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Introduction to Psychology, Gateways to Mind and Behavior - Chapter 14 Flashcards

2050899641	psychopathology	the scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; also, abnormal or maladaptive behavior	0
2050904987	statistical abnormality	abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety	1
2050914579	social nonconformity	failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standards for the social conduct	2
2050922427	maladaptive behavior	behavior that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life	3
2050927775	insanity	a legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage one's affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one's actions	4
2050931920	mental disorders	a significant impairment in psychological functioning	5
2050936780	psychotic disorder	a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, by hallucinations and delusions, and by social withdrawal	6
2050947506	organic mental disorder	a mental or emotional problem caused by brain disease or injuries	7
2050952336	mood disorder	a major disturbance in mood or emotion, such a depression or mania	8
2050955241	anxiety disorder	disruptive feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety, or distortions in behavior that are anxiety related	9
2050964200	dissociative disorder	temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization	10
2050971442	somatoform disorder	physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause	11
2050974822	personality disorder	a maladaptive personality pattern	12
2051037124	sexual and gender identity disorders	any of a wide range of difficulties with sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior, or sexual adjustment	13
2051044034	substance-related disorder	abuse of or dependence on a mood or behavior-altering drug	14
2051066738	neurosis	an outdated term once used to refer, as a group, to anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and some forms of depression	15
2051075308	psychosis	a withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thought and emotions, and personality disorganization	16
2051079320	delusion	a false belief held against all contrary evidence	17
2051083038	hallucination	an imaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that don't exist in the real world	18
2051085770	dementia	a serious mental impairment in old age caused by physical deterioration of the brain	19
2051090703	Alzheimer's disease	an age-related disease characterized by memory loss, mental confusion, and, in its later stages, a nearly total loss of mental abilities	20
2051101000	delusional disorder	a psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations	21
2051107215	paranoid psychosis	a delusional disorder centered especially on delusions of persecution	22
2051110501	Schizophrenia	a psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and a "split" between thought and emotion	23
2051117135	disorganized Schizophrenia	Schizophrenia marked by incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or grossly inappropriate emotions	24
2051195761	catatonic Schizophrenia	Schizophrenia marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and, sometimes, agitated, purposeless behavior	25
2051204263	paranoid Schizophrenia	Schizophrenia marked by a preoccupation with delusions or by frequent auditory hallucinations related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution	26
2051209892	undifferentiated Schizophrenia	Schizophrenia is lacking the specific features of catatonic, disorganized, or paranoid types	27
2051240186	psychological trauma	a psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, and so forth	28
2051245589	stress-vulnerability model	attributes mental disorders, such as psychosis to a combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility	29
2051251220	mood disorder	major disturbances in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania	30
2051253775	depressive disorders	emotional disorders primarily involving sadness, despondency, and depression	31
2051256600	bipolar disorders	emotional disorders involving both depression and mania or hypomania	32
2051259758	dysthymic disorder	moderate depression that persists for two or more years	33
2051285541	cyclothymic disorder	moderate manic and depressive behavior that persists for two or more years	34
2051287616	major mood disorders	disorders marked by lasting extremes of mood or emotion and sometimes accompanied by psychotic symptoms	35
2051294988	major depressive disorder	a mood disorder in which the person has suffered one of more intense episodes of depression	36
2051306767	bipolar I disorder	a mood disorder in which a person has episodes of mania (excited, hyperactive, energetic, grandiose behavior) and also periods of deep depression	37
2051319733	bipolar II disorder	a mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed (sad, despondent, guilt ridden) but has also had one or more episodes of mild mania (hypomania)	38
2051338231	endogenous depression	depression that appears to be produced from within (perhaps by chemical imbalances in the brain), rather than as a reaction to life events	39
2051346682	postpartum depression	a mild to moderately serve depression that begins within three months following childbirth	40
2051358865	seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	depressions that occurs only during fall and winter; presumably related to decreased exposure to sunlight	41
2051368063	phototherapy	a treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright, full-spectrum light	42
2051379700	adjustment disorder	an emotional disturbance caused by ongoing stressors within the range of common experience	43
2051386202	generalized anxiety disorder	a chronic state of tension and worries about work, relationships, ability, or impending disaster	44
2051407740	panic disorder (without agoraphobia)	a chronic state of anxiety and also has brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic	45
2051410797	panic disorder (with agoraphobia)	a chronic state of anxiety and brief moments of sudden panic. The person fears that these panic attacks will occur in public places or unfamiliar situations	46
2051424008	agoraphobia (without panic)	the fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enter unfamiliar situations	47
2051427168	specific phobia	an intense, irrational fear of specific objects, activities, or situations	48
2051431956	social phobia	an intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social siutations	49
2051509381	obsessive-compulsive disorder	an extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors	50
2051533878	stress disorder	a significant emotional disturbance caused by stresses outside the range of normal human experience	51
2051567147	acute stress disorder	a psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them	52
2051572490	post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	a psychological disturbance lasting more than one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them	53
2051587870	Munchausen syndrome by proxy	an affected person fakes the medical problems of someone in his or her care in order to gain attention	54
2051654055	Munchausen syndrome	an affected person fakes his or her own medical problems in order to gain attention	55
2051662020	dissociative amnesia	loss of memory (partial or complete) for important information related to personal identity	56
2051668971	dissociative fugue	sudden travel away away from home, plus confusion about one's personal identity	57
2051684030	dissociative identity disorder	the presence of two or more distinct personalities (multiple personality)	58
2051687219	hypochonriasis	a preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease. Ordinary physical signs are interpreted as proof that the person has a disease, but no physical disorder can be found	59
2051694082	somatization disorder	afflicted persons have numerous physical complaints. Typically, they have consulted many doctors, but no organic cause for their distress can be identified	60
2051697434	pain disorder	pain that has no identifiable physical cause and appears to be of psychological origin	61
2051699243	conversion disorder	a bodily symptom that mimics a physical disability but is actually caused by anxiety of emotional distress	62
2051928291	anxiety reduction hypothesis	explains the self-defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of reform from anxiety	63
2051930359	antisocial personality	a person who lacks a conscience; is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and selfish; and tends to manipulate others	64

