AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 2082330488 | Peninsulares | Born in Spain - they were on the top | 0 | |
| 2082330489 | Creoles | Born to a Spanish person in the new spot, 2nd | 1 | |
| 2082330490 | Mestizoes | Half Spanish, half indigenous 3rd | 2 | |
| 2082330491 | Indigenous | The native people 4th | 3 | |
| 2082330492 | Mulattos | Half African half anything else 5th | 4 | |
| 2082330493 | African slaves | Born in Africa, last | 5 |
This treaty moved the Line of Demarcation more than 800 miles farther west.
| 513021331 | missionaries | people sent to convert the native peoples to Christianity. | 0 | |
| 513021332 | mercantilism | an economic system which describes how Europeans enriched their treasuries. | 1 | |
| 513021333 | Amerigo Vespucci | One of the first, an italian sailor who set out in 1501 to find a sea route to Asia. Realized he didn't find Asia. | 2 | |
| 513021334 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Heard native american reports of another ocean. In 1513, he held an expedition through the jungles of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean. He claimed all the lands around it for Spain. | 3 | |
| 513021335 | Ferinand Magellan | Proposed to reach Asia by sailing west around South America. 5 ships and 240 men. Died in a local war and his crew carried on. | 4 | |
| 513021336 | conquerors | They explored the Americas and claimed them for Spain. | 5 | |
| 513021337 | Hernando Cortes | one of the first conquistadors. he landed on Central America coast with 508 men in 1519. | 6 | |
| 513021338 | Montezuma | Aztec Emperor, feared that Cortes had been sent by an Aztec god to rule Mexico. | 7 | |
| 513021339 | (How the spaniards killed the Aztecs) | Motezuma gave gold to them but they wanted more. Spaniards marched inland and formed alliances with the native peoples who hated aztec ruling. Then months cortes reached the aztec captial and tried to take rule, the aztecs rebelled. 800 spaniards dead in the fight and more then 1000 aztecs died. cortes left with his last ones. | 8 | |
| 513021340 | how aztecs died also | disease of an outbreak of small pox, which severely weekend their ranks. the germs were from the europeans and to the americans. | 9 | |
| 513021341 | Francisco Pizarro | led an expedition to peru. brought 180 men. like aztecs the incas feared that the spanish might be gods. the incan ruler, atahualpa orderd his trrops not to fight. then he went to meet the spaniards. the spanish attacked quickly. killed thousands of incas held the emperor. in attempt free himself the incan gave him riches (treasure) the spaniards strangled him anyway | 10 | |
| 513021342 | reasson 1: | spread of european diseases killed millions of americans weakend the resistance to conquest. | 11 | |
| 513021343 | reason 2: | spanish were excellent soldiers and sailors. they had superior weapons, such as guns, tht helped thm defeat much larger native american armies. | 12 | |
| 513021344 | reason 3: | spain made alliances with native americans who were enemies of the aztecs and incas. | 13 | |
| 513021345 | reason 4: | spanish conquistadors acted brutally toward the native americans under their control. | 14 | |
| 513021346 | columbian exchange | movement of plants, animals, peoples, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. this movement of living things between hemispheres is called the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE. one result, transfer of germs, form Europe to the americas. when europeans came to america they brought with them germs that caused diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. native americans had no immunity to them. although the exact numbers are know, historians estimate that diseases brought by europeans killed more than 20 million native americans in mexico in the first century after conquest. | 15 | |
| 513021347 | columbian exchange 2 | other effects were more positive, spanish brought many plants and animals to the americas. european livestock cattle pigs and horses thrived in america. it also benefited europe too. many american crops became part of the european diet. two that had a huge impact were potatoes and corn, which are highly nutritious. helped european populations, important food in russia. | 16 |
| 1469138083 | Old World grains | Wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice | 0 | |
| 1469138084 | Old World livestock | Cow, horse, donkey, pig, sheep | 1 | |
| 1469138085 | New World crops | Corn, cacao, tobacco, tomato, potato, sweet potato, pineapple, avocado, peppers, peanut, cassava (yucca), vanilla | 2 | |
| 1469138086 | Old World fruits | Apple, pear, orange, peach, banana, olive, grape | 3 | |
| 1469138087 | Old World diseases | Smallpox, influenza, Typhus, Measles, diphtheria, whooping cough | 4 | |
| 1469138088 | New World livestock | turkey. llama, guinea pig | 5 | |
| 1469138089 | New World diseases | syphilis | 6 | |
| 1469138090 | Columbian Exchange | Plants, animals, ideas and diseases shared between the Old World and the New World (Americas) following Columbus's voyages. | 7 | |
| 1469138091 | profit | Money that is made after expenses to grow and sell a cash crop | 8 | |
| 1469138092 | cash crop | Plants farmed for profit: coffee, sugarcane | 9 | |
| 1505996978 | Old World | Europe, Asia Africa | 10 | |
| 1505996979 | New World | North and South America | 11 |
Things that were traded during the Columbian Exchange
| 1253625785 | Horses | Old World |  | 0 |
| 1253625786 | Cattle | Old World |  | 1 |
| 1253625787 | Pigs | Old World |  | 2 |
| 1253625788 | Sheep | Old World |  | 3 |
| 1253625789 | Chickens | Old World |  | 4 |
| 1253625790 | Wheat | Old World |  | 5 |
| 1253625791 | Sugar | Old World |  | 6 |
| 1253625792 | Onions | Old World |  | 7 |
| 1253625793 | Lettuce | Old World |  | 8 |
| 1253625794 | Corn | New World |  | 9 |
| 1253625795 | Potatoes | New World |  | 10 |
| 1253625796 | Tomatoes | New World |  | 11 |
| 1253625797 | Chocolate | New World |  | 12 |
| 1253625798 | Vanilla | New World |  | 13 |
| 1253625799 | Tobacco | New World |  | 14 |
| 1253625800 | Turkey | New World |  | 15 |
This is just a basic study guide of singularly BOLD terms in Chapters 1-5 for me and anyone else to whom it may benefit.
