
1463446444	gene expression	process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function	38
1463446445	mutation	change in the genetic material of a cell	39
1463446446	mutagen	chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation	40
1463446447	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	41
1463446448	genome	entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA	42
1463446449	karyotype	micrograph (small picture) of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size	43
1463446450	sex chromosome	one of two chromosomes that determines an individual's sex (usually X or Y)	44
1463446451	autosome	chromosome that is not a sex chromosome	45
1463446452	sex-linked gene	gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y)	46
1463446453	pedigree	chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations	47
1463446454	nondisjunction	error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly; cause cause fewer or more chromosomes than normal, causing genetic disorders or death	48
1463446455	restriction enzyme	enzyme that cuts DNA into pieces at a sequence of nucleotides	49
1463446456	gel electrophoresis	procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel	50
1463446457	selective breeding	method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation; ex.) creating various breeds of dogs, wild mustard plant into broccoli, cauliflower, etc.	51
1463446458	hybridization	breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms; ex.) donkey mating with horse	52
1463446459	inbreeding	continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the same characteristics of a kind of organism	53
1463446460	biotechnology	process of manipulating organisms, cells or molecules, to produce specific products; ex.) creating transgenic organisms, recombinant DNA, cloning, gene therapy, etc.	54
1463446461	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene	55
1463446462	recombinant DNA	DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources	56
1463446463	plasmid	small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria	57
1463446464	genetic marker	alleles/genes that produce detectable phenotypic differences useful in genetic analysis; used to tell which bacteria or other organism carries recombinant DNA	58
1463446465	transgenic	describes an organism that contains genes from other organisms	59
1463446466	clone	a genetically identical copy of another organism created from the DNA of a donor organism; member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell	60
1463446467	gene therapy	process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder. An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene.	61
1463446468	DNA fingerprinting	tool used by biologists that analyzes an individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments; used to determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person	62
1463446469	forensics	scientific study of crime scene evidence	63

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DNA / RNA / Protein Synthesis Flashcards

quiz on dna rna and protein synthesis

fill in the blank and ask for "term first"

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25233961	Proteins were composed of __ different amino acids in long _________ chains	20, polypeptide	0
25233962	____________ are made of both DNA and protein	Chromosomes	1
25233963	Experiments on bacteriophage viruses by _____ & ________ proved that DNA was the cell's genetic material	Hershey, Chase	2
25233964	_________ showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G)	Chargaff	3
25233965	WITH DNA : A pairs to	T	4
25233966	WITH DNA : C pairs to	G	5
25233967	_________ took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals	Franklin	6
25233968	In the 1950's, _______&_________ built the first model of DNA using Franklin's x-rays	Watson, Crick	7
25233969	Two strands coiled called a double ________	helix	8
25233970	in dna the sides are made of a pentose _______ Deoxyribose bonded to __________ (PO4) groups by phosphodiester bonds	sugar, phosphate	9
25233971	Center of dna made of _______ bases bonded together by weak ___________ bonds	nitrogen, hydrogen	10
25233972	DNA stands for...	Deoxyribonucleic acid	11
25233973	DNA is made up of subunits called ____________	nucleotides	12
25233974	Nucleotide made of: ________group, 5-__________ sugar & ___________ base	phosphate, carbon, nitrogenous	13
25233975	Double ring is __ & __ <-- called _______	a, g, purines	14
25233976	Single ring is __ & __ <-- called ________	t, c, pyrimidines	15
25233977	pyrimidines only pair with __________	purines	16
25233978	____ hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine	3	17
25233979	____ hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine	2	18
25233980	DNA has to be ________ before a cell divides	copied	19
25233981	DNA REPLICATION .. As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, Replication Bubbles form. Eukaryotic chromosomes have ________ bubble(s)	many	20
25233982	DNA REPLICATION .. As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, Replication Bubbles form. Prokaryotic chromosomes have ________ bubble(s)	1	21
25233983	DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the __' end of the DNA	3	22
25233984	_________ Fragments - series of short segments on the lagging strand. the enzyme _____________ joins fragments to make one strand	Okazaki, Ligase	23
25233985	DNA polymerase initially makes errors but _____________ proofread and correct these mistakes	Enzymes	24
25233986	DNA ____________ and DNA _________ replace and bond the new nucleotides together	polymerase, ligase	25
25233987	other than DNA, there is another nucleic acid and that is ________	RNA	26
25233988	for RNA --- > the sugar is	RIBOSE	27
25233989	for DNA --- > the sugar is	DEOXYRIBOSE	28
25233990	RNA is __________ stranded, contains _____ instead of thymine	single, uracil	29
25233991	3 kinds of rna .. (list in alphabetical order)	messenger, ribosomal, transfer	30
25233992	Enzyme binds to places with specific DNA sequences called _______________ and they tell RNA ________ where to start. signals at the end of the gene code cause transcription to ________.	PROMOTERS, polymerase, stop	31
25233993	TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ _______) takes place in the	RNA, nucleus	32
25233994	TRANSLATION (RNA→ _________) take place on the ______ and in the _____	proteins, ribosomes,cytoplasm	33
25233995	for the mRNA code .. the start is always _ _ _ and there are __ codons for STOP	AUG, 3	34
25233996	anticodon is on	tRNA	35
25233997	DNA → DNA	REPLICATION	36
25233998	DNA → RNA	TRANSCRIPTION	37
25233999	RNA→ Protein	TRANSLATION	38

