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Ch. 11: Motivated Behaviors Flashcards

Introduction to Psychology by James W. Kalat (10th Edition, 2014)

2182142096	Module 11.1: Work Motivation		0
2182143322	motivation	process that determines reinforcement value of an outcome	1
2182145412	drive	state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation	2
2182146880	homeostasis	maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism	3
2182149444	allostasis	maintained levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's needs and circumstances	4
2182152273	incentives	stimuli that pull us toward an action	5
2182154252	hierarchy of needs	an organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when all others are under control	6
2182156211	self-actualization	need for creative activities to fulfill your potential	7
2182399399	delay of gratification	declining a pleasant activity now in order to get greater pleasure later	8
2182402203	mere measurement effect	phenomenon of estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increases your probability of that action	9
2182410822	scientific-management approach (Theory X)	employees are lazy, indifferent, and uncreative	10
2182415001	human relations approach (Theory Y)	employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment	11
2182417692	job burnout	long-lasting sense of mental and physical exhaustion and discouragement	12
2182424189	transformational leader	leader who articulates vision of the future, intellectually stimulates subordinates, and motivates them to advance organization through imagination	13
2182428004	transactional leader	leader who tries to make the organization more efficient at doing what it is already doing by providing rewards (mainly pay) for effective work	14
2182434448	Module 11.2: Hunger Motivation		15
2182436012	glucose	most abundant sugar in the blood and important source of energy for body and almost the only source the brain uses	16
2182440732	insulin	increases flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells	17
2182444298	set point	level that the body works to maintain	18
2182445700	leptin	hormone released by body's fat cells in amounts proportional to their mass	19
2182458297	obesity	excessive accumulation of body fat	20
2182463239	anorexia nervosa	condition in which someone intensely fears gaining weight and refuses to eat a normal amount	21
2182465790	bulimia nervosa	eating disorder in which people alternate between self-deprivation and periods of excessive eating, with a feeling of loss of control	22
2182474369	Module 11.3: Sexual Motivation		23
2182493698	acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)	a sexually transmitted disease that attacks the body's immune system	24
2182569487	testosterone	hormone main secreted in male fetuses	25
2182574950	estrogen	hormone mainly secreted in female fetuses	26
2182577418	intersexes	people with anatomy that appears intermediate between male and female	27
2182578549	gender identity	sex that someone regards himself or herself as being	28
2182585200	sexual orientation	one's tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners, both or neither	29
2182582510	bisexuality	attraction to both sexes	30

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Kalat's Biological Psychology Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1598569157	Mullerian Ducts	early precursors to female reproductive structures (oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina)	0
1598569158	Wollfian ducts	Precursor to the male internal reproductive organs	1
1598569159	SRY gene	the sex determining region of the Y chromosome in males. Encodes the testis-determining factor, which turns the primordial gonads into the testes	2
1598569160	testes	Male sex glands or gonads that produce the male sex cells - sperm	3
1598569161	androgens	Sex steroid hormones, including testosterone, found in higher levels in males than females. They are responsible for male sexual maturation.	4
1598569162	ovaries	THE PRIMARY FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS THAT PRODUCE AN OVUM, OR EGG, THAT, IF FERTILIZED, WILL DEVELOP INTO A FETUS.	5
1598569163	estrogens	Develop the sex characteristics in women as well as secondary sex characteristics at puberty; with progesterone they promote breast development and menstruation	6
1598569164	steroid hormones	make secondary sex characteristic in pubery. Female (estrogen, Progesterone), Male (testosterone)	7
1598569165	testosterone	A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens; secreted in far greater amounts in males than females.	8
1598569166	estradiol	A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more estradiol than males do.	9
1598569167	progesterone	A steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle Progesterone maintains and enhances the uterine lining for the possible implantation of a fertilized ovum. It is the primary hormone secreted during pregnancy.	10
1598569168	organizing effects	Long-lasting effects of a hormone that are present during a sensitive period early in development	11
1598569169	activating effects	occur at any time in life when a hormone temporarily activates a particular response. Changes in secretion create effects within 15 min. last longer than hormone remains but not indefinitely	12
1598569170	sensitive period	the time of when an organizing effect determines whether an embryo develops male or female anatomy	13
1598569171	sexually dimorphic nucleus	area in the anterior hypothalamus that is larger in males than in females and contributes to control of male sexual behavior	14
1598569172	alpha-fetoprotein	The alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test is a blood test that is performed during pregnancy. This screening test measures the level of AFP in the mothers blood and indicates the probability that the fetus has one of several serious birth defects. The level of AFT can also be determined by analyzing a sample of amniotic fluid.	15
1598569173	Gender/toy preference and hormones	prenatal hormones, especially testosterone alter brain in ways that influence differences between boys and girls and their chosen activities and interests.	16
1598569174	Sildenafil	(viagra) increases male sexual ability by prolonging the effects of nitric oxide (blood flow into the penis)	17
1598569175	impotence	inability to have an erection, not associated with low testosterone	18
1598569176	luteinizing hormone	A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.	19
1598569177	follicle-stimulating hormone	A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of sperm in the male and growth of the follicle (which produces the egg) in the female.	20
1598569178	periovulatory period	the middle of the cycle, maximum fertility and high estrogen levels	21
1598569179	oxytocin	A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.	22

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Exam 4: Introduction to Psychology, James W. Kalat, Chapter 13: Social Psychology and Chapters 15/16: Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