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Introduction to Psychology, James W. Kalat, Chapters 15/16: Specific Disorders and Treatments Flashcards

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30707594	Cultural influences on abnormality	Each era and society has had its own interpretations of abnormal behavior. Culture specific disorders are found all over the planet.	0
30707595	What was a common diagnosis in some old societies for abnormal behavior?	Demonic possession	1
30707596	Trephining	treatment for demonic possession: opening hole in skull, allowing demon to escape	2
30707597	What is a potential mechanism for the Salem Witchcraft Trails?	People experiencing "symptoms" may have been exposed to Ergot (similar to LSD) poisoning: fungus that grows on Rye	3
30707598	What is the model for understanding mental health issues in Western cultures today?	the bio psychosocial model	4
30707599	Biological explanation for behavior	Evolution, genes, brain structure and chemistry	5
30707600	Psychological explanation for behavior	Stress, Trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions, and memories	6
30707602	Social explanations for behavior	Roles, expectations, definitions for normality and disorder	7
30707603	What is the DSM	V? -The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; establishes uniform definitions and standards for diagnosis thus allowing for tailored treatments to specific disorders	8
30707734	Rosenhan's study	Showed downside to the labels provided by the DSM: normal people went hospital and said they experienced schizophrenic symptoms; all were diagnosed with schizophrenia and behaved normally after diagnosis.	9
30707735	What is the medical student's disease?	tendency to think they have improbable exotic disease, be careful to apply labels	10
30707736	What are the five types of psychotherapy?	Psychoanalysis, Cognitive therapies, Humanistic therapy, Behavior therapy, Family system therapy, Cognitive behavior therapy (mix of behavior and cognitive, most popular)	11
30707737	Psychoanalysis	Cause: unconscious thoughts and motivations. Treatment: Bring unconscious thoughts to consciousness. Methods: Free associations, dream analysis, etc. Role: interrupt associations	12
30707740	Cognitive therapies	Cause: irrational beliefs and unrealistic goals. Treatment: establish realistic goals, expectations, and interpretations of a situation. Methods: Dialog. Role: Help client reexamine assumptions	13
30707741	Humanistic therapy	Cause: reactions to a rejection society; incongruence between self-concept and ideal self. Treatment: enable client to make personal decisions to promote self acceptance. Method: Client centered interviews. Role: unconditional positive regard	14
30707742	Behavior therapy	Cause: learned inappropriate maladaptive behaviors. Treatment: Change in behavior. Methods: Positive reinforcement.	15
30707743	Clinical Psychologists	Ph.D, have expertise in research	16
30707744	Clinical social workers	Masters degree, deal with more severe family issues and such...	17
30707745	Counselors	like clinical psychologists, don't deal with severe mental conditions	18
30707894	Psychiatrists	M.D. biological health conditions that and linked to psychological disorders	19
30707930	Which gender is substance abuse more prevalent?	Men	20
30707931	Which gender is anxiety disorders more prevalent?	Women	21
30707932	Which gender is depression more prevalent?	Women	22
30707933	Personality disorders	in flexible ways interacting with people, not as severe as Schizophrenia; more common in Men	23
30707934	Anxiety	A certain amount of fear and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity in the face of potential hazards. A certain amount of anxiety is normal.	24
30707935	When is anxiety is considered pathological?	When it interferes with daily functioning	25
30707936	Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)	The experience of almost constant and exaggerated worry; no basis for the worries but the person is tense, irritable and tired. Often it is co-diagnosed with other mood disorders such as	26
30707937	What is generalized anxiety disorder often diagnosed with?	Depression.	27
30707939	Panic disorder (PD)	Characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic.	28
30708098	What do Panic attacks involve?	Rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, trembling and faintness.	29
30708277	How long do panic attacks last?	Usually last just a few minutes, but can be much longer.	30
30708278	Phobias	Most common type of disorders dealing with avoidance behaviors	31
30708483	Avoidance behaviors are highly resistant to what?	Extinction.	32
30708484	A phobia	Strong and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily living.	33
30708608	Agoraphobia	An intense fear of open or public places coupled with a fear of not being able to avoid situations that initiate overwhelming anxiety.	34
30708609	Can fears be learned?	Yes; some fears are innate but many are learned.	35
30708610	What experiment did early behaviorists first demonstrate how fears might be learned	"Little Albert" study	36
30708611	What are some of the most common phobias?	Open spaces, Closed spaces, Heights, Lightening and thunder, Certain animals (snakes, spiders, dogs), Illnesses/germs	37
30708612	Can phobias be socially learned?	Yes (i.e. monkey/snake experiment: lab monkey earned to fear the snake from the wild monkey)	38
30708613	What are the two behavior therapy for phobias?	Systematic desensitization and Intensive exposure therapy	39
30708615	Systematic Desensitization	reduces fear by gradually exposing people to the object under controlled conditions. Virtual reality is now being employed for this kind of therapy. All about relaxation techniques.	40
30708616	Counter Conditioning	Feared thing paired with a pleasant thing	41
30708617	Intensive Exposure Therapy (Flooding or Implosion)	A sudden and large scale exposure to the object under controlled conditions where unpleasant consequences don't occur.	42
30708618	With IET what will hopefully happen?	Extinction of the phobia	43
30708619	What are common drugs used for drug therapies for phobias and anxieties?	Benzodiazepine and Anti depressants	44
30708620	Benzodiazepines	A common type of sedative/tranquilizer, often prescribed for anxiety disorders.	45
30708621	What type of drug acts as a GABA agonists	Benzodiazepines	46
30708622	What class of drugs are SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) in?	Anti-depressants	47
30708623	What are the two distressing symptoms that comprise Obsessive-compulsive disorder?	-Obsession and Compulsion	48
30708624	Obsessions	Repetitive, unwelcome streams of thought.	49
30708625	Compulsions	Repetitive, almost irresistible actions.	50
30708626	What do obsessive thoughts generally lead to?	Compulsive actions.	51
30708627	What are two very common compulsive behaviors?	Checking and cleaning	52
30708629	What are common therapies for obsessive compulsive disorder?	Systematic Desensitization & Exposure therapy and anti-depressants - SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).	53
30708630	Examples of stimulants	Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine	54
30708631	Examples of sedative Hypnotics (Depressants)	Alcohol, Valium, Librium	55
