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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 12 Flashcards

The Cell Cycle

1200523453	cell division	process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	0
1200523454	cell cycle	sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces	1
1200523455	genome	the complete genetic material contained in an individual	2
1200523456	chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	3
1200523457	chromatin	granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins	4
1200523458	somatic cells	all the cells of your body except your sex cells	5
1200523459	gametes	reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells	6
1200523460	sister chromatids	identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase	7
1200523461	centromere	the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis	8
1200523462	mitosis	in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes	9
1200523463	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm during cell division	10
1200523464	M phase	the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	11
1200523465	interphase	the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions	12
1200523466	G1 phase	The first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	13
1200523467	S phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	14
1200523468	G2 phase	stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles	15
1200523469	prophase	the replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids, condense. Outside the nucleus, the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosornes, which have replicated and moved apart.	16
1200523470	prometaphase	starts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetochores and undergo active movement.	17
1200523471	metaphase	chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles. The kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle.	18
1200523472	anaphase	the sister chromatids separate to form two daughter chromorosomes, each is pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces The kinetochore microtubules get shorter, and the spindle poles also move apart	19
1200523473	telophase	last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform	20
1200523474	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.	21
1200523475	centrosome	Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.	22
1200523476	aster	star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis	23
1200523477	kinetochore	A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	24
1200523478	metaphase plate	An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles	25
1200523479	cleavage furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	26
1200523480	cell plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	27
1200523481	origin of replication	The specific location on a DNa strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome.	28
1200523482	binary fission	a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	29
1200523483	cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	30
1200523484	checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	31
1200523485	cyclin	protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle	32
1200523486	CDKs	enzymes in an inactive form that are present in consistent concentrations over the cell cycle; *most significant enzyme in regulating cell cycle	33
1200523487	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.	34
1200523488	G0 phase	A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.	35
1200523489	growth factor	one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells	36
1200523490	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	37
1200523491	anchorage dependence	The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.	38
1200523492	transformation	the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell	39
1200523493	malignant tumor	an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.	40
1200523494	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin	41
1200523495	metastasis	spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body	42
1200523496	platelet derived growth factor	secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an area of injury, this is an agent that stimulates fibroblasts to multiply and synthesize collagen	43

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Chemistry 1 Elements and Symbols Flashcards

Chemistry 1 Elements and Symbols
Chemistry 1
Based on latest periodic table as of 2014; contains the names of the elements and their symbols. This does NOT have any element above the atomic number 100.

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1627111190	Hydrogen	H	0
1627111191	Helium	He	1
1627111192	Lithium	Li	2
1627111193	Beryllium	Be	3
1627111194	Boron	B	4
1627111195	Carbon	C	5
1627111196	Nitrogen	N	6
1627111197	Oxygen	O	7
1627111198	Fluorine	F	8
1627111199	Neon	Ne	9
1627111200	Sodium	Na	10
1627111201	Magnesium	Mg	11
1627111202	Aluminum	Al	12
1627111203	Silicon	Si	13
1627111204	Phosphorus	P	14
1627111205	Sulfur	S	15
1627111206	Chlorine	Cl	16
1627111207	Argon	Ar	17
1627111208	Potassium	K	18
1627111209	Calcium	Ca	19
1627111210	Scandium	Sc	20
1627111211	Titanium	Ti	21
1627111212	Vanadium	V	22
1627111213	Chromium	Cr	23
1627111214	Manganese	Mn	24
1627111215	Iron	Fe	25
1627111216	Cobalt	Co	26
1627111217	Nickel	Ni	27
1627111218	Copper	Cu	28
1627111219	Zinc	Zn	29
1627111220	Gallium	Ga	30
1627111221	Germanium	Ge	31
1627111222	Arsenic	As	32
1627111223	Selenium	Se	33
1627111224	Bromine	Br	34
1627111225	Krypton	Kr	35
1627111226	Rubidium	Rb	36
1627111227	Strontium	Sr	37
1627111228	Yttrium	Y	38
1627111229	Zirconium	Zr	39
1627111230	Niobium	Nb	40
1627111231	Molybdenum	Mo	41
1627111232	Technetium	Tc	42
1627111233	Ruthenium	Ru	43
1627111234	Rhodium	Rh	44
1627111235	Palladium	Pd	45
1627111236	Silver	Ag	46
1627111237	Cadmium	Cd	47
1627111238	Indium	In	48
1627111239	Tin	Sn	49
1627111240	Antimony	Sb	50
1627111241	Tellurium	Te	51
1627111242	Iodine	I	52
1627111243	Xenon	Xe	53
1627111244	Cesium	Cs	54
1627111245	Barium	Ba	55
1627111246	Lanthanum	La	56
1627111247	Cerium	Ce	57
1627111248	praseodymium	Pr	58
1627111249	Neodymium	Nd	59
1627111250	Promethium	Pm	60
1627111251	Samarium	Sm	61
1627111252	Europium	Eu	62
1627111253	Gadolinium	Gd	63
1627111254	Terbium	Tb	64
1627111255	Dysprosium	Dy	65
1627111256	Holmium	Ho	66
1627111257	Erbium	Er	67
1627111258	Thulium	Tm	68
1627111259	Ytterbium	Yb	69
1627111260	Lutetium	Lu	70
1627111261	Hafnium	Hf	71
1627111262	Tantalum	Ta	72
1627111263	Tungsten	W	73
1627111264	Rhenium	Re	74
1627111265	Osmium	Os	75
1627111266	Iridium	Ir	76
1627111267	Platinum	Pt	77
1627111268	Gold	Au	78
1627111269	Mercury	Hg	79
1627111270	Thallium	Tl	80
1627111271	Lead	Pb	81
1627111272	Bismuth	Bi	82
1627111273	Polonium	Po	83
1627111274	Astatine	At	84
1627111275	Radon	Rn	85
1627111276	Francium	Fr	86
1627111277	Radium	Ra	87
1627111278	Actinium	Ac	88
1627111279	Thorium	Th	89
1627111280	Proctactinium	Pa	90
1627111281	Uranium	U	91
1627111282	Neptunium	Np	92
1627111283	Plutonium	Pu	93
1627111284	Americium	Am	94
1627111285	Curium	Cm	95
1627111286	Berkelium	Bk	96
1627111287	Californium	Cf	97
1627111288	Einsteinium	Es	98
1627111289	Fermium	Fm	99

