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Chapter 17: The Earth and its Peoples Flashcards

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2197959481Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.0
2197975528Bartolome De Las CasasFirst bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian people from exploitation. His major achievement was the new laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them.1
2197989572PotosiLocated in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.2
2197995341EncomiendaA grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.3
2198004788CreolesIn colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.4
2198011733MestizoThe term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European.5
2198015535MulattoThe term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.6
2198021088Indentured ServantA migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years.7
2198030983House Of BurgessesElected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.8
2198034076PilgrimsGroup of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.9
2198039675PuritansEnglish Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.10
2198045586Iroquois ConfederacyAn alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area fro western New England to the Great Lakes.11
2198056265New FranceFrench colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.12
2198061765Coureurs De BoisFrench fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.13
2198070934Tupac Amaru IIMember of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.14
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APUSH Ch.1: New Beginnings Flashcards

Important APUSH Ch.1 terms

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1615790261old worldEurope0
1615790262new worldA term for the Americas (and sometimes other non-European areas) during the Age of Exploration1
1615790263appalachian mountainsA chain of mountains that includes the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia as well as other mountains up and down the East coast.2
1615829812tidewater regionAlong the coast of the Southern Colonies. Major feature was the plantation - a large farm where one main crop was grown - cotton, sugar, rice or tobacco.3
1615829813rocky mountainsA major mountain system of the U.S. and Canada, extending 3,000 miles from Alaska south to New Mexico.4
1615829814great basinLocated west of the Rockies, this consists of basins and ranges.5
1615829815great lakesA group of 5 freshwater lakes of central North America between the United States and Canada. (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)6
1615829816missouri-mississippi-ohio river systemDrainage system for the enormous midcontinental basin between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains7
1615886791land bridgeA bridge of land that allowed people to travel from Asia to North America. It was formed during the Ice Age.8
1615886792maizeAn early form of corn grown by Native Americans9
1615886793aztecsA Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.10
1615886794incasA Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.11
1615886795puebloAn American Indian settlement, especially of adobe houses built by the pueblo people.12
1615886796Mound buildersBuilt cone-shaped hills and animal-shaped earthworks; some were burial mounds, and others were used for religious ceremonies13
1615886797three-sister farmingbeans growing on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash covering the plants mounds to retain moisture in the soil.14
1615886798cherokeeA member of an Iroquoian people formerly living in the Appalachian Mountains but now chiefly in Oklahoma.15
1615886799iroquoisA term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.16
1615886800finlandA country in northern Europe bordered by Russia to the east and Sweden and Norway to the west; gained its independence from Russia in 191717
1615886801crusadersChristian warriors sent to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims that controlled18
1615886802veniceAn Italian city that exhibited major commerce of the Mediterranean trade at 1000 CE.19
1615886803genoaIn 1300 CE, Genoa and Venice were two nodes of commerce linking Europe, Africa, and Asia. Genoese ships linked the Mediterranean to the coast of Flanders through consistent routes along the Atlantic coasts of Spain, Portugal, and France.20
1615886804marco polo(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.21
1615886805caravelA small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.22
1615886806bartholomeu diasPortuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)23
1615886807vasco da gamaPortuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.24
1615886808ferdinand and isabellaDuring the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.25
1615886809moorsThe North African Muslim population that occupied Granada in southern Spain until Isabelle and Ferdinand kicked them out to unite Spain as one country26
1616475710columbusA skilled italian who sailed for spain west into the Atlantic Ocean looking for a way to Asia,and to trade he discovered an island called Hispaniola27
1616475711cornvegetable exported from the Americas to the old world28
1616475712potatoesa great vegetable exported from the Americas to the old world29
1616492179sugarEuropeans used slave labor to grow a wide range of profitable crops on the islands of the Caribbean; this was the most important and profitable of these crops30
1616492180horsesAnimal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains31
