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SAT Essay Practice Flashcards

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2694159295Sometimes it is necessary to challenge what people in authority claim to be true. Although some respect for authority is, no doubt, necessary in order for any group or organization to function, questioning the people in charge--even if they are experts or leader in their fields--makes us better thinkers. It forces all concerned to defend old ideas and decisions and to consider new ones. Sometimes it can even correct old errors in thought and put and end to wrong actions.Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority?0
2694159296Many people believe that our government should do more to solve our problems. After all, how can one individual create jobs or make roads safer or improve the schools or help to provide any of the other benefits that we have come to enjoy? And yet expecting that the government--rather than individuals--should always come up with the solutions to society's ills may have made us less self-reliant, undermining our independence and self-sufficiency.Should people take more responsibility for solving problems taht affect their communities or the nation in general?1
2694159297Knowledge is power. In agriculture, medicine, and industry, for example, knowledge has liberated us from hunger, disease, and tedious labor. Today, however, our knowledge has become so powerful that it is beyond our control. We know how to do many things, but we do not know where, when, or even whether this know-how should be used.Can knowledge be a burden rather than a benefit?2
2694159298Technology promises to make our lives easier, freeing up time for leisure pursuits. But the rapid pace of technological innovation and the split second processing capabilities of computers that can work virtually nonstop have made all of us feel rushed. We have adopted the relentless pace of the very machines that were supposed to simplify our lives, with the result that, whether at work or play, people do not feel like their lives have changed for the better.Do changes that make our lives easier not necessarily make them better?3
2694159299A mistakenly cynical view of human behavior holds that people are primarily driven by selfish motives: the desire for wealth, for power, or for fame. Yet history gives us many examples of individuals who have sacrificed their own welfare for a cause or a priniciple that they regarded as more important than their own lives. Conscience--the powerful inner voice that tells us what is right and what is wrong--can be a more compelling force than money, power, or fame.Is conscience a more powerful motivator than money, fame, or power?4
2694159300The old saying, "be careful what you wish for," may be an appropriate warning. The drive to achieve a particular goal can dangerously narrow one's perspective and encourage the fantasy that success in one endeavor will solve all of life's difficulties. In fact, success can sometimes have unexpected consequences. Those who propel themselves toward the achievement of one goal often find that their lives are worse once "success" is achieved than they were before.Can success be disastrous?5
2694159301A better understanding of other people contributes to the development of moral virtues. We shall be both kinder and fairer in our treatment to others if we understand them better. Understanding ourselves and understanding others are connected, since as human beings we all have things in common.Do we need other people in order to understand ourselves?6
2694159302There is, of course, no legitimate branch of science that enables us to predict the future accurately. Yet the degree of change in the world is overwhelming and so promising that the future, I believe, is far brighter that anyone has comtemplated since the end of the Second World War.Is the world changing for the better?7

SAT Vocabulary Flashcards

All 400 of these words have appeared on previous SAT tests. They are arranged by frequency, and thus go progressively from easy to hard. The last 100 words are truly unusual and are exactly the type of words that you should favor in the harder sentence completions.
Learning all 400 words will probably give your reading score an automatic 30-50 point boost.