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Chemistry Final Flashcards

Honors Chemistry freshman and sophtmore final flashcards

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1973901629	Significant Figures	Number of digits in a figure that express the precision of a measurement instead of its magnitude. Record one decimal place farther than what is marked.	0
1973901630	determining significant figures	every nonzero number is significant zeroes appearing between nonzero numbers are significant zeroes to left of significant digit are nonsignificant zeroes to right and after decimal place are always significant zeroes to the right but not before a decimal place are nonsignificant	1
1973901631	adding and subtracting significant figures	the answer should due rounded off so as to contain the same number of decimal places as the number with the least number of decimal places. In other words, an answer can be only as precise as the number with the least precision.	2
1973901632	multiplying and dividing significant figures	the answer should be rounded off to contain the same number of digits as found in the LEAST precise of the values.	3
1973901633	Accuracy	how close a measurement is to the actual value %error= \|experimental -actual value\| ------------------------ x100 actual value	4
1973901634	Precision	How close measurements are to each other (how fr away from each other) %difference=\|experimental value-average value\| ------------------------------ x100 average value	5
1973901635	Atomos Model	Created by John Dalton (1802), JJ thompson, Ruthford, bohr evidence: law of conservation of mass, law of definite pre portions, law of multiple proportions Conclusions: -All matter is composed of atoms -Atoms of an element are identical -Atoms of different elements are different from each other -Compounds form by combining atoms in small whole # ratios -Chemical reactions occur by combining the same atoms in a different way	6
1973901636	Plum pudding model	Created by JJ Thompson (1904) and Robert milikan (1911) Evidence: Cathode ray tube, oil drop experiment Conclusion: all atoms contain the same small, negative charged particle (mass/charge). the particle's charge is 1.6x10⁻¹⁹.	7
1973901637	Cathode ray tube	Results: -beam travels from cathode to anode -spinning pinwheel shows that the beam has mass -bending of beam shows that it is negatively charged -radius of curvature exposes the ratio of particles Thompson changes the cathode materials and gas inside tube. Same mass/charge ratio regardless of construction Conclusion: All atoms contain the same small, negatively charged particles JJ thompson couldn't find the ratio of mass to charge (continues with oil drop experiment)	8
1973901638	Oil drop experiment	Created by robert millikan (1911) Procedure: -measures radius of oil drops -determines charge on oil drops -all oil droplets had different charges Results: Oil drops all have a charge that is a multiple of a small # Conclusion: Atoms contain a small negative particle whose charge is 1.6x10⁻¹⁹ C.	9
1973901639	Law of conservation of mass	mass cannot be created nor destroyed	10
1973901640	Law of definite porportions	the %, by mass, of elements in a compound is constant	11
1973901641	law of multiple proportions	if two elements form more than one compound, then the ratio of mass of element A that combines with one gram of element B is in small whole number ratios.	12
1973901642	Theory	well tested explanation of results	13
1973901643	Nuclear model	Created by: Ernst Ruthford (1911) evidence: gold foil experiment conclusion: atoms are mostly empty space, there are small dense, positively charged areas in an atom (nucleus)	14
1973901644	Gold Foil Experiment	created by : ernst rutherford Results: Most alpha particles passed straight through some deflected at small angles a few particles deflected backwards conclusion: atoms are mostly empty space small dense positively charged areas in an atom	15
1973901645	alpha particle	nucleus of helium atom No electrons	16
1973901646	Isotope	atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons	17
1973901647	Planetary Model	Created: Neils Bohr evidence: electrons in atoms orbit in nucleus electrons orbit stabily in shells	18
1973901648	ions	charged particles different # of electrons can be monatomic (one atom) or polyatomic (more than one atom)	19
1973901649	cations	fewer e⁻ than p+	20
1973901650	anion	more e⁻ than p+	21
1973901651	atomic weight	average mass of isotopes in an element	22
1973901652	density	mass/volume	23
1973901653	alkali metal	any metal i group 1a of periodic table as you go down it gets more explosive as you go down the ionization energy gets lower as you go down electronegativity gets lower as you go down the atomic radius increases	24
1973901654	alkaline earth metal	any metal in group 2a of periodic table as you go down the ionization energy gets lower as you go down electronegativity gets lower as you go down the atomic radius increases	25
1973901655	Halogens	nonmetal in group 7a of periodic table	26
1973901656	Noble gases	an element in group 8a, s and p sub levels are filled not reactive does not attract electrons (no electronegativity)	27
1973901657	transition metals	metals not apart of any special group	28
1973901658	inner transition metal	the metals separate of the actual periodic table	29
1973901659	mendeleev	created of periodic table (1869) organizes elements by relative atomic weight groups by similar properties leaves gaps for undiscovered element predict properties of missing elements	30
1973901660	chemical formulas	come from mass % in compounds (mass ratio) ratio of atoms in a compound Amount- chemical formulas give # of pieces, from the mass	31
1973901661	Mole	heap or pile of things in an element 1mole =6.02x10²³ particles molar mass 22.4 L/mole (for every element) at STP	32
1973901662	amadeo awagadio	created the idea that there is som huge # of atoms (a pile) who's mass in grams is equal to its relative atomic mass in amu's.	33
1973901663	amu	atomic mass units	34
1973901664	molar mass	mass of one mole (atomic weight)	35
1973901665	mole→particles	# moles x 6.02x10²³ particles	36
1973901666	mole→volume	# moles x 22.4L/mole	37
1973901667	mole→mass	# moles x molar mass	38
1973901668	mass→mole	mass / molar mass	39
1973901669	volume→mole	volume /22.4L	40
1973901670	particles→mole	# particles / 6.02x10²³	41
1973901671	particles	the number of atoms or molecules in an element	42
1973901672	emperical formula	expermentally determined GIVES RATO OF ATOMS divide everything by the smallest # of atoms in one of the elements, it gives the ratio. -if given the mass, then find the number of moles then convert to atoms. TO FIND: a) find moles b) find simplest ratio (by /ing by smallest # of moles) -when you have %, assume 100g.	43
1974028813	Diatomic elements	elements when found in natue are in groups of 2 (A₂) elements: H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂ Br₂, I₂	44
1974028814	aq (aqueous)	dissolved in water	45
1974028815	s(soluable)	dissolves in water	46
1974028816	i (insoluable)	doesn't dissolve in water	47
1974028817	molecular formula	shows the ratio of atoms in experiment	48
1974088351	Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum	The spectrum of light lowest energy to left, highest energy to right lowest frequency at left, highest to right long wavelength to left, short to right Light included: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, xray, gamma ray. all travel at 3.00x10⁸m/s	49
1974088352	RADAR	radio detection and raging	50
1974088353	wavelength	distance between corresponding parts of successive waves. measured in meters. (meters/wave)	51
1974088354	frequency	# of waves that pass a point in a given amount of time (waves/second)=hertz (Hz)	52
1974088355	amplitude	waves height from bottom of wave to crest	53
1974088356	speed of light (light equation)	constant=wavelength x frequency where c= 3.00x10⁸m/s	54
1974088357	relationship between wavelength and frequency	as wavelength increases, frequency decreases (inverse relationship)	55
1974088358	indirect proportion	a graph where y is proportional to 1/x y=k(1/x)... k=slope inverse relationship- if one value goes up the other value goes down	56
1974088359	direct proportion	a graph where y is proportional to x.	57
1974088360	energy of light equation	E=h x frequency where h=6.63x10⁻³⁴j/hz any light wave	58
1974088361	mili	10⁻³	59
1974088362	micro	10⁻⁶	60
1974088363	nano	10⁻⁹	61
1974088364	kilo	10³	62
1974088365	mega	10⁶	63