| 455688485 | Biology | The scientific study of life. | 0 | |
| 455688486 | Emergent Properties | A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts. | 1 | |
| 455688487 | Atom | Fundamental building block of all matter. | 2 | |
| 455688488 | Molecule | An association of two or more atoms. | 3 | |
| 455688489 | Organism | An individual that consists of one or more cells. | 4 | |
| 455688490 | Cell | Smallest unit of life. | 5 | |
| 455688491 | Tissue | In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function. | 6 | |
| 455688492 | Organ | In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function. | 7 | |
| 455688493 | Organ System | In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function. | 8 | |
| 455688494 | Population | Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that live in a given area. | 9 | |
| 455688495 | Community | All populations of all species in a given area. | 10 | |
| 455688496 | Ecosystem | A community interacting with its environment. | 11 | |
| 455688497 | Biosphere | All regions of Earth where organisms live. | 12 | |
| 455688498 | Energy | The capacity to do work. | 13 | |
| 455688499 | Nutrient | Substance that an organism needs for growth and survival, but cannot make for itself. | 14 | |
| 455688500 | Producer or Autotroph | Organism that makes its own food using energy and simple raw materials from the environment. | 15 | |
| 455688501 | Photosynthesis | Process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. | 16 | |
| 455688502 | Consumer or Heterotroph | Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms. | 17 | |
| 455688503 | Homeostasis | Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges. | 18 | |
| 455688504 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that guides development and functioning. | 19 | |
| 455688505 | Development | Multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult. | 20 | |
| 455688506 | Growth | In multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells. | 21 | |
| 455688507 | Reproduction | Processes by which individuals produce offspring. | 22 | |
| 455688508 | Inheritance | Transmission of DNA to offspring. | 23 | |
| 455688509 | Biodiversity | Scope of variation among living organisms. | 24 | |
| 455688510 | Bacteria | Member of the most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. | 25 | |
| 455688511 | Archea | Member of a group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. | 26 | |
| 455688512 | Nucleus | Double-membraned sac that encloses a cell's DNA. | 27 | |
| 455688513 | Eukaryote | Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus. | 28 | |
| 455688514 | Protists | Member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes. | 29 | |
| 455688515 | Plant | A multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer. | 30 | |
| 455688516 | Fungi | Single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic consumer that digests material outside its body, then absorbs released nutrients. | 31 | |
| 455688517 | Animal | Multicelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life cycle. | 32 | |
| 455688518 | Genus | A group of species that share a unique set of traits; also the first part of a species name. | 33 | |
| 455688519 | Specific epithet | Second part of a species name. | 34 | |
| 455688520 | Taxonomy | The science of naming and classifying species. | 35 | |
| 455688521 | Taxa | A group of organisms that share a unique set of features. | 36 | |
| 455688522 | Trait | An observable characteristic of an organism or species. | 37 | |
| 455688523 | Critical Thinking | Judging information before accepting it. | 38 | |
| 455688524 | Science | Systematic study of the observable world. | 39 | |
| 455688525 | Inductive Reasoning | Drawing a conclusion based on observation. | 40 | |
| 455688526 | Hypothesis | Testable explanation of a natural phenomenon. | 41 | |
| 455688527 | Deductive Reasoning | Using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case. | 42 | |
| 455688528 | Prediction | Statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct. | 43 | |
| 455688529 | Experiment | A test designed to support or falsify a prediction. | 44 | |
| 455688530 | Experimental Group | In an experiment, a group of individuals who are exposed to an independent variable. | 45 | |
| 455688531 | Control Group | In an experiment, a group of individuals who are not exposed to the independent variable being tested. | 46 | |
| 455688532 | Model | Analogous system used for testing hypotheses. | 47 | |
| 455688533 | Data | Experimental results. | 48 | |
| 455688534 | Scientific Method | Making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses. | 49 | |
| 455688535 | Variable | In an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time. | 50 | |
| 455688536 | Independent Variable | Variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable. | 51 | |
| 455688537 | Dependent Variable | In an experiment, a variable that is presumably affected by the independent variable being tested. | 52 | |
| 455688538 | Sampling Error | Difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group. | 53 | |
| 455688539 | Probability | The chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible. | 54 | |
| 455688540 | Statistical Significance | Refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance. | 55 | |
| 455688541 | Scientific Theory | Hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing. | 56 | |
| 455688542 | Law of Nature | Generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation. | 57 | |
| 455688543 | Atom | Particle that is a fundamental building block of all matter. | 58 | |
| 455688544 | Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around an atomic nucleus. | 59 | |
| 455688545 | Charge | Electrical property. Opposite charges attract, and like charges repel. | 60 | |
| 455688546 | Nucleus | Core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons. | 61 | |
| 455688547 | Proton | Positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms. | 62 | |
| 455688548 | Neutron | Uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus. | 63 | |
| 455688549 | Periodic Table | Tabular arrangement of the elements by atomic number. | 64 | |
| 455688550 | Element | A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons. | 65 | |
| 455688551 | Atomic Number | Number of protons in the atomic nucleus; determines the element. | 66 | |
| 455688552 | Isotopes | Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry. | 67 | |
| 455688553 | Mass Number | Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element's atoms. | 68 | |
| 455688554 | Tracer | Substance with a detectable component, such as a molecule labeled with a radioisotope. | 69 | |
| 455688555 | Radioisotope | Isotope with an unstable nucleus. | 70 | |
| 455688556 | Radioactive Decay | Process by which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and/or subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously disintegrates. | 71 | |
| 455688557 | Shell Model | Model of electron distribution in an atom. | 72 | |
| 455688558 | Ion | Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons. | 73 | |
| 455688559 | Free Radical | Atom with an unpaired electron. | 74 | |
| 455688560 | Chemical Bond | An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact. | 75 | |
| 455688561 | Molecule | Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds. | 76 | |
| 455688562 | Compound | Molecule that has atoms of more than one element. | 77 | |
| 455688563 | Electronegativity | Measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms. | 78 | |
| 455688564 | Ionic Bond | Chemical bond that consists of a strong mutual attraction between ions of opposite charge. | 79 | |
| 455688565 | Polarity | Separation of charge into positive and negative regions. | 80 | |
| 455688566 | Covalent Bond | Chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons. | 81 | |
| 455688567 | Hydrogen Bond | Attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond. | 82 | |
| 455688568 | Solvent | Substance that can dissolve other substances. | 83 | |
| 455688569 | Salt | Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water. | 84 | |
| 455688570 | Solute | A dissolved substance. | 85 | |
| 455688571 | Temperature | Measure of molecular motion. | 86 | |
| 455688572 | Cohesion | Property of a substance that arises from the tendency of its molecules to resist separating from one another. | 87 | |
| 455688573 | Hydrophilic | Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water. | 88 | |
| 455688574 | Hydrophobic | Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water. | 89 | |
| 455688575 | Evaporation | Transition of a liquid to a gas. | 90 | |
| 455688576 | Mixture | An intermingling of two or more types of molecules. | 91 | |
| 455688577 | Concentration | The number of molecules or ions per unit volume of a solution. | 92 | |
| 455688578 | pH | A measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid. | 93 | |
| 455688579 | Acid | Substance that releases hydrogen ions in water. | 94 | |
| 455688580 | Base | Substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water. | 95 | |
