| 1379041695 | Introspection (Wundt) | a conscious mental and usually purposive process relying on thinking, reasoning, and examining one's own thoughts feelings. Wundt believed that by using introspection he could determine the basic elements of consciousness. | | 0 |
| 1379041696 | Behavioral School of Psychology (Skinner & Watson) | Seeks to explain animal and human behavior entirely in terms of observable and measurable responses to environmental stimuli. Use classical and operant conditioning | | 1 |
| 1379041697 | Humanist School of Psychology (Maslow, Rogers) | Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and health; Believe that people have free will and are not controlled by the environment or their past | | 2 |
| 1379041698 | Psychoanalytic School of Psychology (Freud) | "believes that a lot of our personality and behaviors are controlled by our unconscious; another big factor guiding behavior is sex and aggression; Believed that we Defense Mechanisms to protect our conscious mind | | 3 |
| 1379041699 | Neurobiological School of Psychology | Emphasizes that all actions, feelings, and thoughts are associated with bodily events such as the firing of nerve cells in the brain or the release of hormones; This includes studying the brain, hormones and genes to explain behavior | | 4 |
| 1379041700 | Socio-cultural School of Psychology (AKA "Cross-cultural", etc.) | Studies the differences among cultures and the influences of culture on behavior; States that we have a tendency to use our own culture as a standard for judging other cultures (a term called ethnocentrism) | | 5 |
| 1379041701 | Evolutionary School of Psychology | theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. | | 6 |
| 1379041702 | Cognitive School of Psychology | Focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems and think. Interested in how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems | | 7 |
| 1379041703 | Clinical Psychologist | assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. These range from short-term crises, such as difficulties resulting from adolescent rebellion, to more severe, chronic conditions such as schizophrenia. | | 8 |
| 1379041704 | Counseling psychologist | help people recognize their strengths and resources to cope with their problems within families, marriages, and adjustment to new conditions. perform therapy, teaching, and scientific research with individuals of all ages, families, and organizations. | | 9 |
| 1379041705 | Cognitive and Perceptual Psychologists | study human perception, thinking, and memory; also study reasoning, judgment, and decision making. | | 10 |
| 1379041706 | Developmental Psychologist | study the psychological growth of the human being that takes place throughout life. Until recently, the primary focus was on childhood and adolescence, the most formative years. Recently expanded to all of life, especially older age. | | 11 |
| 1379041707 | Educational Psychologist | concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place. They consider a variety of factors, such as human abilities, student motivation, and the effect on the classroom of the diversity of race, ethnicity, and culture that makes up America. | | 12 |
| 1379041708 | Engineering Psychologist | conduct research on how people work best with machines. EX: how can a computer be designed to prevent fatigue and eye strain? What arrangement of an assembly line makes production most efficient? What is a reasonable workload? | | 13 |
| 1379041709 | Evolutionary Psychologist | study how evolutionary principles such as mutation, adaptation, and selective fitness influence human thought, feeling, and behavior. Study mating, aggression, helping behavior, and communication. | | 14 |
| 1379041710 | Experimental Psychologist | are interested in a wide range of psychological phenomena, including cognitive processes, comparative psychology (cross-species comparisons), learning and conditioning. Often engage in basic research | | 15 |
| 1379041711 | Forensic Psychologist | apply psychological principles to legal issues. Their expertise is often essential in court. EX: help a judge decide which parent should have custody of a child or evaluate a defendant's mental competence to stand trial. | | 16 |
| 1379041712 | Health Psychologist | specialize in how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness. They study how patients handle illness; why some people don't follow medical advice; and the most effective ways to control pain or to change poor health habits. | | 17 |
| 1379041713 | Industrial/Organizational Psychologist | apply psychology to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of work life. Many serve as human resources specialists, helping organizations with staffing, training, and employee development. | | 18 |
| 1379041714 | Neuropsychologist | explore the relationships between brain systems and behavior. EX: may study the way the brain creates and stores memories, or how various diseases and injuries of the brain affect emotion, perception, and behavior. | | 19 |
| 1379041715 | Quantitative and measurement psychologist | focus on methods and techniques for designing experiments and analyzing psychological data. They develop and evaluate mathematical models for psychological tests, among many other things | | 20 |
| 1379041716 | School Psychologist | work directly with public and private schools. They assess and counsel students, consult with parents and school staff, and conduct behavioral interventions when appropriate. Most school districts employ psychologists full time | | 21 |
| 1379041717 | Social Psychologist | study how a person's mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people. They are interested in all aspects of interpersonal relationships, including both individual and group influences. EX: study effects of prejudice | | 22 |