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631152480indifferentlacking a preference; neutral (adj.)0
631152481apathylack of emotion or interest (n.)1
631152482obscureunclear; clouded; partially hidden (adj.)2
631152483impartialunbiased; neutral (adj.)3
631152484objectivewithout bias (adj.)4
631152485revereto worship; to honor (v.)5
631152486discriminateto differentiate; to make a clear distinction (v.)6
631152487denounceto speak out against; to condemn (v.)7
631152488innovateto introduce something new (v.)8
631152489relevantimportant (adj.)9
631152490candidhonest; frank (adj.)10
631152491discernmentinsight; ability to see things clearly (n.)11
631152492disdainarrogant scorn; contempt (n.)12
631152493abstracttheoretical; lacking substance (adj.)13
631152494temperatemild; moderate; restrained (adj.)14
631152495enigmamystery (n.)15
631152496inevitableunavoidable; bound to happen (adj.)16
631152497eccentricnot conventional; a little kooky; irregular (adj.)17
631152498provinciallimited in outlook; narrow (adj.)18
631152499futilehopeless; without effect (adj.)19
631152500diversevaried (adj.)20
631152501benevolentkind; good-hearted; generous (adj.)21
631152502piousreverent or devout (adj.)22
631152503conciliatorymaking peace; attempting to solve a dispute through goodwill (adj.)23
631152504resignationreluctant acceptance of a bad situation (n.)24
631152505resolutedetermined; firm; unwavering (adj.)25
631152506servilesubmissive and subservient; like a servant (adj.)26
631152507acutesharp; shrewd (adj.)27
631152508reticentrestrained; uncommunicative (adj.)28
631152509anarchyabsence of government or control; lawlessness; disorder (n.)29
631152510virulentextremely poisonous; malignant; full of hate (adj.)30
631152511scrutinizeto examine closely (v.)31
631152512discorddisagreement (n.)32
631152513repudiateto reject; to deny; to refuse to acknowledge (v.)33
631152514diligenthardworking (adj.)34
631152515superficialon the surface only; shallow; not thorough (adj.)35
631152516contemptreproachful disdain; the act of despising (n.)36
631152517lucidclear; easy to understand (adj.)37
631152518aestheticdealing with artistic beauty; attractive (adj.)38
631152519prodigalextravagant; wasteful (adj.)39
631152520augmentto add to; to increase; to make bigger (v.)40
631152521complacentsmug; self-satisfied; pleased with oneself; contented to a fault (adj.)41
631152522guilecunning; duplicity (adj.)42
631152523squanderto waste (v.)43
631152524incessantunceasing; never-ending (adj.)44
631152525laudableworthy of praise (adj.)45
631152526deterto prevent (v.)46
631152527redundantrepetitive; unnecessary (adj.)47
631152528infamousshamefully wicked; having an extremely bad reputation (adj.)48
631152529provocativeexciting; attracting attention (adj.)49
631152530depravitymoral corruption (n.)50
631152531gravityseriousness (n.)51
631152532banalunoriginal; ordinary (adj.)52
631152533extolto praise (v.)53
631152534euphonypleasant sound (n.)54
631152535derideto ridicule; to laugh at contemptuously (v.)55
631152536insipiddull; banal (adj.)56
631152537austereunadorned; stern; forbidding; without much money (adj.)57
631152538expediteto make faster or easier (v.)58
631152539heresyan opinion violently opposed to established beliefs (n.)59
631152540novelnew; original (adj.)60
631152541philanthropylove of mankind; donating to charity (n.)61
631152542tentativeexperimental; temporary; uncertain (adj.)62
631152543deferencesubmission to another's will; respect; courtesy (n.)63
631152544vacillateto be indecisive; to waver back and forth (v.)64
631152545fervorpassion; intensity (n.)65
631152546dispassionatewithout passion; objective; neutral (adj.)66
631152547pragmaticpractical; down to earth (adj.)67
631152548rigorousstrict; harsh; severe (adj.)68
631152549solemnserious; grave (adj.)69
631152550alleviateto lessen; to relieve, usually temporarily or incompletely (v.)70
631152551negligencecarelessness (n.)71
631152552conspicuousstanding out; obvious (adj.)72
631152553advocateto speak in favor of; to support (v.)73
631152554ascetichermitlike; practicing self-denial; one who leads a life devoid of luxuries (adj.)74
631152555profounddeep; insightful (adj.)75
631152556ironicsatiric; unexpected (adj.)76
631152557dogmaticarrogantly assertive of unproven ideas or beliefs; arrogantly claiming that something is true (adj.)77
631152558condoneto overlook; to permit to happen (v.)78
631152559dissentdisagreement (n.)79
631152560volitionwill; conscious desire (n.)80
631152561voluntarywilling; unforced (adj.)81
631152562didacticinstructive; intended to instruct (adj.)82
631152563disparatedifferent; incompatible (adj.)83
631152564disparageto belittle; to make uncomplimentary remarks (v.)84
631152565ephemeralshort-lived; fleeting (adj.)85
631152566compliantyielding; submissive (adj.)86
631152567prosaicdull; unimaginative (adj.)87
631152568profuseflowing; extravagant (adj.)88
631152569fastidiousmeticulous; demanding (adj.)89
631152570belligerentcombative; quarrelsome (adj.)90
631152571astuteperceptive; intelligent (adj.)91
631152572languishto become weak, listless, or depressed (v.)92
631152573censureto condemn severely (v.)93
631152574stagnationlack of motion; inactivity (n.)94
631152575mitigateto lessen the severity of something (v.)95
631152576reprehensibleworthy of blame or censure (adj.)96
631152577engenderto create; to produce; to cause to come into existence (v.)97
631152578exemplaryoutstanding; setting an example (adj.)98
631152579relegateto banish; to send away (v.)99
631174912anecdotea brief, entertaining story (n.)100
631174913scantyinadequate; minimal (adj.)101
631174914fallaciousfalse; misleading (adj.)102
631174915acclaimpraise; applause; admiration (n.)103
631174916uniformconsistent; unchanging; the same for everyone (adj.)104
631174917incoherentjumbled; chaotic; impossible to understand (adj.)105
631174918repressto hold down (v.)106
631174919articulatespeaking clearly and well (adj.)107
631174920solicitto ask for; to seek (v.)108
631174921reproachto scold (v.)109
631174922condescendto stoop to someone's level (usu. offensive); to patronize (v.)110
631174923orthodoxadhering to established principles or doctrines, esp. in religion; by the book (adj.)111
631174924indolencehabitual laziness (n.)112
631174925congenialagreeably suitable; pleasant (adj.)113
631174926precludeto prevent; to make impossible (v.)114
631174927apprehensiveworried; anxious (adj.)115
631174928opaquedark; unclear; impossible to see through or understand (adj.)116
631174929elaborate1. detailed; careful (adj.) 2. to speak further; expand (v.)117
631174930elusivehard to pin down; difficult to grasp; evasive (adj.)118
631174931effaceto erase; to rub away the features of (v.)119
631174932taciturndisinclined to talk; silent (adj.)120
631174933ameliorateto make better or more tolerable (v.)121
631174934acquiesceto give in; to agree (v.)122
631174935atrophyto waste away from lack of use (v.)123
631174936dubiousdoubtful; uncertain (adj.)124
631174937flagrantshocking; outstandingly bad (adj.)125
631174938concisebrief and to the point; succinct (adj.)126
631174939immutableunchangeable; permanent (adj.)127
631174940static1. stationary; not changing or moving (adj.) 2. interference (n.)128
631174941credulousbelieving; gullible (adj.)129
631174942blasphemyirreverence; an insult to something held sacred (n.)130
631174943coalesceto come together as one; to fuse (v.)131
631174944crypticmysterious; mystifying (adj.)132
631174945levitylightness; frivolity; playfulness (n.)133
631174946ambivalentundecided; uncertain (adj.)134
631174947innateexisting at birth; inborn; inherent (adj.)135
631174948sycophanta servile self-seeking flatterer; a suck-up (n.)136
631174949amiablefriendly (adj.)137
631174950esoterichard to understand; understood only by a select few; peculiar (adj.)138
631174951extraneousirrelevant; unnecessary; unimportant (adj.)139
631174952tedioustiresome; boring (adj.)140
631174953causticlike acid; corrosive; burning (adj.)141
631174954inadvertentcareless; without intention (adj.)142
631174955exhaustivethorough; complete (adj.)143
631174956incongruousnot harmonious; out of place; not consistent; incompatible (adj.)144
631174957belittleto insult (v.)145
631174958unprecedentedhappening for the first time; never seen before (adj.)146
631174959digressto go off subject (v.)147
631174960appeaseto soothe; to pacify by giving in to (v.)148
631174961frivolousnot serious; not solemn; with levity (adj.)149
631174962instigateto provoke; to stir up (v.)150
631174963sage1. wise (adj.) 2. a wise person (n.)151
631174964predecessorsomeone or something that came before another (n.)152
631174965jeopardydanger (n.)153
631174966tangibletouchable; palpable; perceptible (adj.)154
631174967indulgentlenient; yielding to desire (adj.)155
631174968remorsesadness; regret (n.)156
631174969pivotalcrucial (adj.)157
631174970scrupulousstrict; careful; ethical (adj.)158
631174971refuteto disprove; to prove to be false (v.)159
631174972respitea rest; a period of relief (n.)160
631174973stoiclacking emotion; transparent to pleasure or pain (adj.)161
631174974volatilequick to evaporate; highly unstable; explosive (adj.)162
631174975peripheralunimportant; on the edges (adj.)163
631174976hedonisticpleasure-seeking; indulgent (adj.)164
631174977idioma peculiar expression (n.)165
631174978benefactora generous donor (n.)166
631174979brevitybriefness (n.)167
631174980apocryphalof doubtful origin or authenticity; false; spurious (adj.)168
631174981virtuosoa masterful musician; someone accomplished in their field (n.)169
631174982slanderto defame; to speak maliciously and untruly of someone (v.)170
631174983animosityresentment; hostility (n.)171
631174984depleteto use up; to reduce (v.)172
631174985amityfriendship (n.)173
631174986stringentstrict; restrictive (adj.)174
631174987voluminousvery large; spacious (adj.)175
631174988auspiciousfavorable; promising; pointing to a good result (adj.)176
631174989ficklecapricious; whimsical; indecisive; erratic (adj.)177
631174990lethargysluggishness; laziness; drowsiness (n.)178
631174991hackneyedlacking in freshness or originality (adj.)179
631174992amassto accumulate (v.)180
631174993willfuldeliberate; obstinate; insistent of having one's way (adj.)181
631174994bastionstronghold; fortress; fortified place (n.)182
631174995trepidationfear; apprehension; nervous trembling (n.)183
631174996desecrateto profane a holy place; to violate the sanctity of; to treat with disrespect (v.)184
631174997fortuitousaccidentally fortunate; happening by chance (adj.)185
631174998vehementurgent; passionate; intensely emotional; powerful (adj.)186
631174999assuageto soothe; to pacify; to relieve (v.)187
631175000prodigiousextraordinary; enormous (adj.)188
631175001torporsluggishness; inactivity; apathy (n.)189
631175002furtivesecretive (adj.)190
631175003supercilioushaughty; patronizing; arrogant (adj.)191
631175004prudentcareful; having foresight (adj.)192
631175005verbosewordy; overly talkative (adj.)193
631175006pedestriancommon; ordinary; banal (adj.)194
631175007innocuousharmless; banal (adj.)195
631175008fanaticone who is extremely devoted to a cause or idea (n.)196
631175009enhanceto make better; to augment (v.)197
631175010retractto take back; to withdraw; to pull back (v.)198
631175011ambiguousunclear in meaning; confusing; vague (adj.)199
631175012paucityscarcity (n.)200
631175013rescindto repeal; to take back formally (v.)201
631175014subtlenot obvious; able to make fine distinctions; crafty (adj.)202
631175015zealousfervent; enthusiastically devoted to something (adj.)203
631175016benigngentle; not harmful (adj.)204
631175017emulateto strive to equal or excel, usually through imitation (v.)205
631175018innumerabletoo many to number or count (adj.)206
631175019meanderto wander slowly (v.)207
631175020authoritarianbossy; tyrannical (adj.)208
631175021brawnbulk; muscles (n.)209
631175022contritedeeply apologetic; remorseful (adj.)210
631175023exemplifyto serve as an example of (v.)211
631175024facilitateto make easier (v.)212
631175025hypotheticalunproven; theoretical (adj.)213
631175026recalcitrantstubbornly defiant to authority or control (adj.)214
631175027ambulatoryable to walk; walking (adj.)215
631175028diffidenttimid; lacking self-confidence (adj.)216
631175029droneto talk on and on in a dull way (v.)217
631175030gullibleoverly trusting; willing to believe anything (adj.)218
631175031marreddamaged; bruised (adj.)219
631175032nullifyto cancel (v.)220
631175033parsimonystinginess (n.)221
631175034proprietyproperness; good manners (n.)222
631175035rejuvenateto make young again (v.)223
631175036skepticaldoubting (opposite of gullible) (adj.)224
631175037tenacioustough; hard to defeat (adj.)225
631175038animatedalive; moving (adj.)226
631175039authenticreal (adj.)227
631175040biasprejudice; tendency; tilt (n.)228
631175041blithecarefree; cheerful (adj.)229
631175042deartha lack of; scarcity (n.)230
631175043divertto change the direction of; to alter the course of; to amuse (v.)231
631175044enthrallto thrill (v.)232
631175045heedto listen to; to follow, as in advice (v.)233
631175046hindrancean obstruction; an annoying interference or delay (n.)234
631175047irascibleirritable (adj.)235
631175048mergera joining (n.)236
631175049nostalgiaa sentimental longing for the past (adj.)237
631175050pretentiouspompous; self-important; showy (adj.)238
631175051saccharinesweet; excessively or disgustingly sweet (adj.)239
631175052stanzaa section of a poem; verse (n.)240
631175053venerateto revere; to treat something as holy, esp. because of great age (v.)241
631175054vilifyto say vile things about; to defame; to make into a villain (v.)242
631175055trivialunimportant; insignificant (adj.)243
631175056qualifyto state exceptions to a general statement (v.)244
631175057detrimentalharmful; working against (adj.)245
631175058sombergloomy; serious (adj.)246
631175059tersebrief; concise; to the point (adj.)247
631175060serenequiet; calm; peaceful (adj.)248
631175061reproveto criticize mildly (v.)249
631175062ruffleto disturb the smoothness of; to disturb mildly (v.)250
631175063capriciousunpredictable; likely to change at any moment (adj.)251
631175064rotundround; plump (adj.)252
631175065expungeto erase; to strike out (v.)253
631175066colorto affect, especially to influence another's opinions or beliefs to misrepresent; to distort (v.)254
631175067prevaricateto lie (v.)255
631175068morosegloomy; sullen; sad (adj.)256
631175069meticulousespecially careful; paying close attention to detail (adj.)257
631175070gluttonone who eats or consumes excessively (n.)258
631175071warycautious; unsure (adj.)259
631175072surreptitioussneaky; stealthy; secret (adj.)260
631175073tonicsomething that refreshes; a refreshing or invigorating drink (n.)261
631175074surfeitexcess; excessive amount; overeating or overdrinking (n.)262
631175075soporificsleep inducing; extremely boring (adj.)263
631175076subjugateto subdue and dominate; to enslave; to conquer (v.)264
631175077resourcefulable to deal effectively with different situations (adj.)265
631175078ratifyto approve formally or officially (v.)266
631175079stalematea stand-off; a situation where nobody wins (n.)267
631175080sporadicstopping and starting; scattered; occurring at irregular intervals (adj.)268
631175081vociferousloud; outspoken; marked by vehement and insistent outcry (adj.)269
631175082superfluousextra; unnecessary (adj.)270
631175083spuriousfalse; fake; forged; deceitful in nature or quality (adj.)271
631175084waywardgoing one's own way; erratic; unpredictable; ungovernable (adj.)272
631175085slightan insult (n.)273
631175086affectationartificial behavior (usually intended to impress) (n.)274
631175087inhibitto hold back; to restrain (v.)275
631175088stolidemotionless (adj.)276
631175089wearytired; exhausted (adj.)277
631175090triteunoriginal; overused (adj.)278
631175091stupormental confusion (n.)279
631175092mosaica detailed pattern made from many different tiles of pieces (n.)280
631175093proseordinary speech or writing (not poetry) (n.)281
631175094sullensulky; in a bad mood (adj.)282
631175095tiradea long, angry speech (n.)283
631175096rebuffto reject; to snub; to refuse abruptly (v.)284
631175097pompousarrogant; cocky; showy (adj.)285
631175098profanenot having to do with religion; irreligious; unholy; disrespectful (adj.)286
631175099troupea company of actors, singers, or dancers (n.)287
631175100virtuoushonest; moral; ethical (adj.)288
631175101jovialhappy; in good spirits; jolly (adj.)289
631175102vestigethe remains of something that no longer exists (n.)290
631175103prudishoverly concerned with being modest or proper (adj.)291
631175104vindictiverevengeful (adj.)292
631175105salutarybeneficial; wholesome (adj.)293
631175106renounceto resign; to disown; to give up formally; to reject (v.)294
631175107hyperbolean exaggeration (n.)295
631175108paradigma good model or example (n.)296
631175109proliferateto spread rapidly (v.)297
631175110stymieto get in the way of; to hinder (v.)298
631175111extricateto free from difficulty; to remove something entangled; to untangle (v.)299
631175112synergya combined effect greater than the individual parts (n.)300
631175113skullduggerydishonest actions; cheating; unscrupulous behavior (n.)301
631175114juggernauta massive, unstoppable force crushing everything in its path (n.)302
631175115maverickan independent person who resists conformity (n.)303
631175116altruista selfless person who looks out for the welfare of others (n.)304
631175117disabuseto free from error, fallacy, or misconception (v.)305
631175118scintillatingbrilliantly lively, stimulating, or witty (adj.)306
631175119vimrobust energy and enthusiasm (n.)307
631175120conundruma puzzle or problem without a solution (n.)308
631175121debunkto expose the sham, falseness or nonsense of (v.)309
631175122jingoista belligerent, chauvinistic patriot; a warmonger (n.)310
631175123cajoleto persuade someone (especially with flattery) to do something he is reluctant to do; to coax (v.)311
631175124calumnya slanderous statement made with the intent of hurting another's reputation; a malicious rumor (n.)312
631175125stratifyto divide into a series of classes or layers (v.)313
631175126stigmaa mark of shame or discredit; a stain or curse (n.)314
631175127stipenda periodic payment, such as a scholarship or other allowance (n.)315
631175128mawkishoverly sentimental (adj.)316
631175129miserone who is extremely stingy with money (n.)317
631175130byzantineintricately involved; extremely complex (adj.)318
631175131precociousadvanced or mature, especially for one's age (adj.)319
631175132ineffableincapable of being expressed in words; indescribable (adj.)320
631175133ineluctableunavoidable; impossible to overcome; inevitable (adj.)321
631175134ossifyto harden or become bonelike; to make rigid and opposed to change (v.)322
631175135mirthgladness or gaiety marked by laughter (n.)323
631175136plunderto take by force; to loot; to ransack (v.)324
631175137poignantpainfully emotional; extremely moving; sharp or astute (adj.)325
631175138enervateto gradually reduce the strength or force of (v.)326
631175139destituteextremely poor; utterly lacking (adj.)327
631175140ennuiweariness and dissatisfaction; boredom (n.)328
631175141galvanizeto startle into sudden activity; to revitalize (v.)329
631175142cacophonya harsh-sounding mixture of words, voices, or sounds (n.)330
631175143balkto abruptly refuse; to stop short (v.)331
631175144banea source of harm or ruin; a curse (n.)332
631175145despota ruler with absolute power and authority; a tyrant (n.)333
631175146empiricalbased on observation or experience; not merely theoretical (adj.)334
631175147androgynousshowing characteristics reminiscent of both man and woman (adj.)335
631175148histrionicoverly dramatic; theatrical (adj.)336
631175149feralnot domesticated or cultivated; wild, uncontrollable; brutal (adj.)337
631175150munificentvery generous; lavish (adj.)338
631175151misnomeran incorrect naming of something (n.)339
631175152anachronismsomething misplaced in time or history; an incongruity (n.)340
631175153obstreperousuncontrollably aggressive; defiant, boisterous (adj.)341
631175154ostracizeto exclude from a group; to shun (v.)342
631175155peccadilloa minor fault (n.)343
631175156perfunctorymundane; routine; showing little care; mechanical (adj.)344
631175157quiescentmotionless; at rest; still (adj.)345
631175158inveteratedeep-rooted and persisting; firmly established; habitual (adj.)346
631175159rancorintense ill-will; bitter resentment (n.)347
631175160sacrosanctsacred; treated as if holy; inviolable (adj.)348
631175161ubiquitousconstantly encountered; widespread (adj.)349
631175162vignettea small, decorative design or drawing; a short literary sketch; a brief but expressive scene (n.)350
631175163iconoclastone who attacks cherished institutions or beliefs (n.)351
631175164dilettantesomeone having superficial knowledge of the arts; an amateur; a dabbler (n.)352
631175165archetypean original model or pattern; a perfect example (n.)353
631175166mercurialhaving an unpredictable emotional state or rapidly changing mood (adj.)354
631175167sanguinecheerful; optimistic (adj.)355
631175168effronteryshameless boldness (n.)356
631175169saturninemoody and morose; gloomy (adj.)357
631175170panaceaa remedy for all ills and difficulties; a universal cure (n.)358
631175171lionizeto praise excessively; to idolize (v.)359
631175172zeniththe highest point attained (n.)360
631175173heterogeneousconsisting of diverse ingredients; mixed (adj.)361
631175174gregarioussociable; enjoying the company of others (adj.)362
631175175effusivemarked by an excessive display of feelings or emotions (adj.)363
631175176serendipityaccidental good fortune (n.)364
631175177idiosyncrasya peculiarity; an eccentricity (n.)365
631175178perfidiousdisloyal; treacherous (adj.)366
631175179odiousdeserving hatred (adj.)367
631175180alacritycheerful willingness; promptness in response (n.)368
631175181watersheda crucial event; a turning point (n.)369
631175182luminarysomething emitting light; a person widely renowned and respected in his field (n.)370
631175183corroborateto confirm or substantiate; to increase in certainty (v.)371
631175184eulogya spoken or written tribute (usually for the deceased) (n.)372
631175185gaffea social blunder; an embarrassing mistake (n.)373
631175186imminentlikely to happen at any time; impending (adj.)374
631175187redoubtableinspiring wonder or awe; worthy of respect (adj.)375
631175188redressto remedy; to make amends for (v.)376
631175189remissionrelief from suffering; disappearance of a disease (n.)377
631175190unfetteredfree; unrestrained (adj.)378
631175191onusa burden or responsibility (n.)379
631175192latitudefreedom of action or choice (n.)380
631175193eruditescholarly; deeply learned (adj.)381
631175194joculargiven to jesting; playful; witty (adj.)382
631175195jettisonto get rid of; to discard (v.)383
631175196seminalcreative; original; contributing to later development (adj.)384
631175197husbandrycareful control or judicious use of resources; conservation (n.)385
631175198marshalto arrange in order; to gather together for the purpose of doing something (v.)386
631175199xenophobesomeone who fears or despises foreigners (n.)387
631175200waxto increase in size, numbers, strength, prosperity, or intensity (v.)388
631175201waneto decrease in size, extent, or degree; to dwindle; to fade away (v.)389
631175202visceraldeeply felt; instinctive; based on emotion (adj.)390
631175203viscousthick; gluey; sticky (adj.)391
631175204toutto praise highly; to brag publicly about (v.)392
631175205sybaritea person deeply fond of pleasure or luxury (n.)393
631175206sylvanrelated to the woods or forest (adj.)394
631175207systemicaffecting the entire system, especially the entire body (adj.)395
631175208proteanable to change shape; displaying great variety (adj.)396
631175209proponenta supporter; an advocate (n.)397
631175210propensityan intense natural inclination or preference; leaning (n.)398
631175211modicuma small portion; a limited quantity (n.)399