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392493080	Social Psychology	how humans behave	0
392493081	Social psychologists	Study ways people influence and are influenced by each other, incorporating the study of attitudes and perceptions, persuasion, compliance and obedience.	1
392493083	Social perception and cognition	Mental processes that allow a person to collect and remember information about others and to make inferences and judgments based on that information.	2
392493084	Primacy effect	first information learned about someone will be a more powerful influence on our views about that person (perceptions) than any later information	3
392493088	Empirical support for the importance of "first impressions"	positive/negative word list	4
392493089	Attribution	set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own and others' behavior.	5
392493090	What are the two types of attributions?	Internal and External	6
392493091	Internal attributions	Explanations based on an individual's perceived stable characteristics, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities.	7
392493092	Dispositional attribution	(internal attributions) Internal characteristics of the individual.	8
392493093	External attributions	Explanations based on the current situation and events surrounding the individual.	9
392493094	Situational attribution	(external attribution) External environmental factors behind the behavior observed.	10
392493095	Fundamental Attribution Error	When we make Internal (Dispositional) attributions for a person's behavior despite the presence of possible external influences.	11
392493096	The actor observer effect	Related to the fundamental attribution error, we also tend to make situational attributions for our own behaviors and dispositional ones for the behavior of others.	12
392493097	Attribution associated with actor observer effect	Actor (our view of ourselves) = external attribution; Observer (our view of others) = internal attribution	13
392493098	Why are our views skewed in the actor observer effect?	More aware of how our own behavior varies from situation to situation. Less aware of situation to situation change in behavior of others.	14
392493100	Stereotype	A generalized belief about group of people.	15
392493101	Prejudice	an irrationally unfavorable (or favorable) attitude toward a group of people.	16
392493102	Aversive racism	Expressing the belief that all people are equal while holding negative views toward another race and unintentionally discriminating against some groups.	17
392493103	Ambivalent sexism	Parallel to aversive racism but with regard to sex (gender) roles.	18
392493104	The Implicit Association Test	Used for personality assessment can also be used to detect subtle prejudice.	19
392493105	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	suggests that an individual's behavior can change his or her own attitudes.	20
392493106	Cognitive dissonance	A state of tension that exists when an individual realizes that he or she holds contradictory attitudes on an issue, or has exhibited behavior that is inconsistent with an expressed attitude.	21
392493107	Explain the study done by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959	Made people do an easy task then lie about it.	22
392493108	$1 vs. $20 experiment	People who were paid $1 though the task was more positive and the people paid $20 thought the task was still boring	23
392493110	Foot in-the-door technique	A modest request is followed by a larger one	24
392493111	Door in-the-face technique	An outrageous initial request is followed by a more reasonable one	25
392493112	Bait and-switch technique	A very favorable deal is followed by additional demands after a commitment has been made	26
392493114	That's not-all technique	The offer is improved before any reply is given	27
392493115	Interpersonal Influence	how presence of others change our behavior and convince us	28
392493116	What are the two major ways other people influence us?	give us information and set norms by which we conduct ourselves in situations.	29
392493117	Norms	the rules that establish expected behavior	30
392493118	Explain Asch's conformity studies	subjects were asked to match one line with one of three other lines on another card. They were surrounded by people who gave obviously wrong answers.	31
392493119	Conformity	the maintenance or alteration of one's behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others. At first it was believed that people would most likely conform in ambiguous situations where it is common to be unsure of one's own judgment.	32
392493120	What did Asch's classic experiment demonstrate?	that conformity was also likely even when one could be fairly sure that his or her judgment was correct.	33
392493121	The need to conform is likely to overwhelm what?	our need to be correct or feel right in our judgments.	34
392493122	Does the size of group have an impact of conformity?	No, it was as hard for a subject to disagree in a group of 3 as in a group of 13.	35
392493123	In Asch's experiments how did the unanimity of a decision effect conformity?	it is less difficult to be in a minority of two	36
392493129	Kitty Genovese Case	got murdered and no one called the police	37
392493130	Why do people fail to intervene sometimes during a crime or accident?	The presence of many people during a crime may create a sense of diffusion of responsibility. We may convince ourselves that if there are many other people present, someone else will help, so we need do nothing.	38
392493138	Pluralistic ignorance	a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it	39
392493140	What do people will sometimes assume in the absence of information?	That others have a different and better-informed opinion. They will decide therefore to say or do nothing.	40
392493141	Obedience	Social situation where there's an authority figure that gets you to conform and even conduct destructive behavior	41
392493142	Stanley Milgram	set up an experiment to find out how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure.	42
392493143	What is the "Teacher - Learner" paradigm?	almost three-quarters of experimental subjects would follow orders to hurt someone if the authority figure and the situation demanded it.	43
392493145	Variations of the Stanley Milgram's experiment	Were done, and although compliance could be lowered in some instances, some of participants still "followed orders."	44
392493146	How did Milgram vary his procedure and what did he find?	Division of responsibility increased obedience; an implication of personal responsibility decreased obedience.	45
392493147	Why did Milgram vary his procedure?	To find out what elements promoted or inhibited obedience.	46
392493148	What did most experts think about the outcome of Milgram's experiment?	It was thought that only a very few, very abnormal people would agree to give the higher levels of shock. Some scientists and others refused to believe these results. Milgram's career suffered because what he told us about ourselves was not very comforting.	47
392493149	Explain the findings of the study done by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues	Provided evidence that people are inclined to change their behavior in response to assigned roles and to follow outrageous and immoral orders when in those roles.	48
392493150	Explain the study done by Zimbardo at Stanford in the 1970's	The study involved the establishment of a simulated prison for two weeks.	49
392493151	How did behavior change in the Zimbardo experiment?	The behavior of the students involved became so real and so brutal, the study had to be called off after 6 days.	50
392493152	The Power of the Social Situation	We can teach people to cooperate and help each other in some instances but it is possible that in order to discourage destructive behavior in people, sometimes we would be well advised to consider changing the situation instead.	51
392493153	Cultural influences on abnormality	Each era and society has had its own interpretations of abnormal behavior. Culture specific disorders are found all over the planet.	52
392493156	What was a common diagnosis in some old societies for abnormal behavior?	Demonic possession	53
392493161	Trephining	treatment for demonic possession: opening hole in skull, allowing demon to escape	54
392493162	What is a potential mechanism for the Salem Witchcraft Trails?	People experiencing "symptoms" may have been exposed to Ergot (similar to LSD) poisoning: fungus that grows on Rye	55
392493163	What is the model for understanding mental health issues in Western cultures today?	the bio psychosocial model	56
392493164	Biological explanation for behavior	Evolution, genes, brain structure and chemistry	57
392493165	Psychological explanation for behavior	Stress, Trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions, and memories	58
392493166	Social explanations for behavior	Roles, expectations, definitions for normality and disorder	59
392493167	What is the DSM	V? -The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; establishes uniform definitions and standards for diagnosis thus allowing for tailored treatments to specific disorders	60
392493170	Rosenhan's study	Showed downside to the labels provided by the DSM: normal people went hospital and said they experienced schizophrenic symptoms; all were diagnosed with schizophrenia and behaved normally after diagnosis.	61
392493171	What is the medical student's disease?	tendency to think they have improbable exotic disease, be careful to apply labels	62
392493172	What are the five types of psychotherapy?	Psychoanalysis, Cognitive therapies, Humanistic therapy, Behavior therapy, Family system therapy, Cognitive behavior therapy (mix of behavior and cognitive, most popular)	63
392493177	Psychoanalysis	Cause: unconscious thoughts and motivations. Treatment: Bring unconscious thoughts to consciousness. Methods: Free associations, dream analysis, etc. Role: interrupt associations	64
392493179	Cognitive therapies	Cause: irrational beliefs and unrealistic goals. Treatment: establish realistic goals, expectations, and interpretations of a situation. Methods: Dialog. Role: Help client reexamine assumptions	65
392493180	Humanistic therapy	Cause: reactions to a rejection society; incongruence between self-concept and ideal self. Treatment: enable client to make personal decisions to promote self acceptance. Method: Client centered interviews. Role: unconditional positive regard	66
392493181	Behavior therapy	Cause: learned inappropriate maladaptive behaviors. Treatment: Change in behavior. Methods: Positive reinforcement.	67
392493183	Clinical Psychologists	Ph.D, have expertise in research	68
392493184	Clinical social workers	Masters degree, deal with more severe family issues and such...	69
392493186	Counselors	like clinical psychologists, don't deal with severe mental conditions	70
392493188	Psychiatrists	M.D. biological health conditions that and linked to psychological disorders	71
392493190	Which gender is substance abuse more prevalent?	Men	72
392493192	Which gender is anxiety disorders more prevalent?	Women	73
392493194	Which gender is depression more prevalent?	Women	74
392493196	Personality disorders	in flexible ways interacting with people, not as severe as Schizophrenia; more common in Men	75
392493198	Anxiety	A certain amount of fear and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity in the face of potential hazards. A certain amount of anxiety is normal.	76
392493200	When is anxiety is considered pathological?	When it interferes with daily functioning	77
392493202	Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)	The experience of almost constant and exaggerated worry; no basis for the worries but the person is tense, irritable and tired. Often it is co-diagnosed with other mood disorders such as	78
392493203	What is generalized anxiety disorder often diagnosed with?	Depression.	79
392493205	Panic disorder (PD)	Characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic.	80
392493209	What do Panic attacks involve?	Rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, trembling and faintness.	81
392493211	How long do panic attacks last?	Usually last just a few minutes, but can be much longer.	82
392493213	Phobias	Most common type of disorders dealing with avoidance behaviors	83
392493214	Avoidance behaviors are highly resistant to what?	Extinction.	84
392493216	A phobia	Strong and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily living.	85
392493220	Agoraphobia	An intense fear of open or public places coupled with a fear of not being able to avoid situations that initiate overwhelming anxiety.	86
392493222	Can fears be learned?	Yes; some fears are innate but many are learned.	87
392493224	What experiment did early behaviorists first demonstrate how fears might be learned	"Little Albert" study	88
392493225	What are some of the most common phobias?	Open spaces, Closed spaces, Heights, Lightening and thunder, Certain animals (snakes, spiders, dogs), Illnesses/germs	89
392493227	Can phobias be socially learned?	Yes (i.e. monkey/snake experiment: lab monkey earned to fear the snake from the wild monkey)	90
392493228	What are the two behavior therapy for phobias?	Systematic desensitization and Intensive exposure therapy	91
392493232	Systematic Desensitization	reduces fear by gradually exposing people to the object under controlled conditions. Virtual reality is now being employed for this kind of therapy. All about relaxation techniques.	92
392493234	Counter Conditioning	Feared thing paired with a pleasant thing	93
392493236	Intensive Exposure Therapy (Flooding or Implosion)	A sudden and large scale exposure to the object under controlled conditions where unpleasant consequences don't occur.	94
392493238	With IET what will hopefully happen?	Extinction of the phobia	95
392493239	What are common drugs used for drug therapies for phobias and anxieties?	Benzodiazepine and Anti depressants	96
392493245	Benzodiazepines	A common type of sedative/tranquilizer, often prescribed for anxiety disorders.	97
392493247	What type of drug acts as a GABA agonists	Benzodiazepines	98
392493249	What class of drugs are SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) in?	Anti-depressants	99
392493253	What are the two distressing symptoms that comprise Obsessive	compulsive disorder? -Obsession and Compulsion	100
392493255	Obsessions	Repetitive, unwelcome streams of thought.	101
392493264	Compulsions	Repetitive, almost irresistible actions.	102
392493268	What do obsessive thoughts generally lead to?	Compulsive actions.	103
392493270	What are two very common compulsive behaviors?	Checking and cleaning	104
392493273	What are common therapies for obsessive	compulsive disorder? -Systematic Desensitization & Exposure therapy and anti-depressants - SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).	105
392493275	Examples of stimulants	Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine	106
392493277	Examples of sedative Hypnotics (Depressants)	Alcohol, Valium, Librium	107
392493280	Examples of Opiates (Narcotics)	Heroin, Oxytocin	108
392493284	Examples of Hallucinogens	LSD, PCP	109
392493286	Tolerance	physical and psychological dependence the symptoms of addiction	110
392493288	Withdrawal	Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence	111
392493290	Dependence	a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.	112
392493291	Substance use disorder's often co-occur with what?	Other forms with abnormal behavior	113
392493292	Talk Therapies	treatment where you talk about motivations behind taking the drug, i.e. Alcohols Anonymous	114
392493293	Drug Therapies	pharmacotherapy treatments to treat	115
392493294	What is Antabuse (disulfiram) used for?	medication to treat alcoholism by creating a strong sick feeling (Feeling called aversion)	116
392493295	Remove Pleasure	Narcan (naloxone) and opiates	117
392493296	What is the pharmacotherapy treatment for opiates?	Narcan (naloxone)	118
392493298	What is another term for mood disorders	affective disorders	119
392493299	Mood Disorders	problems regulating feelings	120
392493300	Unipolar depression	Is an extreme condition that may persist for months. A person experiences little interest in anything, little pleasure, and little motivation to be productive and is often accompanied with absence of happiness often a better predictor than sadness and despair.	121
392493301	Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	Consistent depression associated with winter months is called seasonal affective disorder.	122
392493302	Where does Seasonal affective disorder commonly occur?	In areas that have little sunlight in the winter season.	123
392493303	How can SAD be treated?	Light therapy, which requires the depressed person to sit in front of a bright light for a few hours each day	124
392493304	What is SAD biologically linked with?	Circadian rhythms, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and melatonin	125
392493305	Bipolar disorder	involves a cycling of mood between periods of depression and periods of mania.	126
392493306	What was an old term for bipolar disorder called?	Manic-depressive disorder.	127
392493307	What is mania?	A state of extreme exuberance and agitation.	128
392493308	Bipolar II	mania light, doesn't show intense periods of mania	129
392493309	Do people have a genetic predisposition to depression?	Yes	130
392493310	How does having close biological relatives who were diagnosed with depression effect the change of developing depression?	Increases one's probability of becoming depressed.	131
392493312	How does having adoptive relatives who were depressed effect risk of developing depression?	Also increases that probability, but not as much.	132
392493313	What are some treatments for depression?	Cognitive-behavior therapy, drug therapies, and electroconvulsive shock	133
392493314	How does cognitive Behavior therapy help depression?	By developing more positive beliefs.	134
392493315	Are drug therapies used to treat depression?	Yes	135
392493316	What are some types of drugs used to treat Unipolar Depression?	Anti-depressant medications: monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants.	136
392493317	Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)	A well known but controversial treatment.	137
392493319	Is Electroconvulsive shock therapy an effective treatment?	Yes, but benefits are temporary	138
392493320	Why did ECT fall out of favor?	Because it was widely abused (administered without patient consent, given too often, used as a threat).	139
392493321	Currently what is ECT used for?	Only for patients who have treatment-resistant depressions or who are strongly suicidal.	140
392493323	Bipolar disorder symptoms	People whose moods alternate between extremes of mania and depression are said to suffer from bipolar disorder.	141
392493324	Drug therapies for bipolar disorder	Lithium	142
392493327	John Nash	successfully dealt with schizophrenia	143
392493328	What is schizophrenia?	The split in schizophrenia refers to a disconnection of the intellectual and emotional aspects of mental ability.	144
392493329	What do many people confuse the term schizophrenia with?	Dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder.	145
392493330	What are other forms of Dissociative Disorder?	Psychogenic amnesia and/or psychogenic fugue	146
392493332	What is the term schizophrenia is derived from?	Greek roots meaning "split mind,"	147
392493334	What does schizophrenia not refer to?	it does not refer to cases where people alternate among different personalities	148
392493335	Are all symptoms of schizophrenia the same in every person?	Two people with schizophrenia can have very different symptom patterns	149
392493338	What are the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia?	Positive and Negative	150
392493339	What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?	Behaviors that are notable because of their presence (i.e. Hallucinations are false sensory experiences, Hearing voices is a common auditory hallucination of schizophrenia, Visual hallucinations occur but are less common.)	151
392493340	What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?	Behaviors that are notable because of their absence (lack of emotional expression).	152
392493341	What are delusions?	unfounded beliefs.	153
392493342	What are the three types of delusions associated with schizophrenia?	Persecution, grandeur, and ideas of reference.	154
392493344	Disordered thinking	refers to a deficit in utilizing "executive functions."	155
392493345	What are common types of disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia?	Deficits of attention, difficulty in switching rules and routines, loose associations, and difficulties with abstraction	156
392493346	How are the relatives of a schizophrenic person effected in developing it?	have an increased probability of developing schizophrenia themselves. Note that children of a schizophrenic mother have a 17% risk of schizophrenia even if adopted by a family with no schizophrenic members. (Based on data from Gottesman, 1991)	157
392493350	The neurodevelopmental Theory	schizophrenia is the result of nervous system impairments that develop before or at birth. These impairments may be due to genetic or other reasons.	158
392493351	According to the neurodevelopmental theory what are non genetic risk factors for developing schizophrenia?	poor prenatal care, difficult pregnancy and labor, and mother's exposure to influenza virus.	159
392493352	Diathesis Stress Model	Predisposition + Life Stressors	160
392494524	Dopamine Theory	Over activity of dopamine in limbic system	161
392494526	What are the drug therapies used to treat schizophrenic patients?	Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs	162
392494528	Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs	help to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia.	163
392494529	How does the effectiveness of drugs effect schizophrenic patients?	Work gradually and vary in effectiveness from patient to patient.	164
392494530	How do drug therapies biologically work?	Antipsychotic drugs work to block receptors for dopamine at the synapses, which is evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.	165
392494531	Learned helplessness	a behaviour in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable	166