1974088366	periodic	regularly occurring event	64
1974088367	quantization	only certain allowed quantities	65
1974088368	production of color	1) excite e⁻ to higher E level (add energy) 2) e⁻ drops to ground state emitting energy	66
1974088369	Periodic trends	atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity	67
1974088370	Atomic radius	distance between the nucleus and outer e⁻ -increases top to bottom -decreases left→right biggest at lower left corner of periodic table. smallest at upper right corner of periodic table	68
1974088371	Ionization energy	how much energy is needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom -decreases top to bottom -increases left→right lowest at lower left corner of table. highest at upper right corner.	69
1974088372	electronegativity	ability to attract electrons by forming bonds(noble gasses have none bc they don't attract e⁻ bc outer electron shell is full) -decreases top to bottom -increases left→right lowest at lower left corner of table. highest at upper right corner. (ignore noble gases)	70
1974088373	atomic spectra	bright line spectra -e⁻ absorbs energy (only absorb certain wavelength) moves to higher energy level -electrons return to ground state emitting E	71
1974088374	molecular spectra	not bright lines -e⁻ absorb E (only certain wavelength) -e⁻ don't return to ground state immediately	72
1974088375	heisenberg uncertainty principle	you may not know both the position and momentum (velocity) of a particle	73
1974088376	s orbitals	spheres. gets bigger as # gets bigger (4s>2s) 1 on each level	74
1974088377	p orbitals	pea shapes bigger energy=bigger orbitals 3 on each level	75
1974088378	d orbitals	lobe shape bigger energy=bigger orbitals 5 on each level	76
1974088379	f orbitals	7 on each level	77
1974146875	electronic configuration rules	aufbau principle, pouli exclusion principle, hunds rule	78
1974146876	aufbau principle	electrons occupy lowest available energy level (lazy elections)	79
1974146877	Pouli exclusion principle	An orbital can hold at most two electors. electrons mush have opposite spins to be in the same oprital	80
1974146878	Hunds rule	electrons will occupy separate orbitals unless energy considerations fore them to occupy the same orbital.	81
1974146879	Energy increasing levels	1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f...	82
1974209923	valence e⁻	electrons in highest energy level f and d levels will never be valence e⁻	83
1974209924	Naming ions	name cation( first element) name anion (second element) change end to ide	84
1974209925	ionic compounds	composed of cations and anions composed of metals and nonmetals	85
1974209926	ionic bond	bond between metals or metals and nonmetals that bond because one loses an electron and the other needs and electron anything that is 50% or more ionic character, then it is an ionic bond.	86
1974209927	covalent bond	bond between nonmetals in which both shares the same electron	87
1974209928	molecular compounds	composed of only nonmetals composed of only covalent bonds	88
1974209929	naming ionic compounds	metals with nonmetals 1) name the cation a. if only one, go and name cation b. if more than one, use roman numeral to give the cation charge. cation is the metal 2) name the anion	89
1974209930	naming molecular compounds	1)use greek prefixes to state how many atoms of each type 2) change last name to -ide	90
1974209931	mono	one	91
1974209932	di	2	92
1974209933	tri	3	93
1974209934	tetra	4	94
1974209935	pent	5	95
1974209936	hexa	6	96
1974209937	hepta	7	97
1974209938	octa	8	98
1974209939	nona	9	99
1974209940	deca	10	100
1974209941	Acids	something with H⁺ makes it an acid ionic compounds with H⁺ as the cation	101
1974209942	Naming acids	1) name according to anion that is present 2) name anions	102
1974209943	naming -ite anions in acid	_________ous acid	103
1974209944	naming -ate anions in acid	___________ic acid	104
1974209945	naming -ide anion in acid	hydro______ic acid	105
1974209946	Balanced reactions	-accurately reflect the conservation of mass -can change coefficients -cannot change formula	106
1974209947	combustion reaction	substance + oxygen→oxides Hints: look for things that can produce oxides	107
1974209948	Single replacement reaction	element+ionic→different element +related ionic Hints: metals replace cations nonmetals replace anions	108
1974209949	Double replacement	ionic + ionic→related ionic+related ionic Hints: switch last names	109
1974209950	Decomposition reaction	compound→substance +substance Hints: Look for CO₂, H₂O and O₂ check what remains is a ligitiment formula	110
1974209951	Combination reaction	substance + substance →compound Hints: Look to produce common ionic cmpds. metal oxide+H₂O→ metal hydroxide nonmetal oxide + H₂O→acid	111
1974209952	Limiting reagent	the reactant that runs out first	112
1974209953	excess reagent	reactant that you have enough of	113
1974209954	decant	pour off liquid and save solid	114
1974209955	% yeild	actual yeild --------- x100% possible yeild (theoretical yeild)→calculated value	115
1974209956	manipulated variable	changed variable	116
1974209957	responding variable	variable observed	117
1974209958	heterogeneous mixture	composition is not uniform (separate)	118
1974209959	Homogenous mixture	composition is uniform	119
1974209960	physical change	some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not hange	120
1974209961	Chemical change	the composition of something completely changes	121
1974446244	Ammonium	NH₄⁺	122
1974446245	Acetate	C₂H₃O₂⁻	123
1974446246	Chlorate	ClO₃⁻	124
1974446247	Chlorite	ClO₂⁻	125
1974446248	Cyanide	CN⁻	126
1974446249	Hydrogen Carbonate	HCO₃⁻	127
1974446250	Hydrogen sulfate	HSO₄⁻	128
1974446251	Hydrogen sulfite	HSO₃⁻	129
1974446252	Hydroxide	OH⁻	130
1974446253	Hypochlorite	ClO⁻	131
1974446254	Iodate	IO₃⁻	132
1974446255	Nitrate	NO₃⁻	133
1974446256	Nitrite	NO₂⁻	134
1974446257	Perchlorate	ClO₄⁻	135
1974446258	Permanganate	MnO₄⁻	136
1974446259	Carbonate	CO₃²⁻	137
1974446260	chromate	CrO₄²⁻	138
1974446261	Dichromate	Cr₂O₇²⁻	139
1974446262	Hydrogen Phoshate	HPO₄²⁻	140
1974446263	Oxalate	C₂O₄²⁻	141
1974446264	Selenate	SeO₄²⁻	142
1974446265	sulfate	SO₄²⁻	143
1974446266	Sulfite	SO₃²⁻	144
1974446267	Arsenate	AsO₄³⁻	145
1974446268	Phosphate	PO₄³⁻	146
1974446269	Phosphite	PO₃³⁻	147
1974446270	theoretical yield	the calculated yield	148
2081888269	element	simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties	149
2081889937	compound	contains two or more elements chemically combines in a fixed proportion. can be broken down into simpler substance	150
2081894985	chemical change	change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter	151
2081901154	substance	if the composition of a material is fixed, the material is a substance.	152
2081903077	mixture	if the composition of a material may vary, the material is a mixture	153
2081909084	mass number of an element	the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom	154
2081914892	How do you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?	number of neutrons=mass number-atomic number	155
2081919942	how do you write the shorthand notation using the atomic number and the mass number?	the chemical symbol Au, the atomic number is the subscript. the mass number is the superscript (¹⁹⁷₇₉Au) or can be written just using the mass number (gold - 197)	156
2081959528	atomic mass	the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. how to determine: take all the masses you have for that element (protons and neutrons) and average them.... mass of the protons and the neutrons	157
2083974139	Relationship between pressure and volume	p₁xv₁=p₂xv₂ indirect proportion only if temperature is constant	158
2083979392	relationship between pressure and temperature	p₁/t₁=p₂/t₂ direct proportion only if volume is constant	159
2083984138	relationship between volume and temperature	v₁/t₁=v₂/t₂ direct proportion only if pressure is constant	160
2083989512	combined gas law	(p₁xv₁)/t₁=(p₂xv₂)/t₂	161
2083993974	ideal gas law	pv=nRt preassure x volume= moles x constant x temperature	162
2083997934	value of R in atmospheric units	.0821 atmxL/molexk	163
2084001536	value of R in kPa	8.31 kPaxL/molexk	164
2084004058	value of R in mmHg and torr	62.4mmHg(or torr)xL/molexk	165
2084007424	values at STP	0ºC, 273 K, 101.3 kPa, 1.0 atm, 760 mmHg or torr,	166
2084015526	preassure formula	force/area	167
2084019504	rate of speed of diffusion formula	Ua .......√ molar mass b ------- = -------------- Ub......... mollar mass a	168
2084047220	binary compound	where 2 elements react to join in a compoud	169