Ap Economics Semester 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
304134635Economicsthe branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services0
304134636ScarcityWhen there are not enough resources for demand1
304134637Equity vs efficiencyefficiency goes up = equity goes down2
304134638Opportunity costWhat is sacrificed to get what you want3
304134639Terms of traderange of trade in which a trade can be made that makes both parties better off4
304134640Feasiblecannot be done efficiently5
304134641Factors of productionland, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship6
304134642Marginal analysiscomparison of pros and cons7
304134643Specializationlowers opportunity cost but increases need for trade8
304134644Law of demandhigher price = lower quantity demanded9
304134645Law of supplylower price = higher supply demanded10
304134646Comparative advantagewhen opportunity cost is less for "a" than "b"11
304134647Absolute advantageMaximum productivity exceeds other producer12
304134648Demand determinantsTaste, income, # of consumers, price of related goods/services, expectations13
304134649Supply DeterminantsPrice of related goods/ services, input prices, government policies, expectations, and # of producers.14
304134650Price floorsMinimum price sellers are allowed to charge for a good15
304134651Price ceilingmaximum price buyers are required to pay for a good.16
304134652Shift of curveShift (right or left) of demand or supply curve due to a change in determinants17
304134653Movement along the curvechange in quantity demanded or supplied at a specific price18
304134654Bartertrade without monetary involvement19
304134655Marketplace where buyers/ sellers can exchange goods or services20
304134656Demandability and willingness to buy21
304134657Price floor effectscreates surplus; good for suppliers, bad for consumers22
304134658Price ceiling effectscreates shortage; bad for suppliers but good for consumers23
304134659Equilibrium pricewhen quantity supplied= quantity demanded24
304134660Equilibrium quantityquantity bought and sold at that price25
304134661Substitutesfor demand, when price B increases the quantity demand of A increases. When the price B increase for supply, supply decreases26
304134662Complimentsdemand; price of B increases, demand of A decreases Supply; price of B increases, supply for A increases27
304134663Fiscal policyuses changes in government spending and taxation to affect overall spending28
304134664Self-regulatingeconomy fixes and thrives without government interference29
304134665Keynesianeconomy can be fixed through government intervention30
304134666Aggregate outputtotal output31
304134667Recessionperiod of at least 6, consecutive months where output fails32
304134668Stabilization policypolicy effort undertaken to reduce severity of a recession33
304134669Long run economic growthsustained upward trend in economic growth.34
304134670Inflationa rise in total price level35
304134671Deflationa drop in total price level36
304134672Trade deficitsimport more than export37
304134673Open economyeconomy that trades with other nations38
304134674Trade surpluswhen the value at which other nations import goods is more than the value that they export to the U.S39
304134675gross domestic productthe market value of all final goods produced in a year40
304134676GDPC + Ig + G + Nx41
304134677Consumptionincludes all spending by the household42
304134678InvestmentsBuying of capital goods, all final products of machinery, equipment, and tools43
304134679Government spendingsocial capital44
304134680Net exportsthe exports minus the imports45
304134681Inventoriesstocks of goods and raw materials that firms hold to facilitate their operations46
304134682Government transferspayments from the government to individual with no g/s in return47
304134683IncomeMeasure of GDP48
304134684Realadjusted for inflation49
304134685consumer price indexshows the cost of all purchases by a typical family ove50
304134686Price index in a given yearbasket cost of year two / basket cost of year 1 X 10051
304134687Inflation rateannual percentage in an official price index (index year 2 - index year 2 / year 1) X 10052
304134688Employment# of people currently employed, full or part time53
304134689Unemployment# of people actively looking for work but aren't employed54
304134690Labor forceemployed + unemployed55
304134691Labor force participation rate(labor force / pop. Age 16 and older) X 10056
304134692Unemployment rate(# of unemployed workers/ labor force) X 10057
304134693Discouraged workersare not actively searching for a job and unemployed58
304134694Marginally attached workerswould like a job but not searching59
304134695Underemployed# of people who want full time but are stuck working part time60
304134696Fungiblejob is not secure61
304134697NNPGDP without depreciation62
304134698NIGDP without business taxes63
304134699PINI with transfer payments64
304134700DIDisposable income65
304134701Disposable incomeincome + transfers - taxes66
304134702Frictional unemploymentquit because of schooling or in between jobs by choice67
304134703Structural unemploymentdo not meet qualifications or computer replaced you68
304134704Cyclical unemploymentCut backs due to economic hardships69