30708632	Examples of Opiates (Narcotics)	Heroin, Oxytocin	56
30708634	Examples of Hallucinogens	LSD, PCP	57
397261576	Tolerance	physical and psychological dependence the symptoms of addiction	58
397261577	Withdrawal	Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence	59
397261581	Dependence	a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.	60
397261584	Substance use disorder's often co-occur with what?	Other forms with abnormal behavior	61
397261586	Talk Therapies	treatment where you talk about motivations behind taking the drug, i.e. Alcohols Anonymous	62
397261587	Drug Therapies	pharmacotherapy treatments to treat	63
397261588	What is Antabuse (disulfiram) used for?	medication to treat alcoholism by creating a strong sick feeling (Feeling called aversion)	64
397261589	Remove Pleasure	Narcan (naloxone) and opiates	65
397261591	What is the pharmacotherapy treatment for opiates?	Narcan (naloxone)	66
397261592	What is another term for mood disorders	affective disorders	67
397261593	Mood Disorders	problems regulating feelings	68
397261597	Unipolar depression	Is an extreme condition that may persist for months. A person experiences little interest in anything, little pleasure, and little motivation to be productive and is often accompanied with absence of happiness often a better predictor than sadness and despair.	69
397261598	Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	Consistent depression associated with winter months is called seasonal affective disorder.	70
397261599	Where does Seasonal affective disorder commonly occur?	In areas that have little sunlight in the winter season.	71
397261600	How can SAD be treated?	Light therapy, which requires the depressed person to sit in front of a bright light for a few hours each day	72
397261602	What is SAD biologically linked with?	Circadian rhythms, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and melatonin	73
397261603	Bipolar disorder	involves a cycling of mood between periods of depression and periods of mania.	74
397261604	What was an old term for bipolar disorder called?	Manic-depressive disorder.	75
397261605	What is mania?	A state of extreme exuberance and agitation.	76
397261606	Bipolar II	mania light, doesn't show intense periods of mania	77
397261607	Do people have a genetic predisposition to depression?	Yes	78
397261608	How does having close biological relatives who were diagnosed with depression effect the change of developing depression?	Increases one's probability of becoming depressed.	79
397261611	How does having adoptive relatives who were depressed effect risk of developing depression?	Also increases that probability, but not as much.	80
397261612	What are some treatments for depression?	Cognitive-behavior therapy, drug therapies, and electroconvulsive shock	81
397261613	How does cognitive Behavior therapy help depression?	By developing more positive beliefs.	82
397261615	Are drug therapies used to treat depression?	Yes	83
397261616	What are some types of drugs used to treat Unipolar Depression?	Anti-depressant medications: monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants.	84
397261617	Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)	A well known but controversial treatment.	85
397261618	Is Electroconvulsive shock therapy an effective treatment?	Yes, but benefits are temporary	86
397261620	Why did ECT fall out of favor?	Because it was widely abused (administered without patient consent, given too often, used as a threat).	87
397261621	Currently what is ECT used for?	Only for patients who have treatment-resistant depressions or who are strongly suicidal.	88
397261645	Bipolar disorder symptoms	People whose moods alternate between extremes of mania and depression are said to suffer from bipolar disorder.	89
397261646	Drug therapies for bipolar disorder	Lithium	90
397261647	John Nash	successfully dealt with schizophrenia	91
397261648	What is schizophrenia?	The split in schizophrenia refers to a disconnection of the intellectual and emotional aspects of mental ability.	92
397261649	What do many people confuse the term schizophrenia with?	Dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder.	93
397261650	What are other forms of Dissociative Disorder?	Psychogenic amnesia and/or psychogenic fugue	94
397261651	What is the term schizophrenia is derived from?	Greek roots meaning "split mind,"	95
397261652	What does schizophrenia not refer to?	it does not refer to cases where people alternate among different personalities	96
397261653	Are all symptoms of schizophrenia the same in every person?	Two people with schizophrenia can have very different symptom patterns	97
397261655	What are the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia?	Positive and Negative	98
397261656	What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?	Behaviors that are notable because of their presence (i.e. Hallucinations are false sensory experiences, Hearing voices is a common auditory hallucination of schizophrenia, Visual hallucinations occur but are less common.)	99
397261658	What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?	Behaviors that are notable because of their absence (lack of emotional expression).	100
397261659	What are delusions?	unfounded beliefs.	101
397261660	What are the three types of delusions associated with schizophrenia?	Persecution, grandeur, and ideas of reference.	102
397261752	Disordered thinking	refers to a deficit in utilizing "executive functions."	103
397261753	What are common types of disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia?	Deficits of attention, difficulty in switching rules and routines, loose associations, and difficulties with abstraction	104
397261754	How are the relatives of a schizophrenic person effected in developing it?	have an increased probability of developing schizophrenia themselves. Note that children of a schizophrenic mother have a 17% risk of schizophrenia even if adopted by a family with no schizophrenic members. (Based on data from Gottesman, 1991)	105
397261755	The neurodevelopmental Theory	schizophrenia is the result of nervous system impairments that develop before or at birth. These impairments may be due to genetic or other reasons.	106
397261911	According to the neurodevelopmental theory what are non genetic risk factors for developing schizophrenia?	poor prenatal care, difficult pregnancy and labor, and mother's exposure to influenza virus.	107
397261912	Diathesis Stress Model	Predisposition + Life Stressors	108
397261913	Dopamine Theory	Over activity of dopamine in limbic system	109
397261915	What are the drug therapies used to treat schizophrenic patients?	Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs	110
397261916	Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs	help to relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia.	111
397261917	How does the effectiveness of drugs effect schizophrenic patients?	Work gradually and vary in effectiveness from patient to patient.	112
397261918	How do drug therapies biologically work?	Antipsychotic drugs work to block receptors for dopamine at the synapses, which is evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.	113
545914418	Learned helplessness	a behaviour in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable	114