| 455688581 | Buffer | Set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH. | 96 | |
| 455688582 | Organic | Describes a compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | 97 | |
| 455688583 | Hydrocarbon | Compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | 98 | |
| 455688584 | Functional Group | A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule. | 99 | |
| 455688585 | Metabolism | All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules. | 100 | |
| 455688586 | Reaction | Process of molecular change. | 101 | |
| 455688587 | Condensation | Process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms. | 102 | |
| 455688588 | Enzyme | Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it. | 103 | |
| 455688589 | Polymer | Molecule that consists of multiple monomers. | 104 | |
| 455688590 | Monomers | Molecules that are subunits of polymers. | 105 | |
| 455688591 | Hydrolysis | Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other. | 106 | |
| 455688592 | Disaccharide | Polymer of two sugar subunits. | 107 | |
| 455688593 | Polysaccharide | Polymer of many monosaccharides. | 108 | |
| 455688594 | Carbohydrate | Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. | 109 | |
| 455688595 | Cellulose | Polysaccharide; major structural material in plants. | 110 | |
| 455688596 | Glycogen | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells. | 111 | |
| 455688597 | Starch | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in plant cells. | 112 | |
| 455688598 | Monosaccharide | Simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides. | 113 | |
| 455688599 | Lipid | Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound. | 114 | |
| 455688600 | Fat | Lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails. | 115 | |
| 455688601 | Fatty Acid | Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds. | 116 | |
| 455688602 | Triglyceride | A fat with three fatty acid tails. | 117 | |
| 455688603 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in its tail. | 118 | |
| 455688604 | Saturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds. | 119 | |
| 455688605 | Lipid Bilayer | Double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes. | 120 | |
| 455688606 | Phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes. | 121 | |
| 455688607 | Wax | Water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings. | 122 | |
| 455688608 | Steroid | Type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. | 123 | |
| 455688609 | Protein | Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides). | 124 | |
| 455688610 | Amino Acid | Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom. | 125 | |
| 455688611 | Peptide Bond | A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in proteins. | 126 | |
| 455688612 | Polypeptide | Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. | 127 | |
| 455688613 | Denature | To unravel the shape of a biological molecule. | 128 | |
| 455688614 | Prion | Infectious protein. | 129 | |
| 455688615 | Nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids; has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups. | 130 | |
| 455688616 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix. | 131 | |
| 455688617 | RNA | Ribonucleic acid. Some types have roles in protein synthesis. | 132 | |
| 455688618 | Nucleic Acid | Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds; for example, DNA, RNA. | 133 | |
| 455688619 | ATP | Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide that consists of an ade-nine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. | 134 | |
| 455688620 | Plasma Membrane | A cell's outermost membrane. | 135 | |
| 455688621 | Cytoplasm | Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane. | 136 | |
| 455688622 | Nucleus | Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's DNA. | 137 | |
| 455688623 | Organelle | Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell. | 138 | |
| 455688624 | Surface-to-Volume Ratio | A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square. | 139 | |
| 455688625 | Cell Theory | Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life; all cells come from division of preexisting cells; and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring. | 140 | |
| 455688626 | Nucleoid | Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon. | 141 | |
| 455688627 | Ribosome | Organelle of protein synthesis. | 142 | |
| 455688628 | Cell Wall | Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. | 143 | |
| 455688629 | Flagella | Long, slender cellular structure used for motility. | 144 | |
| 455688630 | Pili | Protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacteria and archaea. | 145 | |
| 455688631 | Plasmid | Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea. | 146 | |
| 455688632 | Biofilm | Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime. | 147 | |
| 455688633 | Chromosome | A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information. | 148 | |
| 455688634 | Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross. | 149 | |
| 455688635 | Nucleoplasm | Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope. | 150 | |
| 455688636 | Nucleolus | In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled. | 151 | |
| 455688637 | Endomembrane System | Series of interacting organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins. | 152 | |
| 455688638 | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids; rough ER modifies polypeptides made by ribosomes on its surface. | 153 | |
| 455688639 | Golgi Body | Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles. | 154 | |
| 455688640 | Vesicle | Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents. | 155 | |
| 455688641 | Peroxisome | Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances. | 156 | |
| 455688642 | Lysosome | Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion. | 157 | |
| 455688643 | Vacuole | A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials. | 158 | |
| 455688644 | Central Vacuole | Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells. | 159 | |
| 455688645 | Mitochondria | Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. | 160 | |
| 455688646 | Plastids | Category of double-membraned organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in storage or photosynthesis; e.g., chloroplast, amyloplast. | 161 | |
| 455688647 | Chloroplast | Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists. | 162 | |
| 455688648 | Cytoskeleton | Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures. | 163 | |
| 455688649 | Motor Protein | Type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell's parts or the whole cell. | 164 | |
| 455688650 | Microtubule | Cytoskeletal element involved in cellular movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits. | 165 | |
| 455688651 | Microfilament | Reinforcing cytoskeletal element; a fiber of actin subunits. | 166 | |
| 455688652 | Cell Cortex | Reinforcing mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane. | 167 | |
| 455688653 | Pseudopod | A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey. | 168 | |
| 455688654 | Intermediate Filament | Stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissues. | 169 | |
| 455688655 | Centriole | Barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow. | 170 | |
| 455688656 | Cilia | Short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells. | 171 | |
| 455688657 | Basal Body | Organelle that develops from a centriole. | 172 | |
| 455688658 | Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | Complex mixture of cell secretions; supports cells and tissues; has roles in cell signaling. | 173 | |
| 455688659 | Lignin | Material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants. | 174 | |
| 455688660 | Secondary Wall | Lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell. | 175 | |
| 455688661 | Primary Wall | The first cell wall of young plant cells. | 176 | |
| 455688662 | Cuticle | Secreted covering at a body surface. | 177 | |
| 455688663 | Cell Junction | Structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix. | 178 | |
| 455688664 | Plasmodesmata | Cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells. | 179 | |
| 455688665 | Gap Junction | Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells. | 180 | |
| 455688666 | Adhering Junction | Cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix. | 181 | |
| 455688667 | Tight Junctions | Arrays of fibrous proteins; join epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them. | 182 | |
| 455688668 | Kinetic Energy | The energy of motion. | 183 | |
| 455688669 | Potential energy | Stored energy. | 184 | |
| 455688670 | Energy | The capacity to do work. | 185 | |
| 455688671 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. | 186 | |
| 455688672 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Energy tends to disperse spontaneously. | 187 | |
| 455688673 | Entropy | Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed. | 188 | |
| 455688674 | Reactant | A molecule that enters a reaction. | 189 | |
