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Out of Many: A history of the American People Chapter 3 Flashcards

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879294357	coureurs de bois	French for "woods runner," an independent fur trader in New France	0
879294358	Beaver Wars	series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region	1
879294359	Virginia Company	a group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay in 1607	2
879294360	House of Burgesses	the legislature of colonial Virginia. First organized in 1619, it was the first institution of representative government in the English colonies	3
879294361	Indentured Servants	individuals who contracted to serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servant's passage to America	4
879294362	Puritans	individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth's reforms of the Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the church. Puritans led the settlement of Massachusetts Bay Colony	5
879294363	Pilgrims	settlers of Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers	6
879294364	Separatists	members of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. Separatists believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced they must "separate" from it to save their souls	7
879294365	Mayflower Compact	the first document of self-government in North America	8
879294366	Massachusetts Bay Company	a group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay	9
879294367	Great Migration	Puritan emigration to North America between 1629 and 1643	10
879294368	Proprietary colony	a colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals, who became "lords proprietor."	11
879294369	Quakers	members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. Quakers rejected formal theology, focusing instead on the Holy Spirit that dwelt within them	12
879294370	Frame of Government	William Penn's constitution for Pennsylvania which included a provision allowing for religious freedom	13
879294371	Pequot War	conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut	14
879294372	King Philip's War	conflict in New England (1675-1676) between Wamponoags, Narragansetts, and other Indian peoples against English settlers; sparked by English encroachments on native lands	15
879294373	Covenant Chain	an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies.	16
879294374	Bacon's Rebellion	Violent conflict in Virginia (1675-1676), beginning with settler attacks on Indians but culminating in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia's goverment	17
879294375	Culpeper's Rebellion	the overthrow of the established government in the Albermarle region of North Carolina by backcountry men in 1677	18
879294376	King William's War	the first of a series of colonial struggles between England and France' these conflicts occurred principally on the frontiers of northern New England and New York between 1689 and 1697	19
879294377	*Powhatan, Indian Leader	-Leader of a confederacy of Algonquian tribes -Besieged Jamestown when colonists began stealing corn -Instructed in English manners and religion by John Rolfe -Father of Pocahontas	20
879294378	*The Pilgrims	-Puritanism appealed to merchants, entrepreneurs,and commercial farmers -Puritans wanted reform of the Church of England -Pilgrims were separatists who believed the Church of England could not be reformed	21
879294379	*France, Britian, and the Iroquois	-France attacked the Iroquois to prevent them form extending their influence -France and England went to war in 1689 -War spilled over into North America devastating Iroquois	22
890554226	**One Reason the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 failed to drive the Spanish out of New Mexico permanently was:	the Pueblo Indians had become so dependent on the Spanish for military protection from the Navaho and Apache tribes	23
890554227	**French and Spanish American colonies differed from those of England:	because the French and Spanish settlements experienced much more cultural mixing between Europeans and natives	24
890554228	**The French agent who helped establish French relations with the Huron tribe was:	Samuel de Champlain	25
890554229	**Critical to the early survival of the Jamestown colony was:	the policies of the Powhatan Confederacy that allowed the settlement to be established	26
890554230	**Which commodity proved to be profoundly important the history of Virginia?	tobacco	27
890554231	**During the seventeenth century, most migrants to the Chesapeake colonies:	came as indentured servants	28
977257288	**For the most part, the Chesapeake colonists during the seventeenth century:	...	29
977257290	**In early New England:	...	30
977257304	**According to the letter the Puritan colonist sent to his father, the best livestock to raise for profit in New England was:	...	31
977257306	**In dealing with the Indians, the primary concern of New England colonists was:	...	32
977257308	**The Puritans who settled in North America:	...	33
977257310	**Following the Stuart Restoration in 1660, King Charles II:	...	34
977257312	**Bacon's Rebellion in 1676:	...	35
977257314	**One result of the Glorious Revolution was:	...	36
977257315	**During the seventeenth century:	...	37

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1617842029	English found Jamestown, Virginia	1607	0
1617842030	Dutch deliver first slaves to Virginia	1619	1
1617842031	November 9, Mayflower ship lands at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with 101 colonists November 11, the Mayflower Compact is signed by the 41 men, establishing a form of local government in which the colonists agree to abide by majority rule and to cooperate for the general good of the colony	1620	2
1617842032	French and Indian War erupts as a result of disputes over land in the Ohio River Valley, Compact set the precedent for other colonies as they set up governments	1754	3
1617842033	French and Indian War (Seven Year's War) ends with the Treaty of Paris, France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans and Spanish give up east and west Florida to the English in return for Cuba May, the Ottawas under Chief Pontiac begin warfare against British west of Niagara, destroying several British forts and conducting a siege against the British at Detroit August, Pontiac's forces are defeated by the British near Pittsburgh Proclamation of 1763, signed by King George III of England, prohibits any English settlement west of the Appalachian mountains and requires those already settled in those regions to return east in an attempt to ease tensions with Native Americans	1763	4
1617844466	July 4, United States Declaration of Independence stars the revolutionary war	1776	5
1620055074	February 24, John Adams is sent as American ambassador to Britain. He spent the next 3 years trying to settle problems regarding of a string of British forts along the Canadian border, pre-war debts owed to British creditors, post-war American treatment of Loyalists, and the closing of the West Indian colonies to American trade (all failed) May 8, Congress passes Land Ordinance of 1785 which divides the northwest territories into townships, set at 6 square miles, subdivided into 36 lots of 640 acres each, with each lot selling for no less than $640	1785	6
1620055075	July 13, Congress enacts Northwest Ordinance which establishes formal procedures for transforming territories into states. It provides for establishment of 3 to 5 states north of the Ohio River, to be considered equal with the original 13. Includes a Bill of Rights that guarantees freedom of religion, the right to trial by jury, public education and a ban on slavery in the Northwest July 16, Constitutional convention, Roger Sherman proposes compromise allows for representation in the House of Representatives based on each state's population and equal representation for all of the states in the Senate, slaves will only count as 3/5 of total population September 17, Thirty nine delegates vote to approve and then sign the final draft of the new Constitution December 7, Delaware is the first of the nine states needed to ratify the Constitution. To be followed by: Pennsylvania (Dec. 12) New Jersey (Dec. 18) Georgia (Jan. 2, 1788) Connecticut (Jan. 9) Massachusetts (Feb. 7) Maryland (April 28) South Carolina (May 23) and New Hampshire (June 21)	1787	7
1620055076	June, The U. S. capital is moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.	1800	8
1620055077	January 18, Jefferson asks Congress for funds for an expedition to explore the Mississippi River and beyond in search of a route to the Pacific. April 30, United States buys France all of the Louisiana territory for fifteen million dollars	1803	9
1620055078	War of 1812 with Britain starts due to trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honour after humiliations on the high seas and American interest in annexing British North American territory (part of modern-day Canada), which had been denied to them in the settlement ending the American Revolutionary War	1812	10
1620055079	Missouri Compromise, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Maine immediately gives right to vote and education to all male citizens. The compromise also prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30'N lat. (southern boundary of Missouri). The 36°30' proviso held until 1854, when the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise.	1820	11
1620055080	Jan 27th - President Monroe appoints 1st US ambassadors to South America Mar 11th - 1st normal school in US opens, Concord Academy, Concord, Vt May 10th - 1st steamboat to navigate the Mississippi River arrives at Ft Snelling	1823	12
1620055081	April 25, War with Mexico. Mexico was fighting to keep what they thought was their property and the U.S. desired to retain the disputed land of Texas and obtain more of Mexico's northern lands	1846	13
1620055082	Compromise of 1850 admits California as free state but Fugitive Slave Law enacted. Millard Fillmore elected President	1850	14
1620055083	Franklin Pierce re-elected President	1854	15
1620055084	Dred Scott Decision: US Supreme Court rules Africans cannot be US citizens thousands of businesses fail after the collapse of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust 600 people drown when the S.S. Central America sinks off Charleston	1857	16
1620055085	Oregon admitted as State John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry	1859	17
1620055086	March 4, Lincoln Inaugurated April 12, Fort Sumter fired on, surrenders Starting Civil War April 17, Virginia Secedes May, the remaining four of the eleven Confederate states secede. July 21, Union loses First Battle of Bull Run	1861	18
1620055087	April 9, Civil War ends April 15, Lincoln is assassinated Apr 24th , Fire alarm & police telegraph system put into operation (SF) May 13th - Battle of Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville, Texas: final engagement of the American Civil War Presidential Reconstruction	1865	19
1620055088	45th Congress has three Black members	1877	20
1620055089	May 17, Supreme Court rules that corporations have the same rights as living persons September 4, Indian Wars begin to end October 28, President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.	1886	21
1620055090	January 17, U.S. Marines intervene in Hawaii, resulting in overthrow of the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii May 1, First United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition May 5, Panic of 1893: A crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression	1893	22
1620055091	March 25, Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs from Massillon, Ohio for Washington D.C May 1, Coxey's Army arrives in Washington, D.C., May Day Riots of 1894 break out in Cleveland, Ohio	1894	23
1620055092	March 24, First American car April 22, United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports April 25, Spanish American War starts July 7, United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands December 10, Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish-American War	1898	24
1620097995	Zimmermann Telegram, diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany U.S. enters WWI	1917	25
1620446271	January 6, Theodore Roosevelt dies August 11, Andrew Carnegie dies	1919	26
1620446272	Stock market crashes, depression begins	1929	27
1620446273	Franklin Delano Roosevelt inaugurated	1933	28
1620446274	December 7, Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, U.S. Declares war on Japan December 11, Hitler declares war on U.S.	1941	29
1620446275	April, U.S. troops land on Okinawa (near Japan) FDR Dies May, Germany Surrenders June. U.N. Charter Signed August, Atomic bombs dropped - Russia declares war on Japan Japan surrenders	1945	30
1620446276	Peacetime draft Truman defeats Dewey and is re-elected Berlin Airlift, one of the first major international crises of the Cold War	1948	31
1620446277	Alaska and Hawaii become states Castro comes to power in Cuba Khruschev visits U.S.	1959	32
1620446278	Brown v. Board of Education, Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional	1954	33
1620446279	Lunch counter sit ins begin in South (beginning of "Civil Rights Movement" Castro confiscates U.S. property in Cuba; U.S. begins embargo Soviets launch dogs and mice into space and bring them back alive. Kennedy and Johnson elected President and Vice President	1960	34
1620544204	Kennedy assassinated Oswald shot by Jack Ruby - country "stunned" Lyndon Johnson becomes President. U.S. Nuclear submarine with 129 aboard is lost in Atlantic	1963	35
1620544205	Massive escalation of U.S. military effort, combined with nightly TV coverage of war and opposition of liberal news media. Anti war demonstrations become wide spread Race Riots in Watts area of L.A. 5 million color TV's	1965	36
1620544206	Tet Offensive MLK assassinated RFK assassinated Nixon defeats Humphrey and becomes President US Submarine sinks, 99 die.	1968	37
1620544207	Nixon orders the development of a space shuttle program Phone records are granted U.S. federal copyright protection for the first time Pioneer 10 spacecraft is launched from Cape Kennedy, to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system Nixon and White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the C.I.A. to obstruct the F.B.I.'s investigation into the Watergate break-ins	1972	38
1620544208	Nixon refuses to surrender 500 tapes and documents which have been subpoenaed by the Senate Watergate Committee U.S. District Court Judge Geoerge Boldt rules that Native American tribes in Washington State are entitled to half of the legal salmon and steelhead catches, based on treaties signed by the tribes and the U.S. government Watergate scandal: Seven former White House officials are indicted for their role in the Watergate break-in and charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice	1974	39
1620579226	United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center, to be prepared for its first launch President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul.	1979	40
1620579227	Failed U.S. Rescue Attempt to Save Hostages in Tehran Mount St. Helens Erupts Ted Turner Establishes CNN	1980	41
1620599580	DNA First Used to Convict Criminals New York Stock Exchange Suffers Huge Drop on "Black Monday"	1987	42
1620599581	Clinton elected President	1991	43
1620599582	George W. Bush Becomes President	2000	44