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Introduction to Psychology, James W. Kalat, Chapter 14: Personality Flashcards

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892645929	Personality	Study of individual differences ... unique ways in which people behave that may reflect differences in mental processes as well as forces that shape mental processes.	0
892645930	What approach did Sigmund Freud have on personality?	Psychodynamic approach	1
892645932	Psychoanalysis	explaining and dealing with personality, based on the interplay of conscious and unconscious forces	2
892645933	Psychodynamic theory	relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual, including unconscious ones	3
892645934	Who were Freud's Influences?	psychiatrist Josef Breuer, physician Jean Charcot, who explored the use of hypnosis to evaluate neuroses.	4
892645936	Jean Charcot	explored the use of hypnosis to evaluate neuroses.	5
892645937	Freud and the psychodynamic approach	Freud's search for the unconscious	6
892645938	Catharsis	a release of pent up emotional tension	7
892645939	talking cure	a method of explaining the workings of personality, psychoanalysis.	8
892646196	Oedipus complex	develops interest in his mother and competitive aggression towards his father	9
892646197	Libido	a psychosexual energy (from the Latin, "desire").	10
892646198	Thanatos	psychoaggressive energy (from the Latin, "death").	11
892646199	If normal development is blocked, a person may become fixated	continue to be preoccupied with gratification of the libido in a manner typical of an earlier time of life.	12
892646200	Freud's structure of personality	involves conflicts and anxiety over unpleasant impulses and thoughts.	13
892646201	Defense mechanisms	that function to relegate these unpleasant thoughts and feelings to the unconscious.	14
892646202	Rationalization	occurs when people "make excuses" and reframe unpleasant events as actually beneficial, or their actions as justifiable or rational (when the actions are arguably not so).	15
892646203	Repression	"motivated forgetting" of painful or unacceptable thoughts, feelings or memories.	16
892646204	Regression	an apparent return to a more juvenile way of thinking or acting.	17
892646205	Denial	refusal to acknowledge a problem or believe any information that causes anxiety.	18
892646206	Displacement	the diversion of an unacceptable thought or impulse from its actual target to a less threatening object or person.	19
892646207	Reaction formation	involves presentation of one's thoughts or feelings as the extreme opposite of what they actually are.	20
154129269	Sublimation	Transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into culturally acceptable, even admirable behaviors	21
892646208	Neo Freudians	psychologists and others who adopted some parts of Freud's theory and modified other parts.	22
892646209	Karen Horney	believed that Freud exaggerated the role of sexuality in human behavior and motivation, and misunderstood the motivations of women and the dynamics of family relationships. Ideal vs. Real Self and Inner Conflicts	23
892646211	What did Carl Jung propose?	"collective unconscious."	24
892646210	Carl Jung	created a version of psychoanalytic theory that put a greater emphasis on the continuity of human experience and the human need for spiritual meaning in life.	25
892646581	collective unconscious	Present at birth, the collective unconscious reflects the cumulative experiences of all of our ancestors.	26
892646825	What does the collective unconscious contains?	archetypes.	27
892646826	Archetypes	These are figures and themes that emerge repeatedly in human history and across world cultures.	28
892646969	Alfred Adler	founded the school of "individual psychology."	29
892647416	Individual psychology	The word "individual" refers to understanding the whole person, in contrast with the partitioned model of personality that was incorporated into the Freudian framework.	30
892647425	Striving for superiority	Adler proposed that humans have a natural desire to seek personal excellence and fulfillment.	31
892647427	Style of life	We create a master plan for achieving superiority	32
892647439	Inferiority complex	an exaggerated feeling of inadequacy, throughout their lives.	33
892647442	The learning approach	People frequently adopt a variety of behavioral styles that depend on the social context. The learning approach relates specific behaviors to specific experiences. Often the experiences from which we learn are those of other people in our environment.	34
892647443	Humanistic psychology	Humanistic psychologists see people as essentially good and interested in achieving life satisfaction.This is in contrast with the morally neutral basis of behaviorism and the downright negative view of human nature offered by psychoanalytic theory.	35
892647444	Carl Rogers	Humanistic psychology; believed that human nature is essentially good, and that people strive toward a state of self-actualization.	36
428562348	Humanistic psychology	Deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs, including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people life and die for	37
892647445	Self actualization	refers to a state of achieving one's full potential.	38
892647446	self concept	Belief of Rogers, Children develop an image of the person that they really are.	39
892647447	ideal self	Rogers, Children develop an image that represents the person they would like to be.	40
892647448	Rogerian model: psychological distress is generated primarily what?	from the incongruity a person perceives between the self-concept and the ideal self.	41
892647450	Unconditional positive regard	Complete unqualified acceptance of another person	42
892647451	Personality trait	a consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior, such as sociability, shyness or assertiveness.	43
892647452	Personality state	a temporary activation of particular behavior.	44
892647453	trait approach to personality	The idea that people have consistent personality characteristics that can be measured and studied	45
892647454	locus of control	an individual's perception of the amount of control that he or she has over the course of life events.	46
892647455	external locus of control	People who believe that their lives are controlled by external forces	47
892647456	internal locus of control	People who believe that they are in charge of their lives	48
892647457	The Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)	Openness to new experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism	49
892647458	Neuroticism	Neuroticism is the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions very easily.	50
892647459	Extraversion	Extraversion is a tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy the company of other people.	51
892647460	Agreeableness	Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate rather than antagonistic towards others.	52
892647461	Conscientiousness	Conscientiousness is the tendency to show self-discipline, to be reliable, and to strive for competence and achievement.	53
892647462	Openness to Experience	Openness to Experience refers to a tendency to enjoy new experiences and new ideas.	54
892647463	Barnum effect	tendency to accept vague descriptions of our personality	55
892647464	A standardized personality test	administered according to specified rules; The scores of a standardized test are interpreted using a prescribed rubric.	56
892647465	Objective personality tests	The most widely used personality tests are administered simply using paper and pencil.	57
892647569	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	most widely used objective personality test	58
892647570	How many questions are on the MMPI 2?	567 true or false questions. These questions are designed to measure dimensions of personality such as sociability and conscientiousness. They are also designed to detect clinical conditions such as depression and psychotic disorders.	59
892647571	Uses of the MMPI	The MMPI is a helpful instrument for research psychologists who study personality. It is a useful instrument for clinical psychologists in familiarizing themselves with clients and planning treatment.	60
892647572	Projective techniques	designed to avoid this problem. The assumption behind projective tests is that personality characteristics can be detected through the process of asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli.	61
892647573	The Rorschach Inkblots	Projective techniques; The Rorschach is composed of a series of 10 ambiguous inkblots. The person taking the test is asked to interpret each of the blots.	62
892647574	The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	Projective techniques, The TAT is based upon the presentation of a series of pictures to the test subject. The subject is request to make up a story for each picture. The story for each picture is recorded by the examining clinician.	63
833255932	Oral Stage	From birth to about age 1 1/2 the infant derives intense psychosexual pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, particularly while sucking at the mother's breast, lasting concerns with dependence and independents, pleasure from eating, drinking and other oral activates	64
833255933	Anal Stage	From about age 1 1/2 to 3 they get psychosexual pleasure from the sensations of bowel movements, orderliness or sloppiness, stinginessess or wastefulness, stubbornness	65
833255934	Phallic stage	from age 3 to 5 or 6, they begin to play with their genitals, fear of castration or penis envy, difficult feeling closeness	66
833255935	Latent period	from age 5 or 6 to puberty, suppressed their psychosexual interest	67
833255937	Genital stage	Puberty onward, sexual contact with others	68