1616492181smallpoxA deadly disease that was introduced to the Indaians by the Europeans., 80% of the Native American population died from this32
1616523580treaty of tordesillas1494 agreement that divided New World lands between Spain and Portugal.33
1616523581vasco nunez balboaSpanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama34
1616523582magellan1519, Sailed W around South America to reach Asia - first to sail around the world -voyage took 3 years,1st expedition to circumnavigate the globe, Proved world was round and much bigger than previously thought35
1616523583juan ponce de leonSpanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"36
1616523584francisco coronadoA Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.37
1616523585hernando de sotoSpanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river38
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World Geography Chapters 1-4: The Basics of Geography: Only Words for Final Flashcards

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1982727405Absolute locationn. the exact place on earth where a geographic feature is found.0
1982727406Relative locationn. describes a place in relation to other places around it.1
1982727407Equatorn. the imaginary line that encircles the globe, dividing the earth into northern and southern halves.2
1982727408Prime meridiann. the imaginary line at zero meridian used to measure longitude east to west, and dividing the earth's east and west halves; also called Greenwich Meridian because it passes through Greenwich, England.3
1982727409Latituden. a set of imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator, and that are used in locating places north or south. The equator is labeled the zero-degree line for latitude.4
1982727410Longituden. a set of imaginary lines that go around the earth over the poles, dividing it east and west. The prime meridian is labeled the zero-degree line for longitude.5
1982727411Hemispheren. each half of the globe.6
1982727412Globen. a three-dimensional representation of the earth.7
1982727413Topographic mapn. a general reference map; a representation of natural and man-made features on earth.8
1982727414Coren. the earth's center, made up of iron and nickel; the inner core is solid, and the outer core is liquid.9
1982727415Lavan. magma that has reached the earth's surface.10
1982727416Lithospheren. the solid rock portion of the earth's surface.11
1982727417Seismographn. a device that measures the size of the waves created by an earthquake.12
1982727418Ring of Firen. the chain of volcanoes that lines the Pacific Rim.13
1982727419Epicentern. the point on the earth's surface that corresponds to the location in the earth where an earthquake happens.14
1982727420Chemical weatheringn. a process that changes rock into a new substance through interactions among elements in the air or water and the minerals in the rock.15
1982727421Deltan. a fan-like landform made of deposited sediment, left by a river that slows as it enters the ocean.16
1982727422Morainen. a ridge or hill of rock carried and finally deposited by a glacier.17
1982727423Droughtn. a long period without rain or with very minimal rainfall.18
1982727424Tornadon. a powerful funnel-shaped column or spiraling air.19
1982727425Hurricanen. a storm that forms over warm, tropical ocean waters.20
1982727426Permafrostn. permanently frozen ground.21
1982727427Convectionn. the transfer of heat in the atmosphere by upward motion of the air.22
1982727428Biomen. a regional ecosystem.23
1982727429Deciduousadj. a named characteristic of broadleaf trees, such as maple, oak, birch, and cottonwood.24
1982727430Coniferousadj. another word for needleleaf trees.25
1982727431Chaparraln. a scrubland shaped by a Mediterranean climate.26
1982727432Steppen. the term used for the temperate grassland region in the Northern Hemisphere.27
1982727433Innovationn. taking existing elements of society and creating something new to meet a need.28
1982727434Birthraten. the number of live births per total population, often expressed per thousand population.29
1982727435Fertility raten. the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her children.30
1982727436Rate of natural increasen. also called population growth rate--the rate at which population is growing, found by subtracting the mortality rate from the birthrate.31
1982727437Population pyramidn. a graphic device that shows gender and age distribution of a population.32
1982727438Command economyn. a type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production. Also called a planned economy.33
1982727439Market economyn. a type of economic system in which the production of goods and services is determined by the demand of the consumers. Also called a demand economy or capitalism.34
1982727440Dictatorshipn. a type of government in which an individual or a group holds complete political power.35
1982727441Democracyn. a type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives.36
1982727442Infrastructuren. the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems.37
1982727443Free enterprisen. an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control.38
1982727444Columbian Exchangen. the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries.39
1982727445Multinationalsn. a company operating in several countries.40
1982727446Metropolitan arean. a functional area including a city and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs, linked economically.41
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APUSH - The American Pageant (15e) - Ch. 23 Flashcards