| 1379041718 | Sports Psychologist | help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, and learn to deal with the anxiety and fear of failure that often accompany competition. | | 23 |
| 1379041719 | Rehabilitation Psychologist | They deal with issues of personal adjustment, interpersonal relations, the work world, and pain management. work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental retardation, etc. | | 24 |
| 1379041720 | psychiatrist | they can prescribe drugs unlike psychologists. Begin their careers in medical school, unlike psychologists that get bachelors in psychology. After earning their MD, they go on to four years of residency training in mental health | | 25 |
| 1379041721 | basic research | has as its objective the advancement of knowledge. It is exploratory and often driven by the researcher's curiosity, interest, and intuition. It is conducted without any practical end in mind, though it may later have an application | | 26 |
| 1379041722 | applied research | research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. Often has a very particular end in mind. EX: Curing cancer | | 27 |
| 1379041723 | population | all of the individuals in the group to which the study applies | | 28 |
| 1379041724 | anchoring effect | the tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response towards that point | | 29 |
| 1379041725 | actor-observer bias | tendency to focus on our own situations and the other person rather than his/her situation when interpreting behavior | | 30 |
| 1379041726 | hindsight bias | a tendency to falsely report, after the event, that we correctly predicted the outcome of the event. | | 31 |
| 1379041727 | overconfidence bias | the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments, which proves to be a hindrance in problem solving | | 32 |
| 1379041728 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for and use information that supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas; often a hindrance to problem solving. | | 33 |
| 1379041729 | illusory correlation | the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. EX: When people form false associations between membership in a statistical minority group and rare behaviors | | 34 |
| 1379041730 | false-consensus effect | the tendency of a person to perceive his or her own views as representative of a general consensus | | 35 |
| 1379041731 | case study | intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes associated with a specific person or situation | | 36 |
| 1379041732 | survey | research method that obtains large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors at a specific time and place through questionnaire or interview | | 37 |
| 1379041733 | random sample (AKA "random selection") | choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen | | 38 |
| 1379041734 | naturalistic observation | research method that records behaviors of humans or other animals in real-life situations without intervention | | 39 |
| 1379041735 | Correlation Study | expresses the relationship between 2 variables; DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION | | 40 |
| 1379041736 | positive correlation | in correlation, the two factors are going in the same direction. EX: As the temperature goes up, more people buy snow cones | | 41 |
| 1379041737 | negative correlation | in correlation, the two factors are going in opposite directions. EX: As the temperature goes up, hot chocolate consumption goes down. | | 42 |
| 1379041738 | correlation coefficient | a statistical measure of the degree of relatedness or association between two sets of data that ranges from -1 to +1. Little "r" represents. "r=.9" is a very strong positive correlation, whereas "r=.2" is a very weak positive correlation. | | 43 |
| 1379041739 | experimental method | the manipulation of an IV to understand its effect on a DV; Identifies Cause-effect | | 44 |
| 1379041740 | Control Condition | The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | | 45 |
| 1379041741 | Experimental Condition | The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. | | 46 |
| 1379041742 | independent variable | the factor in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter and is given to the experimental group. It's the one thing that is different between the experimental group and the control group. | | 47 |
| 1379041743 | Dependent Variable | The outcome factor; the variable may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | | 48 |
| 1379041744 | Confounding Variable | any possible variable- other than the IV - that may cause the observed effect; thus making it impossible to determine the actual cause of the change in the DV. | | 49 |
| 1379041745 | Random assignment | random placement of subjects into experimental or control groups; | | 50 |
| 1379041746 | within-group design | A _____ study is an experiment where all subjects test (and respond to) all treatment combinations. _____ design is the opposite of a between-subjects design. | | 51 |
| 1379041747 | between-subjects design | each participant participates in one and only one group. The results from each group are then compared to each other to examine differences, and thus, effect of the IV. | | 52 |
| 1379041748 | single blind | Term used to described a study in which either the investigator or the participant, but not both of them, is unaware of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. Also called single-masked | | 53 |
| 1379041749 | double blind study | a study in which both the investigator or the participant are blind to (unaware of) the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. Prevents expectations of researcher or participant from influencing results | | 54 |