AP Human Geography Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
1620028639geographythe study of where things are found on earth's surface and the reasons for the locations0
1620028640cartographyscience of mapmaking1
1620028641eratosthenes(276-195BC) Greek who showed that the Earth was round and calculated the circumference. off by 15%2
1620028642ptolemyAlexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy3
1620028643Chinese and Islamicmade advancements outside Europe after Ptolemy4
1620040533age of explorationTime period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.5
1620083817map scale: ratio, written, graphic scalelevel of detail and the amount of area covered on the map depend on its map scale, 1:24,000, 1 inch equals one mile, consists of a bar line6
1620083818projectionscientific method of transferring locations on earth's surface on to a flat map7
1620083819four types of distoration1.shape of an area 2. distance between points may become increased or decreased 3. relative size of different areas can be altered 4. direction between points can be distorted8
1620083820longitudeDistance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees9
1620083821latitudeDistance north or south of the equator10
1620083822minutes/secondsin order to be more precise, degrees are broken down into ____ and ________.11
1620083823time zones24 hour zones that 1,000 miles apart from the other, each one is an hour before or after the one next to it, helps to differentiate between the differnt times from one point on the Earth to another point.12
1620083824Greenwich mean timeThe time in that time zone ecompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude13
1620133521international date lineA theoretical line following approximately the 180th meridian, the regions to the east of which are counted as being one day earlier in their calendar dates than the regions to the west.14
1620133522remote sensingThe acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.15
1620133523GPSA system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.16
1620133524GISa computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic data17
1620133525locationA specific place on the Earth18
1620133526toponymthe name given to a place on earth19
1620133527sitethe physical character of a place20
1620133528situationthe location of a place relative to other places21
1620133529regionAn area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.22
1620133530cultural landscapeA combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.23
1620133531formal region (uniform or homogeneous)An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.24
1620133532functional region (nodal)an area organized around a node or focal point.25
1620133533vernacular regionA place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.26
1620268108cultureBeliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.27
1620268109scaleGenerally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole28
1620268110globalizationActions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope29
1620268111transnational corporationsA company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.30
1620268112global landscapesIncreasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform ______ __________31
1620268113density distributionFrequency with which something occurs in space.32
1620268114concentration distributionExtent of a feature's spread over space.33
1620268115pattern distributionrefers to the geometrical arrangement of objects within an area34
1620268116behavioral geographyis a branch of human geo. that attempts to understand the phychological basis for individual human actions35
1620268117humanistic geographytheoretical approach to human geography that concentrates on the conscious, creative and meaningful activities and experiences of human beings36
1620268118poststructuralist georgraphyEmphasizes the need to understand multiple perspectives regarding space.37
1620268119relocation diffusionThe spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.38
1620268120expansion diffusionThe spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.39
1620268121stimulus diffusionThe spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.40
1620268122hierarchical diffusionspread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places41
1620268123contagious diffusionThe rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.42
1620268124distance decaytrailing off phenomenon of diminishing contact with the increase in distance43
1620268125coreamerica, western Europe, Japan44
1620268126peripheryafrica, asia, america45
1620268127sustainabilityThe organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which includes the 3 interconnected domains: environment, economy, society46
1620268128environment pillarsustainable development can only exist if conservation is embraced more fully than wasting resources or preservation of all resources47
1620268129economy pillarefforts to set prices of commodities and goods based not only on supply and demand but also on costs to the environment48
1620268130society pillarmodifying the wants of cultures in regards to shelter food and clothing to objects that are susainable49
1620268131atomspherecontains pollutants, humans have trouble breathing50
1620268132hydrospherewithout water humans would die51
1620268133lithosphereearth's crust and layer just below the crust52
1620268134biosphereAll life forms on Earth53