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288192374"waving the bloody shirt"The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.0
949755748Plessy v. FergusonAn 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.1
325678875Chinese Exclusion ActFederal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.2
325678879Civil Rights Act of 1875The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the Act unconstitutional.3
325678883Compromise of 1877The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics.4
325678885Crédit Mobilier scandalA construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.5
325678889Gilded AgeA term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.6
325678891grandfather clauseA regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.7
325678893Homestead StrikeA strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers8
325678966Jim CrowSystem of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.9
325678967panic of 1873A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.10
325678968patronagePractice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.11
325678969Pendleton ActCongressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system.12
325678970sharecroppingAn agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.13
325678971Tweed RingA symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.14
593167690Arthur, ChesterElected as Vice President in 1880, Arthur became President after Garfield's assassination. He was primarily known for his efforts at civil service reform, culminating in the Pendleton Act.15
548755520Bryan, William JenningsA Democratic congressman from Nebraska who was an outspoken "free silver" advocate. His "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic convention in 1896 won him the party's nomination. The Populists also backed him in a "fusion" ticket with the Democrats. Bryan's eloquent advocacy for free silver and farmers' interests earned him millions of devoted followers, but never quite enough to win the presidency, for which he ran three times (1896, 1900, 1908). Later in life, as Secretary of State he led the resistance to American entry into World War I and in 1925, an ardent Fundamentalist, he gained fame from some quarters—and great disdain from others—for joining the prosecution of high-school biology teacher John T. Scopes for teaching evolution.16
774142499Cleveland, GroverPresident from 1885-1889 and again from 1893-1897, Cleveland's first term was dominated by the issues of military pensions and tariff reforms. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892. During his second term he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to ease the crisis.17
770541799Garfield, JamesElected to the presidency in 1880, Garfield served as president for only a few months before being assassinated by Charles Guiteau, who claimed to have killed him because he was denied a job through patronage when Garfield was elected. The assassination fueled efforts to reform the spoils system.18
884943274Gould, JayA railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation's largest railroads, including the Union Pacific. He became revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and for his ardent resistance to organized labor.19
596666329Grant, Ulysses S.Ohio-born Union general and eighteenth president of the United States. During the war, Grant won Lincoln's confidence for his boldness and his ability to stomach the steep casualties that victory required. First assigned to the West, Grant attained Union victories at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg, seizing control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. After taking command of the Union Army, he fought Lee in a series of bloody battles in Virginia, culminating in Lee's surrender at Appomattox. As President, he took a hard line against the South, but economic turmoil and waning support for Reconstruction undermined his efforts.20
973685040Greeley, HoraceA New York newspaper editor, Greeley ran for President in 1872 under the mantles of the Liberal Republican and Democratic Parties.21
406467309Hayes, Rutherford B.The former Republican governor of Ohio, he became President after the contested 1876 election. By 1880 he had lost the support of his party and was not re-nominated for the office.22
406467310Morgan, J. P.A banker who became a national symbol of the power of the banks during the Gilded Age, he helped all the big businesses of the era consolidate their holdings and ultimately bought Carnegie's steel empire for more than $400 million in 1900. He also helped to bail the U.S. government out of a currency crunch in 1895 when he organized a loan to the government of $65 million in gold. In 1902 his Northern Securities Company became one of the first targets of Teddy Roosevelt's trustbusting crusades, but Roosevelt's 1907 decision to allow a steel merger under Morgan's watch showed the limits of Roosevelt's efforts.23
571825175Reed, Thomas B.The Republican Congressman from Maine who became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1889, then led the Billion-dollar Congress like a "Czar," making sure that his agenda dictated the business of the legislature.24
571825176Watson, TomA Populist leader who initially advocated interracial political mobilization but later became a symbol of the party's shift to white supremacy.25
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Eastern Civilization Final Flashcards

EMS. INFINITY.

