| 503401111 | Homer | composed the two great epic poems of ancient Greece, the Iliad and the Odyssey
perhaps never existed, but several anonymous scribes or one of others who contributed
influenced the development of classical Greek thought and literature | | 0 |
| 503401112 | Homer's Works | influenced the development of classical Greek thought and literature
described scores of difficulties (e.g. challenges posed by deities and monsters, conflicts among themselves, and psychological barriers)
works described maritime links between the Mediterranean | | 1 |
| 503401113 | The Iliad | epic poem composed by Homer
offered a Greek perspective on the Trojan War
campaign waged by a band of Greek warriors against the city of Troy in Anatolia during the the twelfth century BCE | | 2 |
| 503401114 | The Odyssey | epic poem composed by Homer
recounted the experiences of the Greek hero Odysseus as he sailed home from the Trojan War | | 3 |
| 503401115 | Minoan Society | arose on the island of Crete in the late third millennium BCE
was the center of Mediterranean commerce between 2200 and 1450 BCE
received early influences from Phoenicia and Egypt
used Linear A, an untranslated form of writing in which written symbols stood for syllables | | 4 |
| 503401116 | Decline of Minoan Society | after 1700 BCE Minoan society experienced a series of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves
after 1450 BCE the wealth of Minoan society attracted invaders; by 1100 BCE Crete had fallen under foreign domination
Minoan traditions of maritime trade, writing, and construction influenced Greece | | 5 |
| 503401117 | Mycenaean Society | named after an important city, Mycenae
Indo-European immigrants settled in Greece in 2000 BCE
adapted Linear A and devised a syllabic script known as Linear B
stone fortresses in the Peloponnesus protected agricultural settlements
overpowered Minoan society and expanded to Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy | | 6 |
| 503401118 | Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean | the Trojan War, about 1200 BCE, coincided with invasions of foreign mariners in the Mycenaean homeland
invasions and civil disturbances made it impossible to maintain stable governments
Mycenaean palaces fell into ruin, the population sharply declined, and people abandoned most settlements | | 7 |
| 503401119 | Polis | a citadel or fortified site that functioned as the principal centers of Greek society
attracted increasing populations and many gradually became commercial centers
levied taxes on their hinterlands and appropriated a portion of their agricultural surplus to support the urban population
most were under the collective rule of local notables | | 8 |
| 503401120 | Tyrants | generals or ambitious politicians who gained power by irregular means
were not necessarily oppressive despots; many were extremely popular leaders
the word used to describe them referred to their routes of power rather than their policies | | 9 |
| 503401121 | Sparta | began to extend control during the eighth and seventh centuries BCE
reduced the neighboring peoples to the status of helots
maintained domination by a powerful military machine | | 10 |
| 503401122 | Helots | semi-free servants of the Spartan state | | 11 |
| 503401123 | Spartan Society | discouraged social distinction and instead observed an austere lifestyle
distinction was drawn by prowess, discipline, and military talent
underwent a rigorous regime of physical training
stood on a foundation of military discipline and commitment to military values | | 12 |
| 503401124 | Athens | established a government based on democratic principles
sought to negotiate order by considering the interests of the polis's various constituencies
citizenship was open to free adult males, but not to foreigners, slaves, and women
gradually broadened the base of political participation | | 13 |
| 503401125 | Athenian Society | maritime trade brought prosperity to Attica, the region of Athens
aristocratic landowners were the principal beneficiaries
class tension intensified in the sixth century BCE | | 14 |
| 503401126 | Solon | sought to negotiate order by demographic principles
provided representation for the common classes | | 15 |
| 503401127 | Athenian Democracy | provided representation for the common classes
opened the councils of the polis to any citizen, regardless of his lineage
during the late sixth and fifth centuries BCE, Athenian leaders paid salaries to officeholders | | 16 |
| 503401128 | Pericles | ? (c. 461-429 BCE) was the most popular Athenian leader
wielded enormous influence in a government with hundreds of officeholders from the common classes
supported building programs that provided employment for thousands of construction workers and laborers
under his leadership, Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis
boasted that Athens was "the education of Greece" | | 17 |
| 503401129 | Greek Colonies | established between the mid-eighth and the late sixth centuries BCE due to population pressure
more than four hundred founded in the Mediterranean and the Black Seas
central Mediterranean: Sicily, southern Sicily, Neapolis, and Massalia
eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea: Anatolia
did not build a centralized state | | 18 |
| 503401130 | Effects of Greek Colonization | * "Effects of ?"