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Biology Flashcards

Eco system

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818033618	Ecosystem	a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment	0
818033619	Population	a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area	1
818033620	Community	a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other	2
818033621	Herbivore	any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants	3
818033622	Preditor	An animal thats eats another animal, an animal that hunts other animals for food	4
818033623	Scavenger	any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter	5
818033624	Omnivore	an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances	6
818033625	Mutualism	symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship	7
818033626	Commensualism	a type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither helped nor harmed	8
818033627	Parasite	an organism that lives in or on another organism; one who lives off another person	9
818033628	Symbiosis	the living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms	10
818033629	Decomposer	organism that breaks down the wastes or remains of other organisms	11
818033630	Niche	the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)	12
818033631	Carnivore	Consumers that eat only animals	13
818033632	Consumer	an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms	14
818033633	Producer	an organism that makes its own food	15

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Principles of Microeconomics Exam 1 Flashcards

Principles of Microeconomics Exam 1

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844386806	Microeconomics	the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets	0
844386807	Macroeconomics	the study of economywide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth	1
844386808	Scarcity	the limited nature of society's resources	2
844386809	Opportunity Cost	whatever must be given up to obtain some item	3
844386810	Consumer Surplus	the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it	4
844386811	Producer Surplus	the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller's cost of providing it	5
844386812	Direct Relationship	Two variables move in the same direction. It one increases the other increases. If one decreases the other decreases.	6
844386813	Inverse Relationship	Two variables move in opposite directions. If one increases the other decreases; and if one decreases the other increases.	7
844386814	Independent Relationship (Zero Relationship)	No relationship at all.	8
844386815	Price Ceiling	a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold	9
844386816	Price Floor	a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold	10
844386817	Positive Economics	The scientific aspect of economics that determines "what is?"	11
844386818	Normative Economics	The portion of economics that attempts to address "what should be?"	12
844386819	Law of Supply	the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises	13
844386820	Law of Demand	the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises	14
844386821	Equilibrium	a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded	15
844386823	Price Elasticity of Supply	a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price	16
844386824	Cross Price Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good	17
844386825	Income Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers' income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income	18
844386826	Utility - Definition	a measure of happiness or satisfaction	19
844386827	Capital	the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services	20
844386828	Production Possibilities Frontier	A graph that shows the various combinations of amounts of two commodities that could be produced using the same fixed total amount of each of the factors of production.	21
844386829	Goods	A material that satisfies human wants, and provides utility.	22
844386830	Supply Curves	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied	23
844386831	Demand Curves	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded	24
844386832	Shortages	a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied	25
844386833	Surpluses	a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded	26
844386834	Substitutes	two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other	27
844386835	Complements	two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other	28
844386836	Changes in Demand	Shifts or pivots in the demand curve	29
844386837	Changes in Supply	shifts or pivots in the supply curve	30
844386838	Market Equilibrium	Supply and demand are equal.	31
844386839	Utility - Concept (What does it mean when we say that something gives us utility?)	It is a "good" good.	32
844386840	Types of Economies	See "Lecture 02, Slide 27"	33
844386841	Determinants of Demand	1. Income - Money earned over a period of time 2. Wealth - Net Worth 3. Tastes - Changes in Taste 4. Price of Substitutes - Wine 5. Price of Complements - Pizza 6. Future Prices - Memorial Day	34
844386842	Determinants of Supply	1. Input Prices - Resources and Raw Materials 2. Technology - More Efficient Use of Resources 3. Number of Sellers 4. Future Prices - Price Expectations 5. Government Policies A. Subsidies B. Taxes C. Restrictions 6. Weather (Agriculture)	35
844386843	Cross Price Elasticity of Demand (Between two Products)	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good	36
844386844	Income Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers' income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income	37
844386846	Tax Incidence	the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market	38
844386847	Resources	Labor, Capital, Land, Natural Resources, and Entrepreneurship	39
844386848	Labor Resources	The time people spend producing goods and services	40
844386849	Land Resources (Natural Resources)	Gifts of Nature such as physical space and prime materials (timber, arable land, crude oil, iron ore, coal, etc.) Renewable and Exhaustible Resources	41
844386850	Renewable Resources	Resources that can regenerate themselves so they need never run out	42
844386851	Exhaustible Resources	Resources that are available in limited amounts	43
844386852	Entrepreneurial Resources	Entrepreneurship and Management	44
844386853	Entrepreneurship	The willingness by creative people to take risks to create new and innovative products.	45
844386854	Management	The ability to combine the other resources (labor, capital, and natural resources) into a productive venture.	46
844386855	Capital Resources	Something produced that is long-lasting and used to produce other goods	47
844386856	Physical Capital	Long lasting physical goods that are themselves used to produce other products.	48
844386857	Human Capital	Skills and Knowledge possessed by workers, that last for many years, which itself goes into producing other things.	49
844386858	Capital Stock	The total amount of capital available to a nation, in all forms, for productive use at any given time.	50
844386859	Capital Good	Can be used to make other capital goods or consumer goods	51
844386860	Financial Capital	Owners of the resources of a company or society, most often represented by shares of stock.	52
844386861	Bad	Anything with negative value to the consumer.	53
844386862	Inferior Good	a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand	54
844386863	Normal Good	a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand	55
844386864	Neutral Good	goods that have a demand that is not dependent to the income.	56
844386865	Price Elasticity of Demand	a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price	57