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Exam 4: Introduction to Psychology, James W. Kalat, Chapter 13: Social Psychology and Chapters 15/16: Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

392493080	Social Psychology	how humans behave	0
392493081	Social psychologists	Study ways people influence and are influenced by each other, incorporating the study of attitudes and perceptions, persuasion, compliance and obedience.	1
392493083	Social perception and cognition	Mental processes that allow a person to collect and remember information about others and to make inferences and judgments based on that information.	2
392493084	Primacy effect	first information learned about someone will be a more powerful influence on our views about that person (perceptions) than any later information	3
392493088	Empirical support for the importance of "first impressions"	positive/negative word list	4
392493089	Attribution	set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own and others' behavior.	5
392493090	What are the two types of attributions?	Internal and External	6
392493091	Internal attributions	Explanations based on an individual's perceived stable characteristics, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities.	7
392493092	Dispositional attribution	(internal attributions) Internal characteristics of the individual.	8
392493093	External attributions	Explanations based on the current situation and events surrounding the individual.	9
392493094	Situational attribution	(external attribution) External environmental factors behind the behavior observed.	10
392493095	Fundamental Attribution Error	When we make Internal (Dispositional) attributions for a person's behavior despite the presence of possible external influences.	11
392493096	The actor observer effect	Related to the fundamental attribution error, we also tend to make situational attributions for our own behaviors and dispositional ones for the behavior of others.	12
392493097	Attribution associated with actor observer effect	Actor (our view of ourselves) = external attribution; Observer (our view of others) = internal attribution	13
392493098	Why are our views skewed in the actor observer effect?	More aware of how our own behavior varies from situation to situation. Less aware of situation to situation change in behavior of others.	14
392493100	Stereotype	A generalized belief about group of people.	15
392493101	Prejudice	an irrationally unfavorable (or favorable) attitude toward a group of people.	16
392493102	Aversive racism	Expressing the belief that all people are equal while holding negative views toward another race and unintentionally discriminating against some groups.	17
392493103	Ambivalent sexism	Parallel to aversive racism but with regard to sex (gender) roles.	18
392493104	The Implicit Association Test	Used for personality assessment can also be used to detect subtle prejudice.	19
392493105	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	suggests that an individual's behavior can change his or her own attitudes.	20
392493106	Cognitive dissonance	A state of tension that exists when an individual realizes that he or she holds contradictory attitudes on an issue, or has exhibited behavior that is inconsistent with an expressed attitude.	21
392493107	Explain the study done by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959	Made people do an easy task then lie about it.	22
392493108	$1 vs. $20 experiment	People who were paid $1 though the task was more positive and the people paid $20 thought the task was still boring	23
392493110	Foot in-the-door technique	A modest request is followed by a larger one	24
392493111	Door in-the-face technique	An outrageous initial request is followed by a more reasonable one	25
392493112	Bait and-switch technique	A very favorable deal is followed by additional demands after a commitment has been made	26
392493114	That's not-all technique	The offer is improved before any reply is given	27
392493115	Interpersonal Influence	how presence of others change our behavior and convince us	28
392493116	What are the two major ways other people influence us?	give us information and set norms by which we conduct ourselves in situations.	29
392493117	Norms	the rules that establish expected behavior	30
392493118	Explain Asch's conformity studies	subjects were asked to match one line with one of three other lines on another card. They were surrounded by people who gave obviously wrong answers.	31
392493119	Conformity	the maintenance or alteration of one's behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others. At first it was believed that people would most likely conform in ambiguous situations where it is common to be unsure of one's own judgment.	32
392493120	What did Asch's classic experiment demonstrate?	that conformity was also likely even when one could be fairly sure that his or her judgment was correct.	33
392493121	The need to conform is likely to overwhelm what?	our need to be correct or feel right in our judgments.	34
392493122	Does the size of group have an impact of conformity?	No, it was as hard for a subject to disagree in a group of 3 as in a group of 13.	35
392493123	In Asch's experiments how did the unanimity of a decision effect conformity?	it is less difficult to be in a minority of two	36
392493129	Kitty Genovese Case	got murdered and no one called the police	37
392493130	Why do people fail to intervene sometimes during a crime or accident?	The presence of many people during a crime may create a sense of diffusion of responsibility. We may convince ourselves that if there are many other people present, someone else will help, so we need do nothing.	38
392493138	Pluralistic ignorance	a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it	39
392493140	What do people will sometimes assume in the absence of information?	That others have a different and better-informed opinion. They will decide therefore to say or do nothing.	40
392493141	Obedience	Social situation where there's an authority figure that gets you to conform and even conduct destructive behavior	41
392493142	Stanley Milgram	set up an experiment to find out how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure.	42
392493143	What is the "Teacher - Learner" paradigm?	almost three-quarters of experimental subjects would follow orders to hurt someone if the authority figure and the situation demanded it.	43
392493145	Variations of the Stanley Milgram's experiment	Were done, and although compliance could be lowered in some instances, some of participants still "followed orders."	44
392493146	How did Milgram vary his procedure and what did he find?	Division of responsibility increased obedience; an implication of personal responsibility decreased obedience.	45
392493147	Why did Milgram vary his procedure?	To find out what elements promoted or inhibited obedience.	46
392493148	What did most experts think about the outcome of Milgram's experiment?	It was thought that only a very few, very abnormal people would agree to give the higher levels of shock. Some scientists and others refused to believe these results. Milgram's career suffered because what he told us about ourselves was not very comforting.	47
392493149	Explain the findings of the study done by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues	Provided evidence that people are inclined to change their behavior in response to assigned roles and to follow outrageous and immoral orders when in those roles.	48
392493150	Explain the study done by Zimbardo at Stanford in the 1970's	The study involved the establishment of a simulated prison for two weeks.	49
392493151	How did behavior change in the Zimbardo experiment?	The behavior of the students involved became so real and so brutal, the study had to be called off after 6 days.	50
392493152	The Power of the Social Situation	We can teach people to cooperate and help each other in some instances but it is possible that in order to discourage destructive behavior in people, sometimes we would be well advised to consider changing the situation instead.	51
392493153	Cultural influences on abnormality	Each era and society has had its own interpretations of abnormal behavior. Culture specific disorders are found all over the planet.	52
392493156	What was a common diagnosis in some old societies for abnormal behavior?	Demonic possession	53
392493161	Trephining	treatment for demonic possession: opening hole in skull, allowing demon to escape	54
392493162	What is a potential mechanism for the Salem Witchcraft Trails?	People experiencing "symptoms" may have been exposed to Ergot (similar to LSD) poisoning: fungus that grows on Rye	55
392493163	What is the model for understanding mental health issues in Western cultures today?	the bio psychosocial model	56
392493164	Biological explanation for behavior	Evolution, genes, brain structure and chemistry	57
392493165	Psychological explanation for behavior	Stress, Trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions, and memories	58
392493166	Social explanations for behavior	Roles, expectations, definitions for normality and disorder	59
392493167	What is the DSM	V? -The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; establishes uniform definitions and standards for diagnosis thus allowing for tailored treatments to specific disorders	60
392493170	Rosenhan's study	Showed downside to the labels provided by the DSM: normal people went hospital and said they experienced schizophrenic symptoms; all were diagnosed with schizophrenia and behaved normally after diagnosis.	61
392493171	What is the medical student's disease?	tendency to think they have improbable exotic disease, be careful to apply labels	62
392493172	What are the five types of psychotherapy?	Psychoanalysis, Cognitive therapies, Humanistic therapy, Behavior therapy, Family system therapy, Cognitive behavior therapy (mix of behavior and cognitive, most popular)	63
392493177	Psychoanalysis	Cause: unconscious thoughts and motivations. Treatment: Bring unconscious thoughts to consciousness. Methods: Free associations, dream analysis, etc. Role: interrupt associations	64
392493179	Cognitive therapies	Cause: irrational beliefs and unrealistic goals. Treatment: establish realistic goals, expectations, and interpretations of a situation. Methods: Dialog. Role: Help client reexamine assumptions	65
392493180	Humanistic therapy	Cause: reactions to a rejection society; incongruence between self-concept and ideal self. Treatment: enable client to make personal decisions to promote self acceptance. Method: Client centered interviews. Role: unconditional positive regard	66
392493181	Behavior therapy	Cause: learned inappropriate maladaptive behaviors. Treatment: Change in behavior. Methods: Positive reinforcement.	67
392493183	Clinical Psychologists	Ph.D, have expertise in research	68
392493184	Clinical social workers	Masters degree, deal with more severe family issues and such...	69
392493186	Counselors	like clinical psychologists, don't deal with severe mental conditions	70
392493188	Psychiatrists	M.D. biological health conditions that and linked to psychological disorders	71
392493190	Which gender is substance abuse more prevalent?	Men	72
392493192	Which gender is anxiety disorders more prevalent?	Women	73
392493194	Which gender is depression more prevalent?	Women	74
392493196	Personality disorders	in flexible ways interacting with people, not as severe as Schizophrenia; more common in Men	75
392493198	Anxiety	A certain amount of fear and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity in the face of potential hazards. A certain amount of anxiety is normal.	76
392493200	When is anxiety is considered pathological?	When it interferes with daily functioning	77
392493202	Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)	The experience of almost constant and exaggerated worry; no basis for the worries but the person is tense, irritable and tired. Often it is co-diagnosed with other mood disorders such as	78
392493203	What is generalized anxiety disorder often diagnosed with?	Depression.	79
392493205	Panic disorder (PD)	Characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic.	80
392493209	What do Panic attacks involve?	Rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, trembling and faintness.	81
392493211	How long do panic attacks last?	Usually last just a few minutes, but can be much longer.	82
392493213	Phobias	Most common type of disorders dealing with avoidance behaviors	83
392493214	Avoidance behaviors are highly resistant to what?	Extinction.	84
392493216	A phobia	Strong and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily living.	85
392493220	Agoraphobia	An intense fear of open or public places coupled with a fear of not being able to avoid situations that initiate overwhelming anxiety.	86
392493222	Can fears be learned?	Yes; some fears are innate but many are learned.	87
392493224	What experiment did early behaviorists first demonstrate how fears might be learned	"Little Albert" study	88
392493225	What are some of the most common phobias?	Open spaces, Closed spaces, Heights, Lightening and thunder, Certain animals (snakes, spiders, dogs), Illnesses/germs	89
392493227	Can phobias be socially learned?	Yes (i.e. monkey/snake experiment: lab monkey earned to fear the snake from the wild monkey)	90
392493228	What are the two behavior therapy for phobias?	Systematic desensitization and Intensive exposure therapy	91
392493232	Systematic Desensitization	reduces fear by gradually exposing people to the object under controlled conditions. Virtual reality is now being employed for this kind of therapy. All about relaxation techniques.	92
392493234	Counter Conditioning	Feared thing paired with a pleasant thing	93
392493236	Intensive Exposure Therapy (Flooding or Implosion)	A sudden and large scale exposure to the object under controlled conditions where unpleasant consequences don't occur.	94
392493238	With IET what will hopefully happen?	Extinction of the phobia	95
392493239	What are common drugs used for drug therapies for phobias and anxieties?	Benzodiazepine and Anti depressants	96
392493245	Benzodiazepines	A common type of sedative/tranquilizer, often prescribed for anxiety disorders.	97
392493247	What type of drug acts as a GABA agonists	Benzodiazepines	98
392493249	What class of drugs are SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) in?	Anti-depressants	99
392493253	What are the two distressing symptoms that comprise Obsessive	compulsive disorder? -Obsession and Compulsion	100
392493255	Obsessions	Repetitive, unwelcome streams of thought.	101
392493264	Compulsions	Repetitive, almost irresistible actions.	102
392493268	What do obsessive thoughts generally lead to?	Compulsive actions.	103
392493270	What are two very common compulsive behaviors?	Checking and cleaning	104
392493273	What are common therapies for obsessive	compulsive disorder? -Systematic Desensitization & Exposure therapy and anti-depressants - SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).	105
392493275	Examples of stimulants	Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine	106
392493277	Examples of sedative Hypnotics (Depressants)	Alcohol, Valium, Librium	107
392493280	Examples of Opiates (Narcotics)	Heroin, Oxytocin	108
392493284	Examples of Hallucinogens	LSD, PCP	109
392493286	Tolerance	physical and psychological dependence the symptoms of addiction	110
392493288	Withdrawal	Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence	111
392493290	Dependence	a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.	112
392493291	Substance use disorder's often co-occur with what?	Other forms with abnormal behavior	113
392493292	Talk Therapies	treatment where you talk about motivations behind taking the drug, i.e. Alcohols Anonymous	114
392493293	Drug Therapies	pharmacotherapy treatments to treat	115
392493294	What is Antabuse (disulfiram) used for?	medication to treat alcoholism by creating a strong sick feeling (Feeling called aversion)	116
392493295	Remove Pleasure	Narcan (naloxone) and opiates	117
392493296	What is the pharmacotherapy treatment for opiates?	Narcan (naloxone)	118
392493298	What is another term for mood disorders	affective disorders	119
392493299	Mood Disorders	problems regulating feelings	120
392493300	Unipolar depression	Is an extreme condition that may persist for months. A person experiences little interest in anything, little pleasure, and little motivation to be productive and is often accompanied with absence of happiness often a better predictor than sadness and despair.	121
392493301	Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	Consistent depression associated with winter months is called seasonal affective disorder.	122
392493302	Where does Seasonal affective disorder commonly occur?	In areas that have little sunlight in the winter season.	123
392493303	How can SAD be treated?	Light therapy, which requires the depressed person to sit in front of a bright light for a few hours each day	124
392493304	What is SAD biologically linked with?	Circadian rhythms, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and melatonin	125
392493305	Bipolar disorder	involves a cycling of mood between periods of depression and periods of mania.	126
392493306	What was an old term for bipolar disorder called?	Manic-depressive disorder.	127
392493307	What is mania?	A state of extreme exuberance and agitation.	128
392493308	Bipolar II	mania light, doesn't show intense periods of mania	129
392493309	Do people have a genetic predisposition to depression?	Yes	130
392493310	How does having close biological relatives who were diagnosed with depression effect the change of developing depression?	Increases one's probability of becoming depressed.	131
392493312	How does having adoptive relatives who were depressed effect risk of developing depression?	Also increases that probability, but not as much.	132
392493313	What are some treatments for depression?	Cognitive-behavior therapy, drug therapies, and electroconvulsive shock	133
392493314	How does cognitive Behavior therapy help depression?	By developing more positive beliefs.	134
392493315	Are drug therapies used to treat depression?	Yes	135
392493316	What are some types of drugs used to treat Unipolar Depression?	Anti-depressant medications: monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants.	136
392493317	Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)	A well known but controversial treatment.	137
392493319	Is Electroconvulsive shock therapy an effective treatment?	Yes, but benefits are temporary	138
392493320	Why did ECT fall out of favor?	Because it was widely abused (administered without patient consent, given too often, used as a threat).	139
392493321	Currently what is ECT used for?	Only for patients who have treatment-resistant depressions or who are strongly suicidal.	140
392493323	Bipolar disorder symptoms	People whose moods alternate between extremes of mania and depression are said to suffer from bipolar disorder.	141
392493324	Drug therapies for bipolar disorder	Lithium	142
392493327	John Nash	successfully dealt with schizophrenia	143
392493328	What is schizophrenia?	The split in schizophrenia refers to a disconnection of the intellectual and emotional aspects of mental ability.	144
392493329	What do many people confuse the term schizophrenia with?	Dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder.	145
392493330	What are other forms of Dissociative Disorder?	Psychogenic amnesia and/or psychogenic fugue	146
392493332	What is the term schizophrenia is derived from?	Greek roots meaning "split mind,"	147
392493334	What does schizophrenia not refer to?	it does not refer to cases where people alternate among different personalities	148
392493335	Are all symptoms of schizophrenia the same in every person?	Two people with schizophrenia can have very different symptom patterns	149
392493338	What are the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia?	Positive and Negative	150
392493339	What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?	Behaviors that are notable because of their presence (i.e. Hallucinations are false sensory experiences, Hearing voices is a common auditory hallucination of schizophrenia, Visual hallucinations occur but are less common.)	151
392493340	What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?	Behaviors that are notable because of their absence (lack of emotional expression).	152
392493341	What are delusions?	unfounded beliefs.	153
392493342	What are the three types of delusions associated with schizophrenia?	Persecution, grandeur, and ideas of reference.	154
392493344	Disordered thinking	refers to a deficit in utilizing "executive functions."	155
392493345	What are common types of disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia?	Deficits of attention, difficulty in switching rules and routines, loose associations, and difficulties with abstraction	156
392493346	How are the relatives of a schizophrenic person effected in developing it?	have an increased probability of developing schizophrenia themselves. Note that children of a schizophrenic mother have a 17% risk of schizophrenia even if adopted by a family with no schizophrenic members. (Based on data from Gottesman, 1991)	157
392493350	The neurodevelopmental Theory	schizophrenia is the result of nervous system impairments that develop before or at birth. These impairments may be due to genetic or other reasons.	158
392493351	According to the neurodevelopmental theory what are non genetic risk factors for developing schizophrenia?	poor prenatal care, difficult pregnancy and labor, and mother's exposure to influenza virus.	159
392493352	Diathesis Stress Model	Predisposition + Life Stressors	160
392494524	Dopamine Theory	Over activity of dopamine in limbic system	161
392494526	What are the drug therapies used to treat schizophrenic patients?	Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs	162
392494528	Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs	help to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia.	163
392494529	How does the effectiveness of drugs effect schizophrenic patients?	Work gradually and vary in effectiveness from patient to patient.	164
392494530	How do drug therapies biologically work?	Antipsychotic drugs work to block receptors for dopamine at the synapses, which is evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.	165
392494531	Learned helplessness	a behaviour in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable	166