AP BIOLOGY chapter 6 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2555761010what type of cell has a plasma membrane?both0
2555761187what type of cell has cytosol with organelles?both1
2555761188what type of cell has ribosomes?both2
2555761428what type of cell has a nucleus?eukaryotic3
2555761543what is the size of prokaryotic cells?1-10 um4
2555762035what is the size of the eukartyotic cells?10-100 um5
2555762288what type of cell has internal membranes?eukaryotic6
2555762732prokaryotic cells belong to what domain?domains Bacteria and Archaea7
2555763170eukaryotic cells belong to what domain?Eukarya and include animals, fungi, plants, and protists8
2555764513which cell does this detail describe: chromosomes are grouped together in a region called the nucleoid, but there is no nuclear membrane and therefore no nucleusprokaryotes9
2555765148which cell does this detail describe: no membrane bounded organelles are found in the cytosol (ribosomes are found but they are not membrane bound)prokaryotes10
2555765529which is the smallest of the two cells?prokaryotes11
2555765867which cell does this detail describe: a membrane enclosed nucleus contains the cell's chromosomeseukaryotes12
2555766231which cell does this detail describe: many membrane bounded organelles are found in the cytoplasmeukaryotes13
2555767421which is the largest of the two types of cells?eukaryotes14
2555767583what forms the boundary for a cell?plasma membrane15
2555768016what selectively permits the passage of materials into and out of the cell?plasma membrane16
2555768262what is the function of a plasma membrane?selectively permits the passage of materials into and out of the cell17
2555768762what is made up of phospholipids, proteins, and associated carbohydrates?plasma membrane18
2555770740what makes up the nucleus?nuclear envelope nucleolus chromatin19
2555771222what is the nuclear envelope?double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores, contiguous with ER20
2555771623what is the double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores, contiguous with ER called?nuclear envelope21
2555771932what is the nucleolus?nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli22
2555772155what is a nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli called?nucleolus23
2555772487what is chromatin?material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell24
2555772656what is a material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell called?chromatin25
2555773058what are ribosomes?nonmembranous organelles that make proteins; free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope26
2555773523what are nonmembranous organelles that make proteins; free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope called?ribosomes27
2555773673what is the golgi apparatus?organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products28
2555774524what is the organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products?golgi apparatus29
2555774684what is a lysosome?digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed30
2555775033what is a digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed?lysosome31
2555775353what is the mitochondria?organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated32
2555775744what is this: organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated?mitochondria33
2555776219what is a peroxisome?organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide34
2555776618what is this: organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide?peroxisome35
2555776898what is a microvilli?projections that increase the cell's surface area36
2555777388what are the projections that increase the cell's surface area called?microvilli37
2555778363what is the cytoskeleton?reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are made up of protein38
2555778797what reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are made up of protein?cytoskeleton39
2555778955what is the centrosome?region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles40
2555779655what is flagellum?locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane enclosed microtubles41
2555779991what is the called?centrosome42
2555780175what is the locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane enclosed microtubles called?flagellum43
2555780887what is the endoplasmic reticulum?network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetc and metabolic processes; has rough and smooth regions44
2555781389what is a network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetc and metabolic processes; has rough and smooth regions called?endoplasmic reticulum45
2555781766what is in animal cells, but not in plant cells?lysosomes centrioles flagella (in some plant sperm)46
2555782576what is the cell wall?outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein47
2555782959what is the plasmodesmata?channels through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells48
2555783804what are chloroplasts?photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules49
2555786037what makes up the cytoskeleton?microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules50
2555786249what is tonoplast?membrane enclosing the central vacuole51
2555787067what is the central vacuole?prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth52
2555787993what is in plant cells, but not in animal cells?chloroplasts central vacuole and tonoplast cell wall plasmodesmata53
2555791747what is the function of the smooth ER?1. synthesis of lipids 2. metabolism of carbohydrates 3. detoxification of drugs and poisons54
2555792376what makes up mircortubules?protein tubulin55
2555792690what is the function of a microtubule?shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor molecules can move. they also separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis and are the structural components of cilia and flagella56
2555793686what are microfilaments?composed of the protein actin. much smaller than microtubules, microfilaments function in smaller scale support. when coupled with the motor molecule myosin, microfilaments can be involved with movement57
2555794423what are intermediate filaments?slightly larger than microfilaments and smaller than microtubules. they are more permanent fixtures in the cell, where they are important in maintaining the shape of the cell and fixing the position of certain organelles58
2555796666what are the three types of intercellular junctions?tight desmosomes gap59
2555796780what are tight junctions?sections of animal cell membrane where two neighboring cells are fused, making the membranes water tight60
2555797015what are desmosomes?fasten adjacent animal cells together, functioning like rivets to fasten cells into strong sheets61
2555797523what are gap junctions?provide channels between adjacent animal cells through which ions, sugars, and other small molecules can pass62

