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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

1639551859	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1639551914	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1639551860	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
1639551861	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
1639551862	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
1639551915	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1639551916	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1639551863	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
1639551864	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
1639551865	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
1639551866	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
1639551867	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
1639551868	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
1639551869	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
1639551870	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
1639551871	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
1639551872	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
1639551873	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
1639551874	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
1639551875	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
1639551876	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
1639551877	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
1639551878	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
1639551879	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
1639551880	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
1639551881	Data	Recorded observations.	25
1639551882	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
1639551883	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
1639551884	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
1639551885	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
1639551886	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
1639551887	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
1639551917	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
1639551888	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
1639551889	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
1639551890	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
1639551891	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
1639551892	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
1639551893	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
1639551918	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
1639551894	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
1639551919	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
1639551895	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
1639551896	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
1639551897	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
1639551898	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
1639551899	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
1639551900	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
1639551901	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
1639551902	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
1639551903	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
1639551920	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
1639551921	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
1639551904	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
1639551922	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
1639551905	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
1639551923	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
1639551924	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
1639551906	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
1639551907	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
1639551908	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
1639551909	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
1639551910	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
1639551911	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
1639551912	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
1639551913	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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Ch 4 A Tour of the Cell AP Biology Flashcards

yay

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1188311199	light microscope	visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. 1000x, 200nm	0
1188311200	organelles	membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells	1
1188311201	electron microscope	focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface, 2nm	2
1188311202	scanning electron microscopy	3-D image on surface of specimen	3
1188311203	transmission electron microscopy	studies the internal structure of cells	4
1188311204	cell fractionation	breaking up cells to study their components. done with centrifuging, with the largest cell components going to the bottom each time	5
1188311205	cytosol	semifluid jellylike substance inside all cells in which subcellular components are suspended	6
1188311206	all cells have	plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes	7
1188311207	eukaryotic cell	most of the DNA is in the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane	8
1188311208	prokaryotic cell	DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid, a region not bounded by a membrane	9
1188311209	cytoplasm	interior of cells, region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, it holds the organelles.	10
1188311210	plasma membrane	boundary of each cell functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of enough oxygen and nutrients and waste to service the entire cell	11
1188311211	microvilli	thin projections from the surface of a cell that increases surface area without an increase in volume	12
1188311212	flagellum	motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane	13
1188311213	centrosome	region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles	14
1188311214	cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules	15
1188311215	peroxisome	organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product, then converts it to water	16
1188311216	mitochondria	organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated	17
1188311217	Lysosome	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed	18
1188311218	golgi apparatus	organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products	19
1188311219	ribosomes	complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope	20
1188311220	Nuclear envelope	double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores: pore complex; continuous with ER	21
1188311221	nucleolus	nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli, ribosomal RNA	22
1188311222	Chromatin	material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes	23
1188311223	Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranous sacs and tubes;active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough and smooth regions.	24
1188311224	central vacuole	prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste, hydrolysis of macrmolelcules, enlargement of this is a major mechanism in plant growth	25
1188311225	chloroplast	photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules	26
1188311226	plasmodesmata	channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells	27
1188311227	cell wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein	28
1188729172	nucleus	contains most of the genes in an eukaryotic cell in chromosomes that are reduced to chromatin by proteins.	29
1188729173	nuclear lamina	netlike array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope	30
1188729174	endomembrane system	nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and vesicles, and plasma membrane	31
1188729175	vesicles	sacs made out of membrane that transport membrane segments and keeps the endomembrane system connected	32
1188729176	cisternae	the membranous tubules and sacs, the ER lumen is the space within these sacs	33
1188849730	glycoproteins	proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. secretory proteins	34
1188849731	cisternal maturation	golgi cisternae move in a cis (receiving) to trans (shipping) direction	35
1198142330	phagocytosis	engulfing smaller organisms or food particles, forms a food vacuole that fuses with a lysosome	36
1198142332	autophagy	lysosome recycles the cell's own organic material	37
1198142334	vacuoles	large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. food types and contractile types (pump excess water out).	38
1198142336	endosymbiont theory	an early ancestor of eukaryotic clls englufed an oxygen using nonphotosynthetic or photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. the engulfed cell formed an endosymbiont relationship until over time they became one organism	39
1198142338	similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts	double membrane, DNA, ribosomes, autonomous organelles	40
1198142341	cristae	infoldings on the mitochondria, give inner mitochondrial membrane a larger surface area	41
1198142343	mitochondrial matrix	contains the DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes used by cell resp to make ATP, enclosed by inner membrane	42
1198142345	thylakoids	flattened, interconnected sacs in chloroplasts, where light reactions occur	43
1198142347	granum	stacks of thylakoids	44
1198142349	stroma	fluid outside thylakoids, where calvin cycle occurs	45
1198142351	plastids	closely related plant organelles to chloroplasts	46
1198142353	motor proteins	attach to receptors on vesicles can walk them along microtubules or microfilaments. ATP powers the movement.	47
1198142355	microtubules	hollow rods constructed form globular protein tubulin (a dimer made of two subunits). shape, support cell, tracks for motor proteins, chromosome movement	48
1198142357	centriole	2 make a centrosome, composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules	49
1198142359	cilia	locomotive appendage, occur in large numbers, work like oars, or signal recieving antenna, 9+2 arrangement	50
1198142361	microfilaments	two intertwined strands or actin, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming and division in animal cells	51
1198142363	basal body	9+0 arrangement, anchors cilia and flagellum, like centrioles	52
1198142365	dyneins	allow bending movements of cilia and flagella.	53
1198142367	intermediate filaments	fibrous proteins supercoiled into thinker cables, anchors nucleus and organelles, formation of nuclear lamina	54
1198142369	myosin	a motor protein that causes the contraction of muscle cells.	55
1198142371	primary cell wall	first cell wall of a young plant cell, thin and flexible	56
1198142373	middle lamella	between adjacent cells, thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins	57
1198142375	seconardy cell wall	strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support	58
1198142377	extracellular matrix	like plant cell wall in animal, glyocoproteins and carbohydrates	59
1198142379	collagen	forms strong fibers outside the cells embedded in proteoglycan complexes	60
1198142381	proteoglycan complex	consists of hundreds small proteins with carbohydrates attached to a sing long polysaccaride molecule	61
1198142383	fibronectin	attaches the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane	62
1198142385	integrins	membrane proteins with two subunits, bind to ECM on one side and proteins attached to microfilaments on the other. transmits signals from external to interior of cell	63
1198142387	tight junctions	prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells, neighboring cells are tights pressed against each other	64
1198142389	desmosomes	function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	65
1198142391	gap junctions	provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, like plasmadesmada	66