| 1379041750 | Experimenter Bias | the phenomenon in experimental science by which the outcome of an experiment tends to be biased towards a result expected by the human experimenter. | | 55 |
| 1379041751 | placebo | A substance containing no medication and prescribed or given to reinforce a patient's expectation to get well; An inactive substance or preparation used as a control in an experiment or test to determine the effectiveness of a medicinal drug. | | 56 |
| 1379041752 | placebo effect | The beneficial effect in a patient following a particular treatment that arises from the patient's expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the treatment itself. | | 57 |
| 1379041753 | meta-analyses | The process or technique of synthesizing research results by using various statistical methods to retrieve, select, and combine results from previous separate but related studies | | 58 |
| 1379041754 | variance | The square of the standard deviation. Whereas the mean is a way to describe the location of a distribution, this is a way to capture its scale or degree of being spread out. | | 59 |
| 1379041755 | Standard Deviation | a measure of variation (or variability) that indicates the typical distance between the scores of a distribution and the mean. | | 60 |
| 1379041756 | Statistical Significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Numerically, 5% or (.05) is generally considered the cutoff. | | 61 |
| 1379041757 | three measures of central tendency | mean, mode, and the median. These measures tend to tell us something about the "center" of a set of statistics. On a curve of normal distribution, they all fall on the same point. | | 62 |
| 1379041758 | mode | most frequently occurring event | | 63 |
| 1379041759 | mean | average | | 64 |
| 1379041760 | median | midpoint | | 65 |
| 1379041761 | Operational Definition | A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. | | 66 |
| 1379041762 | null hypothesis | a hypothesis set up to be refuted in order to support an alternative hypothesis. When used, it is presumed true until statistical evidence indicates otherwise | | 67 |
| 1379041763 | list 4 ethical guidelines | confidentiality, no lasting harm, debriefing after the study, informed consent | | 68 |
| 1379041764 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.) | | 69 |
| 1379041765 | neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. | | 70 |
| 1379041766 | soma (AKA "cell body", "cyton") | the part of the neuron that contains cytoplasm and the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as NTs | | 71 |
| 1379041767 | dendrite | branch-like structures on neurons that receive messages from the axons of other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. Each neuron may have thousands of these structures. | | 72 |
| 1379041768 | axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. | | 73 |
| 1379041769 | myelin sheath | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. | | 74 |
| 1379041770 | action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. | | 75 |
| 1379041771 | threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. | | 76 |
| 1379041772 | synapse | the junction between the axon top of the sending neuron and the dendrite of cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. | | 77 |
| 1379041773 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. | | 78 |
| 1379041774 | acetylcholine (ACh) | a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. | | 79 |
| 1379041775 | endorphins | "morphine within" natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. | | 80 |
| 1379041776 | Norepinephrine (AKA "noradrenaline") | Involved in making us feel alert (increases heartbeat and arousal); Also involved in learning and memory retrieval; EX: NE activates your bodies emergency response (heart rate up, sweat, blood pressure up) | | 81 |
| 1379041777 | Serotonin | Natural tranquilizer (deep dreamless sleep, reduces hunger, makes you calm, reduces pain); Also associated with moods and emotional states: Depression; We naturally get _____ from L-Tryptophan in our diet (ex: turkey) | | 82 |
| 1379041778 | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) | Controls anxiety; Also involved in the area of our brain that controls daily sleep and wake cycles; EX: Most sedatives or tranquilizers (Valium and Xanax) increase _____, alcohol also increases; Overdose of this shuts down breathing | | 83 |
| 1379041779 | Dopamine | Important for movement control, attention, learning and pleasure/rewarding sensations; a deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, an excess may be associated with schizophrenia | | 84 |
| 1379041780 | nerves | neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. | | 85 |
| 1379041781 | sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. | | 86 |
| 1379041782 | motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. | | 87 |
| 1379041783 | interneurons | central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. | | 88 |
| 1379041784 | neural networks | interconnected neural cells. With experience, they can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. | | 89 |
| 1379041785 | Nodes of Ranvier | the gaps between the myelin sheaths | | 90 |
| 1379041786 | Axon Terminal Buttons | Where neurotransmitters are started and released | | 91 |
| 1379041787 | Refractory Period | A time when the neuron is recharging and cannot fire | | 92 |
| 1379041788 | Resting Potential | Charged and ready, positive outside, negative inside | | 93 |
| 1379041789 | white matter | Parts of the nervous system that contain myelinated axons | | 94 |
| 1379041790 | multiple sclerosis (MS) | a disease of the central nervous system in which the myelin sheath that insulates axons is damaged or destroyed | | 95 |
| 1379041791 | 350,000 | How many people in America have MS? | | 96 |