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Honors Chemistry Lab Equiment Flashcards

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219202529	beaker		0
219202530	Erlenmeyer flask		1
219202531	Florence flask		2
219202532	graduated cylinder	measures liquid volume	3
219202533	wash bottle		4
219202534	test tube		5
219202535	funnel		6
219202536	test tube brush		7
219202537	test tube rack		8
219202538	crucible and cover	used to dry or melt solids	9
219202539	crucible tongs		10
219202540	ring support		11
219202541	ring stand		12
219202542	bunsen burner (Tirrill type)		13
219202543	utility clamp		14
219202544	clay triangle	holds a crucible in direct flame	15
219202545	buret clamp		16
219202546	wire gauze	used over a ring to support containers	17
219202547	test tube holder		18
219202548	spatula		19
219202549	scoopula		20
219202550	evaporating dish	used without a lid to heat and dry substances	21
219202551	watch glass	a container or temporary lid	22
219202552	pneumatic trough	used for collecting gases	23

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Mesoamerica Flashcards

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442998821	Archeologist	They study ancient history by looking at graves, buildings and tools	0
180045594	Hoe	A tool used for agriculture	1
253982038	Trowel	A small shovel	2
688211204	Prehistoric	Something that happened before recorded history	3
213201825	Nomads	People who travelled for food and shelter	4
125424895	Civilization	A group of people living together for many generations	5
491816410	Hieroglyphs	Sacred carving that stands for a word	6
109047230	Boon	A help or blessing	7
170088822	Intolerance	Not accepting another's belief or custom	8
877420033	Scholars	A specialist in a particular area of study	9
537492108	Conquest	Taking something by force, like Spain took the Americas	10
653444449	Epigrapher	A person who studies ancient writings	11
52166736	Land bridge	A bridge of land that once connected two continents	12
341081854	Beast of burden	Mule, donkey, horse	13
276799737	Sky dragon	One who is so infused into the hippie culture that they forget that one needs to actually work to get something achieved. They also tend to forget to buy new clean clothes. This is a group of people who will pay more for used goods than new ones.	14
192016763	Drought	A shortage of water for a long time	15
88538616	Foul temper	Not happy	16
820288714	Maize	Corn	17
99876094	Fickle	Changing loyalty frequently	18
387045126	Thatched roof hut	A small structure with grass, twigs and sticks for a roof	19
77880180	Codices	Ancient type of book written by hand	20
770517982	Vari-colored	Lots of colors	21
921827836	Hypothetical	A theory based on possibilities not facts	22
586091578	Sprawl	Spread out	23
851129637	Willy-nilly	All over the place	24
111000166	Excavated	Digging things out of the ground	25
176955909	Tortilla	Flat pancake made from maize	26
852669525	Spindle	Pointed rod that twists the wool into thread; done by hand	27
19454067	Obsidian	Hard rock black in color	28
350201144	Terrace	Series of flat areas built like steps on the side of a hill so crops can be grown	29
274651141	Cacahuatl	A chocolate drink	30
106214803	Cacoa pods	An evergreen tropical American tree having leathery, ellipsoid, ten-ribbed fruits borne on the trunks and older branches. Also called chocolate tree.	31
875953802	Midden	Refuse heap	32
1867268742	Mother colture	A mother culture is a term for an earlier people's culture that has great and widespread influence on some later cultures and people. Though the original culture may fade, the mother culture's influence grows for ages in the future.	33
1428295898	Radiocarbon	A machine that tells what time something dates back to	34
1615085915	Levees	Something like a ditch to keep water	35
851436372	Sacred	Something special that people worship	36
560989600	Basalt	a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock	37
2303571752	Ceramic	made of clay and hardened by heat.	38
2303576063	Deity	A God or godess	39
2303577037	Majestic	having or showing impressive beauty or dignity.	40
2303587171	Reservoir	a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.	41
2303577793	Citadel	a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city.	42
2303579487	Hypothetical	What ifs	43
2303580491	Pandemonium	wild and noisy disorder or confusion; uproar.	44
2303582020	Vandal	a person who deliberately destroys or damages public or private property.	45
2303582608	Pilgrim	a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.	46
2406954136	Galley	a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banks of oars, chiefly used for warfare, trade, and piracy.	47
2406958168	Awning	a sheet of canvas or other material stretched on a frame and used to keep the sun or rain off a storefront, window, doorway, or deck.	48
2406958556	Mantle	a loose sleeveless cloak or shawl, worn especially by women. synonyms:	49
2406963932	Relief	a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress.	50
2406964483	Efficient	working in a well-organized and competent way.	51
2406966949	Navigate	plan and direct the route or course of a ship, aircraft, or other form of transportation, especially by using instruments or maps.	52
2406967930	Cenote	A Cenote is a natural pit, or sinkhole resulting from the collapse of limestone bedrock that exposes groundwater underneath.	53
2406969354	Architectural	Definition of ARCHITECTURAL. 1 : of or relating to architecture : conforming to the rules of architecture. : having or conceived of as having a single unified overall design, form, or structure.	54