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AP Chemistry Summer Work Flashcards

Need to memorize by first day of school, should already know from Honors Chemistry.
Includes:
* Periodic elements
* Monotomic ions
* Polyatomic ions

Terms : Hide Images

425857879	H	Hydrogen	0
425857880	He	Helium	1
425857881	Li	Lithium	2
425857882	Be	Beryllium	3
425857883	B	Boron	4
425857884	C	Carbon	5
425857885	N	Nitrogen	6
425857886	O	Oxygen	7
425857887	F	Fluorine	8
425857888	Ne	Neon	9
425857889	Na	Sodium	10
425857890	Mg	Magnesium	11
425857891	Al	Aluminum	12
425857892	Si	Silicon	13
425857893	P	Phosphorus	14
425857894	S	Sulfur	15
425857895	Cl	Chlorine	16
425857896	Ar	Argon	17
425857897	K	Potassium	18
425857898	Ca	Calcium	19
425857899	Fe	Iron	20
425857900	Cu	Copper	21
425857901	Zn	Zinc	22
425857902	Ni	Nickel	23
425857903	Au	Gold	24
425857904	Ag	Silver	25
425857905	Br	Bromine	26
425857906	I	Iodine	27
425857907	Ba	Barium	28
425857908	Sr	Strontium	29
425857909	Sn	Tin	30
425857910	Cr	Chromium	31
425857911	Pb	Lead	32
425857912	Pt	Platinum	33
425857913	Rn	Radon	34
425857914	U	Uranium	35
425857915	Hg	Mercury	36
425857916	(H)+	Hydrogen ion	37
425857917	(Li)+	Lithium ion	38
425857918	(Na)+	Sodium ion	39
425857919	(K)+	Potassium ion	40
425857920	(Mg)2+	Magnesium ion	41
425857921	(Ca)2+	Calcium ion	42
425857922	(Fe)2+	Iron (II) ion (or ferrous ion)	43
425857923	(Fe)3+	Iron (III) ion (or ferric ion)	44
425857924	(Cu)+	Copper (I) ion (or cuprous ion)	45
425857925	(Cu)2+	Copper (II) ion (or cupric ion)	46
425857926	(Zn)2+	Zinc ion	47
425857927	(Ag)+	Silver ion	48
425857928	(Al)3+	Aluminum ion	49
425857929	(N)3-	Nitride ion	50
425857930	(P)3-	Phosphide ion	51
425857931	(O)2-	Oxide ion	52
425857932	(S)2-	Sulfide ion	53
425857933	(H)-	Hydride ion	54
425857934	(Hg2)2+	Mercury (I) ion (or mercurous ion)	55
425857935	(F)-	Fluoride ion	56
425857936	(Cl)-	Chloride ion	57
425857937	(Br)-	Bromide ion	58
425857938	(I)-	Iodide ion	59
425857939	(NH4)+	Ammonium	60
425857940	(CrO4)2-	Chromate	61
425857941	(Cr2O7)2-	Dichromate	62
425857942	(H3O)+	Hydronium	63
425857943	(CH3COO)-	Acetate	64
425857944	(HCO3)-	Hydrogen carbonate	65
425857945	(CO3)2-	Carbonate	66
425857946	(CN)-	Cyanide	67
425857947	(OH)-	Hydroxide	68
425857948	(NO2)-	Nitrite	69
425857949	(NO3)-	Nitrate	70
425857950	(SO3)2-	Sulfite	71
425857951	(SO4)2-	Sulfate	72
425857952	(MnO4)-	Permanganate	73
425857953	(O2)2-	Peroxide	74
425857954	(PO4)3-	Phosphate	75