| 1379041792 | ions | electrically charged chemical particles | | 97 |
| 1379041793 | resting potential | The electrical potential across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state. | | 98 |
| 1379041794 | -70 mV (millivolts) | Resting potential of a neuron | | 99 |
| 1379041795 | depolarization | A positive shift in the electrical charge in the neuron's resting potential, making it less negatively charged. | | 100 |
| 1379041796 | all-or-none response | the law that the neuron either generates an action potential when the stimulation reaches threshold or it doesn't fire when stimulation is below threshold. The strength of the action potential is constant whenever it occurs. | | 101 |
| 1379041797 | Action potentials of different speeds depend on two things - | "-thickness (the thicker, the quicker)-whether its covered with a myelin sheath or not" | | 102 |
| 1379041798 | receptor site | A site on the receiving neuron in which neurotransmitters dock. | | 103 |
| 1379041799 | excitatory effect | make an action potential more likely to occur | | 104 |
| 1379041800 | inhibitory effect | makes action potential less likely to occur. May cancel out excitatory messages | | 105 |
| 1379041801 | excitation threshold | level by which the excitatory messages exceed the inhibitory messages | | 106 |
| 1379041802 | reuptake | The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the transmitting neuron | | 107 |
| 1379041803 | enzymes | Organic substances that produce certain chemical changes in other organic substances through a catalytic action | | 108 |
| 1379041804 | neuromodulators | Chemicals released in the nervous system that influence the sensitivity of the receiving neuron to neurotransmitters. | | 109 |
| 1379041805 | synaptic terminals (AKA "synaptic knob") | A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released. | | 110 |
| 1379041806 | synaptic vesicles | places were NT's are stored until release into the synapse | | 111 |
| 1379041807 | selective permeability | The property of a membrane or other material that allows some substances to pass through it more easily than others. | | 112 |
| 1379041808 | sodium-potassium pump | A mechanism of active transport that moves potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell. | | 113 |
| 1379041809 | Agonists | drugs that work by mimicking particular neurotransmitter (may temp. produce a high by amp norm. sensations of arousal or pleasure) | | 114 |
| 1379041810 | Antagonists | drugs that work by blocking neurotransmitters (is enough like the natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its effect, but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor | | 115 |
| 1379041811 | afferent neuron (AKA "sensory neuron") | nerve cell in our PNS that transmits impulses from receptors to the brain or spinal cord | | 116 |
| 1379041812 | glial cells (glia) | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. | | 117 |
| 1379041813 | central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord | | 118 |
| 1379041814 | peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. | | 119 |
| 1379041815 | Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | subdivision of PNS that includes motor nerves that innervate smooth (involuntary) or heart muscle. Its sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight"; the PNS causes bodily changes for maintenance or rest | | 120 |
| 1379041816 | somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. | | 121 |
| 1379041817 | Sympathetic Nervous System | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. | | 122 |
| 1379041818 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. | | 123 |
| 1379041819 | reflex | a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. | | 124 |
| 1379041820 | lesion | tissue destruction. A brain _____ is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. | | 125 |
| 1379041821 | electroencephalogram (EEG) | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes places on the scalp. | | 126 |
| 1379041822 | PET (positron emission tomography) scan | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. | | 127 |
| 1379041823 | MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues; allows us to see structures within the brain. | | 128 |
| 1379041824 | fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imagines) | a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function. | | 129 |
| 1379041825 | SQUID | Superconducting quantum interference device- used to pinpoint location of neural activity. | | 130 |
| 1379041826 | CAT scan | Computerized axial tomography-Through thousands of different x-rays, it shows an image of the brain. Shows abnormalities in the structure of the brain, but can't be used to see activity. | | 131 |
| 1379041827 | brainstem | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. | | 132 |
| 1379041828 | medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. | | 133 |
| 1379041829 | reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays and important role in controlling arousal. | | 134 |
| 1379041830 | thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. | | 135 |
| 1379041831 | cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. | | 136 |
| 1379041832 | limbic system | a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and the hypothalamus. | | 137 |
| 1379041833 | amygdala | two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. | | 138 |
| 1379041834 | hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. | | 139 |
| 1379041835 | cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. Judgment, control, planning | | 140 |
| 1379041836 | frontal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscles movements and in making plans and judgments. | | 141 |
| 1379041837 | parietal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. | | 142 |