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mesoamerica Flashcards

mesoamerica terms for ashman

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42962781	mesoamerica	Everything north of the isthmus of Panama is considered North America The Rio Grande is what separates Mexico from the U.S. In Alaska was where the land bridge (Bering Strait) was Debate among academics still over when and how people reached the Americas	0
42962782	maya	built large cities, had a golden age known as the Classic Period, city-states, started off living scattered across the land, developed two methods of farming-burning trees down and lifts for flood season for areas on riverbanks, individual and powerful city-states developed, but no empire formed before the golden age, maintained contact with the other city-states through economic exchange, trade generated much wealth, majority were farmers, farmers paid taxes, had slaves, impressive advances in learning and the arts, complex polytheistic religion, known for stone palaces and temples, temples for sacrifices, palaces were most likely royal residences, made stelas, hieroglyphic writing system, recently deciphered, wrote about astronomy, rituals and other religious matters on bark paper, Spanish conquerors later burned most of these books but three remained, needed to measure time accurately for religious ceremonies (priests), developed an accurate 365 day calendar and a 260 day ritual calendar, also invented a number system with place values and the concept of zero, ad 900 abandoned many of their cities, declined to farming villages by the time the Spanish arrived, many Mayan people survived and still live there today	1
42962783	stela	elaborate tall commemorative monument-often decorated, in this case made of stone, images of rulers and Mayan gods	2
42962784	aztec	some time after A.D. 1200, nomadic people from the north migrated into the valley of Mexico, spoke Nahuatl and believed came from same origin place: aztlan=Aztecs, capital and chinampas, greatly expanded territory, war brought wealth and power, gained tributes, single ruler, high up council elected an emperor, emperors nobles warriors were the class distinctions at the top in order, priests were in class all their own they worked to please the gods and prevent disasters, middle class with traders, common were farmers, bottom was serfs and slaves, could own land and but their freedom though, polytheistic, worshipped Quetzalcoatl as well, also worshipped the gods of the people of Teotihuacan, offered human sacrifices every day to help the sun rise, believed that gods often sacrificed themselves for humans, plentiful sacrifices from prisoners of war, priests were the keepers of knowledge, used math and astronomy to predict the future, created 2 calendars like the Mayans, developed medicine	3
42962785	valley of mexico	where the nomadic peoples migrated to	4
42962786	tenochtitlán	capital city, legend is that their gods told them to look for an eagle holding a snake in its beak perching atop a cactus, swampy island in lake texcoco, today Mexico city is on the same spot, connected to mainland by wide stone causeways	5
42962787	teotihuacán	dominated life in the valley of Mexico, pyramid of the sun, pyramid of the moon, massive temples, apartment buildings, wide roads, culture survived after it fell in other Mesoamerican cultures	6
42962788	chinampas	artificial islands made of mud piled atop reed mats that were anchored to the shallow lake bed with willow trees, called floating gardens and many crops were grown on them such as maize	7
42962789	inca	south America, western edge, variety of terrains, farmers grew plants, domesticated animals, developed artisan skills, many different peoples over time (moche, chavin), most powerful of the Andean civilizations, formed first dynasty in 1100s, proclaimed himself emperor, enlisted conquered people in his armies, large empire, claimed to be divine, gold was his symbol, Sapa Inca, trade did not play a major role in their society, periodically he would call for workers for a short time, local chieftains helped rule, then officials were under them and recorded information on quipus, enforced their religion on conquered people, made large bridges tunnels, fantastic roads, runners for messages, stationed at positions, ordinary people couldn't use roads, Cuzco is capital, temple of the sun made of enormous stone blocks, extremely precise even to the point of surviving earthquakes, strictly regulated peoples lives, assigned each family jobs, government officials arranged marriages, created terraces for farming, spent some time for themselves and some time farming for the temple and emperor, learned to blend copper and gold and other metals, mastered weaving, cotton, important medical practices, procedures similar to today, mummified dead, worshipped gods for natural forces, many festivals, ceremonies sports games, chief god was the sun god, civil war over next ruler right before the invaders came	8
42962790	sapa inca	Incan leader in charge, title of the Inca emperor	9
42962791	cuzco	the capital of the Incan empire	10
42962792	quipu	knotted strings used by Incan officials for record-keeping	11
42962793	ayllu	leader of each Incan village	12