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AP US History Ch. 1 and 2 Flashcards

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902548251	John Cabot	Newfoundland; first Englishman to explore New World	0
902548252	Juan de Onate	Encomendero 1598; Close to modern day Santa Fe, NM; Pope rebelled against him with 17,000 Indians	1
902548253	Cultural Exchange	Native Americans give Europeans syphilis; Europeans give Native Americans diseases like smallpox	2
902548254	For God and Gold	Unofficial Spanish motto for exploring	3
902548255	Jacques Cartier	First Frenchman to discover the Saint Lawrence River; Saint Lawrence River leads to Great Lakes; Discovered Lawrence Seaway which leads to St. Lawrence River	4
902548256	Marquette and Joliet	First to explore north of Mississippi River	5
902548257	La Salle	Explored the entirety of the MS River	6
902548258	Sea Dogges	Sir Francis Drake is an example; Raided Spanish ships; Hired by the queen "unofficially"	7
902548259	Sir Walter Raleigh and John White	Founded Roanoke; first attempted English colony; White was first governor; White led expedition	8
902548260	Opechacanough	Opie; Rebellion against English in 1623; After rebellion, invited to peace dinner and were given drinks containing poison, killing all of them	9
902548261	George and Cecilius Calvert	Known as Lord Baltimore; George was given a charter to settle Maryland; George died and Cecilius made the trip; haven for Catholics	10
902548262	William Bradford	led the Pilgrims; sailed on the Mayflower; "Mayflower compact"; consensual government	11
902548263	Squanto	Wampanoag; ran into the Pilgrims	12
902548264	John Winthrop	led Puritans; gave sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" or "City on a Hill" on the ship Arbella; Mass	13
902548265	John Williams	Banished from Massachusetts; No forced religion; Established Providence, RI	14
902548266	Anne Hutchinson	Preached covenant of grace; banished to RI	15
902548267	John Locke	"Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina"-Religious toleration; Ethnic pluralism;	16
902548268	Quakers	Society of Friends; founded Pennsylvania; believed in quality of all people; proprietary colony	17
902548269	William Penn	governor of Pennsylvania and Delaware	18
902548270	New York and New York City	NY- New Netherlands NYC- New Amsterdam	19
902548271	Berkeley and Carterete	Founded New Jersey	20
902548272	James Oglethorpe	One of the 21 Trustees asked to establish Georgia; Wanted to practice philanthropy and give people a new chance in the New World	21
902548273	Stono Rebellion	1739 South Carolina; Killed white family that owned slaves; About 20 whites were killed; Domino effect; Militia caught the rebels and killed at least 34 slaves; Cut slaves' heads off and put each on a mile post; South Carolina enacts a harsh slave code	22
902548274	Triangular Trade	New England Economy; New World sends sugar, tobacco, etc., to Europe; Europe sends manufactured goods; Africa sends slaves	23
902548275	Salem Witchcraft Trials	Girls (including Ann Putnam) say they were bewitched by a woman from Haiti; Haitian woman's name was Tituba; Tried hundreds for witchcraft over 10 months; Thought maybe they shouldn't do it after the governor's wife and priest/ president of Harvard, Samuel Willard, were accused of witchcraft; 19 hanged and 1 pressed to death by stones; General cause was socioeconomic strain	24
902548276	Taverns	Called "Grogshoppes"; Catered to sailors and prostitutes; Where colonists learned of the news	25
902548277	Benjamin Franklin	Postal service, catheter, flippers, glass harmonica, Franklin stove, bifocals; Big part of American Enlightenment	26
902548278	Jonathan Edwards	Minister who was very emotional and extreme; Said spirituality gave way to intellectual pursuits; Famous sermon- "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"	27
902548279	George Whitefield	True catalyst of Great Awakening; "New Birth"; emotional and extreme like Edwards	28