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1062847505City-StateA state with its surrounding territory forms an independent state. Has in independent government.0
1062847506CuneiformFirst written language, developed by the Babylonians.1
1062847507Fertile CrescentA geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East2
1062847508SurplusAn amount of something left over when needs have been met.3
1062847509NomadSomeone who travels from place to place, having no permanent home.4
1062847510(Job) SpecializationThe process of focusing one's occupational concentration on one area of expertise.5
1062847511SlavesPeople who are legal property of others and forced to obey them.6
1062847512GovernmentThe group of people who control and make decisions for a city, state, etc.7
1062847513PeasantsPoor farmer of low social status.8
1062847514Monotheistichaving the belief that there is only one god.9
1062847515MesopotamiaThe land of first civilization. Meaning "The land between two rivers."10
1062847516ResourcesA necessary stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets.11
1062847517IrrigationSupplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc.12
1062847518PolytheisticHaving the belief that there is more than one god.13
1062847519HebrewsMembers of the ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine.14
1062847520DiasporaJews living outside Israel15
1062847521ZigguratsSumerian temples made of sun-dried brick16
1062847522HammurabiBabylonian king who created Hammurabi's code.17
1062847523Hereditary RulerAnyone who rules because a crown was passed down through their family.18
1063658841GilgameshA legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of a collection of mythic stories.19
1063658842DomesticateTo tame (an animal).20
1063658843SiltFine clay, sand, or other material carried by running water and deposited as sediment.21
1063658844Social PyramidA model that puts the lowest class people (peasants, commoners) at the bottom and the highest class people (kings, queens) at the top.22
1063658845TigrisA river that flows to the east of Mesopotamia.23
1063658846EuphratesA river that flows to the west of Mesopotamia.24
1063658847Middle EastThe area around the eastern Mediterranean.25
1063658848TradeThe act of buying and selling goods and services.26
1063658849TaxesAn amount of money that a government requires to pay depending on their income. (pays for public works).27
1063658850MedesPeople who inhabited Media during 700 B.C.28
1063658851PhoeniciansPeople who inhabited Phoenicia and its colonies.29
1063658852BabyloniansInhabitants of Babylon30
1063658853HittitesMembers of the ancient people who established an empire from c. 1700-1200 B.C.31
1063658854PersiansInhabitants of ancient or modern Persia32
1063658855ScribesPeople who copied documents (Esp. before printing was invented).33
1063658856Gods and GoddessesReligious Deities that generally represent something important in its worshiper's eyes.34
1063658857Social ClassesPeople having the same social, economical and educational status are put in the same social class35
1063658858CovenantAn agreement.36
1063658859CodeA systematic collection of regulations, rules or laws.37
1063658860SumerAn area in the southern region of Babylonia.38
1510343655CaravanA group of traders traveling together39
1510343656ArcheologistAn expert who studies the past by examining objects that people have left behind40
1510343657HieroglyphicsAn ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds41
1510343658Subsistence Farmingfarming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced42
1510343659FertileAble to produce good crops43
1510343660MigrateTo move from one place to another44
1510343661RamaHero of Ramayana. King of Ayodhya.45
1510343662Cash CropA readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)46
1510343663ColonialismAttempt by one country to establish settlements in another territory. This was common from 1400-1700s.47
1510343664Samsara(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth48
1510343665AhimsaHindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life49
1510343666Supply and DemandAn economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)50
1510343667TechnologyApplication of science to help people51
1510363963ConflictA struggle between opposing forces52
1510363964Division of LaborDivision of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers53