| 455688675 | Product | A molecule that remains at the end of a reaction. | 190 | |
| 455688676 | Endergonic | Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed. | 191 | |
| 455688677 | Exergonic | Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy. | 192 | |
| 455688678 | Activation Energy | Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction. | 193 | |
| 455688679 | Catalysis | The acceleration of a reaction by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction. | 194 | |
| 455688680 | Substrate | A molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme. | 195 | |
| 455688681 | Active Site | Of an enzyme, pocket in which substrates bind and a reaction occurs. | 196 | |
| 455688682 | Induced-Fit Model | The concept that substrate binding to an active site of an enzyme improves the fit between the two molecules. | 197 | |
| 455688683 | Transition State | Point during a reaction at which substrate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously. | 198 | |
| 455688684 | Metabolic Pathways | Series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule. | 199 | |
| 455688685 | Allosteric | Describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site. | 200 | |
| 455688686 | Feedback Inhibition | Mechanism in which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity. | 201 | |
| 455688687 | Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reaction | Oxidation-reduction reaction, in which one molecule accepts electrons (it becomes reduced) from another molecule (which becomes oxidized). | 202 | |
| 455688688 | Electron Transfer Chains | Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in usable increments. | 203 | |
| 455688689 | Cofactor | A metal ion or a coenzyme that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function. | 204 | |
| 455688690 | Coenzyme | An organic molecule that is a cofactor. | 205 | |
| 455688691 | Antioxidant | Substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules. | 206 | |
| 455688692 | ATP | The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate. | 207 | |
| 455688693 | Phosphorylation | Transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another. | 208 | |
| 455688694 | ATP/ADP Cycle | Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group. | 209 | |
| 455688695 | Fluid Mosaic | Model of a cell membrane as a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition. | 210 | |
| 455688696 | Transport Protein | Protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane. | 211 | |
| 455688697 | Receptor Protein | Plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell. | 212 | |
| 455688698 | Adhesion Protein | Membrane protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues. | 213 | |
| 455688699 | Recognition Protein | Plasma membrane protein that identifies a cell as belonging to self (one's own body). | 214 | |
| 455688700 | Diffusion | Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions in a liquid or gas. | 215 | |
| 455688701 | Concentration Gradient | Difference in concentration between adjoining regions of fluid. | 216 | |
| 455688702 | Concentration | Number of molecules or ions per unit volume. | 217 | |
| 455688703 | Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient. | 218 | |
| 455688704 | Hypotonic | Describes a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration relative to another fluid. | 219 | |
| 455688705 | Hypertonic | Describes a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration relative to another fluid. | 220 | |
| 455688706 | Isotonic | Describes two fluids with identical solute concentrations. | 221 | |
| 455688707 | Osmotic Pressure | Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid. | 222 | |
| 455688708 | Turgor | Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it. | 223 | |
| 455688709 | Active Transport | Energy-requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient. | 224 | |
| 455688710 | Calcium Pump | Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. | 225 | |
| 455688711 | Passive Transport | Mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein. Requires no energy input. | 226 | |
| 455688712 | Exocytosis | Process by which a cell expels a vesicle's contents to extracellular fluid. | 227 | |
| 455688713 | Endocytosis | Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of its plasma membrane. | 228 | |
| 455688714 | Pinocytosis | Endocytosis of bulk materials. | 229 | |
| 455688715 | Phagocytosis | "Cell eating"; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris. | 230 | |
| 455992983 | Chitin | A polymer made of modified glucose molecules and forms the structural strength for fungi and many invertebrates. | 231 | |
| 456145738 | Oxidized | A molecule that gives up electrons is... | 232 | |
| 456145739 | Reduced | A molecule that accepts electrons is... | 233 | |
| 456145740 | Chromatin | Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins. | 234 | |
| 456145741 | Isomers | Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose are monosaccharides with the same structural formula, but different configuration making them all examples of... | 235 | |
| 456145742 | Tertiary | Three-dimensional configuration of an amino acid chain that is influenced by the surrounding environment. | 236 | |
| 456145743 | Quaternary | Individual polypeptides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds, an example of this is hemoglobin. | 237 |
| 2496662579 | The Columbian Exchange and Ocean Exploration | -The Europeans were motivated to explore to get to China (remember our simulation!) and the Europeans take to the oceans in order to begin exploration -Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, slaves, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -There was also the Triangular Trade -There was also a large growth in _______________ exploration as the Europeans also set up Trading Post Empires in Africa and Asia -This is the name of the unit |  | 0 |
| 2496692094 | Caravels | -The Portuguese were the European country that was most motivated to explore the oceans in the 1400s and 1500s -They built these long ships that were very maneuverable and could sail against the wind -Once they invented/developed these ships, they were able to explore and start trading post empires in Africa and Asia |  | 1 |
| 2496692095 | Magnetic Compass + Astrolabe | -During the 1400's and 1500's, the Europeans began borrowing sailing inventions from other cultures so they could sail across the Atlantic and around Africa -These were nautical (sailing) inventions that were absolutely key for European exploration -One was borrowed from China (Tang/Song invention) and had diffused to the Europeans; it helped them find their direction on the ocean -The second invention was the _______________; this was a Greek invention and helped them use the stars to find their latitude (location) on a map |  | 2 |
| 2496695343 | Volta do Mar | -As they became powerful ocean explorers, the Europeans began to learn that the winds and currents on the ocean moved in the same pattern every year -They could take advantage of these patterns when they sailed; if they were headed in the right direction at the right time of year, they could catch the winds at their back - The ________________________ was a wind pattern that the Portuguese used to help them sail more quickly to and from Portugal -The ___________________________ was so useful that all the European ships started to use this principle as they sailed all around the world, learning the different wind currents and patterns. "Return through the Sea." Portuguese sea route that took advantage of prevailing winds and currents, not the monsoon winds |  | 3 |
| 2498195061 | Square and Lateen Sails | -The Europeans needed to be able to sail in different types of wind in their caravels - ______________________ sails (the first term) allowed them to use a following wind (a wind blowing from behind) - ________________ sails, which were triangular, allowed them to catch winds from the side and ships like caravels could even sail INTO the wind -Use of both of these types of sails were KEY as the Europeans like de Gama, Columbus, Dias, and Magellan embarked on expeditions around the globe | | 4 |
| 2496697740 | Prince Henry the Navigator 1450 CE | -This Portuguese King started a school for navigation and sailing to promote Portuguese sailing and exploration on the ocean -As King, he sponsored many of the first Portuguese voyages to explore the coast of Africa and find an ocean route to China -Started the Portuguese trading post empires -After his death, Dias and de Gama would successfully round the Cape of Good Hope of Africa |  | 5 |