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Microbiology A Systems Approach: 8. Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life Flashcards

Microbiology A Systems Approach Ed 3
Marjorie Kelly Cowan

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896689531	Active Site (Catalytic Site)	Site where a specific substrate binds to enzyme, activating its function ☐ Works like a key entering a lock	0
896689532	Aerobic Respiration	Series of reactions that convert glucose to carbon dioxide and allows the cell to recover significant ATP ☐ Requires oxygen	1
896689533	Alcoholic Fermentation	Occurs in yeast or bacteria that convert pyruvic acid to ethanol ☐ Produce ethanol and carbon dioxide	2
896689534	Amination	...	3
896689535	Aminotransferase	Transfers amino group	4
896689536	Amphibolism	Property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cellular efficiency ☐ Usu. during Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle	5
896689537	Anabolism (Biosynthesis)	Any process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures ☐ Endergonic	6
896689538	Anaerobic Respiration	Does not use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor	7
896689539	Anoxygenic Photosynthesis	Form of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen ☐ Doesn't use oxygen as electron donor ☐ Found in four different bacterial groups: purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, and heliobacteria	8
896689540	Apoenzyme	Protein portion of Conjugated Enzyme (Holoenzyme)	9
896689541	ATP	...	10
896689542	Beta oxidation	...	11
896689543	Carbon fixation	...	12
896689544	Catabolism	The breakdown of bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules ☐ Exergonic	13
896689545	Catalysts	...	14
896689546	Chemiosmosis	A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme	15
896689547	Chloroplast	...	16
896689548	Coenzymes	...	17
896689549	Cofactor	Non-protein portion of Conjugated Enzyme (Holoenzyme) ☐ Organic Molecule (coenzyme) or Inorganic Molecule (metal ions)	18
896689550	Cofactors	...	19
896689551	Competitive Inhibition	The cell supplies a molecule that resembles the enzyme's normal substrate, which then occupies and blocks the active site	20
896689552	Conjugated Enzyme (Holoenzyme)	Consists of protein (Apoenzyme) and non-protein (cofactor) molecules	21
896689553	Constitutive Enzyme	Always present and in relatively constant amounts	22
896689554	Cytochromes	Carriers in ETC	23
896689555	Decarboxylase	Removes carbon dioxide	24
896689556	Dehydration Reaction	Uses ATP ☐ Links monomers ☐ Forms water	25
896689557	Dehydrogenase	Transfers hydrogen from one substrate to another	26
896689558	Dehydrogenation	...	27
896689559	Denaturation	The weak bonds that maintain the native shape of the Apoenzyme are broken ☐ High temp, pH ☐ Loses shape and function	28
896689560	Dentrification	When enzymes can further reduce nitrite to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas	29
896689561	Electron Carrier	Repeatedly accepts and releases electrons and hydrogens ☐ Most common is NAD	30
896689562	Electron Transport Chain	A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP	31
896689563	Endergonic	Reaction requiring input of energy to proceed	32
896689564	Endergonic	Requires input of energy to start reaction	33
896689565	Endoenzyme	Breaks down molecules inside of cell	34
896689566	Energy of Activation	The amount of energy which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed	35
896689567	Energy	...	36
896689568	Enzyme Induction	Increases enzyme expression	37
896689569	Enzyme Repression	Decreases enzyme expression	38
896689570	Enzymes	...	39
896689571	ETS	...	40
896689572	Exergonic	Energy is released during reaction	41
896689573	Exergonic	Reaction which releases energy	42
896689574	Exoenzyme	Breaks down molecules outside of cell	43
896689575	FAD	...	44
896689576	Ferment	...	45
896689577	Fermentation	Uses only glycolysis to incompletely oxidize glucose ☐ Small energy production	46
896689578	Final electron acceptor	...	47
896689579	Gluconeogenesis	Generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids The vast majority takes place in the liver and, to a smaller extent, in the cortex of kidney. This process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense exercise and is highly endergonic	48
896689580	Glycolysis	First step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid	49
896689581	Holoenzyme	...	50
896689582	Hydrolase	Uses water to break bonds	51
896689583	Hydrolysis Reaction	Separates monomers ☐ Uses water to break it	52
896689584	Induced enzymes	...	53
896689585	Krebs Cycle	Stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	54
896689586	Labile	When enzymes are subjected to changes in normal conditions and become unstable	55
896689587	Ligase	Forms bonds using ATP	56
896689588	Light Dependent Reaction	Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH	57
896689589	Light Independent Reaction	Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light ☐ Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar ☐ Also called the Calvin Cycle	58
896689590	Light Reaction	The first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP ☐ Occurs in eukaryotic thylakoid, or bacterial cell membrane	59
896689591	Metabolic Pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)	60
896689592	Metabolism	All the chemical and physical workings of the cell	61
896689593	Metabolites	...	62
896689594	Metallic cofactors	...	63
896689595	Methyltransferase	Transfer methane	64
896689596	NAD	...	65
896689597	Negative feedback	...	66
896689598	Noncompetitive Inhibition	The enzyme has two binding sites, the active and regulatory site ☐ A molecule binds to the secondary regulatory site and inhibits the functioning of the enzyme ☐ A negative feedback mechanism	67
896689599	Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	Loses electrons (oxidized) or gains electrons (reduced)	68
896689600	Oxidized	...	69
896689601	Oxygenic Photosynthesis	Generate oxygen as a by product after splitting water molecules to obtain electrons	70
896689602	Phosphorylate	Add phosphate group ☐ energetic bond	71
896689603	Phosphotransferase	Transfers phosphate group (energy)	72
896689604	Photolysis	A reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons	73
896689605	Photophosphorylation	Process where light reactions generate ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP	74
896689606	Photosynthesis	...	75
896689607	Pyruvic Acid	The three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis	76
896689608	Redox reactions	...	77
896689609	Reduced	...	78
896689610	Regulated Enzyme	Production is either induced or repressed in response to a change in concentration of the substrate	79
896689611	Regulatory	...	80
896689612	Ribozyme	Newly found enzyme made of RNA molecules	81
896689613	RuBP	...	82
896689614	Simple Enzyme	Consists of only protein	83
896689615	Substrate Level Phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism	84
896689616	Substrate	...	85
896689617	Transamination	Amino acids and carbohydrates are interchanged	86
896689618	Virulence Factor (Toxin)	Exoenzyme secreted by pathogen that helps them avoid host defenses and promote multiplication in tissues	87