Chemistry Lab Equipment Flashcards

Chemistry Lab Equipment Pictures, Names, Uses

Terms : Hide Images
200581364BeakerHolds liquids; Used for heating liquids; Not a measuring device0
200581365Medicine DropperUsed to transfer liquids1
200581366Bunsen BurnerUsed for heating2
200581367Test TubeContainer for reactions3
200581368Test Tube RackHolds test tubes4
200581369Graduated CylinderUsed to measure volumes5
200581370Mortar and PestleFor crushing solids6
200581371ForcepsUsed to pick up things in the lab7
200581372Utility ClampAttaches to ring stand; Supports flasks/test tubes8
200585584Iron RingUsed to support funnels and wire gauze/beakers9
200585585Ring StandUsed as a support; Rings and clamps attach to the stand10
200585586Spatula or ScoopulaUsed to transfer solids11
200585587Tongs/Crucible TongsUsed to pick up and hold substances; For moving materials; For use with crucibles12
200585588Evaporating DishUsed to evaporate liquids from a mixture13
200585589FunnelLiquid transfer; Separation techniques14
200585590Glass PlateUsed as a cover15
200585591Beaker TongsFor moving hot beakers16
200585592Crucible and CoverFor heating small amounts at high temperatures17
200585593Watch GlassUsed as a cover or sample plate18
200585594Stirring RodUsed to agitate liquids or mixtures19
200585595Test Tube BrushUsed to clean glassware20
200585596Wire GauzeSupport used to hold glassware when being heated21
200585597Clay Triangle/Pipestem TriangleUsed as a support for funnels and crucibles22
200585598Test Tube Clamp/TongsUsed to hold a test tube while heating23
200585599StrikerUsed to light a Bunsen Burner24
200587578Erlenmeyer FlaskFor heating and holding reactions25