| 2496697741 | Vasco de Gama 1498 | -this Portuguese explorer was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1498 and make it to India -When he arrived in India, he traded for spices, brought them back, and sold his spices for a MASSIVE profit -The voyage was successful beyond the wildest dreams of anyone's imagination; he turned a profit 60 times the cost of the voyage -He used the volta do mar wind currents in his caravel to push himself faster and further to India -When he arrived in India, the kings there thought his trade goods were so weak and poor that he could not have possibly been sent by a King -Although he made money, over half of de Gama's crew died from scurvy -His profits were so massive that it inspired the rest of the Portuguese to try and start the Portuguese Trading Post Empire (1469-1525) completed all water expedition to India in 1498-brought back Indian goods-blow to Italian monopoly of trade with Asia |  | 6 |
| 2496699442 | Portuguese Trading Post Empire | -After the successful voyage of de Gama in his caravels, the Portuguese saw that there were ENORMOUS profits to be made in the spice trade with India and the silk trade with China -Instead of taking the silk roads, the Portuguese built ________________ along the coasts of Africa and India -By 1550, the Portuguese had built more than ______________________ between West Africa and East Asia. -They had superior canon to the Muslim and Asian boats and tried to force all other boats to buy a pass from the Portuguese -If a boat was found without a pass, they would be executed or their hands would be cut off |  | 7 |
| 2496708117 | Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1602 | -The Dutch, like the Portuguese, also established a powerful trading post empire -They did it in India and Africa with a very powerful JOINT STOCK COMPANY that was started in 1602 -Unlike the Portuguese, this was a private company that required people to buy stock; if the company was successful, they got massive profits -This company established trading posts and a Trading Post Empire all over the world and the merchants who ran it were very powerful |  | 8 |
| 2496702553 | North Atlantic Fishing Trips | -Many Europeans were still taking trips across the _____________________________ in order to fish for cod -This led to the settlement of Iceland, Greenland, and Nova Scotia -Once the Americas were discovered, fishermen in the North Atlantic continued to look for a water route to Asia -Some people tried to go through North American rivers; others, like Vitus Bering, searched for routes through the Arctic and over the top of North America |  | 9 |
| 2496704454 | Jacques Cartier 1530 CE | -All of the Europeans were desperate to find "The Northwest Passage," a sea route to get to China by sailing through or over North America -Basically they were looking for a river that went all the way across North America so they could sail straight from Europe to China -This French explorer tried to find it three times in the 1530's, but failed every time -Instead, he claimed the land in Canada for France. The French established a powerful fur trade there. 1534, Explored Canada looking for the NW passage, traveled up the St. Lawrence River to Montreal, Discovered St. Lawrence River |  | 10 |
| 2496692096 | Zheng He 1425 CE | -This massive eunuch Chinese Admiral led seven HUGE sailing expeditions in the Indian Ocean -His TREASURE SHIPS were ENORMOUS; seven times the size of Columbus's ships, and carried up to 1000 passengers -His TREASURE SHIPS had four decks, nine masts, and could carry exotic animals, trees, herds of horses, armies, and entire communities -70 years before Columbus, ________________ and these ships were bigger, faster, and capable of long voyages -The Ming Dynasty stopped the voyages because the Chinese were already wealthy and they were seen as a waste of time, money, and resources; they decided to focus on defending themselves from land attack from the Mongols |  | 11 |
| 2498197523 | 1425 CE | -Dates for Zheng He | | 12 |
| 2496712849 | American Silver | -Above all else, as part of mercantilism, the Spanish wanted to get this so they could use it to increase their power and wealth -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -They had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to get this -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency |  | 13 |
| 2496710693 | Manila Galleons | -Once they mined it, the Spanish sent most of the silver back to Spain; some of it they put on MASSIVE trading ships known as the __________________ to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -These ships were ENORMOUS; as big as Zheng He; they brought Spanish silver to the Philippines, and then they used it to buy silk, porcelain, and other luxury goods from the Chinese -Some of the ____________________ sunk in the ocean and today people still dive for them; one was discovered the and silver was still worth millions of dollars -the Spanish had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to mine the silver | | 14 |
| 2496712384 | European Merchants in Asia | -In this area of the world, the European _________________ established trading posts -They found it difficult to take over this area of the world, and these countries were isolationist and were too powerful for the Europeans to take over -Therefore in this area, the European ____________ mainly just used their caravels to transport goods from one Asian market to another or brought goods to other trading posts in the Indian Ocean -They also brought goods from this region back to Europe for trade | | 15 |
| 2496715947 | Mercantilism | -This was an economic theory that drove many of the European nations from 1450 - 1750 CE -This was an economic theory that stated that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world; that wealth was represented by gold and silver -The Europeans were competing to get as much of that wealth as they could for themselves; one important way to get wealth was to get colonies -This drove the British, Spanish, French, and Portuguese to be very competitive as they tried to take over colonies and grab as much wealth for themselves as possible |  | 16 |
| 2496715948 | Joint-Stock Companies | -Much of the British and European ocean exploration from 1450 CE to 1750 CE was driven by private companies and not by governments; a company would raise money by selling ____________________ -The company would sell ______________ to people; if you bought _______________ and the company did well, you would make a lot of money; if the company did not do well, your would lose money -People would buy ________________ and the companies would go on journeys to India and China to try to make money -The British East India Company was an example of this |  | 17 |
| 2496717824 | The Triangular Trade | -Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking slaves from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was known as the _______________________________________ |  | 18 |
| 2496717823 | The Atlantic System | -Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking slaves from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was mainly known as the Triangular Trade. THIS QUESTION IS NOT THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. THIS IS A FANCY TERM FOR THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. -Basically--> European manufactured goods to Africa; --> African slaves to the Americas --> raw materials from the Americas to Europe |  | 19 |
| 2496717825 | Demographic Impact of the Middle Passage 1450 CE to 1850 CE | -Around 11 million slaves were transported from West Africa to the Americas on the __________________________________ -There was a massive impact on the _______________________ of West Africa. - A majority of slaves taken were men, so females outnumbered males in West Africa and many more females were able to rise to positions of power in their societies and kin groups -15% of slaves died on the _____________________, the journey from Africa to the Americas, as a result of the horrible conditions and diseases on board the ships -The African Diaspora was created as the demographics of the Caribbean and the Americas were changed; islands in the Caribbean became largely African, and African mixed in with South and North American populations |  | 20 |
| 2496719585 | The Columbian Exchange | -Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, slaves, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -Diseases like Smallpox, Measles, and Influenza DECIMATED Amerindian populations -American food crops like Potatoes, Maize, and Manioc were very nutritional and spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa and helped increase world population -Cash crops like Sugar and Tobacco were grown in the Americas and sent to European markets |  | 21 |
| 2496720215 | Smallpox, Measles, Influenza Mosquitoes and Rats | -Three diseases that the Europeans brought over to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange that decimated/destroyed their population -These are two vermin/animal pests that were brought over on European ships to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange |  | 22 |
| 2496723054 | Potatoes, Maize, Manioc | -As part of the Columbian Exchange, the Europeans brought these three crops from the Americas and they spread to Asia and Africa -These crops were incredibly high in calories and nutrition; so as they spread around the world, populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia began to BOOM -Name the THREE American crops! | | 23 |