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ALL APUSH TERMS Flashcards

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1155294859	Oregon treaty	signed between us and britain jointly control the area	0
1155294860	Panic of 1837	triggered by andrew jackson for taking the money out of banks and putting them in banks that went under. people did not have enough gold and silver. jackson said u can only use gold or silver to buy things, and the lack created this.	1
1155294861	Treaty of Paris	ends the am rev war. US receives land between appalachian mountains and mississippi river, almost all. and great britain keeps canada.	2
1155294862	Pocket veto	congress can pass a law, the president can approve it or veto it. this is when the president does not sign the veto, the congressional term ends and the bill just dies	3
1155294863	Powhatan confederacy	poccahantas fam, or indians in jamestown. named after poccs father. all the indians band together when they saw the whites coming.	4
1155294864	Primary source	actual documents or accounts from an era being studied	5
1155294865	Proportional representation	belief that representation in legislature should be based on population. large likes this, small wanted one per state, so they compromised with a two house legislature, 1 rep for every 5,000 people	6
1155294866	Proprietorships	Settlements in America that were given to individuals who could govern and regulate the territory in any manner they desire.. CPR william penn	7
1155294867	Quartering act	1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	8
1155294868	Ratifying conventions	A meeting of delegates in each state to determine whether that state would ratify the Constitution	9
1155294869	Removal act of 1830	An act that forced all Indians to accept an exchange for their land in the East for land in Indian Territory (further west).	10
1155294870	Revival meetings	religious meetings consisting of soul-searching, preaching and prayer that took place during the second Great Awakening at the beginning of the nineteenth century. some lasted over one week	11
1155294871	Salem witch trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress	12
1155294872	Salutary neglect	An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies	13
1155294873	Secession	Formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. South threatened to do this many times and finally would in 1861.	14
1155294874	Second continental congress	unofficial government of the colonies. A convention of delegates from the twelve colonies (except Georgia) which managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence.	15
1155294875	Second great awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.	16
1155294876	Second national bank	Proposed by Madison in 1816, would issue national currency, private enterprise with 1/5 owned by government, stabilized economy, opposed by Jackson who was a strict constructionist (he was overidden by Congress); he tried to weaken the bank by creating "pet banks" and telling the states to tax the national government	17
1155294877	Secondary source	a historical account written after the event	18
1155294878	Separatists	religious group that opposed the church of england. this group first went to Holland, and then some went to the Americas and called themselves pilgrims	19
1155294879	Spoil system	the president is allowed to fill gov jobs with political allies and former campaign workers.	20
1155294880	Stamp act	1765, A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies. violation of the magna carta because it was not a tariff	21
1155294881	States rights	concept that the individual states have the power to decide wether federal legislature or regulations are to be enforced within the individual states.	22
1155294882	Stono rebellion	two key rebellions. this is in south carolina and 75 slaves killed white citizens and took amunition and after it was squashed, harder discipline was imposed by slave owners. largest slave rebellion of the 1700's	23
1155294883	Suffolk resolves	sent to 1st cont congress and said if you need to we will go to war with england	24
1155294884	Sugar act	a lot of people did not want to pay for british sugar, so they paid smugglers and got cheap sugar. brit got mad, taxed sugar	25
1155294885	Tariff of 1816	beginning of the protectionist tariff that henry clay advocates in his protectionist system. raised import duties by nearly 25 percent	26
1155294886	Tea act of 1773	they cut back on all other taxes, and said we will only tax u on tea. people were unhappy bc they gave the monopoly to the british east india company.	27
1155294887	Three-fifths compromise	when the new constitution was being debated, southern states argued that slaves should be counted as people. north said no. they agreed that each slave would count as three fifths of a free person	28
1155294888	Townshend acts	acts that they had to pay more tax on tea, paper, paint, but they were repealed in 1770. and they just made them pay the tea tax.	29
1155294889	Battle of tenton	one of Washington's great victories. day after Christmas, they were drunk, Washington surrounded them. 950 hessians were captured. a huge phsycological boosts to the americans. W lost more than he won	30
1155294890	Twelfth amendment	Jefferson and Burr. Separate ballots for president and vice president	31
1155294891	Triangular trade system	take the slaves to the Americas, pick up sugar cane then sell the slaves there, refine the canes into rum and the finished product went to europe. AFRICA --> AMERICA--> EUROPE and back down	32
1155294892	Uncle toms cabin	written by harriet beecher stowe. uncle tom is beaten to death. stirs the country up and polarizes the north and south	33
1155294893	Unicameral legislature	one house. pennsylvania has this .	34
1155294894	Valley forge	winter where washington and his troops were stationed. so many died. tough time because so many died and deserted.	35
1155294895	War or 1812	war between brit and america over brit seizures of am ships. repeat of am rev war. ended by treaty of ghent	36
1155294896	Battle of yorktown	final battle of am rev war. general cornwallis was surrounded and gave up. defeat ended british hope for winning the rev war.	37
1155294897	Gadsden Purchase	territory from arizona through new mexico that us purchased from mexico in 1853. bought to ensure the southern route of the transcontinental railroad be in american territory. last purchase that makes up the contiguous states of america	38
1155294898	Treaty of Ghent	treaty between US and Britain ending the war of 1812. restored diplomatic relations between the 2 countries but did not address the issues that had initially caused the war	39
1155294899	Hessians	german troops who fought in the rev war on the side of britain, paid mercenaries	40
1155294900	Historiography	study of history. concerned with how events are interpreted, not the events themselves.	41
1155294901	Huguenots	French Protestants influenced by John Calvin	42
1155294902	Hunter-gatherers	People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive	43
1155294903	Inca empire	advanced wealthy civilization in the andes mountain region. conquered by pizarro	44
1155294904	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	45
1155294905	Jays treaty	treaty to end tension between US and B, B refused to make concession to US over the rights of american ships, and tension over this issue led to the cause of the War of 1812	46
1155294906	Judicial review	supreme court had the power to decide the constitutionality of any law passed by the US congress or by the legislature of any state	47
1155294907	Kentucky and Virginia resolves	maintained that the alien and sedation acts were unconstitutional and predated the southern argument that individual states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional by the states	48
1155294908	Land speculation	practice of buying land with the intent of selling it off in the future for a profit. hundreds bought florida swamp land hoping to sell it for a profit	49
1155294909	Lewis and Clark Expedition	mission by jefferson to explore the louisiana territory to create good relations with the indians. reports said the territory was well worth what they paid for it	50
1155294910	Lexington	first skirmish between B and US, the battle killed 8 colonist and wounded 9.	51
1155294911	The liberator	An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.	52
1155294912	London company	King James I gave this company a charter to settle the Virginia territory.	53
1155294913	Louisiana purchase	the 1803 purchase of the huge Luisiana territory from napoleon for $15.	54
1155294914	Lowell system	Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.	55
1155294915	Loyalists	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. most fled to canada or back to Great Britain, they were usually the higher class of colonial society.	56
1155294916	Manifest destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	57
1155294917	Marbury v madison	This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review to decide weather laws are constitutional or not.	58
1155294918	Middle passage	voyage across the atlantic taken by slaves on their way to america. sickness, disease and death were rampant as slave ships crossed the Atlantic. 20% on ship died before land	59
1155294919	Midnight appointments	judicial appointments made by an outgoing president in the last hours before he or she leaves office.	60
1155294920	Monroe doctrine	1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	61
1155294921	National bank	Similar to the Bank of England, planned by Hamilton and funded by gov. thought it would give economic security and confidence to the nation. Republicans who originally opposed it, agreed in 1815 when they supported Henry Clay's American System.	62
1155294922	Non intercourse act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	63
1155294923	John Brown (has to do with bleeding kansas)	pulls out 5 pro slavers out of there camp and he hung them without trial! Breaks into arsenal to give slaves guns to rise up against the masters. He is captured and hung.	64
1155294924	Abolitionist movement	movement dedicated to the end of slavery, mostly in the north before the civil war and had both black and white members	65
1155294925	Albany congress	meeting of reps from 7 colonies to join efforts against the French and Indian threats in the western frontier it fails	66
1155294926	Alien and sedition acts	proposed by john adams Acts passed giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute anyone who wrote negatively about the gov	67
1155294927	American colonization society	stated that the best way to tend slavery was for backs to emigrate to africa, a few did. views mostly rejected	68
1155294928	American system	Henry clap promoted it after the war of 1812. it promoted economic growth by using protective tariffs to encourage Americans to buy more domestic goods	69
1155294929	Articles of confederation	established the first official gov of the Us, allowed much power to remain in the states, fed gov only has limited powers. replaced by the constitution in 1788	70
1155294930	Aztecs	advanced indian society in central mexico, conquered by cortes.	71
1155294931	Bear flag republic	californian settlers declared independence form mexican control. this political act was a part of larger american political and military strategy to wrest texas and california from mexico	72
1155294932	Bicameral legislature	legislative structure with2 houses, adopted by the authors of the us constitution. seats for states in house of reps is determined by population, all states have equal seats in the senate.	73
1155294933	Bill of rights	added to the constitution. freedom of speech, press, the right to bear arms and other basic rights of american citizens	74
1155294934	Boston Massacre	conflict between british soldiers and boston civilians after civilians threw rocks and snowballs at the soldiers, the soldiers opened fire , killing five and wounding six.	75
1155294935	Boston tea Party	in response to the tea act, boston radicals disguised as indians and threw nearly 350 chests of tea into boston harbor	76
1155294936	Cherokee nation v. Georgia	they are there own seperate nation, so they cannot appeal to the federal court. they will be pushed out with the trail of tears	77
1155294937	Church of England	also called the anglican church, protestant established church by king henry viii. caused some to leave for america	78
1155294938	Colonial assemblies	every colony has it and it is bicameral. reflects england. house of burgesses in Va was the 1st,. members were upper class or colonial society	79
1155294939	Common sense	publication by thomas paine. repudiated gov by monarchy and this doc sparked public sentiment for independence	80
1155294940	Compromise of 1850	temporarily lessened tensions between north and south political leaders. strengthened fugitive slave act to appease south. cali entered union as a free state to appease north. (fix from notes)	81
1155294941	Battle of concord	between brit regulars and mass militiamen. 275 brit sldiers were wounded. as a result a wider conflict between the colonies and the brits became more probable	82
1155294942	Confederate states of America	A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States	83
1155294943	Continentals	soldiers in american army commanded by washington in the rev war. also a term used for paper money printed in 1781 that was soon made worthless by inflation	84
1155294944	Currency act	forbade the issue of paper money. repealed in 1773 as an effort to ease tension with the colonies	85
1155294945	Democratic party	advocated limited gov. birth during andrew jackson, principles from thomas jefferson, states rights	86
1155294946	Democratic republicans	believed ideas of thomas jefferson, opposed the federalists who wanted a strong national state and a society dominated by commercial interests	87
1155294947	Embargo of 1807	declaration by jefferson that banned all american trade with europe. hoped it would force England and France to respect american neutrality. because of impressment	88