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Introduction to Psychology, James W. Kalat, Chapter 13: Social Psychology Flashcards

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800483327	Social Psychology	how humans behave	0
800483328	Social psychologists	Study ways people influence and are influenced by each other, incorporating the study of attitudes and perceptions, persuasion, compliance and obedience.	1
800483329	Social perception and cognition	Mental processes that allow a person to collect and remember information about others and to make inferences and judgments based on that information.	2
800483331	Primacy effect	first information learned about someone will be a more powerful influence on our views about that person (perceptions) than any later information	3
800483334	Empirical support for the importance of "first impressions"	positive/negative word list	4
800483335	Attribution	set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own and others' behavior.	5
800483336	What are the two types of attributions?	Internal and External	6
800483337	Internal attributions	Explanations based on an individual's perceived stable characteristics, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities.	7
800483338	Dispositional attribution	(internal attributions) Internal characteristics of the individual.	8
800483403	External attributions	Explanations based on the current situation and events surrounding the individual.	9
800483404	Situational attribution	(external attribution) External environmental factors behind the behavior observed.	10
800483405	Fundamental Attribution Error	When we make Internal (Dispositional) attributions for a person's behavior despite the presence of possible external influences.	11
800483406	The actor observer effect	Related to the fundamental attribution error, we also tend to make situational attributions for our own behaviors and dispositional ones for the behavior of others.	12
800483410	Attribution associated with actor observer effect	Actor (our view of ourselves) = external attribution; Observer (our view of others) = internal attribution	13
800483411	Why are our views skewed in the actor observer effect?	More aware of how our own behavior varies from situation to situation. Less aware of situation to situation change in behavior of others.	14
800483412	Stereotype	A generalized belief about group of people.	15
800483413	Prejudice	an irrationally unfavorable (or favorable) attitude toward a group of people.	16
800483416	Aversive racism	Expressing the belief that all people are equal while holding negative views toward another race and unintentionally discriminating against some groups.	17
800483417	Ambivalent sexism	Parallel to aversive racism but with regard to sex (gender) roles.	18
800483418	The Implicit Association Test	Used for personality assessment can also be used to detect subtle prejudice.	19
800483419	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	suggests that an individual's behavior can change his or her own attitudes.	20
800483420	Cognitive dissonance	A state of tension that exists when an individual realizes that he or she holds contradictory attitudes on an issue, or has exhibited behavior that is inconsistent with an expressed attitude.	21
800483421	Explain the study done by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959	Made people do an easy task then lie about it.	22
800483423	$1 vs. $20 experiment	People who were paid $1 though the task was more positive and the people paid $20 thought the task was still boring	23
800483424	Foot in-the-door technique	A modest request is followed by a larger one	24
800483425	Door in-the-face technique	An outrageous initial request is followed by a more reasonable one	25
800483426	Bait and-switch technique	A very favorable deal is followed by additional demands after a commitment has been made	26
800483618	That's not-all technique	The offer is improved before any reply is given	27
800483619	Interpersonal Influence	how presence of others change our behavior and convince us	28
800483620	What are the two major ways other people influence us?	give us information and set norms by which we conduct ourselves in situations.	29
800483621	Norms	the rules that establish expected behavior	30
800483622	Explain Asch's conformity studies	subjects were asked to match one line with one of three other lines on another card. They were surrounded by people who gave obviously wrong answers.	31
800483623	Conformity	the maintenance or alteration of one's behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others.	32
800483964	What did Asch's classic experiment demonstrate?	that conformity was also likely even when one could be fairly sure that his or her judgment was correct.	33
800484044	The need to conform is likely to overwhelm what?	our need to be correct or feel right in our judgments.	34
800484045	Does the size of group have an impact of conformity?	No, it was as hard for a subject to disagree in a group of 3 as in a group of 13.	35
800484047	In Asch's experiments how did the unanimity of a decision effect conformity?	it is less difficult to be in a minority of two	36
800484312	Kitty Genovese Case	got murdered and no one called the police	37
800484315	Why do people fail to intervene sometimes during a crime or accident?	The presence of many people during a crime may create a sense of diffusion of responsibility. We may convince ourselves that if there are many other people present, someone else will help, so we need do nothing.	38
800484323	Pluralistic ignorance	a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it	39
800484324	What do people will sometimes assume in the absence of information?	That others have a different and better-informed opinion. They will decide therefore to say or do nothing.	40
800484327	Obedience	Social situation where there's an authority figure that gets you to conform and even conduct destructive behavior	41
800484328	Stanley Milgram	set up an experiment to find out how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure.	42
800484334	What is the "Teacher - Learner" paradigm?	almost three-quarters of experimental subjects would follow orders to hurt someone if the authority figure and the situation demanded it.	43
800484339	Variations of the Stanley Milgram's experiment	Were done, and although compliance could be lowered in some instances, some of participants still "followed orders."	44
800484340	How did Milgram vary his procedure and what did he find?	Division of responsibility increased obedience; an implication of personal responsibility decreased obedience.	45
800484350	Why did Milgram vary his procedure?	To find out what elements promoted or inhibited obedience.	46
800486505	What did most experts think about the outcome of Milgram's experiment?	It was thought that only a very few, very abnormal people would agree to give the higher levels of shock. Some scientists and others refused to believe these results. Milgram's career suffered because what he told us about ourselves was not very comforting.	47
800486513	Explain the findings of the study done by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues	Provided evidence that people are inclined to change their behavior in response to assigned roles and to follow outrageous and immoral orders when in those roles.	48
800486544	Explain the study done by Zimbardo at Stanford in the 1970's	The study involved the establishment of a simulated prison for two weeks.	49
800486545	How did behavior change in the Zimbardo experiment?	The behavior of the students involved became so real and so brutal, the study had to be called off after 6 days.	50
800486546	The Power of the Social Situation	We can teach people to cooperate and help each other in some instances but it is possible that in order to discourage destructive behavior in people, sometimes we would be well advised to consider changing the situation instead.	51