Combo with AQA Chemistry C2 Complete Set Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
735990401IonCharged particle formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.0
735990402Positive ionFormed when metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell.1
735990403Negative ionFormed when non-metal atoms gain electrons to their outer shell.2
735990404Ionic bondElectrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge.3
735990405Ionic compoundCompound made up of positive and negative ions, key example: sodium chloride.4
735990406Covalent bondShared pair of electrons found between non-metal atoms.5
735990407Simple moleculeMolecule made up of a small number of atoms held by covalent bonds. Examples include water and ammonia.6
735990408Intermolecular forcesWeak force found between small molecules, causes them to have a low m.m. and b.p.7
735990409LatticeRegular arrangement of particles.8
735990410MacromoleculeGiant covalent structure made up of a large number of atoms.9
735990411DiamondEach carbon forms 4 bonds to other carbon atoms resulting in a very hard substance.10
735990412GraphiteEach carbon bonds to three others in a layer structure. Soft and slippery. Conducts electricity.11
735990413MetalGiant structure of positive ions surrounded by a 'sea of electrons'.12
735990414Delocalised electronsElectrons that are free to move. Found in graphite and metals and cause them to conduct electricity.13
735990415NanoscienceBased on particle on billionth of a metre in size.14
735990416PolymerLong chain molecule made from many small molecules (monomers) joined together.15
735990417Thermosoftening polymersCan be melted and reshaped as have only weak forces between chains.16
735990418Thermosetting polymersCannot be remoulded as have strong cross links between chains.17
735990419AlloyMixture of metals18
735990420Shape Memory AlloyReturn to original shape when deformed.19
735990421TemperatureA measure of the average kinetic energy of a sample.20
735990422CatalystA substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected21
735990423Stirringstirring increases the rate at which particles dissolve by increasing the kinetic energy of the sample22
735990424Concentrationdescribes the amount of solute present in a volume of solvent.23
735990425surface areathe extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary24
735990426Formation of Gasindicator of a change in the form of bubbles25
735990427precipitateA solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture26
735990428Effect of temperature on rateIncreasing the temperature increases the both the number of collisions and the number of successful collisions that overcome the activation energy.27
735990429Activation energyThe minimum energy a collision between particles requires for a chemical reaction to take place.28
735990430Effect of catalysts on rateThese provide an alternative reaction route which has a lower activation energy. This means that more of the collisions will be successful.29
735990431Effect of surface area on rateA larger surface area will allow for more collisions and so increase the rate.30
735990432Effect of concentration on rateIncreases the number of collisions because there are more reagent particles in the same volume.31
735990433ExothermicWhen energy from a reaction is given out to surrounds.32
735990434EndothermicWhen energy for a reaction is taken in from the surroundings.33
735990435Chemical reactionThis involves the making and or breaking of chemical bonds. This will also include a change in properties and a change in energy.34
735990436Chemical bondsan attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges35
735990437Energy in reactionsThe breaking of a chemical bond requires energy from it's surroundings. The forming of the same bond will release the same amount of energy.36
735990438Examples of exothermic reactionsCombustion of Fuels, Corrosion of Metals, Reaction Between Acid and Alkali, Respiration37
735990439Examples of endothermic reactionsThermal decomposition, photosynthesis, denaturing an enzyme.38
735990440MoleA unit to count the number of particles present in a sample. One mole contains 6.02 x 10²³ particles.39
735990441Percentage by massIndicates what proportion of the total mass of a compound is accounted for by each element. = mass of element/mass of compound x10040
735990442atom economyThe proportion of reactants that are converted into useful products rather than waste products. = mass useful/mass total x 10041
735990443Percentage yieldthe actual yield (experimentally determined) expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield (calculated) = Actual/Possible x 10042
735990444Relative atomic massThe mass in grams of one mole of an element. This can be found on the periodic table. (it will be the larger of the two numbers on the element)43
735990445Relative molecular massThe mass in grams of one mole of a molecule. This can be calculated by adding up all of the atomic masses.44
735990446Molecular formulaShows the number of atoms of each element in a compound. i.e. C₃H₆45
735990447Empirical formulaThe simplest ratio of the elements in a compound. i.e. the empirical formula of Propene (C₃H₆) is C:2H46
735990448metal carbonate + acid →metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide47
735990449SaltFormed when a metal displaces hydrogen from an acid.48
735990450Salt of hydrochloric acidChloride49
735990451Salt of nitric acidNitrates50
735990452Salt of sulfuric acidSulfates51
735990453Brinewater containing salts52
735990454Membrane used in electrolysis of brineThe membrane in NaCl electrolysis cell allows ions, but not gases to pass through.53
735990455Product of electrolysis of brine at the CathodeHydrogen gas, H₂. (CatHy's)54
735990456Product of electrolysis of brine at the AnodeChlorine gas, Cl₂. (AnCle)55
735990457Solution formed as a result of electrolysis of brine.Sodium Hydrogen Solution.56
735990458Uses of ClBleach Paper Used for sterilising water drinking and pool water57
735990459Uses of H₂Magerine Fuel/ Fuel cells Ammonia - fertilisers.58
735990460Uses of NaOHSoap Paper Fibres59
735990461Chemical added to Al₂O₃Cryolite added reducing the melting point.60
735990462Reaction at anode during electrolysis of Al₂O₃2O²⁻ → O₂ + 4e⁻ (Oxidation)61
735990463Reaction at cathode during electrolysis of Al₂O₃Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Al (Reduction)62
735990464Uses of AluminiumConducts electricity. Low density Expensive, useful for aircraft (Light properties) Foodcontainers + windows (won't corrode.)63
735990465Which electrode is which?PANIC (Positive Anode Negative Is Cathode)64
735990466Which reaction takes place at each electrode?OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain) (of electrons)65
735990467Reactions of metal compounds and acidmetal + acid → salt + hydrogen metal oxide + acid → salt + water metal hydroxide + acid → salt + water metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide66
735990468acidCompound that donates H⁺ ions to an aqueous solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale.67
735990469alkaliA water soluble base68
735990470baseA compound that can neutralise an acid. E.g. metal oxides and hydroxides69
735990471What does (aq) mean?Dissolved in water (an aqueous solution)70
735990472precipitatea solid that forms from solution during a chemical reaction71
735990473half equationEquation showing only the reaction of the ion at an electrode during electrolysis.72
735990474electroplatingan electrolytic process in which a metal ion is reduced and a solid metal is deposited on a surface73
735990475Electrolytea compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in the molten state.74
735990476ElectrolysisThe process of decomposing a chemical compound by the passage of an electric current.75

Chemistry Flashcards

Chemistry Vocabulary

Terms : Hide Images
994417907chemistrythe study of the properties of matter and how matter changes0
994417908matteranything that has mass and takes up space1
994417909physical propertya characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing into another substance2
994417910chemical propertya characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances3
994417911elementa pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by physical or chemical means4
994417912compounda pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio5
994417913mixturemade up of two or more substances that are together in the same place but are not chemically combined6
1021276517atomic numberA unique number for each element that equals the number of protons in an atom of that element.7
1021276518atomic massthe average mass of an elements atoms, the total mass of both the protons and the neutrons of one atom.8
1021276519atomic nucleusThe central part of an atom that contains both protons and neutrons.9
1021276520protonspositively charged subatomic particles10
1021276521neutronsa subatomic particle that has no charge11
1021276522electronsnegatively charged subatomic particles12
1021276523periodhorizontal row of elements13
1021276524groupvertical column of elements14
1021276525reactivitythe ease and speed with which an element combines or reacts with other elements.15
1080092927ionan atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge16
1080092928polyatomic ionions made of more than one atom17
1080092929ionic bondattraction between two oppositely charged ions.18
1080092930covalent bondchemical bond formed where two atoms share electrons.19
1093633364acidproton donor with a pH lower than 720
1093633365baseproton acceptor with a pH higher than 721
1093633366waterthis substance has a neutral pH of about 722
1093633367pH scalesystem used measure the ability of a substance to gain or lose a proton (H+)23
1093633368conductivitythe ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity24
1093633369reactantA starting substance in a chemical reaction25
1093633370productAn ending substance of a chemical reaction26
1093633371electrolysisthe process of breaking chemical bonds with an electric current27
1093633372oxidationthe addition of an oxygen atom or the subtraction of electrons during a chemical reaction28
1093633373reductionthe subtraction of an oxygen atom or the addition of electrons during a chemical reaction29
1093633374redox reactiona reaction in which both reduction and oxidation take place30
1093633375acid-base reactiona reaction where an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt31
1093633378surface tensionskin-like surface caused by the attraction of molecules at the surface of a liquid32
1093633379polymera large, complex molecule built from a smaller molecule with a repeating pattern33
1093633380monomerthe smaller molecule that builds into a polymer34
1093658622combustionA rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire35
1093658623volumeAmount of space occupied by an object36
1093658624densitythe amount of mass in a given space (density = mass/volume)37
1093658625massthe amount of matter in an object38
1313722240atomthe smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.39
1313722241moleculetwo or more atoms held together by a chemical bond40