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Revolutions Flashcards

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2053865351	Isaac Newton	Scientist who explained the law of gravity	0
2053865698	divine right	belief that kings were chosen by God	1
2053865801	Montesquieu	Enlightenment thinker- separation of power, inspired U.S. 3 branches of government	2
2053865890	John Locke	inspired Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence by saying we are all born with natural rights	3
2053865941	Enlightenment	time period of new political (government) ideas, challenged divine right and inspired American Revolution	4
2053866063	natural rights	life, liberty, and property	5
2053866385	"no taxation without representation"	battle cry for colonists upset with being taxed and not having a voice in government	6
2053866467	Boston Tea Party	protest tax on tea	7
2053866550	French and Indian War	because of this event the king began taxing the colonists, causing tension and the eventual American Revolution	8
2053866798	Bill of Rights	1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution, such as Freedom of Speech	9

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504525233	a	aaa	0
504525234	a	aa	1
504525235	a	a dog	2
504525236	a	a	3
504540178	a	aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa	4
504540179	aaaaaaaaaaa	aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa	5
504540180	a	aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa	6
504540181	a	aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa	7
504540182	a	aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa	8

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Campbell Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 Campbell Biology vocabulary and questions

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886679588	Matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	0
886679589	Element	a substance that cannot be broken down	1
886679590	Compound	a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	2
886679591	Trace Elements	essential in human body, but only in minute quantities	3
886679592	Atom	smallest unit of matter	4
886679593	Proton	(+) charged subatomic particle	5
886679594	Electron	(-) charged subatomic particle	6
886679595	Neutron	(n) charged subatomic particle	7
886679596	Nucleus	atom's core	8
886679597	Atomic Number	number assigned to an element by the number of protons it contains	9
886679598	Mass Number	sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an element	10
886679599	Atomic Mass	atom's weight	11
886679600	Isotopes	a form of an element with different # of protons	12
886679601	Radioactive Isotopes	an unstable form of an element with different # of protons	13
886679602	Electron Shells	number of electrons for an element to be stable	14
886679603	Chemical Bonds	atoms linked and held by attractions	15
886679604	Covalent Bond	atoms linked and sharing valence electrons	16
886679605	Molecule	linked atoms	17
886679606	Elecronegativity	attractions for shared electrons	18
886679607	Nonpolar Covalent Bonds	elements with equally shared electrons	19
886679608	Polar Covalent Bonds	slightly electromagnetic bonds	20
886679609	Polar Molecule	a molecule with slight unequal distribution of charges	21
886679610	Ionic Bond	ions with opposite charges are held together	22
886679611	Salt	ionic compound w/ metal and nonmetal	23
886679612	Hydrogen Bond	a bond w/ a H+ ion	24
886679613	Chemical Reaction	the breaking and making of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter	25
886679614	Reactants	starting materials in a chemical reaction	26
886679615	Product	ending materials in a chemical reaction	27
886679616	Cohesion	tendency for same molecules to stick together	28
886679617	Adhesion	clinging of one substance to another	29
886679618	Surface Tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	30
886679619	Heat	the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms	31
886679620	Temperature	the intensity of heat	32
886679621	Evaporative Cooling	when a substance evaporates and leaves a surface cooler	33
886679622	Solution	a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances	34
886679623	Solvent	the dissolving agent in a solution	35