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Invitation to Psychology Chapter 11: Psychological Disorder Flashcards

Invitation to Psychology, Fifth Edition, Carole Wade, Carol Tavris. students handbook.

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1404808399	mental disorder	involves any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the person's ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community.	0
1404808400	diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)	provides clear diagnostic description of the various mental disorders. is designed to assist mental health professionals in the determination of who does and does not suffer from a mental illness.	1
1404819217	limitations of DSM	there is a danger of overdiagnosis since DSM may encourage the overuse of diagnostic categories. there is the problem of diagnostic labels. there is the problem of confusing serious mental disorders with normal problems. DSM manual gives the illusion of objectivity when diagnosis remains very subjective.	2
1404834257	advantage of DSM	when the manual is used correctly and diagnoses are made with valid objective tests, the DSM improves the reliability of diagnosis. it also may be a helpful tool in making the most effective treatments available to those suffering from different disorders.	3
1404834258	culture-bound syndromes	sets of symptoms specific to the culture in which they occur. studying which conditions are unique to specific cultures can help researchers get a better understanding of the universality of other disorders.	4
1404848674	projective tests	psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. it can be particularly useful for assessing children who may have issues that are shameful or embarrassing to discuss.	5
1405080492	Rorschach inkblot test	a projective personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots.	6
1405080493	objective tests (inventories)	standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses. typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves. inventories are generally more reliable and valid than either projective methods or subjective clinical judgments.	7
1405089533	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory	a widely used personality instrument. includes ten indices, or scales, of personality, also includes validity scales designed to make sure that respondents are answering in a true and honest fashion.	8
1405258168	anxiety disorder	when individuals suffer fear and anxiety are present without any apparent danger.	9
1405258169	generalized anxiety disorder	a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentrating, and signs of motor tension. this constant feeling of foreboding and dread must occur on the majority of days for six months or longer and cannot be brought on by psychical causes.	10
1405258170	posttraumatic stress disorder	people who have lived through particularly harrowing experiences. the symptoms often include the presence of recurrent, intrusive thoughts, a sense of detachments, and increase physiological arousal.	11
1405258171	panic disorder	a panic attack is a period of intense fear and feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid heart rate and dizziness. such attacks may come out of nowhere, but often occur in response to extended stress, prolonged emotions, specific worries, or frightening experiences.	12
1405258172	phobia	an exaggerated unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.	13
1405258173	social phobia	individuals become extremely anxious in situations in which they will be observed by others-eating in a restaurant, speaking in public, having to perform for an audience.	14
1405258174	agoraphobia	a set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away form a safe place of person.	15
1405258175	obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	an anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.	16
1405365686	major depression	a mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite), which last at least two weeks.	17
1405365687	symptoms of depression	depressed mood, reduced interest in almost all activities, overeating or not eating much at all, sleeping too much or too little, fatigue, difficulty with concentration.	18
1405365688	bipolar disorder	a mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.	19
1405365689	mania	the abnormally high state of exhilaration which is the opposite pole from depression people in this state often get into trouble, making impulsive and rash decisions.	20
1405365690	vulnerability-stress model	an approach that emphasizes how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stressors or circumstances to produce mental disorders.	21
1405365691	factors contribute to depression	genetic predispositions, violence, childhood physical abuse, and parental neglect, losses of important relationships, and cognitive habits.	22
1405365692	rumination	depressed individuals tend to brood about negtive aspects of their lives	23
1405365693	personality disorder	maladaptive patterns that cause great personal distress or an inability to get along with others.	24
1405365694	borderline personality disorder	characterized by intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self-mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others	25
1405365695	antisocial personality disorder (APD)	characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, restless acts.	26
1405365696	causes of APD	abnormalities in the central nervous system impaired frontal-lobe functioning genetic influences environmental events	27
1405394722	substance abuse	a malaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment of distress.	28
1405394723	biology and addiction	the biological model holds that addiction is due primarily to a person's neurology and genetic predisposition.	29
1407825168	dissociative identity disorder	a controversial disorder marked by the appearance when one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits. formerly known as multiple personality disorder.	30
1407825169	schizophrenia	is a type of psychosis, an extreme mental condition that involves distorted perceptions of reality and an inability to function in most aspects of life.	31
1407825170	symptoms of schizophrenia	bizarre delusion, hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness, disorganized, incoherent speech, grossly disorganized and inappropriate behavior, and impaired cognitive abilities.	32
1407825171	the reasons of schizophrenia	genetic predispositions, parental problems or birth complications, and biological events during adolescence.	33

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Introduction to Psychology Krull Chpt 11 Flashcards

Introduction to Psychology by Douglas S. Krull
Vocabulary Terms required by Dr. Joseph Horton, Grove City College for PSYC 101