1155294948	Era of good feelings	term used to describe years 1816-1823 after the war of 1812 when US was free of foreign conflicts and political strife at home was at a bare minimum	89
1155294949	First great awakening	religious revival in american homes. jonathan Edwards led it and made religious colonial splits deeper	90
1155294950	Franciscans	missionaries who established settlements in the southwestern US. christian conversions, and used indians as slaves. rebellions against missions and the soldiers sent to protect them began in 1598	91
1155294951	Freeport doctrine	idea that despite the Dred scott supreme court decision, a territory could still prevent slavery by electing officials who were opposed to it and by creating laws and regulations that would make slavery impossible to enforce	92
1155294952	free soil party	opposed the spread of slavery into any of the recently acquired american territories. mainly former members of the whig party in the north	93
1155294953	Ordinance of nullification	South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and forbade the collection of those duties. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them.	94
1155294954	Oregon trail	purpose, they travel on a horse and they are too poor to take a ship. thats why they use these overland trails. by 1860 325000 americans traveled along the trail. a very popular trail	95
1155294955	Outworkers	laborers, especially women who did piecework in small shops or in their homes	96
1155294956	Personal liberty laws	Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves	97
1155294957	Polygamy	Having more than one spouse	98
1155294958	Poor whites	lowest class of southern whites who worked poor soil and had a rep of being lazy, shiftless and illiterate	99
1155294959	Popular sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.	100
1155294960	Power of the purse	Constitutional power given to Congress to raise and spend money	101
1155294961	Preemption acts	gave squatters the right to settle public lands and purchase them for low prices once the government put them up for sale	102
1155294962	Presidential reconstruction	was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.	103
1155294963	Price revolution	increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver	104
1155294964	Prince henry	Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring	105
1155294965	Protestant reformation	16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther	106
1155294966	Public virtue	willingness of the people to sacrifice their own self-interest for the good of the whole. revolutionary generation relied on this when they did not have a government	107
1155294967	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	108
1155294968	Quakers	A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord. INWARD LIGHT	109
1155294969	Queen Anne's war	second of the wars for empire and ended with major gains for the english in the peace of utrecht. britain recieves hudson bay and novascoshia	110
1155294970	Redemption	southern democratic term for the end of reconstruction and the return of white southern democratic rule to the south	111
1155294971	Republican party	replaced the whigs and was opposed to the expansion of slavery, anti catholic, in favor of federal efforts to promote commerce and industry	112
1155294972	Revolutionary republicanism	emphasized dangers of gov by arguing that only by controlling power and corruption could liberty be preserved.	113
1155294973	Seneca falls convention	led by elizabeth Stanton and Mott, the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written	114
1155294974	Seven years war	war between france and england, resulted in the english gaining control of the eastern half of north america	115
1155294975	Shay's rebellion	1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention.	116
1155294976	Sons and daughters of liberty	anti british, intimidate merchants not to buy british goods. in 1773 they had a spot of tea and initiate the boston tea party.	117
1155294977	Spanish armada	"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.	118
1155294978	Stamp act congress	convention of delegates from nine colonies to protest british tax policies	119
1155294979	Stratified society	society that maintains social classes. maintained in europe in the 16th century and favored by the elite	120
1155294980	Tariff of abominations	high protective tariff designed to win votes for andrew jackson's presidential campaign	121
1155294981	Task system	type of organization of labor that gave each slave a specific assignment to complete daily. had more rest time, but more pressure to preform well	122
1155294982	Trail of tears	forced march of the chereokees out of the land west of the mississippi river.at least %20 died	123
1155294983	Guadalupe hidalgo	treaty that ended the mexican war and resulted in US gaining New mexico and California	124
1155294984	Treaty of Tordesillas	1494 dividedthe Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west	125
1155294985	Urbanization	a development that majority of Us lives in cities	126
1155294986	Virginia plan	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. (star this)	127
1155294987	Wage slavery	phares to describe workers dependence on earning wages by working for others with little chance of becoming independent during the course of their lives.	128
1155294988	Whig ideology	political belief that held that concentrated power was the enemy of liberty, and the best was balanced gov, elected legislatures, no standing armies and eternal vigilance of the people	129
1155294989	Whigs	I HATE ANDREW JACKSON PARTY advocated politics as a vehicle for the reform of society, and opposed Jackson and increases in the power of the executive branch of government	130
1155294990	Whiskey rebellion	farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem	131
1155294991	Wilmont proviso	bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico	132
1155294992	XYZ affair	three french commissioners demanded a bribe in exchange for the opportunity to negotiate an accord between france and the US. provoked outcries for war in the US	133
1155294993	Glorious revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	134
1155294994	Great compromise	was between the large and small states of the colonies. it resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.	135
1155294995	Halfway covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, they allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	136
1155294996	Hartford convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence	137
1155294997	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service	138
1155294998	Internal improvements	Federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system	139
1155294999	Iroquois confederacy	An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)	140
1155295000	Jacksonian democrats	adopted personal liberties and local rule, emphasized the freedom of the individual to follow his own interests, and appealed primarily to the common man	141
1155295001	Jeffersonian Republicans	advocated a weak central government, more power vested in the states, and a society and economy based on independent yeoman farmers	142
1155295002	John Brown's raid	A plan to provide weapons to slaves to start a revolt on slavery. It failed and John Brown was hung for treason, increased tensions between north and south	143
1155295003	Kansas-Nebraska act	1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.	144
1155295004	King Philips war	1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.	145
1155295005	Kivas	Underground chambers in a Pueblo village, used by the men for religious ceremonies or councils.	146
1155295006	Magna carta	agreement forced on the english king by the aristocracy and led to the regular meeting of a parliament	147
1155295007	Matrilineal	relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother	148
1155295008	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	149
1155295009	Mexican war	(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.	150
1155295010	Middleclass Values	virtues as har work, good character, diligence, punctuality, temperance, and thrift that are seen as upholding the status quo against unsettling changes	151
1155295011	Missouri compromise	over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.	152
1155295012	Mormons	Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT	153
1155295013	Muslim	a follower of islam, called moors by europeans	154
1155295014	Nat turner revolt	slave uprising designed to instill terror into white slave owners. resulted in death of 55 whites, at least as many blacks and the reinstallation of slave code laws throughout the south	155
1155295015	National trades union	first national labor organization in the us, advocated shorter hours, better wages and ways to ward off competition of cheap labor	156
1155295016	Navigation acts	regulated trade in an attempt to spread mercantilism to the colonies.	157
1155295017	New jersey plan	william paterson introduced it to counter the virginia plan and urged retention of the articles of confederation, and a supreme court	158
1155295018	New netherland	center of dutch trade in the hudson river valley was ultimately taken over by the english and became new york	159
1155295019	Northern ordinance	three laws (1784, 1785, 1787) that dealt with the sale of public lands in the Northwest Territory and established a plan for the admission of new states to the Union.	160
1155295020	Agricultural revolution	A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.	161
1155295021	Antebellum South	Term used to refer to the approzimately 3 decades before 1860 when "king" cotton and the slave labor dominated the economy of the southern states	162
1155295022	Anti-Federalists	A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government (tyranny) and supported states' rights. "I smell a rat!"	163
1155295023	Antinomianism	An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.	164
1155295024	Bacons Rebellion	an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.	165
1155295025	Bank War	Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"	166
1155295026	Battle of Fallen Timbers	1794 battle between Native Americans and American forces, happens because the indians are prepping and the americans crush them and force them to give up their land with the treaty of greenville and its a generous treaty.	167
1155295027	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.	168
1155295028	Bleeding Kansas	civil war in kansas in 1856 as a result of the kansas nebraska act. residence could decide if they would allow slavery or not, so anti and pro fought.	169
1155295029	Board of Trade	British overseer of all matters pertaining to colonial trade and laws.	170
1155295030	Border states	in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri	171
1155295031	Calvinism	Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.	172
1155295032	Committees of correspondence	leaders of resistance to british rule listed their problems and circulated them to tall of the tons of the colony	173
1155295033	Confederation of New England	first american attempt at a federal system of government. a short lived military alliance of the English colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven. Its primary purpose was to unite puritan colonies against the native Americans.	174
1155295034	Cotton diplomacy	Confederate efforts to use the importance of southern cotton to Britain's textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War	175
1155295035	Cotton kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton	176
1155295036	Debt peonage	A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer	177
1155295037	Dominion of new England	(1686-1689) Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curved popular assembles, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.	178
1155295038	Dred Scott case	Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south	179
1155295039	Electoral college	group selected to choose the president	180
1155295040	Emancipation Proclamation	lincoln announced that slaves in states still in rebellion against the union were forever free	181
1155295041	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.	182
1155295042	Excise taxes	Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program.	183
1155295043	Faction	organized political interest group. the revolutionary generation feared these would corrupt republican government and undermine public virtue	184
1155295044	Federalist papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	185
1155295045	Federalist party	A political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade.	186
1155295046	Federalists	supported a stronger national government and the replacement of the articles of confederation by the constitution	187
1155295047	Fifty-four forty or fight	An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.	188
1155295048	First continental congress	a 1774 meeting in philli at which colonists vowed to resist further efforts to tax them without their consent	189
1155295049	Force acts	gave the press power to supervuse to make sure citizens were not deprived of thier right to vote. , Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.	190
1155295050	Fort Laramie council	held in 1851between the U.S. and the Plains tribes where the U.S. agreed to pay compensation to the Indians for destruction of their lands but required the tribes to give up their right to free movement and restricted them to reduced lands	191
1155295051	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	192
1155295052	Free soil	term for the idea that the western territories should not be open to the expansion of slavery.	193
1155295053	Freedmen's bureau	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	194
1155295054	Freehold tenure	individual ownership of land in the colonies which allowed the colonists both economic independence and political rights such as the right to vote	195
1155295055	Fugitive slave act	federal measure designed to assure that runaway slaves were returned to their masters. its enforcement outraged northerners who viewed it as a threat to individual liberties.	196