886679624	Solute	the substance dissolved in a solution	36
886679625	Aqueous Solution	a solution in which water is the solvent	37
886679626	Acid	substance that adds H+ ions in solution	38
886679627	Base	substance that removes H+ions in solution	39
886679628	pH Scale	scale to describe how acidic or basic a solution is	40
886679629	Buffers	substance that minimize changes in pH	41
886679630	Acid Precipitation	precipitation w/ pH lower than 5.2	42
886679631	Ocean Acidification	CO2 dissolving in sea water and raising the acidity	43
886679632	_______ are the smallest part of an element that retains all properties of that element	atom	44
886679633	_______ cannot be broken down	elements	45
886679634	_______ is not contained in nucleus	electrons	46
886679635	an element with different # of protons	isotope	47
886679636	unstable variation of an element with different # of protons	radioactive isotope	48
886679637	Electron shells have _______, _______, and _______ electrons	2, 8, 18	49
886679638	_______ bonding involves the transfer of electrons	ionic	50
886679639	_______ bonding involves the sharing of electrons	covalent	51
886679640	elements have differing electronegativity are _______	polar	52
886679641	elements have the same electronegativity are _______	nonpolar	53
886679642	_______ leads to surface tension in water	hydrogen bonding	54
886679643	sweating is an example of _______	evaporative cooling	55
886679644	hydrogen ions = (_______)	H+	56
886679645	hydroxide ions = (_______)	OH-	57
886679646	substances that remove H+ ions are _______	bases	58
886679647	substances that add H+ are _______	acids	59
886679648	difference between pH of 6 and 7 is _______	10X	60
886679649	when a _______ takes place, compounds change their properties	chemical reaction	61
886679650	matter neither gained nor destroyed, called _______	Law of Conservation of Mass	62
886679651	_______ elements essential to life	25	63

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Ancient Greek-City State Flashcards

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1213396058	Doric	Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles.	0
1213396059	Ionic	More slender columns, higher then the doric columns. elaborate base, capital carved into double scrolls looking like the horns of the ram. More elegant then doric.	1
1213396060	corinthian	Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.	2
1213396061	acropolis	An "upper city"; a common feature of ancient Greek cities; an elevated site for religious observances	3
1213396062	city-state	A political unit that included a city and its surrounding lands and villages--ie its a city and its surrounding that that function like a small independent country with its own laws and government	4
1213396063	agora	public market and meeting places	5
1213396064	Athens	A greek city state who focused on art, literature and architecture, had democratic government and a jury; constantly at war with Sparta; modern day capital	6
1213396065	Sparta	Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts	7
1213396066	Corinth	A major Greek city, with ports on both Aegean and Adriatic seas, allied with Sparta. Site of important Christian congregation. Visited by the Apostle Paul for the first time in 50 CE.	8
1213396067	Megara	Dorian city. Kylon married daughter of the tyrant of Megara so he could help him overthrow Athens.	9
1213396068	Argos	Greek city/state ruled by Agamemnon. Location where Greek ships massed prior to sailing to Troy: known for their arts, sculptures, drama, and poets and musicians	10
1213396069	Thebes	A city in Boeotia, central Greece. It played an important role in Greek myth, as the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus and others. Archaeological excavations in and around this area have revealed a Mycenaean settlement and clay tablets written in the Linear B script, indicating the importance of the site in the Bronze Age.	11
1213396070	Delphi	- site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical greek world and site of Temple of Apollo; many Greeks traveled here to have their fortunes read	12
1213396071	Olympia	A plain of southern Greece in the northwest Peloponnesus. It was a religious center devoted to the worship of Zeus and the site of the ancient Olympic Games	13