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1928056282	Self-concept	Our knowledge about ourself	0
1928056283	Schemas	Cognitive structures that organize information	1
1929019409	Self-reference effect	The tendency for us to have better memory for information that is related to our self	2
1931123744	Interpersonal self	The aspects of our self that we present to others or that emerge as a result of interpersonal interaction	3
1931123745	Executive self	Our consciousness or will; the part of our self that makes decisions and regulates our behavior	4
1931123746	Looking-glass self	Suggests that our self-concept develops when we imagine how others see us	5
1931123747	Social comparison theory	Suggests that people seek to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others	6
1931123748	Self-perception theory	Suggests that we learn about ourselves by observing our own behavior	7
1931123749	Individualist cultures	Cultures that emphasize the individual	8
1931123750	Collectivist cultures	Cultures that emphasize the group	9
1931123751	Twenty Statements Test (TST)	A self-concept measure that asks people to complete the statement I am ______ 20 times	10
1931123752	Positive illusions	Unrealistically positive self-views and biases that seem to promote such views	11
1931123753	Better-than-average effect (Lake Wobegon)	The tendency to think that one is better than average	12
1931123754	Worse-than-average effect	The tendency to think that one is worse than average	13
1931123755	Illusion of control	The tendency to think that we have more control than we actually do	14
1931123756	Self-esteem	The value one places on oneself	15
1931123757	Self-evaluation maintenance method model	Suggests that we desire to maintain or enhance our self-esteem and that we can do this through the comparison process, which takes precedence when self-relevance is high, or the reflection process, which takes precedence when self-relevance is low	16
1931123758	Comparison process	Boosting or maintaining our self-esteem by comparing ourselves to others	17
1931123759	Upward social comparison	Comparing ourselves to others who are more capable	18
1931123760	Downward social comparison	Comparing ourselves to others who are less capable	19
1931123761	Self-relevance	The degree to which a skill is important to one's self	20
1931123762	Narcissism	A trait characterized by extremely high esteem and the view that one is deserving of admiration and preferential treatment	21
1931123763	Self-regulation	Using self-control or willpower	22
1931123764	Ego depletion	A state of reduced self-control that occurs after one has recently used self-control	23
1931123765	Self-presentation	How we present ourselves to others	24
1931123766	Self-handicapping	Placing obstacles in one's own path to provide an excuse in case of failure	25
1931123767	Imposter phenomener	Thinking that one's success was not based on ability	26
1931123768	Spotlight effect	The tendency to overestimate the attention that we receive from others	27
1931123769	Self-monitering	A trait characterized by the degree to which people evaluate social situations and adjust their behavior to match	28
1931123770	Attribution	The study of judgements drawn from behavior	29
1931123771	Causal attributions	Explanations for behavior	30
1931123772	Dispositional attribution	Deciding that personality is the cause of behavior	31
1931123773	Situational attribution	Deciding that the circumstances are the cause of behavior	32
1931123774	Consistency	Consistency of a behavior across time	33
1931123775	Salient	Something that is noticeable, that captures our attention	34
1931123776	Knowledge-based causal attribution	Suggests that we draw on our background knowledge and common sense when we explain behavior	35
1931123777	Correspondent inference	An inference that a person's personality matches his/her behavior	36
1931123778	Correspondent inference theory	Suggests that we should draw a correspondent inference only when the behavior is not expected in that situation and the inference is clear	37
1931123779	Discounting principle	Suggests that behavior should be discounted as an indicator of someone's personality when the situation could also produce that behavior	38
1931123780	Correspondence bias	The tendency to infer that personality corresponds to behavior even when the situation could produce to behavior	39
1931123781	Lack awareness of the situation	An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that we discount insufficiently when we do not realize that a situation has influenced behavior	40
1931123782	Unrealistic expectations	An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that we discount insufficiently when we do not realize the degree to which a situation has influenced behavior	41
1931123783	Incomplete correction	An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that discounting is hindered when we are unmotivated or too busy	42
1931123784	Inflated categorizations	An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that expectations can cause categorizations of behavior to be more extreme, which can cause trait inferences to also be more extreme	43
1931123785	Beautiful-is-good stereotype	Suggests that physically attractive people have other positive traits	44
1931123786	Matching hypothesis	Suggests that people tend to become matched with those who are similar in their level of attractiveness	45
1931123787	Symmetry	The degree to which the right and left sides of one's face are the same	46
1931123788	Averageness	The degree to which one has typical rather than atypical features	47
1931123789	Mere exposure	The tendency to like things (or people) more as they become familiar	48
1931123790	Proximity	Closeness, in terms of physical distance	49
1931123791	Reciprocity	Behaving toward others as they have behaved toward us. In attraction, liking people who like us	50
1931123792	Misattribution	Mistaking physiological arousal due to fear for attraction	51
1931123793	Passionate love	Love characterized by passion, intense emotion, and physical attraction	52
1931123794	Compationate love	Love characterized by affection, intimacy, and commitment	53
1931123795	Sternberg's triangular theory of love	Suggests that love has three components: Passion, intimacy, and commitment, and that the type of love depends on the relative strength of these components	54
1931123796	Consummate love	According to Sternberg's triangular theory, a complete love, consisting of passion, intimacy, and commitment	55
1931123797	Storge	Friendship-based love	56
1931123798	Agape	Selfless love	57
1931123799	Mania	Dependent love	58
1931123800	Pragma	Practical love	59
1931123801	Ludus	Game-playing love	60
1931123802	Eros	Passionate love	61
1931123803	Rusbult's investment model	Suggests that commitment is produced by satisfaction, investments, and quality of alternatives	62
1931123804	Negative affect reciprocity	Responding to negative emotion with negative emotion	63
1931123805	Bystander effect	The tendency for the presence of others to hinder helping	64
1931123806	Pluralistic ignorance	When we do not know how to behave we often look to others to determine what we should think or do, but they might not know either	65
1931123807	Diffusion of responsibility	The reduction in responsibility that people feel when others are present	66
1931123808	Audience inhibition	When people don't help because they think others might disapprove	67
1931123809	Negative state relief model	Suggests that people help to alleviate a negative emotional state	68
1931123810	Egoism	A selfish motive	69
1931123811	Empathy-altruism hypothesis	Suggests that helping is egoistic when empathy is low, but altruistic when empathy is high	70
1931123812	Altruism	An unselfish motive	71
1931123813	Stereotype	A belief about the characteristics of a group	72
1931123814	Prejudice	A belief or feeling, typically negative, about a group	73
1931123815	Discrimination	Negative behavior, typically based on prejudice	74
1931123816	Heuristics	Mental shortcuts used to save time and energy	75
1931123817	Perceptual assimilations	Seeing what we expect to see	76
1931123818	Self-fulfilling prophecy	Starting with an incorrect belief but behaving in a way to make it become true	77
1931123819	Subtyping	Placing members of a stereotyped group who do not conform to the stereotype in a subcategory, leaving the overall stereotype intact	78
1931123820	Colorism	Prejudice and discrimination based on skin color or Afrocentric features in general	79
1931123821	Old-fashioned racism	Blatant racism	80
1931123822	Aversive racism	A subtle form of prejudice and discrimination in which people regard themselves as unprejudiced but hold implicit negative thoughts or feelings about members of another racial group	81
1931123823	Realistic group conflict theory	Suggests that prejudice is caused by the perception of conflict or competition between groups	82
1931123824	Integrated threat theory	Suggests that the perception of several types of threat can contribute to prejudice	83
1931123825	Minimal groups	Trivial, unimportant groups	84
1931123826	Ingroup	A group of which one is a member	85
1931123827	Outgroup	A group of which one is not a member	86
1931123828	Ingroup favoritism	The tendency to favor one's own group over an outgroup	87
1931123829	Social identity theory	Suggests that because part of our esteem derives from our group membership, we want to belong to good groups and we want to see our groups favorably	88
1931123830	Contact hypothesis	Suggests that bringing groups into contact will reduce prejudice	89
1931123831	Superordinate goals	Goals that multiple groups have in common	90
2020497605	Common ingroup identity model	Suggests that aversive racism and ingroup favoratism can be reduced by emphasizing a common identity	91
2020497606	Recategorization	A change from viewing people as "us" and "them" to categorizing both as a unified group	92
2020497607	Self-regulation of prejudice model	Suggests that catching oneself being prejudiced elicits guilt and associations are formed about the event. When a similar situation occurs, the activation of these associations encourages unbiased responses.	93
2020497608	Conformity	Adjusting one's behavior to match the behavior of others	94
2020497609	Informational influence	A subset of conformity in which people conform because they think the group knows the answer	95
2020497610	Normative influence	A subset of conformity in which people conform because they want to fit in and be liked	96
2020497611	Compliance	Involves fulfilling a request from a peer	97
2020497612	Reciprocity principle	Suggests that we tend to behave toward others as they have behaved toward us	98
2020497613	Reciprocity concession	A category of compliance strategies that involves making a concession by retreating from an initial large request	99
2020497614	Principle of social proof	Suggests that we are more likely to comply with requests if other people seem to have done so	100
2020497615	Scarcity principle	Suggests that we tend to want things that are rare	101
2020497616	Commitment and consistency principle	Suggests that we tend to comply with requests that are consistent with our previous actions	102
2020497617	Foot-in-the-door technique	A compliance strategy that involves making a small request and then making a related larger request	103
2020497618	Bait-and-switch technique	A compliance strategy that involves drawing people in with a desirable offer and then switching them to a related offer	104
2020497619	Lowball strategy	A compliance strategy in which an agreement is made, but then hidden costs are revealed	105
2020497620	Liking principle	Suggests that we tend to comply with the requests of people we like	106
2020497621	Authority principle	Suggests that we tend to obey the instructions of authority figures	107
2020497622	Obedience	Following the instruction of an authority figure	108
2020497623	Attitude	An evaluation; a judgment on a scale from bad to good	109
2020497624	Attitude-behavior consistency	The agreement between attitude and behavior	110
2020497625	Theory of planned behavior	Suggests that behavior is determined by behavioral intentions, which are determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control	111
2020497626	Attitude accessibility	The ease with which an attitude comes to mind	112
2020497627	Yale approach	A model of attitude change that considers the source of the persuasive message, the message itself, and the audience	113
2020497628	Fear appeals	Persuasive messages designed to induce fear	114
2020497629	Reactance	The desire to reinstate one's freedom when one feels it is being limited	115
2020497630	Boomerang effect	Attitude change in the opposite direction from the message	116
2020497631	Need for cognition	A personality trait that involves the tendency to think	117
2020497632	Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)	Suggests that there are two routes by which attitude change can occur, one that involves more thinking (the central route) and one that involves less thinking (the peripheral route)	118
2020497633	Central route	A possible pathway for attitude change that involves thinking about the content of the message	119
2020497634	Peripheral route	A possible pathway for attitude change that is less thoughtful and relies on factors that are unrelated to the quality of the message	120
2020497635	Theory of cognitive dissonance	Suggests that we experience dissonance when we have inconsistent cognitions and one way of reducing dissonance is to change one or both of them, such as changing one's attitude to make it consistent with one's behavior	121
2020497636	Induced compliance	A procedure in which participants are encouraged to do a behavior that is inconsistent with their attitudes, typically to determine if this causes attitudes to become more consistent with the behavior	122
2020497637	Effort justification	People come to like things for which they work hard or suffer	123
2020497638	Spreading of alternatives	Alternatives are seen as more different after we choose compared to before	124
2020497639	Social facilitation/social inhibition	The study of performance when others are present. Performance might improve or decline	125
2020497640	Drive theory of social facilitation	Suggests that the mere presence of others increases arousal and arousal increases the dominant response, causing people to do better on tasks they find easy and worse on tasks they find difficult	126
2020497641	Dominant response	The most likely response	127
2020497642	Evaluation apprehansion	Concern about one's performance being judged by others	128
2020497643	Social loafing	The tendency for motivation to decline in groups	129
2020497644	Groupthink	The tendency for groups with certain qualities to display dysfunctional symptoms, which lead to poor decisions	130
2020655888	Social identity maintenance model of groupthink	Suggests that groupthink involves trying to maintain a positive group image	131

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PSYA02 - An Introduction to Psychological Science (Chapter 11 and 12) Flashcards