facilitated trade among Mediterranean lands and people
spread of Greek language and cultural traditions
stimulated the development of surrounding areas | | 19 |
| 503401131 | Persian Wars | direct conflict with the Persian empire in the ? (500-479 BCE)
Greek cities on the Ionian coast revolted against Persia in 500 BCE
the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE is a decisive victory for Athens
Xerxes tried again to seize Athens; his navy lost in the battle of Salamis in 480 BCE
Persian army retreated back to Anatolia in 479 BCE | | 20 |
| 503401132 | Delian League | Athens became the leader of an alliance that discouraged further Persian actions in Greece
military and financial alliance among the Greek poleis against Persian threat
when Persian threat subsided, the poleis, other than Athens, no longer wanted to make contributions | | 21 |
| 503401133 | Peloponnesian War | destructive civil conflict known as the ? (431-404 BCE)
poleis divided into two armed camps under the leadership of Athens and Sparta
unconditional surrender of Athens in 404 BCE
debilitating and demoralizing conflict that divided and weakened the Greek poleis | | 22 |
| 503401134 | Kingdom of Macedon | frontier state north of peninsular Greece with a population of cultivators and sheepherders
recognized a king but had semiautonomous clans
traded with Greek cities, whose society brought change to Macedon | | 23 |
| 503401135 | Philip of Macedon | King ? II (r. 359-336 BCE) built a powerful military machine and became the ruler of Macedon
annexed poleis in northern Greece after 350 BCE
brought Greece under his control by 338 BCE | | 24 |
| 503401136 | Alexander of Macedon | succeeded Philip at age twenty and begins his conquests
controlled Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia by 331 BCE
invaded the Persian homeland and burned Persepolis in 331 BCE
crossed the Indus River 327 BCE; his army refused to go any farther from home
died in 323 BCE at the age of thirty-three | | 25 |
| 503401137 | Hellenistic Empire | by 275 BCE, Alexander's empire was divided into the Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid empires
Antigonus took Greece and Macedon, Ptolemy took Egypt, and Seleucus took Bactria to Anatolia
Antigonid and Seleucid empires lasted until the second century BCE; Ptolemaic empire until 31 BCE | | 26 |
| 503401138 | Hellenistic Era | era when Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond Greece
governed cosmopolitan societies
helped to integrate the economies and societies of distant societies
facilitated trade
made it possible for beliefs, values, and religions to spread | | 27 |
| 503401139 | Antigonid Empire | Hellenistic empire with much continuous tension between the Antigonid rulers and the Greek cities
poleis often struck bargains with the Antigonids
economy of Athens and Corinth flourished again through trade | | 28 |
| 503401140 | Ptolemaic Empire | wealthiest Hellenistic empire with the capital at Alexandria
Greek and Macedonian overlords did not interfere in Egyptian society
efficient organization of agriculture, industry, and tax collection | | 29 |
| 503401141 | Alexandria | Ptolemaic capital at the mouth of the Nile
commercial and administrative center; early megalopolis
cultural capital of the Hellenistic world with the famous Alexandria Museum and Alexandria Library | | 30 |
| 503401142 | Seleucid Empire | largest Hellenistic empire
Greek and Macedonian colonists flocked to the Greek cities of the former Persian empire
colonists created a Mediterranean-style urban society | | 31 |
| 503401143 | Greeks in Bactria | Hellenistic colony at Ai Khanum in ancient Bactria
after about 250 BCE the governors of Bactria withdrew from the Seleucid empire and established an independent Greek kingdom
welcome Persian and central Asian deities along with the Greek gods | | 32 |
| 503401144 | Trade | traded olives and grapes (olive oil and wine) for grain and other items
populations grew dramatically, encouraging further colonization
some cities relied more on commerce than on agriculture | | 33 |
| 503401145 | Commercial and Economic Organization | * "? and ? Organization"
shipowners, merchants, and moneylenders formed partnerships
production of cultivators and manufacturers filled merchand vessels
entrepreneurs established small businesses and offered their wares in the larger market | | 34 |
| 503401146 | Panhellenic Festivals | trade led to a broader sense of Greek community
gathered to participate in ? that reinforced their common bonds
featured athletic, literary, or musical contests | | 35 |
| 503401147 | Olympic Games | best known of the panhellenic festivals
contests of speed, strength, and skill
by the sixth century BCE, Greek communities had established a sense of collective identity | | 36 |
| 503401148 | Greek Society in Homer's Works | * "Greek Society in ?"