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APUSH Unit 1 Review (Ch. 1-5) Flashcards

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928469715	Joint Stock	A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.	0
928469716	Royal Proprietor	people who were given legal charters for colonies	1
928469717	Queen Elizabeth I	This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England.	2
928469718	Primogeniture	A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.	3
928469719	Colony of Virginia	Entire economy depended solely on tobacco (which ruined soil). Virginia House of Burgesses (1619): First example of representative democracy in colonies; controlled finances, militia, etc. Use Headright System, which gave each Virginian 50 acres of land for each person whose passage to America they paid for. Hating tobacco and distrusting the House of Burgesses, King James I later revoked the Virginia Company Charter, making Virginia a royal colony under his jurisdiction.	4
928469720	Jamestown	1607. Virginia company sponsored English colonization in Jamestown, VA. English men didn't want to work/build colony. IT was a swampy area-hard to grow crops. There was disease and disputes with Indians. Once women arrived, tobacco was planted, and the colonists established trade with the Indians the colony survived. This was the first permanent English settlement.	5
928469721	Sir Walter Raleigh	An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."	6
928469722	King James I	(1566-1625) King of England from 1603 to 1625; he granted a charter to the Virginia Company to form a settlement in the New World. This colonial town was named Jamestown in his honor.	7
928469723	John Smith	1580-1631 An English colonist who came to America in 1608 and helped to create the Jamestown Colony. He made an agreement with the Powhatan Indians. He encouraged settlers to work harder and build better housing. No work = no food Hard work = more food.	8
928469724	Indentured Servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.	9
928469725	Colony of Maryland	proprietary colony granted to Lord Baltimore, intended to profit but also founded as a haven for Catholics	10
928469726	Colony of North Carolina	Founded in 1653. Very early settlements did not last. Largely dependent upon tobacco cultivation.	11
928469727	Colony of South Carolina	Southern colony founded by the English. Large agricultural economy (rice and indigo), and greatly relied on slave labor for much of its history	12
928469728	Restoration	1660; when Charles II was restored to the throne of England; lead to greater royal involvement and intensity in colonialism	13
928469729	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt similar governing bodies.	14
928469730	Lord Baltimore	Also known as George Calvert, this man received a portion of the Virginia colony from King Charles I. This man's charge was to create a colony that would serve as both a haven for Catholics and turn a profit for the Crown. Before he could set forth on his mission, he died, leaving the colony in the hands of his son, who then established the colony of Maryland.	15
928469731	Colony of Georgia	George was founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733. it was created as a buffer between the Spanish in Florida in the Carolinas. It was also known as haven for debtors.	16
928469732	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	17
928469733	Piligrims	Separatists who journeyed to American colonies for religious freedom, who came over on the Mayflower. Settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts.	18
928469734	Church of England	(Anglican Church); Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope	19
928469735	Visible Saints	A religious belief developed by John Calvin held that a certain number of people were predestined to go to heaven by God. This belief in the elect, or "visible saints," figured a major part in the doctrine of the Puritans who settled in New England during the 1600's.	20
928469736	John Calvin	(1509-1564) Swiss theologian (born in France); wrote 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' in 1536; believed that men and women are sinful by nature and that people cannot earn salvation - God chooses a few "elect" who he will save.	21
928469737	New England	Colonies in the north whose economy were based on trade and business - MA, CT, RI, & NH.	22
928469738	Anne Hutchinson	A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)	23
928469739	Quaker	English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania	24
928469740	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	25
928469741	Colony of Rhode Island	...(1644) Complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics. Also Quakers. No oaths required regarding one's religious beliefs. No compulsory attendance at worship. No taxes to support a state church. Provided simple manhood suffrage in the colony from the outset Opposed to special privilege of any sort.	26
928469742	Roger Williams	1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.	27
928469743	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	Adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on January 14, 1639. The orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. It has the features of a written constitution.	28
928469744	Salem Witch Trials	1692-Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.	29
928469745	New Netherlands	The Dutch settled near the Hudson River. the Dutch also set up the Dutch West India Company to trade beaver furs. Patroon System- New Netherlands political system. A few rich families were given huge tracts of land; They then rented land to at least 50 families. People from all regions and backgrounds were welcome	30
928469746	William Penn	Founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a s a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.	31
928469747	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 Virginian rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) sparked by governor Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for a series of brutal Indian attacks on frontier settlements; killed Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and set fire to Jamestown; plundering and pilfering; crushed by Berkeley with cruelty of hanging over twenty rebels; rebellion ignited resentments of landless former servants and pitted the frontiersmen against the gentry of the plantations; caused gentry to seek out African slaves.	32
928469748	William Berkeley	A Governor of Virginia appointed by King Charles I, he was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 (hanged 20 rebellions).	33
928469749	Nathaniel Bacon	A farmer in the backcountry, his resentment of Berkeley and the unbalanced power of the Virginia government, lead to a rebellion, by him and other backcountry farmers. When Berkeley refused to let Bacon and other farmers fight nearby Indians, he went into Jamestown, with his own militia, burned most of the city, and drove Berkeley out of town.	34
928469750	Colony of Connecticut	... (founded in 1636) May 1636, group of Boston Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker moved into the Connecticut River valley area and founded the town of Hartford.Three valley towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield established.	35
928469751	Stono Rebellion	A 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws	36
928469752	New York conspiracy trials	Supposed plot by slaves and poor whites in the British colony of New York in 1741 to revolt and level New York City with a series of fires.	37
928469753	Mercantilism	An economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade.	38
928469754	First Great Awakening	The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.	39
928469755	Harvard College	(est. 1636) established by Massachusetts Puritans 8 years after founding of colony to train local boys for the ministry	40
928469756	Molasses Act	(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling.	41
928469757	Navigation Act	A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France, and other European countries.	42
928469758	New France	French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763., French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system.	43
928469759	New Spain	Colony established mostly in N. America by Spain in 1535, included part of what are today the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies.	44