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2404186856	The study of motivation concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiations of behaviours that direct organisms towards specific goals is known as a _______.	Motive.	0
2404190881	A biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed is referred to as a ______.	Drive.	1
2404193263	The body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment is called _______.	Homeostasis.	2
2404197718	The process in which motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs is ________.	Allostasis.	3
2404202590	By electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus, it allows us to _____.	Eat.	4
2404204531	Stimulating the ventromedial region allows us to ______.	Stop eating.	5
2404207435	A sugar the serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body is _______.	Glucose.	6
2404209705	What is the term that describes the point in a meal where we are no longer motivated to eat?	Satiation.	7
2404215646	Stress modulates _______, a hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach concentrations and appetite.	Grehlin.	8
2404219472	The tendency to assume that the unit sale or portioning amount to consume is referred to as ______.	Unit Bias.	9
2404227900	The longer a person sits socializing, the more likely he or she is to continue eating. This is referred to as _______.	Social facilitation.	10
2404230520	Sometimes people self-consciously control their behaviour so that others will see them in a certain way. This is referred to as _______.	Impression Management.	11
2404232843	People may be likely to eat more, even if already full, just to fit along. This is referred to as _________.	Modelling.	12
2404234914	A disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure is called ________.	Obesity.	13
2404241796	An eating disorder that involves self-starvation, intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with one's body, and a denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight is called _______.	Anorexia Nervosa.	14
2404250843	An eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating, and purging is called ______.	Bulimia Nervosa.	15
2404257367	What are some factors developed from eating disorders?	Stress, depression, guilt, perfectionism.	16
2404262329	What is libido?	The motivation for sexual activity and pleasure.	17
2404265590	The ______ cycle describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity.	Sexual Response.	18
2404267467	The four primary stages of the sexual response cycle are:	Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.	19
2404277366	Men usually experience a single orgasm followed by a ________.	Refractory period.	20
2404278219	The _________ is a time in which erection and orgasm are not physically possible.	Refractory period.	21
2404283864	The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release a hormone called __________.	Oxytocin.	22
2404354203	The consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex is referred to as _________.	Sexual orientation.	23
2404361699	The accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society are referred to as _______.	Gender roles.	24
2404375158	The set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females is called ______.	Sexual scripts.	25
2404376715	A hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behaviour is ________.	Testosterone.	26
2404382836	What is the negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour?	Sex guilt.	27
2404391951	What is the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person's well being?	Need to belong (Affiliation motivation).	28
2404396280	A sense of _________ is most important for our well-being.	Permanence.	29
2404401906	This is associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person. What is it?	Passionate love.	30
2404405352	A body region that is sensitive to internal bodily feelings such as having "butterflies to the stomach" is called the ______.	Insula.	31
2404413149	This is related to tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person. What is it?	Companionate Love.	32
2404421129	What is the term that is a very strong force in human behaviour, and refers to the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals?	Achievement motivation.	33
2404424214	What is an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction?	Approach Goal.	34
2404426786	What is an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain?	Avoidance Goal.	35
2404430683	The need to feel connected with others is _________.	Relatedness.	36
2404432867	The need to feel in control of your own life is _______.	Autonomy.	37
2404433930	The ability to perform a task at a skill level that is satisfying to the individual is ________.	Competence.	38
2404436511	An individual's confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve problem is referred to as ______.	Self-efficacy.	39
2404438119	A theory that states that an individual's ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which he or she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals is called the _________.	Self-determination Theory.	40
2404441988	Motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoid embarrassment is called ______.	Extrinsic Motivation (Performance Motive).	41
2404448666	The feeling of having little to no motivation to perform a behaviour is called ______.	Amotivational.	42
2404451027	The process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcoming challenges is known as ________.	Intrinsic Motivation (Mastery Motive).	43
2404455147	The ________ happens when if you give someone a reward for an intrinsically motivated behaviour, the intrinsic motivation decreases, as does the frequency of the behaviour.	Over-justification Effect.	44
2404462969	The ________ happens when a course of action is not obvious, and the different phrasing of the question or problem can produce different results.	Framing Effect.	45
2404468457	Being a behaviour with the following three components: A subjective thought and/or experience with accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and an observable behavioural expression is known as _______.	Emotion.	46
2404475566	The _______ is a group of nuclei in the medial portion of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain.	Amygdala.	47
2404478506	The ________ specializes in preparing the body to physically respond to the emotional stimulus if necessary.	Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).	48
2404482871	The Autonomic Nervous System consists of two systems. What are they?	Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System.	49
2404485164	The ________ helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response.	Sympathetic Nervous System.	50
2404486665	The _________ helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary.	Parasympathetic Nervous System.	51
2404498757	The ________ suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience.	James-Lange Theory of Emotion.	52
2404505373	The _________ is a theory that happens when the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body.	Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.	53
2404517552	The _______ shows when our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states.	Facial Feedback Hypothesis.	54
2404525537	The ________ is a theory which holds that patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them from the basis of our emotional experiences.	Two-factor Theory.	55
2404534715	The __________ test was an open-ended test in which participants create stories to go along with a set of pictures.	Thematic Appreciation.	56
2404541309	A real emotional response can be seen on our faces before a certain "mask is in place." What is it?	Microexpression.	57
2404555277	_______ almost provides as much emotional information as facial expressions; it also activated a number of similar brain areas.	Body language.	58
2404557260	________ are variation across cultures in how common emotions are expressed.	Emotional dialects.	59
2404560010	________ refers to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion.	Display rules.	60
2404569284	A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations is referred to as ________.	Personality.	61
2404573379	What are the two approaches to personality measurement?	Idiographic and Nomothetic.	62
2404578876	The _________ focuses on creating detailed descriptions of a specific person's unique personality characteristics.	Idiographic Approach.	63
2404588333	The ________ examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure.	Nomothetic Approach.	64
2404593252	A ________ describes a person's habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.	Personality Trait.	65
2404595231	The ________ is the phenomenon in which it is easy to make people believe that you are measuring their personality than it is to actually measure it.	Barnum Effect.	66
2404597274	A ________ is used to group items that people respond to similarly; for instance, the terms friendly, warm, and kind have similar meanings, and can be referred to as a cluster.	Factor Analysis.	67
2404603796	The _______ is a trait-based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions.	Five-Factor Model.	68
2404606024	What are the five traits in the Five-Factor Model?	Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.	69
2404610462	People with _______ tend to be dreamers and creatives. They tend to be open with new things.	High openness.	70
2404612120	People with _______ are defenders of the system.	Low openness.	71
2404613318	People with _______ are the organizers; efficient, self-disciplined, and dependable.	High conscientiousness.	72
2404649276	People with ________ are the easy-going ones, fun to hang out with, but not great as group project partners.	Low conscientiousness.	73
2404705558	People with ________ are the socializers and sensation seekers.	High extraversion.	74
2404706835	People with _______ are the quiet ones.	Low extraversion.	75
2404708472	People with _______ are warm and friendly people that are easy to like, easy to be friends with, easy to have as part of your group.	High agreeableness.	76
2404711354	People with _______ are the type who "put themselves first."	Low agreeableness.	77
2404713286	People with ________ are difficult to deal with; their emotional volatility and general tendency to experience negative emotions makes them not much fun to be around.	High neuroticism.	78
2404716230	People with _______ are the prototypical mentally healthy people.	Low neuroticism.	79
2404803668	What is the six-factor theory that generally replicate the five factors of the FFM and adds one additional factor: Honesty-humility.	HEXACO Model of Personality.	80
2404807569	People with ________ tend to be sincere, honest, faithful, and modest.	High Honesty-humility.	81
2404809085	People with ________ tend to be more selfish, antisocial, and have violent tendencies.	Low Honesty-humility.	82
2404811093	The ________ describes a person who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely to commit harm in general.	Dark Triad.	83
2404815499	The Dark Triad refers to three traits. What are they?	Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism.	84
2404818238	Which trait refers to a tendency to use people and be manipulative and deceitful?	Machiavellianism.	85
2404854994	Which trait is a general tendency towards having shallow emotional responses?	Psychopathy.	86
2404856205	Which trait reflects an egotistical preoccupation with self-image and an excessive focus on self-importance?	Narcissism.	87
2404859562	People with _________ became aggressive when they felt physically threatened, but people with high ________ responded aggressively when their self-esteem was threatened.	High psychopathy, high narcissism.	88
2404862207	People with ________ responded to neither type of threat; it seems they only become aggressive when it serves their goals.	High machiavellianism.	89
2404865418	A highly problematic set of personality characteristics that involve three key tendencies is referred to as __________.	Right-wing Authoritarianism (RWA).	90
2404874100	People with _________ are likely to be seething with prejudice.	High RWAs.	91
2404881036	A temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour is referred to as a _______.	State.	92
2404883324	Behaviour, internal (personal) factors, and external (situational) factors interact to determine one another, and that our personalities are based on interactions among these aspects is called ________.	Reciprocal Determinism.	93
2404886488	What is the WEIRD Acronym?	Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.	94
2404887781	What is the combination of characteristics concerning social harmony, tradition, and an emphasis on one's social relationships?	Interpersonal Relatedness.	95
2404890032	The characteristic ways of responding to questions; these response styles can be strongly influenced by cultural norms is referred to as a __________.	Response Style.	96
2404892092	Identical twins are ________, whereas fraternal twins are ________.	Monozygotic, dizygotic.	97
2404896744	The term that explains both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body is referred to as ________.	Humourism.	98
2404898595	________ is the term to describe the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull.	Phrenology.	99
2404900939	The _________ is the idea when extraversion is determined by people's threshold for arousal.	Arousal Theory of Extraversion.	100
2404903388	What plays a central role in controlling this arousal response?	Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS).	101
2404905513	What is referred to as a "go" system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals?	Behavioural Activation System (BAS).	102
2404909961	What is more of a "danger" system motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes?	Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS).	103
2404913504	In the brain, extraversion has a larger _________, and generally less activation in the _________.	Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex, Amygdala.	104
2404928972	In the brain, neuroticism has a smaller ________ , a smaller _______, and a larger _________.	Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Mid-cingulate gyrus.	105
2404931224	The _______ is involved in processing novelty, danger, and fear.	Amygdala.	106
2404931469	The _________ is involved in controlling emotions.	Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex.	107
2404935766	The _______ is involved in controlling obsessive, negative thinking.	Hippocampus.	108
2404937184	The ________ is responsible for detecting errors and perceiving pain - whether physical or emotional.	Mid-cingulate Gyrus.	109
2404938205	People with agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the _________.	Left superior temporal sulcus.	110
2404939110	The ________ is activated when one is interpreting another person's actions or intentions.	Temporal Sulcus.	111
2404954496	In the brain, consciousness has a larger brain volume in the ________ in the _________.	Middle frontal gyrus, left prefrontal cortex.	112
2404965608	In the brain, people with openness to experience have been shown to have greater activation in the ________.	Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.	113
2404972688	The _________ is involved in creativity and intelligence.	Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.	114
2404975508	The _______ is your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now.	Conscious mind.	115
2404976199	The _______ is a much more vast and powerful, but inaccessible part of your consciousness, endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours.	Unconscious mind.	116
2404982621	The ________ is the slips of the tongue allowing those to say what they were "really thinking."	Freudian Slip.	117
2404983757	The _____ represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression.	Id.	118
2404984718	Freud believed that Id was fuelled by an energy called ______.	Libido.	119
2404985067	The ________ refers to motivating people to seek our experiences that bring pleasure, with little regard for the appropriateness or consequences of their realization.	Pleasure Principle.	120
2404986998	The _______ is comprised of our values and moral standards.	Superego.	121
2404987840	The ______ is the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego.	Ego.	122
2404993308	_______ are unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety.	Defence Mechanisms.	123
2404994390	Keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious is referred to as _______.	Repression.	124
2404995640	Refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself is called _______.	Denial.	125
2405003512	________ is attempting to hide one's true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours.	Rationalization.	126
2405009288	Transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour is referred to as ________.	Displacement.	127
2405009946	Unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self is referred to as ______.	Identification.	128
2405011463	______ is keeping yourself unaware of undesirable qualities that you possess by instead attributing those qualities to other groups or people.	Projection.	129
2405014513	________ is altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite.	Reaction Formation.	130
2405015633	__________ is transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even pro-social alternatives.	Sublimation.	131
2405018911	When becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage. This term is ________.	Fixation.	132
2405022570	Which stage involves actions of the mouth, and the foundation of the ego, and occurs between 0-18 months?	The Oral Stage.	133
2405024638	Which stage involves bowel elimination, control, and a sense of control and competence?	The Anal Stage.	134
2405025368	Which stage involves the Oedipus complex, obsessions between power and sex if fixated?	The Phallic Stage.	135
2405030288	Which stage involves external activities and interests and occurs between 6 yrs-puberty?	The Latency Stage.	136
2405030521	Which stage involves sexual activities with others, and occurs between puberty-adulthood?	The Genital Stage.	137
2405031863	________ are personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts.	Projective Tests.	138
2405033112	The ________ asks people to describe what they see on the inkblot, and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method.	Rorschach Inkblot Test.	139
2405039215	The _______ asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations.	Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT).	140
2405047037	________ focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development.	Analytical psychology.	141
2405047650	_________ is a vast repository of experiences and patterns that were absorbed during the entire experiential unfolding of the person's life.	Personal Unconscious.	142
2405049043	The _______ is a separate, non-personal realm of the unconscious that holds the the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past.	Collective unconscious.	143
2405051001	_______ are images and symbols that reflect common "truths" held across cultures, such as universal life experiences or types of people.	Archetypes.	144
2405051999	The ________ is the struggle many people have with feelings of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood.	Inferiority Complex.	145
2405054203	The ________ happens when people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop full and normally.	Person-centered Perspective.	146
2405055675	The drive to grow and fulfill one's potential is known as _________.	Self-actualization.	147

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Introduction to Psychology James W Kalat 9th Edition Mod. 12 Flashcards