1510363965VishnuA Hindu god considered the preserver of the world54
1510363966ShivaA Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.55
1510363967GandhiThis was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.56
1510363968NigeriaA Federal Constitutional Territory in Africa. Currently home to Boko Haram, the terrorist group responsible for the abduction of around 300 school girls57
1510363969PutinPrime Minister of Russia58
1510363970AtmanHindu belief, a person's essential self59
1510363971Karma(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation60
1510363972BrahmanA single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything61
1510363973ReincarnationIn Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding62
1510363974ImperialismA policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.63
1510363975VedasAncient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.64
1510363976Sanskrit(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)65
1510363977RefugeeA person who has to leave his or her country to find safety.66
1510363978DharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties67
1510363979CasteA Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life68
1510363980RamayanaA Hindu epic written in Sanskrit that describes the adventures of the king Rama and his queen69
1510363981RavannaThe demon of Ramayana.70
1510363982PilgrimageA journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.71
1510363983Silent TradeA form of product exchange in which mutually distrusting ethnic groups avoid direct personal contact72
1510363984Scramble for AfricaTerm given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.73
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Chapter 1: prehistory and near eastern civilizations (the western humanities 6th addition) Flashcards

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1698515818CultureThe sum of human endevors: methods and practices for survival; political, economic and social institutions; and values beliefs and the arts0
1698515819CivilizationRefers to the way people live in complex political economic structure. Usually in an urban setting, usually after making certain technological and artistic advances and sharing a refinement of thought manners and taste1
1698515820Homo faberLatin for human fabricator; an anthropological term used to describe humans as creators of tools and machines2
1698515821PictogramsPictures, carefully drawn to represent particular objects3
1698515822IdeogramsPictures drawn to represent ideas or concepts4
1698515823PhonogramsSymbols for separate speech sounds. Borrowing from the building on the earlier pictograms and Ideograms5
1698515824CuneiformWedge-shaped characters used in writing on tablets found in Mesopotamia and other ancient civilizations6
1698515825PolytheisticMany gods and goddesses existed and often competed with one another7
1698515826AnthropomorphicThe deities possess human form and have their own personalities and unique traits8
1698515827PantheisticHundreds of divinities found everywhere in nature and throughout the universe9
1698515828StelePillar10
1698515829Post-and-lintel construction2 vertical posts capped by a horizontal lintel, or beam, for entranceways11
1698515830ZigguratTerraced brick and mud brick pyramid that served as the center of worship12
1698515831TheocracyState ruled by a god13
1698515832MonotheismBelief that there is only one god14
1698515833RegaliaTokens of royal authority15
1698515834CanonSet of rules16
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Jeopardy 4: Far Eastern Civilization: Ancient India & China Flashcards

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898218584Family member whom Shang people reveredAncestors0
898218585Persons for whom ancient Chinese developed contemptForeigners1
898218586What the Chinese considered all foreigners to beBarbarians2
898218587Ruling families in ChinaDynasties3
898218588Bandit leaders who controlled large areas of ChinaWarlords4
898218589Living family members who were most respected in ChinaElders5
898218590Class of people who lived in Chinese citiesThe rich (rich, learned, and skilled)6
898218591Class of people who lived outside of the citiesPoor (farmers, peasants)7
898218592People whose civilization flourished in India between 2500 and 1500 b.c.Harappans8
898218593Indo-Europeans who invaded northern India around 1200 b.c.Aryans9