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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups 2 Flashcards

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463566558	Alcohol	0
463566559	Aldehyde	1
463566560	Alkane	2
463566561	Alkene	3
463566562	Halide	4
463566563	Alkyne	5
463566564	Amide	6
463566565	Aromatic Compound	7
463566566	Carboxylic Acid	8
463566567	Ester	9
463566568	Ether	10
463566569	Ketone	11
463566570	alkene	12
463566571	alkyne	13
463566572	arene	14
463566573	alkyl chloride	15
463566574	alcohol	16
463566575	ether	17
463566576	amine	18
463566577	aldehyde	19
463566578	ketone	20
463566579	carboxylic acid	21
463566580	acid chloride	22
463566581	ester	23
463566582	amide	24

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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups (With Examples) Flashcards

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2584326185	Alkyl halide (-yl halide)	0
2584327191	Alkene (-ene)	1
2584327678	Akyne (-yne)	2
2584328675	Alcohol (-anol)	3
2584330007	Ether (-yl ether)	4
2584331418	Thiol (-anethiol)	5
2584331926	Sulfide (-yl sulfide)	6
2584332210	Aromatic (-ylbenzene)	7
2584333019	Ketone (-anone)	8
2584334023	Aldehyde (-anal)	9
2584334375	Carboxylic acid (-anoic acid)	10
2584334927	Acyl halide (-tyl X-ide)	11
2584335858	Anhydride (-tic hydride)	12
2584336463	Ester (-yl acetate)	13
2584336845	Amide (-anamide)	14
2584337507	Amine (-amine)	15
2584337915	Alkyl halide example	16
2584338207	Alkene example	17
2584339371	Alkyne example	18
2584339786	Alcohol example	19
2584340026	Ether example	20
2584340561	Thiol example	21
2584340709	Sulfide example	22
2584341034	Aromatic example	23
2584341547	Ketone example	24
2584341853	Aldehyde example	25
2584342236	Carbocylic acid example	26
2584342878	Acyl halide example	27
2584343433	Anhydride example	28
2584343602	Ester example	29
2584343943	Amide example	30
2584344097	Amine example	31