Emotions, Stress, And Health

Terms : Hide Images

1892932258	How to measure emotions?	Self-reports, behavioral observations, and physiological measures	0
1892932259	Microexpressions	Very brief, sudden emotional expressions	1
1892932260	Autonomic Nervous System	The section of the nervous system that controls the organs "independent"	2
1892932261	Sympathetic Nervous System	Two chains of neuron clusters just to the left and right of the spinal cord which arouses the body for vigorous action	3
1892932262	Parasympathetic Nervous System	neurons whose axons extend from the medulla and lower part of the spinal cord to neuron clusters near the organs	4
1892932263	James-Lange Theory	Your interpretation of a stimulus evokes autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions. Your perception of those changes is the feeling aspect of your emotion	5
1892932264	James-Lange Theory	Situation --> Appraisal (cognitive aspect of emotion) --> Actions (physiological and behavioral aspects) --> Perception of the actions (feeling aspects of the emotion)	6
1892932265	Schacter and Singer's theory	the intensity of the physiological state - that is, the degree of sympathetic nervous system arousal - determines the intensity of the emotion, but a cognitive apraisal of the situation identifies the type of emotion	7
1893520837	Duchenne Smile	The full expression including the muscles around the eyes	8
1893520838	Broaden -and-build hypohesis	A happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities	9
1893520839	Emotional Intelligence	The ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions ad use that information in making decisions	10
1893520840	Anxiety	An increase in the startle reflex A vague and long lasting sense that something bad might happen	11
1893520841	Fear	The response to an immediate danger	12
1893520842	Polygraph	Records indication of sympathetic nervous system arousal, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and electrical conduction of the skin	13
1893520843	Guilty-Knowledge Test	A modified version of the polygraph test that asks questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized	14
1893520844	Anger	A desire to harm people or to drive them away	15
1893520845	Frustration-aggression hypothesis	The main cause of anger is frustration - an obstacle that stands in the way of doing something or obtaining some expected behavior	16
1893520846	Positive Psychology	The study of the features that enrich life, such as happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality, and responsibility	17
1893520847	Subjective well-being	a self-evaluation of ones's life as pleasant, interesting, and satisfying	18
1893520848	Temperament or Personality	One of the strongest influences on happiness	19
1893520849	Cortisol	A hormone which enhances metabolism and increases the supply of sugar and other fuels to the cells	20
1893520850	Type A personality	highly competitive, insisting on winning always, impatient, always in a hurry, often hostile	21
1893520851	Type B personality	more easy going, less hurried, less hostile	22
1893520852	Problem-focused coping	People do something to control the situation	23
1893520853	Reappraisal	Reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less treatening	24
1893520854	Emotion-focused coping	People try to control their emotional reaction	25
1893520855	Inoculate	Exposing yourself to small amounts of the events	26

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Introduction to Psychology - APSY 101 (Exam 1) Flashcards

University at Albany
Professor - Robert Rossellini

Terms : Hide Images

1661257302	Psychology	The scientific study of behavior and experience and their physiological and cognitive underpinnings.	0
1661257303	Clinical	An advanced degree such as a PhD. or PsyD. is needed. Specialized in treatment for people with mental disorders and psychological problems.	1
1661257304	Psychiatry	Branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances.	2
1661257305	Behavioral Neuroscience	The study of brain and behavior with a focus on the biological and psychological processes of motivation, addiction, learning, memory, information processing, evolution, individual differences and genetics.	3
1661257306	Cognitive	The study of human learning, memory, attention and information processing.	4
1661257307	Industrial-Organizational	Behavior of individuals in organizations.	5
1661257308	Social	Social forces in behavior of individuals, behavior of groups and individuals within a group, inter-personal relationships, change and attitude.	6
1661257309	Developmental	Study of human and animal development across the life span, child psychology and early development, adolescent psychology, geriatric psychology.	7
1661257310	Personality	Consistency in an individual's behavior and the factors which influence it.	8
1661257311	Psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	9
1661257312	Educational	application of psychological principles to an educational setting.	10
1661257313	Forensic	Application of psychological principles to legal issues.	11
1661257314	Socrates	Started to ask questions to gain knowledge on behavior. Given a choice to be exiled or to drink poison. He drank the poison.	12
1661257315	Ptolemy	Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)	13
1661257316	Copernicus	1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.	14
1661257317	Galieo	wrote a book that was criticized by the Catholic church and stated that Earth was not the center of the universe	15
1661257318	Newton	Came up with the law of gravity.	16
1661257319	Rene Descartes	"I think, therefore I am"	17
1661257320	Hobbes	Argued that all behavior can be explained in a mechanistic fashion.	18
1661257321	Locke	Argued that all men are inheretly equal.	19
1661257322	Humme	You are all born equal, but once put into certain enviorments, you are then unequal.	20
1661257323	Charles Darwin	Law of natural selection.	21
1661257324	Wundt	1879 the first Psychological laboratory	22
1661257325	Titchner	Method of Introspection to uncover the nature of consciousness	23
1661257326	Functionalism	Psychology as the study of the function of consciousness & behavior	24
1661257327	Pavlov	Set up experiment that you ring a bell and give a dog food. Demonstrates object association.	25
1661257328	Watson	American psychologist who first developed behaviorist thought	26
1661257329	Skinner	American psychologist who developed the operant conditioning model of learning; emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable actions, not mental processes, in trying to achieve a scientific explanation of behavior	27
1661257330	Behvaiorism	Psychology as the science of behavior	28
1661257331	Gestalt	Psychology as the study of holistic behavioral and perceptual processes	29
1661257332	Witmer	found 1st psych clinic in UPENN	30
1661257333	Sigmund Freud	A psychologist who developed psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions.	31
1663906665	Empiricism	knowledge based on systematic observation	32
1663906666	Rationalism	rules of logic to arrive at a conclusion	33
1663906667	Steps in the Scientific Method	1 - Observe 2 - Gather 3 - Analyze 4 - Conclude	34
1663906668	Goals of Science	To describe phenomena and be able to measure it.	35
1663906669	Advantages of the Scientific Method	Precision of thought and self-correction.	36
1663906670	Theory	Theory derives from replications of hypothesis.	37
1669018281	Hypothesis	A testable prediction.	38
1669018282	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	39
1669018283	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	40
1669018284	Control Group	Group of tested subjects that are not being affected by any variable.	41
1669018285	Experimental Group	Group of tested subjects that are being effected by the tested variable.	42
1669018286	Falsifiability	A property of a statement or hypothesis such that it can (in principle, at least) be rejected in the face of contravening evidence.	43
1669018287	Parsimony	In scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon	44
1669018288	Standard of Proof	1 - Data collected using scientifically accepted methods 2 - Peer review of data and theory 3 - Replication of data	45
1669018289	Burden of Proof	Proponents of position must offer valid proof of claim	46
1669018290	Case Study	Detailed description of a single individual.	47
1669018291	Naturalistic Observation	description of behavior under natural conditions	48
1669018292	Survey	Study of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors based on answers to questions.	49
1669018293	Correlation	Description of a relationship between two variables.	50
1669018294	Experiment	Determination of the effect of a variable controlled by the investigator on some other variable that is measured.	51
1669018295	Sampling Bias	When a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	52
1669018296	Participant Seriousness	A factor that plays into the response of a person when partaking in a survey.	53
1669018297	Demand Characteristics	Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.	54
1669018298	Question Wording	Does the question have a favorable answer.	55
1669018299	Surveyor Bias	wording question to encourage answers they are hoping to receive	56
1669018300	R-Value	The measure of a correlation.	57
1669018301	Strong Positive Correlation	When the r-value is close to 1.	58
1669018302	Strong Negative Correlation	When the r-value is close to -1.	59
1669018303	Correlation does not mean....	Causation	60
1669018304	Correlation does cause...	Inferences	61
1669018305	Convenience Sample	Anyone who's available	62
1669018306	Representative Sample	Same percentage of male/female, black/white, etc, in the population.	63
1669018307	Random Sample	Everyone in the population has the same chance of being chosen.	64
1669018308	Cross-Cultural Sample	Sample of different cultures.	65
1669018309	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone	66
1669018310	Nocebo Effect	negative effects derived from expectations	67
1669018311	Single Blind	Participant is unaware of experimental conditions	68
1669018312	Double Blind	Participant is unaware of experimental conditions and either the observer or the experimenter is unaware of the conditions.	69
1669018313	Bell Magendie	Discovered physical apperance of the reflex arch	70
1669018314	Neurons	A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	71
1669018315	Cell Body	Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus.	72
1669018316	Axon	A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.	73
1669018317	Myelin Sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons.	74
1669018318	Nodes of Ranvier	Gaps in a myelin sheath.	75
1669018319	Terminal Boutons	Presynaptic axon endings	76
1669018320	Resting Potential	Sodium ions that are positively charged are on the outside of the neuron, while positively charged Potassium ions on the inside of the neuron, along with negatively charged Protein.	77
1669018321	Action Potential	An electrical impulse moves down the axon causing sodium ions to enter the axon through the sodium channels, as the negative charges of the protein attract the positive ions.	78
1669018322	Synapse	A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.	79
1669018323	Synaptic Transmission	Neurotransmitter synthesis, Storage, Release, Binding, Inactivation, Reuptake	80
1669018329	ACh	Neurotransmitter for attention, arousal, memory and muscles. Agonists examples are nicotine and poisonous spider bites. Antagonists, botox.	81
1669018330	Dopamine	A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.	82
1669018331	DA and Depression	decreased DA activity & decreased experience of pleasure	83
1669018332	DA and Schizophrenia	increased post synaptic receptors & agitation - halucinations	84
1669018333	DA and Parkinsons	DA Cell death in subtantia nigra & decreased motor movement	85
1669018334	DA and Drug Abuse/Addiction	DA activation - pleasure and addiction	86
1669018335	Norepinephrine	Memory of emotional and meaningful events	87
1669018336	Serotonin	Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal	88
1669018337	The Turkey Myth	Turkey contains tryptophan which is a precursor to Serotonin, but it is not the serotonin that makes you sleepy after Thanksgiving dinner.	89
1669018338	GABA	inhibitory, reduces anxiety and controls mood	90
1669018339	Endorphins	"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	91
1669018340	Cerebelum	Part of the brain that functions to coordinate voluntary muscular movements	92
1669018341	Medula	Located in the hindbrain, controls some basic vital functions such as the heart, breathing.	93
1669018342	Pons	Located in the hindbrain, controls the reticular activating system, which keeps you awake.	94
1669018343	Hypothalamus	Located in the forebrain, controls fighting, fleeing feeding, and sex.	95
1669018344	Thalamus	Located in the forebrain, controls sensory information.	96
1669018345	Hippocampus	Located in the forebrain, helps process explicit memories for storage.	97
1669018346	Amygdala	Located in the forebrain, controls emotions and fear	98
1669018347	Frontal Lobe	Located in the cerebral cortex, controls planning, social control, self-recognition self-awareness, primary motor area, and fine movement control	99
1669018348	Parietal Lobe	Located in the cerebral cortex, controls sensory processing.	100
1669018349	Occipital Lobe	Located in the cerebral cortex, controls vision processing.	101
1669018350	Temporal Lobe	Located in the cerebral cortex, controls memory, auditory processes, speech processes and complex vision processes.	102
1669018351	Sperry	Section of Cerebral Cortex - Split brain - for management of epilepsy	103
1669018352	Left Brain Hemisphere	controls right side of the body, Languages, Sensory information and control of the right side of the body, verbal abilities, positive emotion, sequential, analytical and processing	104
1669018353	Right Brain Hemisphere	controls the left side of the body, artistic ability, speech prosody, spatial manipulation, perceiving and portraying emotion, inference making	105

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