| 2496723055 | American Cash Crops--Sugar and Tobacco | -The Europeans created colonies in the United States and used slave labor to create __________ crops as part of the Columbian Exchange -These were American luxury crops that were not vital or required for people's diets in Europe and the Middle East, but they were sold for lots of profit and money -These two ___________ crops grown in America and sold in European and Middle Eastern markets were _______________ and ____________________ |  | 24 |
| 2496725614 | Eurasian Domesticated Animals--Pigs, Cattle, Horses | -These were Eurasian domesticated animals that were brought to the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange -Two of these domesticated (tamed) animals were raised in the Americas to provide food for American populations -One was used by American Indians for transport and warfare |  | 25 |
| 2496725615 | Okra, Rice | -These two food crops were brought by African slaves to the Americas and were grown as food crops in the Americas -This was part of the Columbian Exchange -AFRICAN CROPS, brought by slaves, to the AMERICAS |  | 26 |
| 2496728410 | Nutritional Effects from Columbian Exchange | -As the American crops from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, it had a huge demographic (population) impact as populations around the world skyrocketed -crops like manioc in Africa, and the potato in Europe and Asia, had a big impact because it improved the ___________________ of people's diet. -So this means there was a big improvement in ______________ from the __________________ Exchange. |  | 27 |
| 2496729853 | Effect of Columbian Exchange on the Environment | -The Columbian Exchange led to a MASSIVE increase in agriculture in the Americas -European agricultural technology made a HUGE difference in the Americas and European colonists began farming all over North and South America -European farming practices had a HUGE impact on the _________________________ of the Americas as lots of soil was depleted and forests were destroyed -So the big takeaway here--the Columbian Exchange and European farming really DAMAGED the American _______________________ because the forests were cut down for wood and soil was robbed of nutrients |  | 28 |
| 2499386937 | Demographic Impact of the Columbian Exchange | -As American foods from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, populations skyrocketed because of the nutritional value of American foods -Foods like manioc, potato, and maize had tons of calories, so populations in Eurasia and Africa went up -The native Amerindian population PLUMMETED because of the diseases brought by the Europeans -The first word is a fancy word for "Population" | | 29 |
| 2498157547 | 1500 - 1800 | -Everything having to do with colonization and transAtlantic trade in the Americas happens AFTER Columbus -Dates of the Columbian Exchange | | 30 |
| 2498172248 | French Colonies in North America | -The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Indian tribes in Canada -Unlike the English, these colonies had lots of mixing and marrying between the Indians and the European colonists; they called this "frontiers of inclusion" -The most profitable thing they gained from Canada was fur, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Indians and took Indian wives, creating mixed populations |  | 31 |
| 2498169664 | French Fur Traders | -The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Indian tribes in Canada -The most profitable thing they gained from Canada was ___________________________, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Indians and took Indian wives, creating mixed populations |  | 32 |
Ap* Edition Campbell biology Ninth Edition
| 871328808 | Lawrence Henderson | author of The Fitness of the Environment, Talks about water | 0 | |
| 871328809 | POLAR COVALENT BONDS | one atom being more electronegative then anouther | 1 | |
| 871328810 | POLAR MOLECULES | the overall charge in unevenly distributed | 2 | |
| 871328811 | COHESION | when a substance is held together (water is with hydrogen bonds) | 3 | |
| 871328812 | ADHESION | the clinging of one substance to another | 4 | |
| 871328813 | SURFACE TENSION | how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | 5 | |
| 871328814 | KINETIC ENERGY | thee energy of motion | 6 | |
| 871328815 | HEAT | a form of energy, due to motion of molecules, depends of mass/volume | 7 | |
| 871328816 | TEMPERATURE | meeasure of heat instensnity that represent the average kinetic energy regardles of volume | 8 | |
| 871328817 | CELSIUS SCALE | scale of temperature (0 = water freezing, 100 = water boiling, 37 = body temp, 20-25 room temp) | 9 | |
| 871328818 | CALORIE (CAL) | the amount of heat it take to raise 1 g of water by 1C | 10 | |
| 871328819 | JOULE | one joule = 0.239 cal | 11 | |
| 871328820 | SPECIFIC HEAT | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substant to change in temp by 1C | 12 | |
| 871328821 | HEAT OF VAPORIZATION | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted form the liquid to a gasseous state | 13 | |
| 871328822 | EVAPORATIVE COOLING | As a liquid exaporates the surface of the liquid that remain cools beacues the hottest of the molecuels left | 14 | |
| 871328823 | Susan Solomon | interviewee at begin of unit is concerned about the iceburgs dissapearing | 15 | |
| 871328824 | SOLUTION | When a liquid is homogenouse mixture of two or more substances (sugar water) | 16 | |
| 871328825 | SOVLENT | the disolving agent (water) | 17 | |
| 871328826 | SOLUTE | the substance that gets dissolved | 18 | |
| 871328827 | AQUEOUS SOLUTION | a solution in which water is the solvent | 19 | |
| 871328828 | HYDRATION SHELL | the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | 20 | |
| 871328829 | HYDROPHILIC | any substance htat has an affinity for water | 21 | |
| 871328830 | COLLOID | a stable suspension of fine particles | 22 | |
| 871328831 | HYDROPHOBIC | substances that are nonionic and nonpolar (vegie oil) | 23 | |
| 871328832 | MOLECULAR MASS | the summ of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule | 24 | |
| 871328833 | MOLE (MOL) | exact number of objects (6.02 X 10^23) | 25 | |
| 871328834 | MOLARITY | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution | 26 | |
| 871328835 | HYDROGEN ION | a single proton with a 1+ charge | 27 | |
| 871328836 | HYDROXIDE ION | OH- (water without a proton) | 28 | |
| 871328837 | HYDRONIUM ION | H30+ (water with a hydrogen ion) | 29 | |
| 871328838 | ACID | A substance that increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | 30 | |
| 871328839 | BASE | A substance reduces the hydrogen ion concentration | 31 | |
| 871328840 | pH | the negative logarith of hydrogen ions | 32 | |
| 871328841 | BUFFERS | substance that mimimizes the change in the concentration of H or OH | 33 | |
| 871328842 | OCEAN ACIDIFICATION | when something causes the ocean to acidfiy | 34 | |
| 871328843 | ACID PRECIPITATION | refers to rain, snow or fog with a pH lower then 5.2 | 35 |
| 1964973730 | active solar technology | the use of mechanical devices to heat water and buildings or to power electrical devices to generate electricity | 0 | |
| 1964973731 | biomass energy | the energy contained in firewood and other plant matter | 1 | |
| 1964973732 | biofuels | liquid fuel derived from biomass that can be used in diesel and internal combustion engines | 2 | |
| 1964973733 | biodiesel | a biofuel derived from plant oils and animal fats that can be burned in diesel engines | 3 | |
| 1964973734 | cellulosic ethanol | ethanol that is produced from agricultural residues, wood, grasses, or other cellulose-rich feedstocks | 4 | |
| 1964973735 | compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) | lights in which an electric current causes a gas to glow; emit 3-5 times more light that incandescent fixtures | 5 | |
| 1964973736 | concentrating solar power (CSP) systems | a method of generating electricity from sunlight that relies on mirrors to concentrate the sun's rays on a tower or a series of pipes that hold water or another fluid. The concentrated sunlight heats the fluid to boiling. The produced steam is then used to spin a turbine and generate electricity | 6 | |
| 1964973737 | conservation supply curve | graph used to compare the amount of energy saved by each action to the cost of that energy | 7 | |
| 1964973738 | cost of saved energy (CSE) | a measure that compares the costs and benefits of energy alternatives by dividing the cost of an energy investment by the energy savings resulting from that investment | 8 | |
| 1964973739 | economic energy intensity | a measure of overall energy use efficiency by a country or group of countries that considers the amount of energy used per dollar of economic output | 9 | |
| 1964973740 | geothermal energy | heat energy that is generated and stored in Earth itself | 10 | |
| 1964973741 | ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) | method of using Earth's heat for energy by taking advantage of the fact that the upper 10 ft of Earth's crust maintains a nearly constant temperature regardless of the time of year | 11 | |