Global History Term Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2701236358Abbasidsa dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750-1258 CE > Muslim golden age; mongols end them> inciting havoc in the Muslim world.0
2701239855Aboriginea member of any of the native people of Australia1
2701242400Absolute Ruler or Despota ruler who has total power > like Louis 14th (XIV) Of France who built Versailles2
2701245829Accommodationan acceptance of the ideas and customs of other cultures.3
2701247039Acropolisa fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city.4
2701247672Aksum/Axuman African kingdom, in what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea, that reached the height of its power in 300s CE. (fourth century)5
2701251593al- Andalusa Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established in the 700s CE (why Spain not in Holy Roman Empire).6
2701259445Allahword for God in Arabic that is used by Muslims7
2701260392Alliesww2 britain, ussr, and us and other supporting powers which opposed the axis powers. - ww1 - triple entente (mainly britain, france, russia, and later us and italy sooner than us) vs triple alliance (germany, austria-hungry, italy (which went to opponents side by 1915), and the ottoman empire).8
2701278585Almohadsa group of Islamic reformers who overthrew the Almoravid Dynasty and established an empire in North America and southern Spain in the 1100s ce.9
2701280697Almoravidsan Islamic religious brotherhood that established an empire in North Africa and southern Spain in 1000s ce.10
2701283451Anabaptistsin the Protestant Reformation, a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and in separation of church and state.11
2701286195Anasazian early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest12
2701286896Anatoliathe Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey> also called Asia Minor > where the Ottomans started!!!13
2701288966Angkor Wata temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu that gradually became buddhist(Cambodia 1100s/ 1200s ce)14
2701294062Anglicanrelating to the Church of England > created by King Henry VIII as he did not agree with the power of the pope.15
2701297356animismthe belief that spirits are presents in animals, plants, and other natural objects16
2701300289annexationthe adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.17
2701301438annulto cancel or put an end to18
2701302016anti-Semitismprejudice against Jews.19
2701303124apartheida South African policy of complete legal separation of races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.20
2701305430apostleone of the followers of Jesus who preached and spread his teachings21
2701306768appeasmentthe making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war > like what Britain and France did for Hitler at the Munich Conference.22
2701311563aqueducta pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated areas23
2701312440aristocracya government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility24
2701313424armisticean agreement to stop fighting25
2701314111artifacta human-made object, such as a tool, weapon, or a piece of jewerly26
2701315593Aryansan Indo-European people who, by about 1500 bc, began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent > started Vedism> the basis for Hinduism.27
2701319549assembly linein a factory, an arrangement in which a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in its manufacture > Henry Ford > automobiles > 1920s28
2701326177Assyriaa Southwest Asian (Mesopotamian type region) kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850-612 bc.29
2701328539Atlantic Charter (1941)a declaration of principles issued in 1941 by Winston Churchill (british) and fredrick roosevelt (us) on how the allies would act upon victory in ww2> free all their colonies> happens, but gradually and not as immediately for all as promised.30
2701332504Atlantic Slave Tradethe buying, transporting, and selling of Africans to work in the Americas (1500-1800)31
2701337500autocracya government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner (absolutist like).32
2701339258Axis Powersww2: the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan who began to ally in 1936, but dont sign anything till about 1940.33
2701341865aylluin Incan society, a small community or clan whose members worked together for the common good.34

Global History and Geography Regents Review - Part III Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2701101539The term "monarch" meansKing0
2701102228Absolute monarchs were kings who hadTotal control over the nations that they ruled1
2701103106Centralized political control is characteristics ofAbsolute monarchies2
2701104583Absolute monarchs believed in this, which was the idea, similar to the Mandate of Heaven in China, that kings received their power to rule directly from God.Divine Right3
2701105109Some important absolute monarchs include:Peter the Great, Louis XIV, Philip II, Henry VIII, Suleiman the Magnificent4
2701107066Peter the Great, Louis XIV, and Suleiman the Magnificent helped expand (enlarge) the territory of their nations byTaking over neighboring lands5
2701124088A sudden and dramatic change in how people viewed the world from the 1500s to the 1600s.Scientific Revolution6
2701124710Key people of the Scientific Revolution:Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Brahe, Descartes7
2701126353During the Scientific Revolution, these two concepts were used to explain how the world worked. People no longer turned only to the Bible and the Catholic Church for answers.Science and reason, or logic8
2701127773Key effects of the Scientific Revolution:1. Spread of new ideas throughout Europe 2. Challenged traditional authority of the Bible and of the Catholic Church 3. New ideas of this period led directly to the Enlightenment9
2701132748The Enlightenment is often called the Age ofReason10
2701133210Key ideas of the Enlightenment:1. Society can be improved by using reason and natural law 2. Governments receive their authority from the governed, NOT from God 3. Democracy11
2701135123The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment both encouragedThe spread of new ideas and the use of reason12
2701136979Key people of the Enlightenment:John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau13
2701138000Key effects of the Enlightenment:Political Revolutions, Enlightened Despots14
2701138990An event in which the people of a country overthrow an existing government and create a new government.Political Revolution15
2701139994The event in which the people of England successfully limited the power of their monarchs (kings).Glorious Revolution16
2701141008The Glorious Revolution took place because people in England believed that the absolute monarchs of EnglandWere unfair and had too much power17
2701141490Key effects of the Glorious Revolution:1. England became a limited monarchy 2. Power of English monarch limited by: - Magna Carta - Petition of Rights - English Bill of Rights - Habeas Corpus18
2701144797As a result of laws limting the power of the English monarch after the Glorious Revolution, English kings had to share power withParliament19
2701146649The event in which the people of France overthrew their king (Louis XVI) and fought for more rights.French Revolution20
2701147406Key causes of the French Revolution:1. Unhappiness of Third Estate 2. Spread of Enlightenment ideas 3. Abuse of absolute monarchy 4. Economic crisis as a result of overspending of the absolute monarch21
2701151112Key events of the French Revolution:1. Declaration of the Rights of Man 2. Reign of Terror22
2701151586Key effects of the French Revolution:1. King Louis XVI of France was executed by Robespierre and the Jacobins 2. The middle class of France (bourgeoisie) gained more power and rights23
2701154960The ruler who came to power at the end of the French Revolution.Napoleon Bonaparte24
2701155502How did Napoleon expand French territory?By conquering neighboring lands in Europe25
2701156798By expanding the country beyond its borders, Napoleon promoted this feeling among his people.Nationalism26
2701158589The Regents wants you to know that Napoleon was finally defeated in 1812 because he made a big error (mistake). What was it?He invaded Russia during the winter and the freezing climate (weather) of Russia killed thousands of his soldiers. The same mistake was later made by Hitler during WWII.27
2701164178The events where the colonies of Latin America (Central America, South America, and the Caribbean) fought to gain independence (self-government) from Spain, Portugal, and France.Latin American Revolutions28
2701165394Key causes of the Latin American Revolutions:1. Control and discrimination of peninsulares 2. Spread of Enlightenment ideas 3. Initial success of American and French Revolutions29
2701167510Key people of the Latin American Revolutions:1. Simón Bolívar 2. José de San Martín 3. Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla 4. Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture30
2701169834Who were nationalists in early nineteenth century Latin America?People who loved their nations and wanted them free from European control.31
2701174756After gaining independence, attempts were made to unify (combine) the different areas of Latin America in order to form one country (Gran Colombia). These attempts failed because Latin America has many of these (i.e. - Andes Mountains, Amazon Rainforest, etc.) that prevent communication between regions.Natural boundaries32

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