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MESOAMERICA Flashcards

Social Studies 3

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1471301944	What were three crops the Mesoamericans grew?	Maize (corn), beans, squash	0
1471301945	How did the early peoples of Mesoamerica use the natural resources of the region?	Mesoamericans carved jade to make jewelry, they made sharp weapons from obsidian, they carved basalt into huge statues	1
1471301946	What were the two mountain ranges in northern Mesoamerica?	Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre Occidental	2
1471301947	When it rains what happens to the limestone of the Yucatan Peninsula?	The rainfall dissolves the limestone, creating underground streams and caves.	3
1471301948	What are sink holes? What do they provide?	Sink holes are natural wells created when the roof of underground streams collapse. They provide drinking water.	4
1471301949	What were the differences among the social classes in Olmec civilization?	It was based on wealth and power. The priests and government officials were the most powerful, then came the merchantsn and craftspeople, and finally the farmers at the lowest level.	5
1471301950	How did Olmec people provide for their needs?	They were farmers. They grew corns, beans, squash. They also hunted and fished.	6
1471301951	What did the Olmec develop that would be used by later Mesoamerican civilizations?	They developed a number system, a calendar, and a form of writing.	7
1471301952	When did Mayan culture flourish?	Mayan civilization reached its peak about A.D. 250.	8
1471301953	How did the Maya bring water to places that needed it?	Using aqueducts.	9
1471301954	Why were so many artifacts found at the bottom of the cenotes	Cenotes were sacred to the Maya so the priests made sacrifices to them.	10
1471301955	What were some of the natural resources available to the Maya	Trees, water, and minerals.	11
1471301956	What contributions did the Maya make to mathematics?	They created a unique counting system, based on the unit of 20. They are believed to have been the first people in the world to use the idea of zero in calculations	12
1471301957	How were daily chores divided among members of Mayan culture?	Men worked in the fields, hunted an fished. Women and girls were responsible for all housekeeping chores. Young children learn about farming and housekeeping and play.	13
1471301958	What is one important way the Aztec differed from other Mesoamerican civilizations?	They built an empire.	14
1471301959	Why did the Mexica build their city on a swampy island in lake Texcoco?	Because most of the good land had already been taken.	15
1471301960	How long did Moctezuma I rule?	For 29 years (1440 - 1469)	16
1471301961	How did the Aztec build a large empire?	As they grew in strength and power they began conquering neighboring city-states. The Aztec were great warriors. Success in battle brought wealth and prisoners into the Aztec empire.	17
1471301962	Why did the Aztec believe that they needed to practice human sacrifice?	Because they thought that way they were honoring the gods. They believed the sun needed to be fueled by human sacrifice so that it would continue moving across the sky.	18
1471301963	What became of the Aztec Empire?	They were conquered by the Spanish in 1519.	19
1471301964	Mesoamerica	"Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America	20
1471301965	Plateau	an area of high, flat land	21
1471301966	Peninsula	a large mass of land projecting into a body of water	22
1471301967	Cenotes	sink holes, natural wells	23
1471301968	Theocracy	a government controlled by religious leaders	24
1471301969	Aqueduct	artificial channel for conducting water over a distance	25
1471301970	codex	a folding-screen book containing information about predicting the future and religious rituals	26
1471301971	mercenary	a hired soldier or warrior	27
1471301972	chinampas	floating farming islands made by the Aztec	28
1471301973	causeways	Raised roads across water or wet ground	29
1471301974	Mexica	The name given to themselves by the Aztec people	30
1471301975	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. . Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	31
1471301976	Moctezuma I	c. 1390 - 1469 Aztec ruler of the Aztec Empire who increased its size and wealth	32
1471301977	Moctezum II	King when spaniards arrived. Extended the empire and turned capital into a beautiful city.	33
1471301978	human sacrifice	Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Maya	34
1471301979	Hernando Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	35

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Mesoamerica Flashcards

The terms from the Mesoamerica chapter.

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999228024	Cuzco	capital of Inca Empire	0
999228025	Stela	a tall, flat stone, often carved with writing, used to mark an important historical event	1
999228026	Mesoamerica	region of North America, including Mexico and Central America, in which civilizations with common cutural features developed before Europeans entered the continent	2
999228027	Maize	corn	3
999228028	hieroglyphic	writing that uses pictures as symbols	4
999228029	Valley of Mexico	valley in Mexico in which the numerous Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Aztecs, arose	5
999228030	Tenochtitlán	capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built	6
999228031	Chinampas	in the Aztec empire, artificial islands used to cultivate crops and made of mud piled atop reed mats that were anchored to the lakebed with willow trees	7
999228032	Tribute	payment that conquered peoples may be forced to pay their conquerors	8
999228033	Teotihuacán	city that dominated the Valley of Mexico from about 200 A.D. to 750 A.D. and that influencedthe culture of later Mesoamerican peoples	9
999228034	social pyramid	a social structure in the shape of a pyramid with layers representing social classes of different rand or status. Example: Ruler, Nobles and Priests, Merchants and Artisans, Peasants, Slaves	10
999228035	ritual	a set of actions that is always performed in the same way as part of a religious ceremony - fasts, feasts, and sacrifices.	11
999228036	Adobe	a mixture of clay and plant fibers that becomes hard as it dries in the sun and that can be used for building	12
999228037	pok-a-tok	a Mayan ball game that had religious significance	13
999228038	sacrifice	a gift of an animal for slaughter as a way to honor gods	14
999228039	coming-of-age ceremony	a ceremony that celebrates the end of childhood and the acceptance into the adult community	15
999228040	slash-and-burn agriculture	a farming technique in which vegetation is cut away and burned to clear land for growing crops	16
999228041	Sapa Inca	emperor	17
999228042	Quipu	a collection of colored strings that were knotted in different ways to represent various numbers	18
999228043	Ayllu	in the Inca empire, a close-knitted village, clan or family	19
999228044	Inti	the sun god	20
999228045	Nahuatl	the language of all Aztec tribes	21
999228046	Quechua	the language of the Inca empire	22
999228047	Maya	a widespread civilization that was greatly influenced by the Olmecs	23
999228048	Aztec	nomadic people who migrated from the north and settled in the Valley of Mexico; had separate tribes that, together, became the Aztecs; shared the same language	24
999228049	mercenary	a soldier who is paid to fight for another country or group	25
999228050	alliance	a group of countries, city-states, or other entities who agree to work together, often to fight common enemies	26
999228051	aviary	an enclosed space or cage for keeping birds	27
999228052	causeway	a raised road built across water or low ground	28
999228053	dike	a wall or dam built to hold back water and prevent flooding	29
999228054	plaza	a public square or other open area in a city where people can gather	30
999228055	semidivine	more than human but not fully a god	31
999228056	hereditary	passed on from parent to child; inherited	32
999228057	ward	neighborhood that is a political unit within the city	33
999228058	dowry	a gift of money or goods presented to a man or woman upon marriage	34
999228059	litter	a seat or chair on which a person is carried; a kind of carriage for high-ranking people	35
999228060	communal	shared by a community or group	36
999228061	divination	the art of telling the future or finding hidden knowledge through religious means	37
999228062	oracle	a person through whom a god or spirit is believed to speak	38

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Ancient Civilizations Flashcards