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2401024718	Jamestown	The first successful English colony. Founded in 1607.	0
2401024719	John Smith	Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped Virginia get through the difficult first winter.	1
2401032006	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.	2
2401036191	Virginia House of Burgesses	1619 - the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt the same system.	3
2401037819	Mayflower Compact	1620 - the first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.	4
2401041033	William Bradford	A pilgrim, the governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.	5
2401140887	Plymouth Plantation	Colony of Separatist Puritans. Established in 1620.	6
2401145786	Massachusetts Bay Colony	1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans the right to settle and govern this area. The puritans established political freedom and a representative government.	7
2401151388	Anglicanism	The national religion of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.	8
2401155859	Proprietary Colony	Colonies run by powerful English politicians, who profited from colonial business, and kicked back money to the Crown.	9
2401159657	Restoration Colonies	Beginning in 1660 there was wave of new English colonies mainly formed out of territory taken from rival European nations like the Dutch.	10
2401164046	Halfway Covenant	This compromise applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.	11
2401173021	Joint Stock Company	A business venture made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profit and debt.	12
2401176604	Headright System	These were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	13
2401184397	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - a protest against the government in Virginia, in particular Governor Berkley, for not allowing a full-fledged war on the Native Americans. These frontiersmen first defeated the Indians and then burned Jamestown.	14
2401209687	King Philip's War	1675 - a series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.	15
2401219854	Thomas Hooker	Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people had a right to choice their law enforcers.	16
2401396341	James Olgethorpe	Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly discipline d, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.	17
2401410063	William Penn	1681 - this man received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony allowed religious freedom.	18
2401455254	Sir Edmond Andros	Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686-1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.	19
2401753291	Benjamin Franklin	Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesmen, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was high respected in Europe, primarily because of his discovers in the field of electricity.	20
2401760452	Indentured servants	In exchange for paying for a passage to the American colonies, this person would serve for a set length of time (usually 7 years) and then be free.	21
2401767674	Mercantilism	The economic policy in Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported.	22
2401775915	Navigation Acts	Trade regulations established in the mid-1600s by Britain for the American colonies designed to protect British shipping from competition.	23
2401786745	The Great Awakening	(1739-1744) this was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.	24
2401810940	George Whitefield	A spiritual celebrity of the Great Awakening, this man drew crowds of up to 20,000 to hear his sermons. Also a leader of the "New Lights"	25
2401826757	Old Lights	Orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics of Great Awakening preachers.	26
2401863127	The Enlightenment	A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of this movement tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, and religion.	27
2401923242	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life	28
2401945881	John Locke	An English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American Revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that government exists to protect these rights.	29
2401977869	French and Indian War	(1756-1763) part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all the remaining French possessions in Canada.	30
2402322488	The Albany Congress	During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government.	31
2402332767	Proclamation of 1763	This law from the British government forbade British colonies from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	32
2402370835	Stamp Act of 1765	British legislation passed which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, taxed British paper.	33
2402384623	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. Leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	34
2402395099	Coercive Acts	Otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts, these were passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. They included the Boston Port Act and the Quartering Act along with others.	35
2402402895	Olive Brach Petition	On July 8th, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances.	36
2402411963	"Common Sense"	Published on January 1st, 1776, this document encouraged the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in the in public opinion in favor of the Revolution.	37
2402428038	Second Continental Congress	It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.	38
2402438535	Treaty of Paris of 1783	This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the colonies and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.	39
2402453578	The Northwest Ordinance	Set up a framework of a government for the unorganized territory in the 1780s. This provided that the territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.	40
2402465970	Shay's Rebellion	(1786-87) poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts rebelled against the state gov't to avoid paying taxes. The federal gov't was too weak to help, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren't working effectively.	41
2402476150	The Constitution	This document established the present federal government of the United States and outlined its powers. It can be changed through amendments.	42
2402480749	James Madison	His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.	43
2402488331	Antifederalists	They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal gov't and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation.	44
2402582921	The Federalists Papers	This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central gov't. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.	45
2402597700	Alexander Hamilton	A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central gov't. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the country's early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.	46
2402611167	Loose interpretation	Allows the government to do anything which the constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing.	47
2402614601	Strict Interpretation	Forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do.	48
2402618243	Federalists	Early political party that believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and a loose interpretation of the constitution.	49
2402678785	Democratic-Republicans	Early political party that believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.	50
2402687236	Jay's Treaty	(1794) signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It was unpopular with most Americans	51
2402696604	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, rebel farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and were quickly stopped by the U.S. Army. This incident showed that the new gov't under the constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem.	52
2402815309	XYZ Affair	Three French agents told American delegates that they could meet with the French foreign minister only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made this incident public.	53
2402815310	Alien and Sedition Acts	The Federalist laws created in the interest of the nation's security and to stifle Democratic-Republican criticism.	54
2402815311	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared the states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.	55
2402815312	Revolution of 1800	Jeffersons election changed the direction of the gov't from Federalist to Democratic-Republican, so it was called a "revolution"	56
2402815313	Marbury v. Madison	The Supreme Court decision that established the power of the judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.	57
2402815314	John Marshall	A federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of gov't equal to the legislative and executive.	58
2402815315	Embargo of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies toward neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	59
2402816947	The War of 1812	A war between the U.S. and Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians	60
2402762464	XYZ Affair	Three French agents told American delegates that they could meet with the French foreign minister only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public.	61
2403221155	Clay's American System	Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.	62
2403222539	Hartford Convention	(Dec. 1814) - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. Ultimately led to the end of the Federalist Party.	63
2403224098	Monroe Doctrine	(1823) Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.	64
2403225591	National Road (Cumberland Road)	The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.	65
2403227623	McCulloch v. Maryland	This decision stated the National Bank was constitutional. It also reinforced "supremacy clause" that the national government trumps state governments.	66
2403230009	Missouri Compromise	(1821) This controversial law established rules about slavery for new states and territories in Louisiana Territory	67
2403231251	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State for President James Monroe	68
2403231666	Worcester v. Georgia	(1832) The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.	69
2403234361	Gibbons v. Ogden	(1824) This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.	70
2403235099	Lowell System	Representative of the earliest forms of industrialization in the U.S., this manufacturing setup hired mainly farm girls to work in their factories.	71
2403236692	"Tariff of Abominations"	(1828) This raised the tax on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tax was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.	72
2403238294	John C. Calhoun	(1832) - This South Carolinian politician resigned as vice-president when his views on states' rights were disputed by Jackson. This man wanted each section of the country to share federal power equally, and went back to being Senator to fight for that viewpoint.	73
2403240186	Daniel Webster	A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates	74
2403241580	Specie Circular	(1836) Andrew Jackson's policy that required hard money to be used in all land transactions with the federal government.	75
2403243721	Second Great Awakening	An early 1800s spiritual movement that emphasized personal salvation and perfection from sin. Led by Charles Finney.	76
2403245581	Toqueville's Democracy in America	Written in two parts (1835 and 1840) this writing discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.	77
2403247183	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.	78
2403248951	Abolitionism	The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840.	79
2403250020	Nat Turner's Rebellion	(1831) The largest slave uprising in American history. Occurred in Virginia and left 55 white southerners dead.	80
2403251243	Whig Party	Political party with policies that included policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. People in this party include Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun.	81
2403252027	Seneca Falls	(1848) - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women.	82
2403253159	Manifest Destiny	The theory that Americans were given the divine right to settle from coast to coast across the North American continent.	83
2403254102	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange.	84
2403272273	Free Soil Party	Drawing a mixed bag of constituents, this party rallied around the common goal of stopping the spread of slavery in new territories. It was formed in 1847 - 1848.	85
2403273768	Republican Party	A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form this party; a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.	86
2403274701	Popular Sovereignty	The theory that the people of the new territories should determine the fate of slavery, not the federal Congress.	87
2403280557	Harriet Beecher Stowe	She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.	88
2403282309	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Popular sovereignty would determine whether these territories would be slave or free states.	89
2403283251	Stephen A. Douglas	One of the masterminds of the Compromise of 1850 and the man who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. He believed strongly in the idea of popular sovereignty.	90
2403284088	Know Nothing Party	A nativist political party that opposed immigration and Catholics. It was founded in the 1840s and was also known as the American Party.	91
2403285538	Dred Scott Decision	A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.	92
2403286867	John Brown	A radical abolitionist who believed he had been ordained by God to put a stop to the institution of slavery in the U.S. Led the Pottawatomie Creek massacre and the raid on Harper's Ferry.	93
2403288645	Emancipation Proclamation	With this Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded. It was released after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.	94
2403292313	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	(1863) This statement outlined Lincoln's plans for bringing rebel states back into the Union following the Civil War.	95
2403295222	Homestead Act	(1862) This offered 160 acres of land to any settler who would pay a $10 registration fee, live on the land for five years, and cultivate and improve it.	96
2403296638	Morill Act	(1862) This legislation set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.	97
2403297648	Military Reconstruction Act	(1867) This legislation divided the South into five districts which were placed under the direct control of Northern troops.	98
2403298988	Freedman's Bureau	(1865) Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.	99
2403300650	13th Amendment	(1865) Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.	100
2403300651	14th Amendment	(1866, ratified 1868) This granted in the Constitution full citizenship to all nativeborn or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.	101
2403301693	15th Amendment	(Ratified 1870) No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.	102
2403304679	Solid South	Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.	103
2403318601	Compromise of 1877	Deal struck between the Democrats and Republicans that allowed Hayes to become President and for Reconstruction in the South to come to an end.	104
2403319534	Turner's Frontier Thesis	Written by an American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American West provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.	105
2403323348	Dawes Act	Legislation designed to "westernize" Native Americans by dealing with them as individuals and not as tribes.	106
2403324813	Laissez-faire	A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.	107
2403326355	Greenback Party	Founded in 1878, this party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism, supported inflationary programs, and sought benefits for labor.	108
2403335896	Social Darwinism	Applied the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society - - the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.	109
2403337173	Andrew Carnegie	The steel industry's monopolist who developed the first company to capitalize at over $1 billion.	110
2403339284	John D. Rockefeller	The man who dominated the oil industry by paying the closest attention to detail and efficiency.	111
2403340483	Horatio Alger	A dime novelist in the industrial age, this man wrote often about the rags-to-riches' opportunities in America.	112
2403342275	Interstate Commerce Commission	A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.	113
2403343021	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	(1890) A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies; it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade	114
2403344220	American Federation of Labor	Led by Samuel Gompers, this organization was a successful trade union for skilled workers only.	115
2403345126	Knights of Labor	(1869) An idealistic reform union which was open to skilled and unskilled workers.	116
2403346017	Great Railroad Strike	(July, 1877) A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.	117
2403346018	Pullman Strike	(1894) Organized in Chicago, this example of labor unrest resulted in Eugene V. Debs being imprisoned for obstructing the federal mail service.	118
2403347981	Chinese Exclusion Act	(1882) This race-based law was supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to immigrants who would work for less pay.	119
2403349260	"New" Immigration	Marked by a demographic shift in newcomers to America. These people came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.	120
2403351187	Social Gospel	A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.	121
2403352371	Cult of Domesticity	The idea that one of a woman's duties is to foster an artistic and educational environment in her "sphere", the home.	122
2403354456	Jane Addams	Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago.	123
2403355226	Populist Party	Founded in 1891, this party's platform called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.	124
2403356147	William Jennings Bryan	Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).	125
2403359135	Eugene V. Debs	Leader of the Socialist Party of America who ran for President five times in the late 1800s and early 1900s.	126
2403360531	Yellow Journalism	Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the late 1800s/early 1900s. Considered to be tainted writing with omissions and half-truths.	127
2403361566	Muckrackers	Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.	128
2403365863	Pure Food and Drug Act	This legislation forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs. Still in existence as the FDA.	129
2403366799	Ida Tarbell	Muckracker who exposed Standard Oil Trust. This author's writings strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies.	130
2403367786	Robert M. LaFollette	A great debater and political leader who believed in government reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.	131
2403369164	Roosevelt Corollary	Claimed that the U.S. had the right to act as international policeman in Latin America. Was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine.	132
2403370542	Dollar Diplomacy	Taft's foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid.	133
2403371429	NAACP	Founded in 1909, this organization has since called for political equality for blacks and an end to all racial discrimination.	134
2403372679	Federal Reserve Act of 1913	The hallmark of Wilson's first term, the act stabilized the banking system in the United States.	135
2403373599	Schenk v. United States	Upheld convictions under the Espionage Act on the ground that the government could curtail free speech when exercise of it presented a "clear and present danger" to the country.	136
2403378719	Pancho Villa	Mexican nationalist who became the target of American military action just prior to WWI.	137
2403380163	Selective Service Act	Instituted in 1917, this legislation required all young men between twenty and forty five to register for the military service.	138
2403381708	War Industries Board	Most powerful government organization during WWI which coordinated military purchasing, fought waste, and ensured the armed forces were well-equipped.	139
2403382579	Espionage and Sedition Acts	These pieces of legislation were designed to prevent "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" to be used against the government during WWI.	140
2403384018	Article X	The most controversial aspect of the League of Nations charter, which ultimately kept the Senate from approving the Treaty of Versailles.	141
2403384633	Palmer Raids	In reaction to the first Red Scare, these episodes were aimed at deporting "Red" Russians back to their home country.	142
2403385372	19th Amendment	Granted women's suffrage.	143
2403386149	Teapot Dome Scandal	This event highlighted the unethical/illegal proceedings of President Harding's closest advisers.	144
2403387734	Marcus Garvey	A black nationalist who founded the UNIA, and called for an exodus of African Americans to Africa.	145
2403393101	Langston Hughes	A gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry; he was a central figure during the Harlem Renaissance.	146
2403393882	Sacco & Vanzetti Case	This event culminated in the execution of two immigrants. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	147
2403395449	Kellogg-Briand Pact	(1928) "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.	148
2403396675	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	Raised duties on imports to historically high levels in 1930. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression.	149
2403398411	Reconstruction Finance Corporation	Created in 1932 by the administration of Herbert Hoover the purpose of this agency was to facilitate economic activity by lending money in the depression.	150
2403399296	Bonus Marchers	(1932) Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement money early by protesting in Washington, D.C.	151
2403400474	The 1st Hundred Days	(1933) At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval.	152
2403401477	CCC	(1933) A New Deal agency which employed jobless youth in projects such as reforestation, park maintenance and erosion control.	153
2403404773	FDIC	A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.	154
2403405444	NRA	A New Deal agency established to coordinate codes of "fair competition" among industrial leaders. Participants could display the blue eagle.	155
2403406213	Huey Long	A southern demagogue who threatened FDR with his "Share the Wealth" solution to the Great Depression.	156
2403406883	John Maynard Keynes	The economist credited with the idea of using deficit spending to keep a national economy healthy.	157
2403408346	Social Security Act	One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.	158
2403409277	Wagner Act	Passed during the end of the New Deal, this legislation guaranteed collective bargaining rights, permitted closed shops and outlawed coercive management practices.	159
2403410451	Neutrality Acts of 1935	The beginning of a series of laws passed by Congress with the intention of keeping the U.S. out of WWII.	160
2403412268	Lend-lease	After repealing the Neutrality Acts, the U.S. adopted this system of aiding the Allied forces without actually sending troops to fight.	161
2403413211	Office of Price Administration	Set ridged wage and price controls to curb inflation during WWII.	162
2403414116	Korematsu v. U.S	(1944) The Supreme Court decision which upheld the constitutionality of Japanese internment during WWII.	163
2403415370	Douglas MacArthur	The U.S. general who led the WWII Pacific campaign	164
2403416811	Yalta Conference	(February, 1945) Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations.	165
2403417550	Containment	Foreign policy established by George Kennan which stated that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.	166
2403418524	Truman Doctrine	Established in 1947, this policy established that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.	167
2403419470	Marshall Plan	Introduced by Secretary of State in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.	168
2403420794	Taft-Hartley Act	(1947) The act amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions. Viewed as an anti-labor law.	169
2403422195	McCarthyism	Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists.	170
2403423418	HUAC	Committee in the House of Representatives that from 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry	171
2403424177	Modern Republicanism	Conservative about federal spending, liberal about personal freedoms. Believed in a balanced budget and lower taxes, but not in getting rid of existing social and economic legislation. Related to the Eisenhower era.	172
2403425109	National Defense Education Act	(1958) This created a multi-million dollar loan fund for college students and granted money to states for upgrading curriculum in the sciences and foreign languages.	173
2403426595	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	(1954) The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	174
2403430019	Little Rock "9"	(1957) Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent black students from entering Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.	175
2403430625	Bay of Pigs	(1961) 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates tried to topple Castro's regime and expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. Caused extreme embarrassment for JFK.	176
2403431975	Cuban Missile Crisis	(October 14-28, 1962) After two weeks of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle nuclear launch sites ninety-miles off of US soil.	177
2403433331	Civil Rights Act of 1964	Legislation that stated that public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.	178
2403434212	Medicare Act of 1965	Legislation that provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over. Part of LBJs Great Society vision.	179
2403435352	Immigration Act of 1965	This legislation abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since a similar act in 1924	180
2403437505	Voting Rights Act of 1965	This legislation allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. Led to a dramatic increase in black voting in America.	181
2403438959	Vietcong	Name given to the guerilla fighters on the Communist side in the Vietnam war	182
2403439709	Ho Chih Minh	North Vietnamese leader who was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.	183
2403440854	"Domino Theory"	(1957) This stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a chain reaction.	184
2403441922	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	(August, 1964) - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddox reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.	185
2403444918	Southern Christian Leadership Conference	Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christian organizations who met to discuss civil rights.	186
2403445399	SNCC	(1960) A student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins. It challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.	187
2403446432	Martin Luther King Jr.	An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he was leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.	188
2403448544	Montgomery Bus Boycotts	(December 1955) In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It marks the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.	189
2403449972	March on Washington	(August 1963) - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.	190
2403450700	Black Panthers	Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.	191
2403451387	Malcolm X	At first this civil rights leader urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.	192
2403452420	Tet Offensive	(1968) During the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.	193
2403454031	Kent State	(May 4, 1970) National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War.	194
2403455208	Vietnamization	The effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops, it was an attempt to turn the war over to the Vietnamese.	195
2403456398	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)	(May 1972) Signed by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow. Limited the production of nuclear weapons in certain categories.	196
2403457950	Detente	A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union during the Nixon administration	197
2403458737	Watergate	(June 17, 1972) Five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. The ensuing cover-up eventually led to Nixon's resignation.	198
2403459532	War Powers Act	Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.	199
2403460574	Camp David Accords	Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter.	200
2403461226	Reagonomics	The economic theory that if you cut taxes, it will spur the growth of public spending and improve the economy. It included tax breaks for the rich, "supply-side economics," and "trickle down" theory.	201