| 1964973742 | hydroelectric power | electricity generated by using the kinetic energy of moving water to turn a turbine | 12 | |
| 1964973743 | hydropower | the energy of water moving under the force of gravity | 13 | |
| 1964973744 | incandescent lights | lights in which an electric current causes a thin metal filament to glow | 14 | |
| 1964973745 | impoundment hydroelectricity plant | electricity generated by impounded water, such as water behind a dam, flowing downhill through a turbine | 15 | |
| 1964973746 | light-emitting diodes (LEDs) | lights in which an electric current passes through silicone-rich materials; more efficient and long-lasting than CFLs and incandescent lightbulbs | 16 | |
| 1964973747 | ocean thermal energy conversion | a technique that exploits the sharp differences in temperature between surface water and deeper water to generate electricity | 17 | |
| 1964973748 | photovoltaic (PV) technology | a method of generating solar power that converts light into energy through the photovoltaic effect, in which light energy causes certain materials to emit electrons | 18 | |
| 1964973749 | passive solar technology | the use of the energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices | 19 | |
| 1964973750 | renewable portfolio standard (RPS) | a government mandate that a certain percentage of energy use come from renewable energy resources | 20 | |
| 1964973751 | run-of-river hydroelectric plant | a hydropower facility that uses the force of river water diverted into a series of pipes to spin a turbine to generate electricity | 21 | |
| 1964973752 | solar photovoltaic farms | in areas with high solar potential, thousands of PV panels are arranged to generate electricity on a large scale | 22 | |
| 1964973753 | tidal barrage | a dam across the narrow outlet of a tidal basin that uses the ebb and flow of tidal waters to power turbines and dynamos to generate electricity | 23 | |
| 1964973754 | tidal fence | an array of underwater turnstiles or revolving doors set across a narrow channel. As water moves through the channel, its energy is used to generate electricity | 24 | |
| 1964973755 | tidal power | the kinetic energy of ocean tides used to generate electricity | 25 | |
| 1964973756 | tidal turbines | turbines operating underwater that are spun by the movement of tides and currents | 26 |
| 107232557 | Audiovisual | strategies that incorporate the use of sight and sound to relay a message. | 0 | |
| 107232558 | Cover leter | letter sent with a resume to a potential employer. | 1 | |
| 107232559 | Digital camera | device used to capture images into digitized electronic data, which can be stored and retrieved immediately. Digital images can also be printed directly from a computer producing pictures without the need for photo processing | 2 | |
| 107232560 | Graphics | picture, border, map or graph used for illustration or demonstration. | 3 | |
| 107232561 | Handheald data manager | a small electronic device that can have a variety of features including databases, word processors, email, calendar, synchronizing capabilities, and other applications. | 4 | |
| 107232562 | Laptop computer/notebook | a compact, portable computer system. | 5 | |
| 107232563 | Liquid crystal display | equipment that works with a computer and screen or presentation board to project the computer images. | 6 | |
| 107232564 | Mass storage device | removable data drive or disc. | 7 | |
| 107232565 | Portfolio | collection of samples of work that highlight your interest, talents, contributions, and studies; important item to bring to job interviews. | 8 | |
| 107232566 | Presentation board | an interactive board that acts as a touch screen for a computer and has various features to aid in delivering presentations. | 9 | |
| 107232567 | Presentation software | a type of software that enhances a presentation, such as slide shows, graphics, text editing, etc. | 10 | |
| 107232568 | Resume | a summary of your qualifications for a job. | 11 | |
| 107232569 | Acronym | a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase or title. | 12 | |
| 107232570 | Creed | a statement of belief. | 13 | |
| 107232571 | Critical thinking | 3. Critical thinking- reflecting or thinking about complex issues, usually to make a decision or action. | 14 | |
| 107232572 | Emblem | a visual symbol that represents a group. | 15 | |
| 107232573 | FCCLA | an organization for students who are enrolled or have been enrolled in family and consumer sciences classes for at least one semester. | 16 | |
| 107232574 | Mission | a statement that defines an organization's overreaching purpose. The FCCLA mission is to promote personal growth and leadership development through family and consumer sciences education. Focusing on the multiple roles of family member, wage earner, and community leader, members develop skills for life through character development; creative and critical thinking; interpersonal communication; practical knowledge; and vocational preparation. | 17 | |
| 107232575 | National programs | frameworks for FCCLA action that encourage members to enhance their personal growth and build their leadership skills. | 18 | |
| 107232576 | Motto | a word or saying that expresses ones aims, ideals or guiding rule. FCCLA's is Toward New Horizons. | 19 | |
| 107232577 | Purposes | the object for which something exists or is done. FCCLA has eight. | 20 | |
| 107262282 | Brainstorming | listing all possible ideas without judging or eliminating any. | 21 | |
| 107262283 | Charity | generosity and helpfulness especially toward the needy or suffering; an institution engaged in relief of the poor. | 22 | |
| 107262284 | Civic organizations | a group working toward the betterment of humanity. | 23 | |
| 107262285 | Commitment | an agreement or pledge to do something, the desire to finish a project, task or goal. | 24 | |
| 107262286 | Compassion | deep awareness of the suffering of another with the desire to relieve it. | 25 | |
| 107262287 | Corporation | an association of employers and employees in a basic industry or of members of a profession organized as an unit for political representation. | 26 | |
| 107262288 | Dedication | personal commitment or setting aside of resources for a specific purpose. | 27 | |
| 107262289 | Determination | the act of making a firm decision. | 28 | |
| 107262290 | Donation | the giving of a gift especially to a charity or public institution, a free contribution. | 29 | |
| 107262291 | Goals | something a person wants to have or to achieve, and is willing to work for. | 30 | |
| 107262292 | Grant | a giving of funds for a specific purpose. | 31 | |
| 107262293 | Humanitarian | a person promoting human welfare and social reform. | 32 | |
| 107262294 | Network | an extended group of people with similar interests or concerns who interact and remain in informal contact for mutual assistance or support. | 33 | |
| 107262295 | Nonprofit organization | not conducted or maintained for the purpose of making a profit. | 34 | |
| 107262296 | Philanthropy | goodwill to fellowmen: active effort to promote human welfare. | 35 | |
| 107262297 | Planning process | a five step method to help FCCLA members and advisers plan individual, group or chapter activities. The five steps are: identify concerns, set a goal, form a plan, act and follow up. | 36 | |
| 107262298 | Respect | to feel or show regard for others. | 37 | |
| 107262299 | Service learning | a teaching method that combines meaningful service to the community through curriculum-based learning. | 38 | |
| 107262300 | Volunteer | to willingly agree to perform a task or service to others without pay. Someone who agrees to perform such tasks or services. | 39 | |
| 107262301 | Work ethic | a personal commitment to doing your very best as part of the workplace team. | 40 | |
| 107262302 | Accountability | an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility for one's actions. | 41 | |
| 107262303 | Attitude | a person's basic outlook on life or a specific topic or issue. | 42 | |
| 107262304 | Autocratic | leader dominates the power. | 43 | |
| 107262305 | Caring | feeling and exhibiting concern for others. | 44 | |
| 107262306 | Character | personal guidelines developed as a part of the socialization process that serves as a person's personal judge for every situation that he or she faces. | 45 | |
| 107262307 | Charisma | personal magnetism or charm. | 46 | |
| 107262308 | Citizenship | the quality of an individual's response to membership in a community. | 47 | |
| 107262309 | Courage | mental or moral strength to venture or persevere. | 48 | |
| 107262310 | Democratic | the leader shares, is people-oriented and is open-minded. | 49 | |
| 107262311 | Empathy | the ability to understand what someone else is experiencing. | 50 | |
| 107262312 | Ethics | a set of moral principles or values. | 51 | |
| 107262313 | Enthusiasm | strong excitement or feeling. | 52 | |
| 107262314 | Extroverted | focused outward on others. | 53 | |
| 107262315 | Fairness | free of favoritism or bias. | 54 | |