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The Planting of English America Flashcards

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1179015966	Powhatan	Indian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia	0
1179015967	Raleigh and Gilbert	Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies	1
1179015968	Roanoke	The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh.	2
1179015969	Smith and Rolfe	Leaders who rescued Jamestown colonists from the "starving time"	3
1179015970	Virginia	...	4
1179015971	Maryland	Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics.	5
1179015972	Lord De La Warr	Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians	6
1179015973	Jamaica and Barbados	British West Indian sugar colonies where large scale platations and slavery took place	7
1179015974	Lord Baltimore	The Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.	8
1179015975	south carolina	Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.	9
1179015976	north carolina	Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit".	10
1179015977	georgia	founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists	11
1179015978	James Oglethorpe	Philanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony.	12
1179015979	Elizabeth I	The unmarried ruler who led England to national glory.	13
1179015980	Jamestown	Riverbank site where virginia Company settlers planted the first English colony.	14

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Ch. 2 The Planting of English America, 1500-1733 Flashcards

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858356743	Lost Colony of Roanoke Island	A colony set up by navigators for Sir Walter Rateigh. In 1591, another group come to find all of the colonists gone. No one knows what happened.	0
858356744	Spanish Armada	in 1588, Philip II assembled this fleet to fight against Elizabeth I's fleet but lost greatly. This marks the rise of England's naval supremacy and the decline of Spanish naval power	1
858356745	Sir Walter Raleigh	An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."	2
858356746	Primogeniture	A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.	3
858356747	Joint-stock company	A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.	4
858356748	Jamestown	The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.	5
858356749	Virginia Company	Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.	6
858356750	Powhatan	Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.	7
858356751	Pocahontas	A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.	8
858356752	Lord De La Warr	New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.	9
858356753	First Anglo-Powhatan War	when Lord de la Warr introduced Irish tactics against Indians (raiding villages, burned houses, took provisions, and torched fields) ended in 1614 and sealed peace by the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas	10
858356754	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	(1644) Indians attempted for the last time to get rid of the Virginians but were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 banned the Chesapeake Indians from peacefully coexisting with the virginians. Also, it banned Indians from their native lands and brought the Powhatan Indians to extinction	11
858356755	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.	12
858356756	House of Burgesses	the Virginia assembly, which was the first representative assembly in the American colonies	13
858356757	Lord Baltimore	Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony	14
858356758	Act of Toleration	an act passed in Maryland 1649 that granted freedom of worship to all Christians; although it was enacted to protect the Catholic minority in Maryland, it was a benchmark of religious freedom in all the colonies. It did not extend to non-Christians, however.	15
858356759	Barbados Slave Codes	The Barbados slave code of 1661 gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves. They were put in place to control the large and potentially restive population of slaves.	16
858356760	Restoration	Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.	17
858356761	Colony of North Carolina	Founded in 1653. Very early settlements did not last. Largely dependent upon tobacco cultivation.	18
858356762	Colony of South Carolina	Southern colony founded by the English. Large agricultural economy (rice and indigo), and greatly relied on slave labor for much of its history.	19
858356763	James Oglethorpe	founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his interest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat.	20
858356764	John Wesley	Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity	21
858356765	Colony of Maryland	proprietary colony granted to Lord Baltimore, intended to profit but also founded as a haven for Catholics	22
858356766	Colony of Virginia	English colony, settled in 1609 by the Virginia Company. Included the first permanent colony of Jamestown.	23
858356767	Colony of Georgia	served as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the rest of the English colonies, haven for debtors	24
858356768	Iroquois Confederation	a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca.	25
858356769	Handsome Lake	In 1799 Angelic figures in traditional Iroquois garb appeared to Handsome Lake and said that if the Iroquois did not mend their immoral ways then they would die out. He worked to revive old Iroquois customs and affirm family values, as well as forsake alcohol. He died in 1815, but his teachings live on in the form of the longhouse religion.	26
858356770	Protestant Reformation	the break from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s by those who believed in direct access to God and salvation by faith	27
858356771	Colonial Charter	charter by the monarch that outlined the basic terms of venture. It guaranteed the settlers the same rights as the people of England. Allowed settlers to believe that the colonies were just an expansion of England, and not a separate nation, which encourage people searching for more land and ownership to expand.	28
858356772	Tuscarora War	(1711-1713) Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.	29
858356773	Yamasee Indians	Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.	30
858356774	Buffer colony	A colony that lies between two rivals in order to keep fighting at bay. Georgia was a the buffer colony out of the original thirteen for the Carolinas to protect them from the Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. Georgia was also a penal colony for debtors. Georgia was a vital link in imperial defense for Britain.	31
858356775	Henry VIII	(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.	32
858356776	Elizabeth I	Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII.	33
858356777	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)	34
858356778	Captain John Smith	Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. This person is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.	35
858356779	Oliver Cromwell	English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.	36
858356780	Hiawatha	Legendary Native American leader and founder of the Iroquois confederacy. He was a follower of the Great Peacemaker, a prophet and spiritual leader, who proposed unification of the Iroquois (who shared similar languages). Was instrumental in persuading the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondaga, Oneidas, and Mohawks to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together.	37