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2664569434	Paleolithic Era	2.6 MYA - 10,000 BCE. A prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive of stone tools.	0
2664569435	Neolithic Revolution	10,000 - 8,000 BCE. A wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, allowing the ability to support an increasingly large population.	1
2664569436	Bronze Age	3,000 - 700 BCE. A time period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. Not universally synchronous.	2
2664569437	Civilization	Any complex state society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms, and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.	3
2664569438	Characteristics of Civilizations	Arts/architecture, cities, complex religions, food surplus, organized government, social stratification, specialization, trade, and written language.	4
2664569439	Mesopotamia	The name for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization. Included the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires.	5
2664569440	City-state	A sovereign city (meaning it makes its own laws and is not ruled by anyone else) that has adjoining lands that support it with agricultural goods.	6
2664569441	Empire	A geographically extensive group of diverse states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled by a central authority.	7
2664569442	Ancient Egypt	A civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.	8
2664569443	Kush	An ancient civilization in Africa. It is often referred to as Nubia and was similar to Ancient Egypt in many aspects including government, culture, and religion. In battle, Kush was famous for its archers. One of the most famous Kushite leaders was Piye who conquered Egypt and became pharaoh.	9
2664569444	Indus Valley	A civilization extending from what today is now Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River. At its peak it had a population of over five million. The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.	10
2664569445	Caste System	Introduced to India by the Aryans, people were divided into four varnas based on occupation and racial purity: Brahmins (scholars and priests) Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) Vaishyas (merchants, farmers, craftsmen) Sudras (servants)	11
2664569446	Hinduism	The beliefs, values, and customs comprising the dominant religion of India, characterized by the worship of many gods, including Brahma as supreme being, a caste system, belief in dharma, karma, reincarnation, and samsara.	12
2664569447	Buddhism	A nontheistic religion that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, "the awakened one". He shared his insights to help end human suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. This is accomplished through direct understanding of the Four Noble Truths. The ultimate goal is the attainment of Nirvana, reached by practicing the Eightfold Path.	13
2664569448	Shang	The dynasty that ruled the Yellow River civilization in China. Major archeological evidence used to prove the existence of the Shang dynasty was found in "oracle bones", which contained the earliest known body of Chinese writing.	14
2664569449	Zhou	Following the Shang dynasty, the Zhou lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history. Produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese bronze-ware making. The dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved into its modern form.	15
2664569450	Mandate of Heaven	An ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly. If the emperor does not fulfill his obligations then he loses the Mandate and therefore the right to be emperor. The fact that a ruler was overthrown was taken by itself as an indication that the ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven.	16
2664569451	Pre-Columbian America	An era that incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences. Many pre-Columbian civilizations established hallmarks that included permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. A few, such as the Maya civilization, had their own written records.	17
2664569452	Olmecs	The first "major" civilization in Mexico. They lived in tropical lowlands and because of abundant rainfall there was no need to build extensive irrigation systems. They laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed. They appeared to practice ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies.	18
2664569453	Axial Age	A term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BCE, during which similar new ways of thinking appeared in Persia, India, China, and the Western world.	19
2664569454	Era of Warring States	551 - 479 BCE. A time of constant fighting and disorder when no strong central government control existed in China. It is within this time that three important philosophies emerged: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.	20
2664569455	Confucianism	A worldview, a social ethic, a political ideology, a scholarly tradition, and a way of life. An all-encompassing way of thinking and living that entails ancestor reverence and a profound human-centered religiousness.	21
2664569456	Five Key Relationships in Confucianism	1. Ruler to subject 2. Father to son 3. Husband to wife 4. Older brother to younger brother 5. Friend to friend	22
2664569457	Daoism	A religio-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. A Daoist attitude toward life can be seen in the accepting and yielding, the joyful and carefree sides of the Chinese character, an attitude that offsets and complements moral and duty-conscious, austere and purposeful character ascribed to Confucianism.	23
2664569458	Legalism	A philosophy that was based on the principle that people were inherently evil and needed strict laws and punishment to behave properly. Additionally, a strong central government with an absolute leader and heavy taxes would ensure a more stable society.	24
2664569459	Hebrews	A term synonymous with the Semitic Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still nomadic.	25
2664569460	Judaism	One of the oldest monotheistic religions, founded over 3,500 years ago in the Middle East. Jews believe that God appointed them to be his chosen people in order to set an example of holiness and ethical behavior to the world.	26
2664569461	Israel and Judah	Related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant. Israel emerged as an important local power by the 9th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Judah emerged in the 8th century and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a client-state of first Assyria and then Babylon before a revolt against the Neo-Babylonian Empire led to its destruction in 586 BCE.	27
2664569462	Diaspora	Refers to Jews who were exiled from Israel and Judah. Throughout much of Jewish history most Jews had lived in the Diaspora.	28
2664569463	Christianity	An Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament.	29
2664569464	Edict of Milan	313 CE. An agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.	30
2664569465	Ancient Greece	A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Era. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe, for which Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.	31
2664569466	Sparta and Athens	The two most famous Greek city-states. Sparta used military strength to impose order while Athens used democratic principles to negotiate order.	32
2664569467	Persian War	Greek city-states in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) resented what they viewed as the oppressive rule of the Persian Empire and revolted. Athenians sent their own troops for support. The alliance of the Greek city-states against the Persians led to the formation of the Delian League, of which Athens served as leader.	33
2664569468	Peloponnesian War	Athenian leadership soon caused resentment in other parts of the Greek world. The conflict came to a head during the Peloponnesian War. Sparta and Athens led the two conflicting camps and though Sparta was victorious the internal conflict weakened Greece and left it vulnerable to domination by Macedonia, a state north of the Greek peninsula.	34
2664569469	Maurya Empire	322 - 185 BCE. An extensive Iron Age historical power in Ancient India. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, he took advantage of the disruptions of local powers in the wake of the withdrawal westward by Alexander the Great's Hellenic armies. Internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security. After the Kalinga war the empire experienced nearly half a century of peace and security under Ashoka. Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences.	35
2664569470	Difference Between Centralized and Decentralized Rule	Centralized rule means that the emperor rules directly through governors, military leaders, or scholars. Decentralized rule means that the emperor lets local rulers rule their own people, although they must collect and pay taxes and/or tribute to the emperor. Centralized rule is often more stable and resistant to outside invaders.	36
2664569471	Gupta Empire	320 - 550 CE. An ancient Indian empire founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta. This period is called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystalized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center.	37
2664569472	The Silk Road	A network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea.	38
2664569473	Goods That Traveled East to West	Coral, cotton, ivory, pearls, silk, and spices.	39
2664569474	Goods That Traveled West to East	Glassware, gold and silver bullion, jewelry, olive oil, wool and linen.	40
2664569475	Han Dynasty	206 BCE - 220 CE. Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history especially in arts, politics, and technology. All subsequent Chinese dynasties looked back to the Han period as an inspiring model of a united empire and self-perpetuating government.	41
2664569476	Ancient Rome	A civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BCE. During its 12 centuries of existence Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation it came to dominate Southern and Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Ancient Roman society has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, and society. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.	42
2664569477	Roman Kingdom	753 BCE - 509 BCE. A period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories. Little is certain about the history of the kingdom as nearly no written records from that time survive. However, it began with the city's founding and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Roman Republic.	43
2664569478	Roman Republic	A period when Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. It expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance. Eventually internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, climaxing with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which ended with the establishment of the Roman Empire.	44
2664569479	Roman Empire	A period characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia.	45