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2116449881	Jamestown	The first successful English colony. Founded in 1607.	0
2116449882	John Smith	Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.	1
2116449883	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia a economically successful colony.	2
2116449884	Virginia House of Burgesses	1619 - the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt the same system.	3
2116449885	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.	4
2116449886	William Bradford	A Pilgrim, the governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.	5
2116449887	Plymouth Plantation	Colony of Separatist Puritans. Established in 1620.	6
2116449888	Massachusetts Bay Colony	1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern this area. The Puritans established political freedom and a representative government.	7
2116449889	Anglicanism	The national religion of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.	8
2116449890	Proprietary Colony	Colonies run by powerful English politicians, who profited from colonial business, and kicked back money to the Crown.	9
2116449891	Restoration Colonies	Beginning in 1660 there was a wave of new English colonies formed mainly out of territory taken from rival European nations like the Dutch.	10
2116449892	Halfway Covenant	This compromise applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.	11
2116449893	Joint Stock Company	A business venture made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.	12
2116449894	Headright System	These were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	13
2116449895	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.	14
2116449896	King Phillip's War	1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.	15
2116449897	Thomas Hooker	Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their law enforcers.	16
2116449898	James Oglethorpe	Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military- like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.	17
2116449899	William Penn	1681- This man received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony allowed religious freedom.	18
2116449900	Sir Edmund Andros	Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.	19
2116449901	Benjamin Franklin	Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.	20
2116449902	Indentured servants	In exchange for paying for a passage to the American colonies, this person would serve for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.	21
2116449903	Mercantilism	The economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported.	22
2116449904	Navigation Acts	Trade regulations established in mid-1600s by Britain for the American colonies designed to protect British shipping from competition.	23
2116449905	The Great Awakening	(1739-1744) This was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.	24
2116449906	George Whitefield	A spiritual celebrity of the Great Awakening, this man drew crowds of up to 20,000 to hear his sermons. Also a leader of the "New Lights."	25
2116449907	Old Lights	Orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics of Great Awakening preachers.	26
2116449908	The Enlightenment	A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the this movement tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.	27
2116449909	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.	28
2116449910	John Locke	An English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American Revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights.	29
2116449911	French and Indian War	(1756-1763) Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada.	30
2116449912	The Albany Congress	During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government.	31
2116449913	Proclamation of 1763	This law from the British government forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	32
2116449914	Stamp Act of 1765	British legislation passed which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, taxed British paper.	33
2116449915	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. Leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	34
2116449916	Coercive Acts	Otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts, these were passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. They included the Boston Port Act and the Quartering Act along with others.	35
2116449917	Olive Branch Petition	On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances.	36
2116449918	"Common Sense"	Published on January 1, 1776, this document encouraged the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.	37
2116449919	Second Continental Congress	It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.	38
2116449920	Treaty of Paris of 1783	This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.	39
2116449921	The Northwest Ordinance	Set up the framework of a government for the unorganized territory in the 1780s. This provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.	40
2116449922	Shay's Rebellion	(1786-87) Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts rebelled against the state gov't to avoid paying taxes. The federal government was too weak to help, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren't working effectively.	41
2116449923	The Constitution	The document which established the present federal government of the United States and outlined its powers. It can be changed through amendments.	42
2116449924	James Madison	His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.	43
2116449925	Antifederalists	They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation.	44
2116449926	The Federalists Papers	This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.	45
2116449927	Alexander Hamilton	A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.'s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.	46
2116449928	Loose interpretation	Allows the government to do anything which the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing.	47
2116449929	Strict interpretation	Forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do.	48
2116449930	Federalists	Early political party that believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution.	49
2116449931	Democratic-Republicans	Early political party that believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.	50
2116449932	Jay's Treaty	(1794) Signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships.	51
2116449933	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, rebel farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and were quickly stopped by the US army. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem.	52
2116449934	XYZ affair	Three French agents told American delegates that they could meet with the French foreign minister only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made this incident public.	53
2116449935	Alien and Sedition Acts	The Federalist laws created in the interest of the nation's security and to stifle Democratic-Republican criticism.	54
2116449936	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.	55
2116449937	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."	56
2116449938	Marbury v. Madison	The Supreme Court decision that established the power of the judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.	57
2116449939	John Marshall	A Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive.	58
2116449940	Embargo of 1607	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	59
2116449941	The War of 1812	A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.	60
2116449942	Clay's American System	Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.	61
2116449943	Hartford Convention	(Dec. 1814) - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. Ultimately led to the end of the Federalist Party.	62
2116449944	Monroe Doctrine	(1823) Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.	63
2116449945	National Road (Cumberland Road)	The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.	64
2116449946	McCulloch v. Maryland	This decision stated the National Bank was constitutional. It also reinforced "supremacy clause" that the national government trumps state governments.	65
2116449947	Missouri Compromise	(1821) This controversial law established rules about slavery for new states and territories in Louisiana Territory.	66
2116449948	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State for President James Monroe.	67
2116449949	Worcester v. Georgia	(1832) The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.	68
2116449950	Gibbons v. Ogden	(1824) This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.	69
2116449951	Lowell System	Representative of the earliest forms of industrialization in the U.S., this manufacturing setup hired mainly farm girls to work in their factories.	70
2116449952	"Tariff of Abominations"	(1828) This raised the tax on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tax was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.	71
2116449953	John C. Calhoun	(1832) - This South Carolinian politician resigned as vice-president when his views on states' rights were disputed by Jackson. This man wanted each section of the country to share federal power equally, and went back to being Senator to fight for that viewpoint.	72
2116449954	Daniel Webster	A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates	73
2116449955	Specie Circular	(1836) Andrew Jackson's policy that required hard money to be used in all land transactions with the federal government.	74
2116449956	Second Great Awakening	An early 1800s spiritual movement that emphasized personal salvation and perfection from sin. Led by Charles Finney.	75
2116449957	Toqueville's Democracy in America'	Written in two parts (1835 and 1840) this writing discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.	76
2116449958	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.	77
2116449959	Abolitionism	The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840.	78
2116449960	Nat Turner's Rebellion	(1831) The largest slave uprising in American history. Occurred in Virginia and left 55 white southerners dead.	79
2116449961	Whig Party	Political party with policies that included policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. People in this party include Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun.	80
2116449962	Seneca Falls	(1848) - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women.	81
2116449963	Manifest Destiny	The theory that Americans were given the divine right to settle from coast to coast across the North American continent.	82
2116449964	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange.	83
2116449965	Free Soil Party	Drawing a mixed bag of constituents, this party rallied around the common goal of stopping the spread of slavery in new territories. It was formed in 1847 - 1848.	84
2116449966	Republican Party	A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form this party; a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.	85
2116449967	Popular sovereignty	The theory that the people of the new territories should determine the fate of slavery, not the federal Congress.	86
2116449968	Harriet Beecher Stowe	She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.	87
2116449969	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Popular sovereignty would determine whether these territories would be slave or free states.	88
2116449970	Stephen A. Douglas	One of the masterminds of the Compromise of 1850 and the man who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. He believed strongly in the idea of popular sovereignty.	89
2116449971	Know Nothing Party	A nativist political party that opposed immigration and Catholics. It was founded in the 1840s and was also known as the American Party.	90
2116449972	Dred Scott decision	A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.	91
2116449973	John Brown	A radical abolitionist who believed he had been ordained by God to put a stop to the institution of slavery in the U.S. Led the Pottawatomie Creek massacre and the raid on Harper's Ferry.	92
2116449974	Emancipation Proclamation	With this Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded. It was released after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.	93
2116449975	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	(1863) This statement outlined Lincoln's plans for bringing rebel states back into the Union following the Civil War.	94
2116449976	Homestead Act	(1862) This offered 160 acres of land to any settler who would pay a $10 registration fee, live on the land for five years, and cultivate and improve it.	95
2116449977	Morill Act	(1862) This legislation set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.	96
2116449978	Military Reconstruction Act	(1867) This legislation divided the South into five districts which were placed under the direct control of Northern troops.	97
2116449979	Freedman's Bureau	(1865) Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.	98
2116449980	13th Amendment	(1865) Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.	99
2116449981	14th Amendment	(1866, ratified 1868) This granted in the Constitution full citizenship to all native- born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.	100
2116449982	15th Amendment	(Ratified 1870) No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.	101
2116449983	Solid South	Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.	102
2116449984	Compromise of 1877	Deal struck between the Democrats and Republicans that allowed Hayes to become President and for Reconstruction in the South to come to an end.	103
2116449985	Turner's Frontier Thesis	Written by an American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American West provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.	104
2116449986	Dawes Act	Legislation designed to "westernize" Native Americans by dealing with them as individuals and not as tribes.	105
2116449987	Laissez-fair	A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.	106
2116449988	Greenback Party	Founded in 1878, this party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism, supported inflationary programs, and sought benefits for labor.	107
2116449989	Social Darwinism	Applied the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society - - the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.	108
2116449990	Andrew Carnegie	The steel industry's monopolist who developed the first company to capitalize at over $1 billion.	109
2116449991	John D. Rockefeller	The man who dominated the oil industry by paying the closest attention to detail and efficiency.	110
2134248550	Horatio Alger	A dime novelist in the industrial age, this man wrote often about the rags-to-riches' opportunities in America.	111
2134248551	Interstate Commerce Commision	A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.	112
2134248552	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	(1890) A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies; it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.	113
2134248553	American Federation of Labor	Led by Samuel Gompers, this organization was a successful trade union for skilled workers only.	114
2134248554	Knights of Labor	(1869) An idealistic reform union which was open to skilled and unskilled workers.	115
2134248555	Great Railroad Strike	(July, 1877) A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.	116
2134248556	Pullman Strike	(1894) Organized in Chicago, this example of labor unrest resulted in Eugene V. Debs being imprisoned for obstructing the federal mail service.	117
2134248557	Chinese Exclusion Act	(1882) This race-based law was supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to immigrants who would work for less pay.	118
2134248558	"new" immigration	Marked by a demographic shift in newcomers to America. These people came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.	119
2134248559	Social Gospel	A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.	120
598883841	cult of domesticity	The idea that one of a woman's duties is to foster an artistic and educational environment in her "sphere", the home.	121
1025678845	Jane Addams	Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago.	122
1025678846	Populist Party	Founded in 1891, this party's platform called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.	123
49079547	William Jennings Bryan	Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).	124
144692336	Eugene V. Debs	Leader of the Socialist Party of America who ran for President five times in the late 1800s and early 1900s.	125
144692337	Yellow Journalism	Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the late 1800s/early 1900s. Considered to be tainted writing with omissions and half-truths.	126
33270736	Muckrackers	Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.	127
78476276	Pure Food and Drug Act	This legislation forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs. Still in existence as the FDA.	128
1059830012	Ida Tarbell	Muckracker who exposed Standard Oil Trust. This author's writings strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies.	129
1059830013	Robert M. LaFollette	A great debater and political leader who believed in government reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.	130
1064991268	Roosevelt Corollary	Claimed that the U.S. had the right to act as international policeman in Latin America. Was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine.	131
150688998	Dollar Diplomacy	Taft's foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid.	132
150688999	NAACP	Founded in 1909, this organization has since called for political equality for blacks and an end to all racial discrimination.	133
819987182	Federal Reserve Act of 1913	The hallmark of Wilson's first term, the act stabilized the banking system in the United States.	134
247867781	Schenk v. United States	Upheld convictions under the Espionage Act on the ground that the government could curtail free speech when exercise of it presented a "clear and present danger" to the country.	135
247867782	Pancho Villa	Mexican nationalist who became the target of American military action just prior to WWI.	136
247867787	Selective Service Act	Instituted in 1917, this legislation required all young men between twenty and forty- five to register for the military service.	137
670607763	War Industries Board	Most powerful government organization during WWI which coordinated military purchasing, fought waste, and ensured the armed forces were well-equipped.	138
504883009	Espionage and Sedition Acts	These pieces of legislation were designed to prevent "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" to be used against the government during WWI.	139
258130193	Article X	The most controversial aspect of the League of Nations charter, which ultimately kept the Senate from approving the Treaty of Versailles.	140
2245703551	Palmer Raids	In reaction to the first Red Scare, these episodes were aimed at deporting "Red" Russians back to their home country.	141
2245703570	19th Amendment	Granted women's suffrage.	142
2245705196	Teapot Dome Scandal	This event highlighted the unethical/illegal proceedings of President Harding's closest advisors.	143
2245706324	Marcus Gravey	A black nationalist who founded the UNIA, and called for an exodus of African- Americans to Africa.	144
2245707486	Langston Hughes	A gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry; he was a central figure during the Harlem Renaissance.	145
2245709804	Sacco & Vanzetti case	This event culminated in the execution of two immigrants. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	146
2245710670	Kellogg-Briand Pact	(1928) "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.	147
2245712089	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	Raised duties on imports to historically high levels in 1930. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression.	148
2245714173	Reconstruction Finance Corporation	Created in 1932 by the administration of Herbert Hoover the purpose of this agency was to facilitate economic activity by lending money in the depression.	149
2245715488	Bonus marchers	(1932) Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement money early by protesting in Washington, D.C.	150
2245716501	The 1st hundred days	(1933) At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval.	151
2245717621	CCC	(1933) A New Deal agency which employed jobless youth in projects such as reforestation, park maintenance and erosion control.	152
2245717622	FDIC	A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.	153
2245718743	NRA	A New Deal agency established to coordinate codes of "fair competition" among industrial leaders. Participants could display the blue eagle.	154
2245722212	Huey Long	A southern demagogue who threatened FDR with his "Share the Wealth" solution to the Great Depression.	155
2245722213	John Maynard Keynes	The economist credited with the idea of using deficit spending to keep a national economy healthy.	156
2245723426	Social Security Act	One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.	157
2245725040	Wagner Act	Passed during the end of the New Deal, this legislation guaranteed collective- bargaining rights, permitted closed shops and outlawed coercive management practices.	158
2245726592	Neutrality Acts of 1935	The beginning of a series of laws passed by Congress with the intention of keeping the U.S. out of WWII.	159
2245726632	Lend-lease	After repealing the Neutrality Acts, the U.S. adopted this system of aiding the Allied forces without actually sending troops to fight.	160
2295681338	Office of Price Administration	Set ridged wage and price controls to curb inflation during WWII.	161
2295681757	Korematsu v. U.S.	(1944) The Supreme Court decision which upheld the constitutionality of Japanese internment during WWII.	162
2295681772	Douglas MacArthur	The U.S. general who led the WWII Pacific campaign.	163
2295681976	Yalta Conference	(February, 1945) Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations.	164
2295682379	Containment	Foreign policy established by George Kennan which stated that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.	165
2295682918	Truman Doctrine	Established in 1947, this policy established that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.	166
2295682919	Marshall Plan	Introduced by Secretary of State in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.	167
2295683163	Taft-Hartley Act	(1947) The act amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions. Viewed as an anti-labor law.	168
2295683509	McCarthyism	Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists.	169
2295683819	HUAC	Committee in the House of Representatives that from 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.	170
2295684404	Modern Republicanism	Conservative about federal spending, liberal about personal freedoms. Believed in a balanced budget and lower taxes, but not in getting rid of existing social and economic legislation. Related to the Eisenhower era.	171
2295684716	National Defense Education Act	(1958) This created a multi-million dollar loan fund for college students and granted money to states for upgrading curriculum in the sciences and foreign languages.	172
2295685052	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	(1954) The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	173
2295685595	Little Rock "9"	(1957) Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent black students from entering Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.	174
2295685596	Bay of Pigs	(1961) 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates tried to topple Castro's regime and expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. Caused extreme embarrassment for JFK.	175
2295685852	Cuban Missile Crisis	(October 14-28, 1962) After two weeks of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle nuclear launch sites ninety-miles off of US soil.	176
2295688139	Civil Rights Act of 1964	Legislation that stated that public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.	177
2295688140	Medicare Act of 1965	Legislation that provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over. Part of LBJs Great Society vision.	178
2295688687	Immigration Act of 1965	This legislation abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since a similar act in 1924.	179
2295689107	Voting Rights Act of 1965	This legislation allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. Led to a dramatic increase in black voting in America.	180
2295689549	Vietcong	Name given to the guerilla fighters on the Communist side in the Vietnam war.	181
2295689804	Ho Chih Minh	North Vietnamese leader who was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.	182
2295689805	"domino theory"	(1957) This stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a chain reaction.	183
2295690473	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	(August, 1964) - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddox reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.	184
2295690881	Southern Christian Leadership Conference	Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christian organizations who met to discuss civil rights.	185
2295690882	SNCC	(1960) A student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins. It challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.	186
2295691353	Martin Luther King, Jr.	An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he was leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.	187
2295692331	Montgomery Bus Boycotts	(December 1955) In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It marks the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.	188
2295692655	March on Washington	(August 1963) - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.	189
2295692656	Black Panthers	Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.	190
2295692960	Malcolm X	At first this civil rights leader urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.	191
2295693378	Tet Offensive	(1968) During the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.	192
2295693379	Kent State	(May 4, 1970) National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War.	193
2295693657	Vietnamization	The effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops, it was an attempt to turn the war over to the Vietnamese.	194
2295694221	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) I	(May 1972) Signed by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow. Limited the production of nuclear weapons in certain categories.	195
2295694559	Detente	A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union during the Nixon administration.	196
2295694560	Watergate	(June 17, 1972) Five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. The ensuing cover-up eventually led to Nixon's resignation.	197
2295694829	War Powers Act	Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.	198
2295695070	Camp David Accords	Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter.	199