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AP Chem Gas Laws Flashcards

Gas laws and equations for AP Chemistry

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706959206	Boyle's Law	PV = k P₁V₁ = P₂V₂	0
706975458	Boyle's Law		1
706959207	Charles's Law	V/T = k V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂	2
706975459	Charles's Law		3
706975460	Gay-Lussac's Law	P/T = k P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂	4
706975461	Gay-Lussac's Law		5
706975462	Combined Gas Law	P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂	6
706975463	Avogadro's Law	"Equal volumes of gases at the same temp and pressure have the same number of molecules!"	7
706975464	Avogadro's Law	n/V = k n₁/V₁ = n₂/V₂	8
706975465	Avogadro's Law		9
706975466	Ideal Gas Law	PV=nRT	10
706975467	Universal Gas Constant	R=0.0821 (Latm)/(molK)	11
706975468	Molar Mass of a Gas	MM=dRT/P (Molar Mass = "dirty pee")	12

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American Pageant: Chapter 2 Flashcards

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875216222	Protestant Reformation	Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in En gland in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church. (27)	0
875216223	Roanoke Island	Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. (28)	1
875216224	Spanish Armada	Spanish fleet defeated in the En glish Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. (29)	2
875216225	primogeniture	Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. (30)	3
875216226	joint-stock company	Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund En gland's early colonial ventures. (30)	4
875216227	charter	Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of En glishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. (30)	5
875216228	Jamestown	First permanent En glish settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company. (30)	6
875216229	First-Anglo Powhattan War	(1614): Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and En glish settlers in Virginia. En glish colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in En gland's campaigns against the Irish. (32)	7
875216230	Second-Anglo Powhattan War	(1644-1646): Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement. (33)	8
875216231	Act of Toleration	Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Chris tians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. (36)	9
875216232	Barbados Slave Code	First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries. (37)	10
875216233	squatters	Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more in de pen dent-minded and "dem ocratic" than its neighbors. (40)	11
875216234	Tuscarora War	Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. (40)	12
875216235	Yamasee Indians	Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. (40)	13
875216236	buffer	In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. (41)	14
875216237	Iroquois Confederacy	Bound together five tribes— the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. (42)	15
875216238	Henry VIII	King of England that was excommunicated from Roman Catholic Church because he separated the Church of England from papal authority.	16
875216239	Elizabeth I	Queen of Britain who knighted Francis Drake after he pirated Spanish ships for gold then circumnavigated the globe.	17
875216240	Sir Francis Drake	Francis Drake pirated Spanish ships for gold then circumnavigated the globe.	18
875216241	Sir Walter Raleigh	failed to establish the Roanoke Island.	19
875216242	James I	Sent a charter to Virginia company to make a settlement in the New World.	20
875216243	Captain John Smith	took over control of colonies and whipped the colonists into shape.	21
875216244	Powhatan	chief of local indians, powhatans	22
875216245	Pocahontas	married john rolfe to create a sort of alliance, grew sweet tobacco.	23
875216246	Lord De La Warr	arrived in virgina company to ruthlessly kill many indians	24
875216247	John Rolfe	married pocahontas to create alliance	25
875216248	Lord Baltimore	founded Maryland, was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed.	26
875216249	Oliver Cromwell	ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II	27
875216250	James Oglethorpe	georgia was mainly founded by him	28
875216251	hiawatha	native-american leader and co-founder of Iroquois Confederacy	29

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American Pageant - Chapter 2 - Study Questions Flashcards

APUSH study questions for chapter 2, "The Planting of English America," in American Pageant.