| 107262316 | Generosity | giving time, talents and other resources without expecting something in return. | 55 | |
| 107262317 | Initiative | taking action and getting started. | 56 | |
| 107262318 | Integrity | firm adherence to a code of moral values. | 57 | |
| 107262319 | Introverted | focused inward or on oneself. | 58 | |
| 107262320 | Laissez-faire | an absence of leadership, for the group to go its own way without guidance. | 59 | |
| 107262321 | Leadership | the ability to direct and influence others. | 60 | |
| 107262322 | Management | using resources effectively to achieve goals and solve problems. | 61 | |
| 107262323 | Motivate | to provide with an incentive; move to action; impel. | 62 | |
| 107262324 | Peer pressure | persuasion to conform to the group and go along with group activities. | 63 | |
| 107262325 | Procrastinate | to put off repeatedly or to keep postponing something that needs to be done. | 64 | |
| 107262326 | Responsibility | an obligation or duty for which a person is held accountable. | 65 | |
| 107262327 | Role | a way of acting to fulfill certain responsibilities in life, most often taught by family members. | 66 | |
| 107262328 | Self esteem | the sense of worth a person attaches to oneself. | 67 | |
| 107262329 | Selfishness | having little or no concern for others. | 68 | |
| 107262330 | Standards | something set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, value or quality. | 69 | |
| 107262331 | Stereotype | a belief that an entire group of people fit a fixed, common pattern—that they are alike in certain ways. | 70 | |
| 107262332 | Time management | using time wisely to complete a task. | 71 | |
| 107262333 | Trustworth | being reliable or dependable. | 72 | |
| 107262334 | Willingness | a person willing to work who has a chance to become a success. | 73 | |
| 107262335 | Agenda | order of business for the meeting. | 74 | |
| 107262336 | Amendment | a change of addition to the main motion, amendments can also be amended. | 75 | |
| 107262337 | Business correspondence | professional communication in a written format. | 76 | |
| 107262338 | Chair/chairperson | person presiding at meeting. | 77 | |
| 107262339 | Debate | discussion for or against the motion. | 78 | |
| 107262340 | Feedback | a return message in response to a communication; comments about, or corrections to an action, process or presentation. | 79 | |
| 107262341 | Format | the arrangement or plan; a particular combination of content or style. | 80 | |
| 107262342 | Gavel | a tool for calling the meeting to order. | 81 | |
| 107262343 | Main motion | an idea brought before the group for consideration. | 82 | |
| 107262344 | Majority | over half of the votes cast. | 83 | |
| 107262345 | Minutes | written record of the meeting. | 84 | |
| 107262346 | Non-verbal communication | communication that uses factors other than words, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and body language. | 85 | |
| 107262347 | Parliamentarian | one who has knowledge of parliamentary procedure and is skilled in its practice. | 86 | |
| 107262348 | Parliamentary Procedure | a recognized and acceptable method of conducting and official meeting. | 87 | |
| 107262349 | Point of Order | to correct a breach of order or error in procedure. | 88 | |
| 107262350 | Prejudice | an unfair or biased opinion based on false or insufficient information. | 89 | |
| 107262351 | Public relations | management of an organization's relationship with consumers, communities, and other public segments; the business of cultivating public goodwill toward a person, firm or institution. | 90 | |
| 107262352 | Public Service Announcement (PSA) | a brief persuasive or informative message presented on radio and/or television. | 91 | |
| 107262353 | Quorum | minimum number of members that must be present to conduct the business of the meeting. | 92 | |
| 107262354 | Rapport | a relationship based on open communication and understanding. | 93 | |
| 107262355 | Robert's Rules of Order | an authoritative book on the standards of parliamentary law. | 94 | |
| 107262356 | Second | another member supports motion. | 95 | |
| 107262357 | Verbal communication | expressing ideas to others by using spoken words. | 96 | |
| 107262358 | Adversity | state or condition contrary to well being. | 97 | |
| 107262359 | Compromise | coming to an agreement in which each person gives up something in order to get what they both want. | 98 | |
| 107262360 | Conflict | any struggle, disagreement, or fight. | 99 | |
| 107262361 | Conflict resolution | the process of settling a conflict by cooperating and problem solving. | 100 | |
| 107262362 | Defense mechanism | methods people unconsciously use to deal with life situations; used to hide or balance one's feelings or actions. | 101 | |
| 107262363 | Mediation | a process in which a neutral third party is used to help reach a solution that's agreeable to both sides. | 102 | |
| 107262364 | Negotiation | the process of discussing problems face-to-face in order to reach a solution. | 103 | |
| 107262365 | Peer mediator | a person who acts as a third party between two students who are locked in a conflict. | 104 | |
| 107262366 | Prejudice | an unfair or biased opinion based on false or insufficient information. | 105 | |
| 107262367 | Team | a cooperative unit. | 106 | |
| 107262368 | Tolerance | the ability to overlook or accept things you do not agree with; accepting and respecting other people's customs and beliefs. | 107 | |
| 107262369 | Trust | a firm belief in the honesty and reliability of another person. | 108 |
| 169737422 | character | An observable heritable feature. | 0 | |
| 169737423 | trait | Any detectable variant in a genetic character. | 1 | |
| 169737424 | true-breeding | Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate. | 2 | |
| 169737425 | hybridization | The mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties. | 3 | |
| 169737426 | P generation | Parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. | 4 | |
| 169737427 | F1 generation | The first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses. | 5 | |
| 169737428 | F2 generation | Offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation. | 6 | |
| 169737429 | allele | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. | 7 | |
| 169737430 | dominant allele | Any allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote. | 8 | |
| 169737431 | recessive allele | The phenotypic effect of this allele is not shown in a heterozygote. | 9 | |
| 169737432 | law of segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that two alleles in a pair separate into different gametes during gamete formation. | 10 | |
| 169737433 | homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given gene. | 11 | |
| 169737434 | heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a given gene. | 12 | |
| 169737435 | phenotype | The physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are deterimined by its genetic makeup. | 13 | |
| 169737436 | genotype | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism. | 14 | |
| 169737437 | testcross | Breeding an organism of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype. | 15 | |
| 169737438 | monohybrid | An organism heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. Includes all offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles. Ex. Aa | 16 | |
| 169737439 | dihybrid | An organsim heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. Includes all offspring from a cross between parents who are doubly homozygous for different alleles. Ex. AaBb. | 17 | |
| 169737440 | law of independent assortment | Mendel's second law which states that each pair of allele segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation. Applies when genes for two characters are on different pairs of homologous chromosomes. | 18 | |
| 169746449 | complete dominance | Phenotypes of a heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. | 19 | |
| 169746450 | incomplete dominance | Phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotype of homozygotes for either allele. | 20 | |
| 169746451 | codominance | The phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. | 21 | |
| 169746452 | pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple affects. | 22 | |
| 169746453 | epistasis | One gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited. | 23 | |
| 169746454 | quantitative character | A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion. | 24 | |
| 169746455 | polygenic inheritance | An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. | 25 | |
| 169746456 | norm of reaction | Range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences. | 26 | |
| 169746457 | multifactorial | Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. | 27 | |
| 169746458 | carrier | A individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locusm, with normal and one recessive allele. The heterozygote is phenotypically dominant for the character determined by the gene but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring. | 28 |
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