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Unit 4 APUSH Terms Flashcards

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251129289	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law could not be enforced in the Cherokee Nation	0
251129290	Webster-Ashburn Treaty	Established boundary of Maine (between US and Britain); US gained more land (including iron Orrin MN), Britain gained Halifax/Quebec route	1
251129291	Specie Circular	Decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard," or metallic, money	2
251129292	John Slidell	Sent to Mexico City to offer $25 million for California and territory to the east	3
251129293	"pet banks"	Banks in which Jackson deposited federal money; these were his chief weapon in his struggle with the US bank	4
251129294	Robert Hayne	SC senator who sought to safeguard minority interests in the South in a debate with Webster	5
251129295	Sam Houston - commander-in-chief	Former TN governor; tragic marriage, alcoholism, living with Indians, Texas	6
251129296	Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott	The two American generals who led the main invasion forces in Mexico	7
251129297	Maysville Road Bill	Vetoed by Jackson, would have provided funds for internal improvements; example of Jacksonian democracy	8
251129298	Maine Law of 1851	First state law to ban the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages	9
251129299	Daniel Webster & Henry Clay	Two able and experienced leaders of the Whigs who had hoped to govern through a weak president 1841 - 1845	10
251129300	Mary Lyon	Raised money to launch a "Female Seminary", now Mount Holyoke College	11
251129301	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Left "obey" out of her marriage ceremony; advocated women's suffrage	12
251129302	John James Audubon	Wrote Birds of America	13
251129303	Margaret Fuller	Edited a transcendentalist journal, The Dial	14
251129304	Dorthea Dix	Opposed prisons for confinement of the insane	15
251129305	Lucretia Mott	Quaker, woman delegates to London anti-slavery conference not recognized	16
251129306	Grimke sisters	Sisters who spoke at anti-slavery gatherings	17
251129307	James Fenimore Cooper	Wrote of the rugged individual; hero - Natty Bumpo	18
251129308	Washington Irving	Wrote Knickerbocker's History of New York	19
251129309	Edgar Allen Poe	Excelled in the horror short story	20
251129310	Henry David Thoreau	Wrote Walden	21
251129311	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Said "Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond." Transcendentalist.	22
251129312	John C. Calhoun	as vice president under Jackson, he changed from a nationalist to a Southern sectionalist	23
251129313	James K. Polk	First dark horse candidate to be nominated for the presidency	24