featured heroic warriors and their unspoken wars
strong-willed human beings clashed constantly
no interest in the humdrum lives of farmers and their families | | 37 |
| 503401149 | Patriarchal Society | women could not own landed property but could operate small businesses
only public position open to Greek women was that of priestess of a religious cult
Spartan women enjoyed higher status than women of other poleis | | 38 |
| 503401150 | Sappho | talented female poet who wrote poems of attraction to women
instructed young women in music and literature at home
critics charged her with homosexual activity
Greek society tolerated male homosexuality but frowned on female homosexuality | | 39 |
| 503401151 | Slaves | private chattel of their owners
worked as cultivators and domestic servants
educated or skilled ? worked as craftsmen and business managers | | 40 |
| 503401152 | Greek Cultural Traditions | became acquainted with the sophisticated cultural traditions of Mesopotamia (e.g. astronomy, science, mathematics, medicine, and magic) and Egypt (e.g. geometry, medicine, and divination)
consistent system of philosophy based on human reason
influence over art, literature, and moral thought | | 41 |
| 503401153 | Socrates | ? (470-399 BCE) was an Athenian philosopher driven by an urge to understand human beings and human affairs
encouraged reflection on questions of ethics and morality
"The unexamined life is not worth living.": human beings had an obligation to strive for personal integrity
was condemned to death in 399 BCE on charge of corrupting Athenian youths | | 42 |
| 503401154 | Plato | ? (430-327 BCE) was the most zealous disciple of Socrates
developed the theory of Forms or Ideas, a world of ideal qualities
the world in which we live is an imperfect reflection of the world of Forms or Ideas
his dialogue the Republic expressed the ideal of philosophical kings | | 43 |
| 503401155 | Socrates' View of Death | in the Apology, Plato offered an account of Socrates' defense during his trial
Socrates reflected on the nature of death and reemphasized his commitment to virtue
view of death was that no evil can happen to a good man in life or after death | | 44 |
| 503401156 | Aristotle | ? (384-322 BCE) was Plato's student but distrusted the theory of Forms or Ideas
devised rules of logic to construct powerful arguments
believed that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information | | 45 |
| 503401157 | Legacy of Greek Philosophy | * "Legacy of ?"
intellectual authorities for European philosophers until the seventeenth century CE
intellectual inspiration for Christian and Islamic theologians
Plato and Aristotle provided a powerful intellectual framework that shaped thought | | 46 |
| 503401158 | Greek Deities | attributed gods to natural elements such as the sun, wind, and rain
constructed myths that related the stories of the gods, their relations with one another, and their roles in bringing the world to its present state
deities included Zeus and scores of insubordinate gods and goddesses | | 47 |
| 503401159 | Religious Cults | contributed a powerful sense of community
Eleusinian mysteries: encouraged initiates to observe high moral standards
fertility cult of Demeter: sought to ensure bountiful harvest
most popular was the Cult of Dionysus | | 48 |
| 503401160 | Cult of Dionysus | devotees, mostly women with some men, retreated to the hills to celebrate Dionysus with song and dance
powerful emotional bonds held together the Dionysian community
emotional festivals shifted to the presentation of plays | | 49 |
| 503401161 | Tragic Drama | drama was performed at annual theatrical festivals
great tragedians explored the possibilities and limitations of human action
comic drama took delight in lampooning the public figures | | 50 |
| 503401162 | Hellenistic Philosophers | searched for personal tranquility and serenity
included Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics | | 51 |
| 503401163 | Epicureans | identified pleasure as the greatest good
pleasure referred to a state of quiet satisfaction, not unbridled hedonism | | 52 |
| 503401164 | Skeptics | doubted the possibility of certain knowledge and sought equanimity | | 53 |
| 503401165 | Stoics | taught individuals the duty to aid others and lead virtuous lives | | 54 |
| 503401166 | Religions of Salvation | mystery religions promised eternal bliss for believers (e.g. Cult of Osiris)
some faiths spread across the trade routes
many involved the worship of a savior whose death and resurrection would lead to eternal salvation
speculation about a single, universal god emerged | | 55 |