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10753801	King Henry VIII	Which king of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church?	0
10753802	Spread protestantism, seize Spanish treasure	Encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, semi-piratical English buccaneers had these two goals.	1
10753803	Francis Drake	This man was the most famous of Queen Elizabeth's buccaneers. He intercepted a Spanish gold-carrying vessel, then sailed around the world to avoid the Spanish fleet. When he returned to England, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth on his deck of his ship.	2
10753804	Newfoundland	The site of England's first colonization efforts in the new world.	3
10753805	Sir Humphrey Gilbert	What Englishman attempted to found the first English colony at Newfoundland?	4
10753806	It was too cold of a climate, and its founder, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, perished at sea during the early stages of the colonization effort	Why did England's colony at Newfoundland fail?	5
10753807	Roanoke Island	What was the site of England's second failed attempt to colonize the New World?	6
10753808	Sir Walter Raleigh	What Englishman founded the English colony at Roanoke?	7
10753809	After several false starts, the colony eventually disappeared without a trace.	What became of England's colony at Roanoke?	8
10753810	King Philip II	What Catholic King of Spain decided to attack the Protestant English?	9
10753811	The English employed swifter, more maneuverable, and more ably manned crafts	In what ways were the Englishmen better than the Spanish Armada?	10
10753812	A great storm known as the "Protestant Wind"	What crippled the Spanish Armada, leading to England's victory?	11
10753813	The signing of a peace treaty in 1604	How did peace finally come about between Spain and England after their conflict in the English Channel?	12
10753814	Naval dominance in the North Atlantic	What did the English gain in their defeat of the Spanish?	13
10753815	A strong, unified national state under a popular monarch; religious unity; and a vibrant sense of nationalism and national destiny	What characteristics did England display on the eve of its colonizing adventure?	14
10760093	England's population growth, economic depression, primogeniture laws, and puritans seeking religious freedoms	What events in England supplied colonial immigrants? (Name 4)	15
10760094	By joint-stock companies	How was the money needed to fund colonization efforts provided?	16
10760095	Thirst for adventure, for markets, and for religious freedom	Name 3 motives of the English to colonize.	17
10760096	Virginia Company of London	What joint-stock company funded Jamestown?	18
10760097	King James I	Who granted the charter to Jamestown?	19
10760098	Passage to the Indies; Gold	What were the two major motives for the foundation of Jamestown?	20
10760099	It provided them the same rights as Englishmen living in England	In what way was the Jamestown charter important to New World colonists?	21
10760100	Disease, starvation, and malnutrition	What perils did the "self-styled gentlemen" that colonized Jamestown face after they disembarked?	22
10760101	Captain John Smith	Who is known as the savior of Jamestown?	23
10760102	Powhatan	Captain John Smith had previously been taken captive by the Indians in a mock execution. Who was the leader of those Indians?	24
10760103	They wanted to show their strength, but also their will for peaceful relations	For what reasons did the Indians fake an execution of Captain John Smith?	25
10760104	Pocahontas	Who "saved" Captain John Smith from execution?	26
10760105	Intermediary	What role did Pocahontas play in Colonist-Indian relations after Captain John Smith's mock execution?	27
10760106	Lord De La Warr	The colonists of Jamestown were heading back to England when they encountered another vessel under the control of this man.	28
10760107	He became their new governor, forced them back to Jamestown, imposed a harsh military regime, then undertook military action against the natives	What action did Lord De La Warr take after encountering the Jamestown colonists?	29
10760108	Powhatan's Confederacy	What group of Indians did the English encounter in the James River area?	30
10760109	Declare war against the natives	What was Lord De La Warr ordered to do in Virginia?	31
10760110	First Anglo-Powhatan War	What was the name of the first war between English colonists and Native Americans?	32
10760111	Marriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe	What brought about peace after the First Anglo-Powhatan War?	33
10760112	Peace Treaty	What brought about peace after the Second Anglo-Powhatan War?	34
10760113	Banished Indians from White settlements	What were the terms of the peace treaty ending the Second Anglo-Powhatan War?	35
10760114	Disease, Disorganization, and Disposability	What were the "Three D's" that the Powhatans fell victim to?	36
10764299	Based on the desire for English goods, Native American tribes competed with one another over trading rights with the English, and the land required to obtain the goods that they would trade	In what ways did the English warrant Indian-Indian violence?	37
10764300	John Rolfe	Who perfected Tobacco?	38
10764301	Tobacco	What served as the foundation of Virginia's prosperity?	39
10764302	More land	Tobacco was so popular that it caused colonists to seek after ______ .	40
10764303	Tobacco's success led to the introduction of the plantation system in Virginia, and therefore, the need for fresh labor	What connection, if any, exists between tobacco, the plantation system, and fresh labor?	41