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Chapter 7- Conformity (Book) Flashcards

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2404304035	Social Influence	The ways that people are affected by the real and imagined pressures of others. Ex. Internet setting up flash mobs/ pillow fight or mass psychogenic illnesses. "monkey see, monkey do"	0
2404326168	3 forms of influence	1. Conformity 2. Compliance 3. Obedience	1
2404383577	Conformity	The tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms	2
2404408909	2 reasons why people resist to the conformity level	1. A characteristic of individuals who have high status and seniority within a group 2. People perceive others to be more conforming than themselves.	3
2404903852	Muzafer Sherif (1936)	- conducted an experiment on how norms develop in small groups. - male students sat in a dark room and asked how far did a small dot of light that appeared for 2 seconds move. The movement they thought they saw was merely an optical illusion known as the auto kinetic effect: In darkness, a stationary point of light appears to move, sometimes erratically, in various directions. -Initial estimates varied→ participants later converged on one common perception	4
2404938895	Solomon Asch (1951)	- tested how people's beliefs affect the beliefs of others. -Replication of Sherif's experiment -"Which comparison line is the same length as the standard line?" -After giving correct answers, confederates posing as participants started giving incorrect answers -50% of participants conformed to the majority at least once -Visual perception can be heavily influenced by others	5
2404972342	2 reasons people conform:	1. Informational Influence 2. Normative Influence	6
2404972875	Informational Influence	Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments--people conform because they want to make good and accurate judgements of reality and assume that when others agree on something, they must be right (A need to be right) -(strongest when people are in a state of uncertainty → more likely to follow collective wisdom) Ex. Sherif's experiment- four eyes are better than two	7
2404978458	Normative Influence	Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant (leads people to conform because they fear the consequence of rejection that follows deviance) -(fear of ostracism)	8
2404995807	Two types of Conformity:	1. Private Conformity 2. Public Conformity	9
2404996849	Private Conformity	The change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others. - others cause us to change not only our overt behavior but our minds as well. AKA true acceptance/conversion	10
2405003419	Public Conformity	A superficial change in overt behavior without a corresponding change of opinion that is produced by real or imagined group pressures. - People often respond to normative pressures by pretending to agree even when privately they do not.	11
2405079412	Private v. Public conformity	-Sherif's experiment → Informational influence → Private conformity -Ash's experiment → Normative influence → Public conformity	12
2405079613	Robert S. Baron (1996)	- had people in groups of 3- 1 participant and 2 confederates - would see a picture of a person, they would try to pick that person out of a lineup	13
2408741858	Four factors that create feelings of pressure and insecurity	1. The size of the group 2. A focus on norms 3. The presence of an ally 4. Gender	14
2408746075	Group Size	Asch found that conformity increased with group size. However, beyond the presence of 3-4 others, additions to a group are subject to the law of "diminishing returns." - the more and more people express the same opinion, an individual is likely to suspect that they are acting either in "collusion" or as "spineless sheep"	15
2408757422	Focus on Norms	Social norms give rise to conformity only when we know the norms and focus on them. - knowing how others are behaving in a situation is necessary for conformity, but these norms will influence us only when they are brought to our awareness, or activated	16
2408784646	An ally in dissent: getting by with a little help	Asch found that the presence of a single confederate who agreed with the participant reduced conformity by almost 80% - it is more difficult for people to stand alone for their convictions than to be part of even a tiny minority -any dissent can break the spell cast by a unanimous majority and reduce the normative pressures to conform.	17
2408821221	Gender differences	- sex differences depend on how comfortable people are with the experimental task - 2nd factor is the type of social situation people face. When participants think they are being observed, women conform more and men conform less than they do in a more private situation.	18
2408832565	Minority influence	The process by which dissenters produce change within a group	19

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Auxin Flashcards

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273744455	Chemical 1AA (A)	-tip of root or shoot control the rate of growth -aromatic ring, a carboxyl group with 1 carbon removed so you have a free ortho position -negative charge on the carboxyl, positive on the ring -cell growth -pH 5.5-nuetral	0
273744456	Experiment Results (A)	-light dependent -produce in stem -diffusible -polar transport-assymetrical growth	1
273744457	Synthesis (A)	tryptophan-->indole pyruvic acid----> indole aldehyde---->indole acetic acid	2
273744458	Transport (A)	1AAH--->1AA--->diffusion in cytosol/effux as an anion---> plamadesmata--->other cell -apical end--->basal end (shoot apical meristem on down)	3
273744459	Cell Wall Growth (A)	-acid wall growth: auxin increases H efflux loosen wall and due to turgor extends -auxin stimulates proteins and activate expansins	4
273744460	Phototrophism (A)	-response due to light -blue light is important due to flavin receptor -unilateral growth bc more growth on dark side which leads to bending	5
273744461	Gravitropism (A)	-directional growth determined by gravity -percieved in the root tip -amyloplast interacts with ER -high auxins=curving down	6
273744462	Promotes Rooting (A)	root forms off the stem called advantageous roots	7
273744463	Apical Dominance (A)	-christmas tree -shoot apical meristem inhibits growth of lateral branches -@ top low cytokinins n high auxin -@ bottom high cytokinins n low auxins	8
273744464	Regulate Fruit Set (A)	-makes fruits look swollen, plumper n	9
273744465	Application of Auxin	-weed killers (agent orange) -Tissue culture -Seedless Fruits	10
273744466	GA chemical Nature	-Diterpenes(19-20 C) -4-5 rings -carboxyl side chain	11
273744467	GA Discovery	-Fungus infected plants and grew very tall, later isolated	12
273744468	GA synthesis	-mevalonic acid--->kavernoic acid--->GA12 aldehyde--->all other GA -occurs plastid, ER, cytosol	13
273744469	Stem Elongation GA	-in dwarf plants -decreases stem thickness	14
273744470	Bolting in Long Day Plants GA	-some rosesette plants bolt(flower) in longer days -substitute daylength requirement -AMO GA inhibitor	15
273744471	Increase amylase GA	-increases hydrolysis of starch -provides glucose & sugar that lower water potential and force water intake -provide energy through cell respiration -provide material to build cell walls like auxin -increase cell wall plasticity	16
273744472	Modification of Juvenility GA	-many prenatal plants do not flower before they reach a certain maturity -GA3 regulates in either direction ie going from maturity to juvenility	17
273744473	Induction of Males Flowers GA	-Male flower production increases by GA -monoecious & dioecious	18
273744474	Fruit Set & Growth GA	-delays senescense -improves fruit set & growth	19
273744475	Seed Germination GA	-water uptake increases GA synthesis -GA stimulate--->mRNA---> amylase production by aluerone -amylase breaks down starch n fuel the growth of embryo -GA substitue for the light requirement and decrease temp requirement	20
273744476	Enzyme Production during germination GA	-important for malting(seed has to be at the right stage) -dwarfing for cereals anti GA-keeps plants short Chrysanthemum	21
273744477	Cytokinins chemical Nature	-Kinetin like adenine -free nitrogenous base -nucleoside -nucleotide -glycoside(sugar)	22
273744478	Synthesis Ck	-sites---> root apical meristem(transport in the xylem) & shoot apical meristem(transport in the phloem) -IP-->Adenine + 3-methyl-2-butenal	23
273744479	Control Morphogenesis Ck	-developing shape -cytokinin: auxin ration shoots vs. root -callus @ intermediate level	24
273744480	Delay senescence CK	-remain green for a longer time -creates sink and increases concentration which draw carbons in	25
273744481	Promotes Light-mediated chloroplast CK	ethioplast+ cytokinins---->in the dark=chloroplast	26
273744482	Promote Lateral Growth CK	-opposes auxin, stimulate lateral growth	27
273744483	Crown GAll Infection CK	-induces cells ti proliferate -enter through roots -plasmid that incorporate in the plant genome which overproduce auxin n cytokinin -if remove the auxin gene(Ti) then the ration of auxin n cytokinin will increase in shooty cells	28
273744484	Ethylene Chemical Nature	-gas -inhibit growth -Ethrel converts to Ethylene(easier to work with)	29
273744485	Synthesis ET	Methionine--->SAM-->ACC-->Ethylene -ACC rate determining step	30
273744486	Ripening ET	-block SAM-->ACC -accelerates ripening of nearby fruits	31
273744487	Leaf Abscissions ET	-decrease in auxin & GA -E release then release cellulase -cellulase digests cellulose allowing them to stretch--->pectin makes leaves fall which is due to break down of middle lamella	32
273744488	Epinasty ET	adaxial > than abaxial occurs in flooding	33
273744489	Root hair formation ET	requires decrease concentration	34
273744490	Thigmomorphogeneses ET	touch wounding effect trigger growth reduction	35
273744491	Flower Senescence ET	STS bind with ethylene receptor=growth without u get no growth	36
273744492	ABA chemical nature	-single compound -cis formation	37
273744493	ABA Synthesis	-mevalonic acid pathway -breakdown carotenoids -oxygen sensitivity -conjugate with sugars -pH traps ABA anions -transport in xylem & phloem sites-->chloroplast and leaves	38
273744494	ABA Growth inhibitor	inhibits GA inhibits shoot growth	39
273744495	Prevents seed germination ABA	-Induces seeds to synthesize storage proteins -active, ABA makes dormant -dormant GA makes active	40
273744496	Stomatal Closure ABA	-causes K to leave guard cells -increase in pH in xylem traps ABA in xylem and causes K to leave	41

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Out of Many Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 highlights for the "Out of Many" APUSH textbook.