898218594Types of people the Aryans were-definitely not city dwellersNomads10
898218595First historical dynasty of ChinaShang11
898218596Shang government rulersHereditary kings12
898218597Class of people just below the Shang rulersNobles13
898218598Stone age inhabitant of ChinaPeking man14
898218599Most admired members of early Aryan societyWarriors15
898218600Aryan priestsBrahmans16
898218601Physical characteristic of Aryans that separated them from the people they conqueredLight skin17
898218602Lengendary first dynasty of ChinaHsia18
898218603People who overthrew China's first historical dynastyChou19
898218604Officials in charge of the Shang calendarPriest-astronomers20
898218605Legendary founder of the Hsia kingdomYii the Great21
898218606River whose valley was the site of India's first civilizationIndus22
898218607Northernmost of China's two greatest riversYellow23
898218608Southernmost of China's two greatest riversYangtze24
898218609Major body of water on China's eastern boundaryPacific Ocean25
898218610Major Indian river that flowed southeasternlyGanges26
898218611"China's sorrow" or "the great sorrow"Yellow River27
898218612Body of water on China's eastern boundary into which the Yellow River flowedYellow Sea28
898218613Desert in the north of ChinaGobi29
898218614Major pass through India's northwestern mountainsKhyber Pass30
898218615Body of water into which the Indus River emptiedArabian Sea31
898218616India's northeastern mountainsHimalayas32
898218617One of ancient India's twin capitalsHarappa33
898218618The other of ancient India's twin capitalsMohenjo-Daro34
898218619Geographic term for India, rather than "country"Subcontinent35
898218620Three geographical factors that kept Eastern peoples isolatedWide deserts, high mountains, and large bodies of water36
898218621Chinese name of the Yellow RiverHuang He37
898218622Chinese term for the land of the two major river valleysMiddle Kingdom38
898218623India's northwestern mountain rangeHindu Kush39
898218624Broad area populated by the spreading AryansIndus-Ganges plain40
898218625Capital city of an early Chinese dynastyAnyang41
898218626Large river south of China's two greatest riversThe Si42
898218627What the Aryans did to the Harappan cities"Destroyed them"43
898218628Indian social structure that began under the AryansClass division44
898218629Structures used to control the riversDikes and dams45
898218630India's seasonal windMonsoon46
898218631Most Harappan gods were of this sexFemale47
898218632Harappan improvement in brick makingKiln drying48
898218633Unique feature of Harappan cities' designCity Planning49
898218634Crop used to make cloth, first grown by HarappansCotton50
898218635"Modern" system that kept Harappan cities sanitarySewer System51
898218636Center of each Harappan cityCitadel52
898218637Grain-storage buildings in Harappan citiesGranaries53
898218638Main crop of the Aryans on the central Indian plainBarley54
898218639Harappan cities were built on this feature as another form of flood protectionMounds55
898218640How streets were laid out in Harappan citiesIn a grid56
898218641Artifacts that contain most of the known examples of Harappan writingSeals57
898218642The Aryan period in Indian history, from 1500 to 1000 B.C.Vedic Age58
898218643Language of the AryansSanskrit59
898218644The Aryans' collection of sacred knowledgeVedas60
898218645Huge watertight tank in a Harappan cityThe Great Bath61
898218646Indus valley religionAnimism62
898218647Basic unit of earliest Aryan societyTribe63
898218648Source of our knowledge about earliest Chinese historyLegends64
898218649Structures used to contain the river's high water levelsDikes65
898218650The river sometimes did this when floodingChange course66
898218651Material produced for wealthy people's clothingSilk67
898218652Creatures that produced silkSilkworms68
898218653Legendary creatures that were driven out of China's river valleysDragons and serpents69
898218654grains grown by the ancient ChineseMillet, wheat, barley, and rice70
898218655Where poor Chinese people livedCountryside71
898218656Material used for war-chariots, weapons, and works of artBronze72
898218657Forces in nature that the Shang worshippedSpirits73
898218658Reverence for a family's forebearsAncestor worship74
898218659Strongest connection among Chinese peopleFamily Ties75
898218660Main economic base of the Shang dynastyAgriculture76