10764304	A Dutch warship sold twenty Africans to Virginia colonists	How were the seeds of North American Slave Trade planted in 1619?	42
10764305	House of Burgesses	What was the first "miniature parliament" to be established in Virginia?	43
10764306	He revoked the Virginia Company of London's charter to make Virginia a royal colony	Because James I was hostile towards Virginia, what action did he take?	44
10764307	Lord Baltimore	Who founded Maryland?	45
10764308	To be a Catholic haven	Why was Maryland founded?	46
10764309	He gave large chunks of land to his Catholic relatives, leaving smaller estates for Protestants	How did Lord Baltimore distribute his colony's land?	47
10764310	Tobacco	What was the foundation of Maryland's economy?	48
10764311	White Indentured Servants	Who did the Maryland colonists depend on for labor?	49
10764312	Act of Toleration	What did the Maryland Catholics promote in their effort towards having their religious practices tolerated?	50
10764313	Religious tolerance among Protestants and Catholics; the death penalty for those that denied the divinity of Jesus	What did the Act of Toleration decree?	51
10764314	Sugar	What formed the foundation of the West Indies economy?	52
10764315	England	What country colonized the West Indies?	53
10764316	Sugar required much more work and money to harvest than tobacco	How were tobacco and sugar different?	54
10764317	They imported African slaves	How did the West Indies colonists deal with the greater amount of work required to harvest sugar?	55
10764318	English colonists imported so many African slaves that the Africans outnumbered the English	Why, in the present day, are the West Indies predominantly black?	56
10764319	It denied fundamental rights to slaves and allowed slave masters to inflict vicious punishments for slight infractions	What did the Barbados Slave Code decree?	57
10764320	migrated to North America's southern colonies (especially Carolina)	Since sugar was so expensive to harvest, many smaller English farmers...	58
10764321	The farmers brought knowledge of the Barbados Slave Code to the Carolinas and lived by its decree	Why is the migration of farmers from the West Indies to the Carolinas important to African slaves?	59
10764322	similar to the Barbados Slave Code	Because many of the migrant farmers of the Carolinas originated from the West Indies, they adopted a slave policy...	60
10764323	Civil war in England	Why was colonization interrupted between 1629 and 1660?	61
10764324	King Charles I	What king of England dismissed parliament?	62
10764325	Oliver Cromwell	Who did parliament replace King Charles I with?	63
10764326	King Charles II	Who took the throne after Oliver Cromwell?	64
10764327	The Lords Proprietors	Who did Charles II grant control over the area that would become Carolina?	65
10764328	Eight of Charles II's court favorites	Who were the Lords Proprietors?	66
10764329	Export of foodstuffs to provision sugar plantations in the West Indies, and the export of non-English products such as wine, silk, and olive oil	What made up the economy of the Carolinas?	67
10764330	Colonists abducted Indians from inland and either forced them to work in Carolina as slaves or sold them to other colonies	Based on the experiences of many Carolina immigrants from the West Indies, describe the slave-trade system of Carolina.	68
10764331	Rice	What was the principle crop in Carolina?	69
10764332	Colonists purchased Africans familiar with rice and resistant to English diseases	How did rice being the principle crop of Carolina affect Carolina slave trade?	70
10764333	A "ragtag group" of immigrants from Virginia	Who founded North Carolina?	71
10764334	Squatters	What term described the immigrants from Virginia that founded North Carolina?	72
10764335	Tobacco	What became North Carolina's principle crop?	73
10764336	They were resistant to authority and the control of the Church of England	For what reasons did colonists immigrate from Virginia to found North Carolina?	74
10764337	Democratic and independent-minded	Describe the mind-set of North Carolina settlers	75
10764338	North Carolina engaged in several battles with the Native Americans	What relations did North Carolina have with the Indians?	76
10764339	To act as a buffer colony	For what purpose was Georgia founded?	77
10764340	James Oglethorpe	Who founded Georgia?	78
10764341	"The Charity Colony"	What was Georgia's nickname?	79
10764342	No; Unhealthy climate, demoralizing Spanish attacks, Early restrictions on black slavery	Was a plantation economy successful in Georgia? Give three reasons why or why not.	80
10764820	Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia	What colonies make up the "Plantation Colonies"?	81
10764821	Tobacco and rice	What are the major exports of the southern colonies?	82
10764822	Religious tolerance among Catholics and Protestants was fairly high, however the Act of Toleration in Maryland persecuted those who denied the divinity of Jesus	What was the state of religious toleration throughout the majority of the southern nations?	83
10764823	Tobacco "butchers" it, making the soil useless after several years of replanting	How does tobacco affect the soil it grows in?	84
10764824	They continue to push inward in search of land to grow tobacco on	How does tobacco's "soil butchery" warrant reaction from the colonists?	85
10764889	Prison reform	For what reasons did James Oglethorpe found Georgia?	86

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