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1599431454	The Algonquians	Coastal Indian peoples who enjoyed a prosperous livelihood dependent on farming, fishing, and hunting from small, one to two dozen communal house, villages. The group encountered by the English at Roanoke was led by chief Wingina.	0
1599431455	The English and the Algonquins at Roanoke	Wingina welcomed the English colonists as potential allies in his goal to extend his authority over others. He allowed settlers financed by Walter Raleigh to form a settlement on Roanoke Island, as well as sending two of his men to aid them (Manteo and Wanchese). These two men gave their chief conflicting reports, which created tension. Later on, the settlers were unable to support themselves and also killed many Indians with the European diseases they carried. As Indians grew impatient and hostile, the settlers took matters into their own hands and attacked the village, beheading Wingina and fleeing back to England as the possibility of using Indian labor died out.	1
1599431456	Wingina	Chief of Algonquins who was beheaded by English settlers on Roanoke Island.	2
1599431457	European Communities	Western Europe was primarily agricultural. Most Europeans were village people, focused on families which included men who performed basic fieldwork and women who were responsible for childcare, livestock, and food preparation. Daughters typically were married off and lived with the family of her new husband and patriarch, taking a dowry along with her; divorce was almost unknown. Europe's people lived in harsh conditions, subsisting on bread and porridge and hoping to avoid the infectious diseases that killed thousands. These conditions made colonizing the New World a very tempting offer.	3
1599463103	The Merchant Class	Commerce took off during this time, and a new class of people came about. These people typically travelled from place to place, buying and selling goods for profit.	4
1599463104	The Renaissance	Began in the city-states of Italy, which used armed commercial fleets to control Mediterranean trade. Merchants here funded the Crusades, which furnishes these merchants with the silk and spice trades. Also celebrates human nature through architecture, art, and literature.	5
1599463105	Portuguese Exploration	Portugal is the first European nation to explore distant lands. Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a naval academy. Portugal explores the northwestern African coast for gold and slaves and establishes a sea route to India by sailing around Africa, establishing a trade empire based on spices and slaves.	6
1599463106	Columbus Reaches the Americas	Columbus proposed sailing west to reach the Indies. Spain, France, and England all reject his proposal, but Spain accepts. Isabel and Ferdinand are hungry for more land. He leaves in August 1492, hitting land in October and thinking he hit the Indies (he reached the Bahamas). Columbus returns, also bringing knowledge of the Atlantic currents, as well as captured native Tainos and stories of gold and spices. Columbus returns with another force and begins to war with the Tainos; there were 300,000 Tainos in 1492, less than 30,000 within fifteen years, and practically eliminated by 1520. The colony Columbus establishes is unable to support itself, and the Spanish have him jailed in 1500. The New World is now known to Europeans.	7
1599463107	The Invasion of America	Spanish explorers plunder the Caribbean Islands, enslaving the native people in a system called "encomienda". Though supposedly a reciprocal agreement, where the new Spanish lords protected the natives for their labor, it was systematic exploitation. The Spanish invade many areas and meet the Aztecs in 1517. The Aztecs were an advanced warrior society with a capital at Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Hernan Cortes lands on the Mexican coast and conquers the Aztec Empire in two years by allying with rival tribes (many of these tribes had been exploited for tributes and human sacrifice) while the Aztecs were facing a smallpox epidemic.	8
1599463108	The Destruction of the Indies by Las Casas	Antonia de Montesinos and Bartolome de Las Casas condemn the violence. No one listens. The Destruction of the Indies (1552) by Las Casas details the Spanish abuses, which is used by other nations to hide their own exploitations, creating the "Black Legend" of Spanish conquest. Las Casas attributed the losses to warfare; in truth, starvation, a dropping birthrate, and diseases (influenza, plague, smallpox, measles, typhus) did most of the damage.	9
1599463109	Intercontinental Exchange	This was the exchange of valuable metals (short-term) to Europe, cross-exchange of crops (potatoes, corn, tobacco, vanilla, chocolate, cotton to Europe; sugar, rice, and coffee to the Americas), and the introduction of domestic animals such as horses to the Americas. This exchange included diseases and people as well.	10
1599463110	The First Europeans in North America	Ponce de Leon lands in North America in 1513, naming the spot he lands Florida. He is killed in 1521. A second invasion by Panfilo de Narvaez in 1528 is ruined by a shipwreck, with the survivors wandering around until they are found by Spanish slave hunters in 1536. A survivor named Nunez Cabeza de Vaca writes an account that tells of golden cities in an empire known as Cibola. De Soto lands in 1539 in search of Cibola, but he is turned back after a number of defeats (but not before leaving behind disease). De Soto dies on the way. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado leads another expedition, but finds nothing. The Spanish lose interest in the Southwest.	11
1599463111	The Spanish New World Empire	A century after Columbus, 250,000 Europeans (mostly Spaniards) and 125,000 African slaves settle in Brazil, with the slaves working on Spanish plantations. Brazil is colonized under the Treaty of Tordesillas, an agreement written by the Pope of the time that splits the New World between Brazil and Portugal. Spanish women only make up 10% of the immigrant population; most male immigrants marry or cohabit with native or slave women, creating mixed-ancestry groups that would make up a new racial caste system (a mestizo being a person with a Spanish father and native mother, mulattoes being the other, etc).	12
1599463112	Northern Exploration: Fish and Furs	Fisherman had been exploring coastal North American waters long before colonies were founded and found that the Grand Banks of the coast of Newfoundland had abundant cod; by 1500 hundreds of ships sailed annually to the Grand Banks. Captain Cartier established France's claims to the land of Canada. Fur Traders were crucial to New France's success, and Indians were active participants in the trade. In the early seventeenth century, the French made an effort to monopolize the trade.	13
1599463113	The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies	The Protestant reformation refers to the challenge by Martin Luther to the Catholic Church, initiated in 1517, calling for a return to what he understood to the purer practices and beliefs of the early church. John Calvin developed the theological doctrine of predestination, the belief that god decided at the moment of creation which humans would achieve salvation. Protestants were the European supporters of the religious reform under Charles V's Holy Roman Empire. French colony made by Jean Ribault failed because he left to get supplies, but got caught up into religious wars; the colonists starved, resorted to cannibalism, and were eventually rescued by a passing British Ship.	14
1599463114	Sixteenth Century England	Lords in England needed to make more money due to "New World" inflation, so they started to take land from farming tenants to graze sheep for the woolen trade. King Henry VIII converted to the Church of England in 1534 with himself at its head. After Henry VIII died, he was succeeded by his son, Edward VI, who died pretty soon; he was then succeeded by his half-sister Mary; Mary tried to undo the reform by killing lots of protestants, she was nicknamed "Bloody Mary."After Mary died, her half-sister Elizabeth I succeeded her, and she tried to end religious turmoil by tolerating a variety of views. She tried to take the Catholic Ireland, but the Irish fought back; their fighting back led the English to view them as a lesser people.	15
1599463115	Early English Efforts in the Americas Summary	England's first voyages in the New World were made with the backdrop of a Spanish conflict. John Hawkins violated Spanish trade laws and then got attacked on a later voyage. England decided to join the hunt for American colonies. Gilbert died on his return to England after sailing to Newfoundland in 1583. His brother Raleigh made a colony at Roanoke which failed and became known as the lost colony. Unlike the French (who focused on commerce), the English decided to take a violent approach to colonization. Spain got mad at England because England took land that was "given" to Spain by the pope.	16
1599463116	Treaty of Tordesillas	1494 agreement dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal.	17
1599463117	1516	Small Pox introduced to the New World.	18
1599463118	Reconquista	The long struggle during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim occupiers. This led to the hunger for land and power that allowed Columbus to travel to the New World.	19
1599463119	Norse Vikings	First Europeans in America; archaeological evidence found at L'Ase aux Meadows (coast of Newfoundland); only lasted a few years.	20
1599463120	Francis Bacon	Founded the concept that the "three greatest inventions" propelled the economy. (compass, printing press, gunpowder).	21
1599463121	Tainos	Native Caribbean people whom Columbus first encountered.	22

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Geometry Flashcards

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2147955926	height	(noun) the vertical distance from top to bottom.	0
2147956344	length	(noun) the distance along a line or curve.	1
2147957000	width	(noun) the distance from one side of an object to another.	2
2146690851	area	(noun) the amount of surface inside a 2-dimensional shape. This can be calculated by multiplying its length by its width.	3
2146888724	surface area	(noun) the area of all the outer surfaces of something that is 3-dimensional (ex: a cube)	4
2146778331	perimeter	(noun) the length around a 2-dimensional, flat shape (ex: width + width + length + length).	5
120477150	plane shape	(noun) a flat, 2-dimensional object which does not have thickness.	6
645018528	polygon	(noun) a plane shape (2-dimensional) with straight sides, not curves.	7
337741502	polyhedron	(noun) a solid shape with no curved surfaces.	8
886783978	prism	(noun) a polyhedron with the same kind of polygon at each end.	9
705597773	pyramid	(noun) a polyhedron where the base is a polygon and the sides are triangles which meet at the top (the apex).	10
879189970	vertex	(noun) the point where sides or edges meet.	11
2146948029	net	(noun) a flat pattern that can be folded to make a model of a solid shape.	12
2146981786	solid	(noun) an object that has 3 dimensions.	13
2147970634	cube	(noun) a solid with six square faces.	14
238856190	unit cube		15
2147972845	cylinder	(noun) a solid with two circular faces and one curved surface.	16
2146987737	volume	(noun) the amount of something inside a solid shape or container. This can be calculated by multiplying its length by its width and by its height.	17
2145918623	point	(noun) This shows an exact location. It has no size, only position.	18
2145857919	endpoint	(noun) a point at the end of a ray.	19
2145938776	line	(noun) This has no beginning point or endpoint. It continues forever in both directions.	20
2145936750	line segment	(noun) When two endpoints are connected with a straight line.	21
2145836738	ray	(noun) a part of a line that has exactly one endpoint.	22
2145940469	angle	(noun) two rays that share one endpoint.	23
2147937450	acute angle	(noun) an angle that measures less than 90 degrees.	24
2147945431	right angle	(noun) an angle that measures 90 degrees.	25
2147947953	obtuse angle	(noun) an angle that measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.	26
2147949981	straight angle	(noun) an angle that measures 180 degrees.	27
2147966470	base	(noun) the bottom part of an object, on which it rests, or the lowest part of something.	28
2147982100	triangle	(noun) a polygon with three sides and the sum of the angles is always 180 degrees.	29
35907264	equilateral triangle	(noun) a triangle with all three sides the same length. Each angle measures 60 degrees.	30
698624119	isosceles triangle	(noun) a triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles.	31
870818537	scalene triangle	(noun) a triangle with no equal sides and no equal angles.	32