898218661Type of calendar used by the Shang, adjusted as necessaryLunar calendar77
898218662Building material that was abundant along the Chinese riversClay78
898218663Center of early Chinese citiesPalace and temple79
898218664Items that were inscribed with questions for ancestorsOracle bones80
898218665writing as an art, practiced by the ancient ChineseCalligraphy81
898218666Number of written characters a well-educated Chinese had to knowMore than 1000082
898218667Material that gave the Yellow River its color and nameSilt83
898218668Social and economic division that weakened the Shang dynastyGap between rich and poor84
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COACH CHALHOUB-UNIT 2 EASTERN CIVILIZATION TEST REVIEW Flashcards

UNIT 2 EASTERN CIVILIZATION TEST REVIEW

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1724057576Kept out northern nomad invadersGreat Wall of China0
1724057577Provided codes for moral behaviorConfucianism, Ten Commandments, the Eightfold path1
1724057578Geographic factor that affected the development of the Gupta empireMonsoons2
1724057582Paper made its way to Baghdad along this route3
1724057579Terra Cotta army, legalism, and the rule of Shi Huangdi, are associated with this empireQin Dynasty4
1724057580A lack of social mobility characterizesthe caste system in India5
1724057581The language of the Aryans was calledSanskrit6
1725440406The development of the concept of zero and Sanskrit are accomplishments of theGupta Empire7
1725440407Confucianism focuses on the FiveConstant Relationships8
1725440408Lao-Tzu believed that a person shouldbe one with nature and follow The Way9
1725440409Asoka kept India united bykeeping peace in his empire10
1725440410The Gupta Empirepreserved Hindu traditions, produced fine poems, and made advances in mathematics, science, and medicine11
1725440411Mountains were a geographic feature that helped these people invade IndiaAryans12
1725440412The difference between the fall of Chinese empires and the Roman Empire is thatChina would become important (prominent) again one day13
1725440413Confucianism provided a basis forsocial order in China14
1725440414Bhagavad-Gita and Upanisheds are two great epics ofIndian literature15
1725440415During the Gupta Empire there was a flourishing of the arts and sciences also known asThe Golden Age of India16
1725440416Confucian teachings were studied during this dynasty in ChinaZhou Dynasty17
1725440417Harmony between the individual and nature was taught inDaoism18
1725440418The Zhou justified (defended) their rule through the Mandate ofHeaven19
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Eastern Civilizations Unit Test Prep Flashcards

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2353559866Indus RiverSupported many civilizations located in Western Asia by the Thar Desert and Mauryan and Gupta empires (Indian empires)0
2353559867Harrapa/Mohenjo-DaroCivilizations along the Indus. Alphabet has yet to be deciphered. Emerged around 2500 BCE.1
2353559868Huanghe (yellow) RiverIsolated River prone to floods and home to the Huange civilization started by P'an Ku2
2358509049Shang DynastyShang kings ruled over the Huange valley and built impressive tombs and palaces3
2358511598Zhou DynastyTook over from Shang around 1000 BCE4
2358514040HimalayasMountain range north of India that provided passes that linked India to civilizations in the Middle East5
2358516938MahabharataIndia's greatest epic poem written sometime between 1000 and 600 BCE. Reflected on a more settled agriculture and better organized political units6
2358521958ChandraguptaRuler of Mauryan Dynasty as a young soldier around 322 BCE and was first of the Mauryan dynasty rulers7
2358525133MonsoonVery windy and rainy weather8
2358526160RamayanaAnother of India's epic poems9
2358527475Mauryan dynastyFirst ruled by Chandragupta and located along the Ganges River that borrowed from Persian political models10
2358531245Aryan(Indo-European) originally from Central Asia11
2358536407UpanishadsEpic poems with more religious flavor during the epic age ( 1000-600 BCE)12
2358539340AsokaChandraguptas grandson (269-232 BCE) was a governor of two provinces and engaged in a study of nature13
2358543479SanskritFirst literary language of the new Aryan culture14
2358545178VarnasAryan social classes. Established a social period that determined where you work, who you marry, etc.15