| 1379041838 | occipital lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field. | | 143 |
| 1379041839 | temporal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. | | 144 |
| 1379041840 | motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. | | 145 |
| 1379041841 | sensory cortex | the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. | | 146 |
| 1379041842 | association areas | areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. | | 147 |
| 1379041843 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | | 148 |
| 1379041844 | Broca's area | controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | | 149 |
| 1379041845 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception; a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | | 150 |
| 1379041846 | plasticity | the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development. | | 151 |
| 1379041847 | corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. | | 152 |
| 1379041848 | split brain | a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. | | 153 |
| 1379041849 | Phrenology | Frans Gaul's Theory of reading bumps on the head and that the brain was in sections | | 154 |
| 1379041850 | endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. | | 155 |
| 1379041851 | glands | Body organs or structures that produce secretions. | | 156 |
| 1379041852 | hormones | Secretions from endocrine glands that help regulate bodily processes | | 157 |
| 1379041853 | pituitary gland | "An endocrine gland in the brain that produces various hormones involved in growth, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and childbirth. (AKA "master gland") | | 158 |
| 1379041854 | hGRF | growth-hormone releasing factors that stimulate the pituitary to release growth hormone (GH), which promotes physical growth | | 159 |
| 1379041855 | pineal gland | A small endocrine gland in the brain that produces the hormone melatonin, which is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles | | 160 |
| 1379041856 | gonads | Sex glands (testes in men, ovaries in women) that produce sex hormones and germ cells (sperm in the male, egg cells in the female) | | 161 |
| 1379041857 | ovaries | The female gonads, which secrete the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, and produce mature egg cells | | 162 |
| 1379041858 | testes | The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete the male sex hormone testosterone | | 163 |
| 1379041859 | germ cells | Sperm and egg cells from which new life develops | | 164 |
| 1379041860 | thyroid gland | An endocrine gland in the neck that secretes the hormone throxin, which is involved in regulating metabolic functions and physical growth | | 165 |
| 1379041861 | concordance rates | In twin studies, the percentages of cases in which both members of twin pairs share the same trait or disorder | | 166 |
| 1379041862 | Adrenal | endocrine glands atop kidneys. | | 167 |
| 1379041863 | Adrenal cortex | the outer layer of gland, produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, which is a stress hormone. | | 168 |
| 1379041864 | Adrenal medulla | the core of the gland; secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which prepare the body for "fight or flight," as does the sympathetic nervous system | | 169 |
| 1379041865 | Pancreas | An endocrine gland located near the stomach that produces the hormone insulin | | 170 |
| 1379041866 | genotype | an organism's genetic code | | 171 |
| 1379041867 | genes | Basic units of heredity that contain the individual's genetic code | | 172 |
| 1379041868 | DNA | the basic chemical material in chromosomes that carries the individuals genetic code | | 173 |
| 1379041869 | chromosomes | rod like structures in the cell nucleus that house the individuals genes | | 174 |
| 1379041870 | nature-nurture problem | The debate in psychology about the relative influences of genetics and environment in determining behavior | | 175 |
| 1379041871 | phenotype | The observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism representing the influences of the genotype and environment | | 176 |
| 1379041872 | polygenic traits | Traits that are influenced by multiple genes interacting in complex ways | | 177 |
| 1379041873 | zygote | a fertilized egg cell | | 178 |
| 1379041874 | insulin | a hormone produced by the pancreas, regulates the concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. | | 179 |
| 1379041875 | lesion studies | examining the psychological effects of damage to the brain; responsible for much of knowledge on cortical localization | | 180 |
| 1379041876 | ablation | Surgical excision or amputation of a body part or tissue. | | 181 |
| 1379041877 | Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. | | 182 |
| 1379041878 | Accommodation | (perceptual) - The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. | | 183 |
| 1379041879 | Acuity | The sharpness of vision. | | 184 |
| 1379041880 | Anosmia | The inability to smell. | | 185 |
| 1379041881 | Audition | The sense of hearing. | | 186 |
| 1379041882 | Basilar Membrane | Runs the length of the spiraled cochlea, holds the auditory receptors. | | 187 |
| 1379041883 | Binocular Cues | Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes. | | 188 |
| 1379041884 | Blind Spot | The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and does not contain receptor cells. | | 189 |
| 1379041885 | Bottom-up Processing | Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. | | 190 |
| 1379041886 | Cochlea | A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. | | 191 |
| 1379041887 | Cocktail Party Effect | The ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many. | | 192 |
| 1379041888 | Color Constancy | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. | | 193 |