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Exam 3: Chromosome Mutations Flashcards

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1566223889	Members of each species have a specific number of these.	Chromosomes	0
1566223890	How many sets of chromosomes do haploid cells contain?	1	1
1566223891	How many sets of chromosomes do diploid cells have?	2	2
1566223892	The condition that results when the loss or addition of one or more chromosomes has occurred, and the total number present is slightly different than the typical diploid number for that species.	Aneuploidy	3
1566223893	The condition resulting from the loss of a single chromosome.	Monosomy	4
1566223894	The condition resulting from the gain of a chromosome.	Trisomy	5
1566223895	The condition resulting from the gain of 2 chromosomes.	Tetrasomy	6
1566223896	The condition that results if one or more complete haploid sets of chromosomes are present.	Euploidy	7
1566223897	The name that refers to euploids with 3 or more complete sets of chromosomes.	Polyploid	8
1566223898	Polyploids are somewhat common in members of the ________ kingdom, but is rare in _______.	Plant, Animals	9
1566223899	The name that refers to organisms with 3 sets of chromosomes.	Triploid (3n)	10
1566223900	The name that refers to organisms with 4 sets of chromosomes.	Tetraploid (4n)	11
1566314388	What are the 3 possible karyotypes for spontaneously aborted human fetuses if they where triploid?	69,XXX , 69,XXY , 69,XYY	12
1566314389	What are the 2 possible karyotypes for spontaneously aborted human fetuses if they where tetraploid?	92,XXXX , 92,XXYY	13
1566314390	This is an individual made up of 2 or more cell lines, each with a different chromosome number and or a different chromosome complement.	Mosaic	14
1566314391	A large number of spontaneously aborted fetuses and stillborns are mosaics of diploid and polyploid condition. What is their karyotype.	46,XXX/69,XXX	15
1566314392	When indicating the chromosome make-up of a mosaic, the different cell lines are separated by what?	Slash (/)	16
1566314393	What kind of human chromosome has been found in the trisomic condition in spontaneously aborted fetuses?	All	17
1566314394	Which additional chromosomes will always cause the fetus to abort if it already has a complete set of chromosomes?	1-7, 10-12, 16	18
1566314395	In most infants that have an extra chromosomes, it will be one of 4. What are the 4 most common additional chromosomes.	Extra Sex Chromosome, Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13	19
1566314396	The only monosomic individuals that survive are those that have what single chromosome?	X Chromosome	20
1566314397	Give 3 examples of aneuploidy involving the sex chromosomes.	Klinefelter Syndrome (XYY males), Turner Syndrome, Poly-X Females	21
1566347226	Give 3 examples of aneuploidy involving the autosomes.	Down Syndrome, Edwards Syndrome, Patau Syndrome	22
1566347227	A group of abnormalities that occur together and which characterize a particular disease.	Syndrome	23
1566347228	Individuals whose sex chromosomes deviate by 1 from what is normal may have ________ intelligence or may be ________ _________.	Normal, Mentally Retarded	24
1566347229	Individuals with 2 or more extra sex chromosomes are ________ mentally retarded.	Severely	25
1566347230	Individuals with an extra autosome per somatic cell are ________ mentally retarded.	Always	26
1566347231	These are constructed to determine if numerical or structural chromosomal adorations are present.	Human Karyotypes	27
1566347232	What is another name for a chromosome adoration?	Chromosome Mutation	28
1566347233	These are constructed in order to make comparative studies of chromosomes of different species.	Karyotypes	29
1566347234	The chromosome composition of a somatic cell of an individual in which pictures of the chromosomes are arranged in a standard sequence.	Karyotype	30
1566347235	A camera is attached to a microscope and a photograph is taken of a ruptured stained cell in what phase?	Metaphase	31
1566347236	Chromosomes are shortest and thickest at this stage of mitosis.	Metaphase	32
1566347237	The chromosomes of a cell depicted in one the photographs are cut apart and are arranged in matching pairs according to ________ from the ________ to the ______ of the autosomes followed by the sex chromosomes.	Lenght, Longest, Shortest	33
1566347238	In the past geneticists placed the austosomes into 7 groups instead of numbering them, what where those groups called?	A, B, C, D, E, F, G	34
1566347239	Why did geneticists place autosomal chromosomes into 7 groups in the past?	Not always sure if they paired them correctly	35
1566347240	This group is made up of very long metacentric chromsomes, chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.	Group A	36
1566347241	This group is made up of long submetaentric chromosomes, chromosome pairs 4 and 5.	Group B	37
1566347242	This group is made up of medium length submetacentric chromosomes, chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.	Group C	38
1566347243	This group is made up of medium length acrocentric chromosomes with satellites, chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.	Group D	39
1566347244	This group is made up of short submetacentric chromosomes, chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.	Group E	40
1566347245	This group is made up of metacentric chromosomes that are shorter than chromosomes of group E, chromosome pairs 19 and 20.	Group F	41
1566347246	This group is made up of very short acrocentric chromosomes with satellites, chromosome pairs 21, and 22 (chromosome 22 is actually longer than chromosome 21).	Group G	42
1566347247	This is a medium submetacentric chromosome.	Sex Chromosome X	43
1566347248	This is a short acrocentric chromosome without satellites.	Sex Chromosome Y	44
1566347249	With these all of the chromosomes stain the same color and all parts of a given chromosome are the same color.	Conventional Dyes	45
1566347250	These where developed in the late 1960s and improvements since them have made it possible for geneticists to accurately identify chromosomes.	Banding Techniques	46
1566347251	Since banding patterns are unique and constant for each normal chromosome it is now possible to determine what 2 things?	Which chromosome is missing, What part of a chromosome is abnormal and how	47

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