2362087123DharmaThe law of moral consequences. what Asoka believed in16
2362095422VedasFirst Sacred books written in Sanskrit.17
2362098507UntouchablesPeople confined to certain jobs such as transporting dead bodies or hauling refuse18
2362106221Gupta DynastyEstablished a large empire beginning in 320 CE two centuries of Gupta rule gave classical India it's greatest stability. Overturned in 535 CE by the Huns19
2362118809Rig-VedaThe first epic-poem containing 1028 hymns dedicated to the Aryan gods and composed by various priests.20
2362125875NirvanaA world beyond existence itself. People could regulate their lives and aspirations toward this goal without elaborate ceremonies.21
2362136867GurusMystics- a spiritual teacher in Hinduism and Buddhism22
2362146512StupasShrines Asoka sponsored for Buddha along with statues for him.23
2362153453ReincarnationThe belief that people didn't actually die when they died, but their soul would go on to live in another human or animal.24
2362160204PolytheismThe belief in or worship of more than one God.25
2362161976BuddhaSiddhartha Gautama who is more well known as Buddha or "the enlightened one". Lived as a Hindu mystic, fasting and torturing his body and after 6 years felt he had found the truth and traveled to spread his ideas26
2362175452Dao(ism)The philosophy that every feature is balanced by an opposite (yin and yang) and to relate to this harmony, one should seek a way called Dao.27
2362187286QinImperial dynasty ruled by Shi Huangdi that promised to bring an end to strife. He was thought to be a tyrant.28
2362203948Middle KingsomExpanded settlement from the Huange to the Yangtze became China's core.29
2362208739Shi HuangdiBrutal ruler of the Qin, builder of the Great Wall. Rules until 210 BCE30
2362213775Mandate of HeavenZhou rulers asserted that heaven had transferred its mandate to rule China to the Zhou emperors. This concept of Mandate of Heaven remained a key justification for Chinese imperial rule from the Zhou onward.31
2362220840Great wallBuilt under the rule of Shi Huangdi by peasants. Built to guard against invasions and protect Shi Huangdis own expansionist drives.32
2362226050Han DynastyLasted over 400 years (until 220 CE) rounded out China's basic political and intellectual structure.33
2364329936ConfuciousUndertook a lifelong quest to become the chief advisor to a ruler who possessed the vision and skills to restore centralized control, peace, and order. Named Kung Fuzi34
2364361885LaoziLived in the 5th century BCE and stressed that nature contains a divine impulse that directs all life (Daoism)35
2364367598PatriarchalRelating to a system of society or government controlled by men (Confucianism). Men were superior36
2364377151Great Silk RoadRoads used to trade silk and other luxury products through Central Asia. Under the Han, the Chinese gov. Actively encouraged this trade with regions in the west37
2364384601BodhisattvasDoctrine of people that held that some people could attain nirvana through their own meditation while choosing to remain in the world as saints and to aid others by prayer38
2364396440MahayanaThe East Asian form of Buddhism (also called the greater vehicle) that retained the basic Buddhist beliefs. The emphasis on Buddha being a savior was greater.39
2364404462Chan/ZenAnother variation of Buddhism that stresses on meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty while Zen had a great appeal for the educated classes of China40
2364409826Empress Wu(690-705) supporter of Buddhist establishment (woman) who once tried to elevate Buddhism to the status of a state religion.41
2364418427Chinese OrthodoxConfucianism, Daoism, and Legalism42
2364425776ConfucianismAdvocates rule by highly educated exclusively male groups. Sought to establish norms for all aspects of Chinese life from relationships within families that stressed respect for ones elders, male authority, etiquette for rulers and subjects and the importance of art, music, and elegant calligraphy43
2364456374LegalismHuman nature for legalists was evil and required restraint and discipline. The army would control and the people would labor. The idea of pleasures in educated discourse or courtesy was dismissed as frivolity.44
2364473287DaoismWorld of balanced nature. Yin and yang represented the balance between opposites, and one should appreciate this balance.45
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