| 1379041889 | Conduction Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. | | 194 |
| 1379041890 | Cones | Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. | | 195 |
| 1379041891 | Convergence | A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes turn inward when looking at an object. | | 196 |
| 1379041892 | Cornea | The curved, transparent, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye. | | 197 |
| 1379041893 | Dark Adaptation | The process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination. | | 198 |
| 1379041894 | Depth Perception | The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. | | 199 |
| 1379041895 | Difference Threshold | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. (Also called just noticeable difference or jnd.) | | 200 |
| 1379041896 | Eardrum | The thin, semitransparent, oval-shaped membrane that separates the middle ear from the external ear. | | 201 |
| 1379041897 | Extrasensory Perception | (ESP) - The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. | | 202 |
| 1379041898 | Farsightedness | A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina. | | 203 |
| 1379041899 | Feature Detectors | Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. | | 204 |
| 1379041900 | Figure-ground | The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. | | 205 |
| 1379041901 | Fovea | The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. | | 206 |
| 1379041902 | Frequency | The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). | | 207 |
| 1379041903 | Frequency Theory | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. | | 208 |
| 1379041904 | Gate-control Theory | The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. | | 209 |
| 1379041905 | Gestalt | An organized whole. Emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. | | 210 |
| 1379041906 | Grouping | The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. | | 211 |
| 1379041907 | Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. | | 212 |
| 1379041908 | Hue | The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. | | 213 |
| 1379041909 | Human Factors Psychology | A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors. | | 214 |
| 1379041910 | Inner Ear | The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. | | 215 |
| 1379041911 | Intensity | The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. | | 216 |
| 1379041912 | Iris | A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. | | 217 |
| 1379041913 | Kinesthesis | The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. | | 218 |
| 1379041914 | Lens | The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. | | 219 |
| 1379041915 | Middle Ear | The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. | | 220 |
| 1379041916 | Monocular Cues | Distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone. | | 221 |
| 1379041917 | Motion Parallax | (relative motion) - Monocular cue for depth that involves images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates. | | 222 |
| 1379041918 | Nearsightedness | A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina. | | 223 |
| 1379041919 | Olfaction | The sense of smell. | | 224 |
| 1379041920 | Opponent-process Theory | (color) - The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. | | 225 |
| 1379041921 | Optic Nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. | | 226 |
| 1379041922 | Parallel Processing | The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. | | 227 |
| 1379041923 | Perception | The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. | | 228 |
| 1379041924 | Perceptual Adaptation | In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. | | 229 |
| 1379041925 | Perceptual Constancy | Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. | | 230 |
| 1379041926 | Perceptual Set | A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. | | 231 |
| 1379041927 | Pheromones | Chemicals released by one animal and detected by another that shape the second animal's behavior or physiology. | | 232 |
| 1379041928 | Phi Phenomenon | An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession. | | 233 |
| 1379041929 | Pitch | A tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency. | | 234 |
| 1379041930 | Place Theory | In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. | | 235 |
| 1379041931 | Psychophysics | The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. | | 236 |
| 1379041932 | Pupil | The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. | | 237 |
| 1379041933 | Retina | The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. | | 238 |
| 1379041934 | Retinal Disparity | A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the difference between the two images, the closer the object. | | 239 |
| 1379041935 | Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. | | 240 |
| 1379041936 | Selective Attention | The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect. | | 241 |
| 1379041937 | Sensation | The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. | | 242 |
| 1379041938 | Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. | | 243 |
| 1379041939 | Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. | | 244 |
| 1379041940 | Sensory Interaction | The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. | | 245 |
| 1379041941 | Shape Constancy | Refers to our perceiving an object as retaining its shape even when the shape it casts on the retina changes. | | 246 |
| 1379041942 | Signal Detection Theory | A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. | | 247 |
| 1379041943 | Size Constancy | The perception that an object remains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus on the retina. | | 248 |
| 1379041944 | Stroboscopic Motion | An illusion in which images flashed in rapid succession are perceived as moving. | | 249 |