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Ch. 1 New World Beginnings Flashcards

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858288101	Canadian Shield	a huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada.	0
858288102	Incas	Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.	1
858288103	Aztecs	(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.	2
858288104	Mound Builders	members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 BCE to 1250 CE	3
858288105	Pangaea	the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to todays continents	4
858288106	Great Ice Age	Beginning about 2 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago, the Ice Age was not only responsible for reshaping the North American landscape into almost exactly what we know it to be today, but it was also responsible for North America's human history; when the sea-level dropped about 35,000 years ago due to the oceans congealing into ice glaciers, the Bering Strait - a land bridge connecting Asia and North America - was uncovered. Asian nomads chased game across the bridge into the Americas until the sea rose above the land bridge again when the ice melted about 10,000 years ago	5
858288107	Mayas	A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America, who had a flourishing civilization from before the birth of Jesus until around 1600, when they were conquered by the Spanish. They are known for their astronomical observations, accurate calendars sophisticated hieroglyphics, and pyramids.	6
858288108	Maize	corn	7
858288109	Pueblo Indian	The pueblo people in the Rio Grande valley constructed intricate irrigation systems to water their crops. Dwelled in villages of multistoried terraced buildings when Spanish explorers made contact with them in sixteenth century.	8
858288110	Three Sister Farming	Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields.	9
858288111	Iroquois	A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.	10
858288112	Hiawatha	Legendary Native American leader and founder of the Iroquois confederacy. He was a follower of the Great Peacemaker, a prophet and spiritual leader, who proposed unification of the Iroquois (who shared similar languages). Was instrumental in persuading the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondaga, Oneidas, and Mohawks to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together.	11
858288113	Erik the Red	father of Leif Erickson; so called because of his red hair and beard, was the founder of the first settlement in Greenland in 982	12
858288114	Leif Erikson	A Norwegian explorer of about the year 1000. He is said to have discovered a place n North America called Vinland. Several locations are possible for Vinland, including the Canadian province of Newfoundland.	13
858288115	Marco Polo	Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.	14
858288116	Spice Islands	a group of island in eastern Indonesia, settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands	15
858288117	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	16
858288118	Compass	navigational instrument for finding directions	17
858288119	Astrolabe	an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets	18
858288120	Christopher Columbus	An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.	19
858288121	Ferdinand and Isabella	The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.	20
858288122	Colombian Exchange	biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds.	21
858288123	Smallpox	A Deadly disease that Europeans brought to the New World. It spreads rapidly., a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars	22
858288124	Treaty of Tordesillas	a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	23
858288125	Conquistadores	Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes.	24
858288126	Vasco Balboa	Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama	25
858288127	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	26
858288128	Ponce de Leon	Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth, Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth	27
858288129	Hernando de Soto	Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.	28
858288130	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	29
858288131	Francisco Coronado	A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.	30
858288133	Hernando Cortez	A Spanish explorer, Hernando Cortez crossed the Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with six hundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Within three years, Cortez had taken captive the Aztec emperor Montezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain.	31
858288134	Montezuma	The leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortés' invasion who believed that Cortés was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl.	32
858288135	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	33
858288136	Mestizos	People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system.	34
858288137	John Cabot	Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)	35
858288138	Giovanni de Verrazano	Italian navigator sponsored by the French monarchy in 1524; explored part of North America's eastern coast, including New York harbor in hopes to find a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia.	36
858288139	Jacques Cartier	French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)	37
858288140	Don Juan de Onate	De Onate was a Spanish conquistador who explored the areas of Mexico and what is now Texas and New Mexico in 1598. He was infamous for his cruelty to the Pueblo Indians. In the Battle of Acoma in 1599 he severed one foot of each Pueblo survivor.	38
858288141	Pueblo Indians	The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.	39
858288142	Pope's Rebellion	Sparked by the Spanish Catholic missionaries' efforts to suppress native religious customs, in 1680, Pueblo rebels destroyed Catholic Churchs in New Mexico and killed hundreds of priests and settlers. It took the Spaniards almost half a century to reclaim New Mexico	40
858288143	Robert de LaSalle	From France. He sailed down the Mississippi River; claiming the whole region for King Louis and naming it "Louisiana."	41
858288144	Black Legend	False concept that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, and infected them with smallpox; the Spanish also erected a colossal empire and incorporated indigenous culture into their own, rather than simply shunning and isolating the Indians, as the English would later do.	42
858288145	Cahokia	a large city that were once inhabited by the Mound Builders. It was filled with mounds, which were like graves, Declined in 13th century CE. At height had a population of about 30,000 people and contact with parts of Mesoamerica. Located in modern day east ST. Louis with a administrative capital that covered almost 300 acres. Had huge burial mound that was 98 ft tall with a base larger than the Egyptian pyramids.	43
858288146	Plantation System	A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.	44
858288147	Encomienda	Spanish colonial system in which a colonist was given a certain amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land in exchange for teaching the Native Americans Christianity	45
858288148	Noche Triste	"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.	46
858288149	Battle of Acoma	Battle in 1599, Spanish severed one foot off of each survivor of the Pueblos. They proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico in 1609 and found its capital at Santa Fe 1610.	47
858288150	Bartolome de Las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476	48
858288151	Father Junipero Serra	A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.	49
858288152	Bering Strait Land Bridge	land bridge that connected Asia and North America together; enabled people to cross	50

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SPC - CH. 6 - ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION Flashcards

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213899984	apology	expression of regret or sorry for an inappropriate action or event. repair relationships and reputation of wrongdoer	0
213899985	advice	msgs that tell another person what (s)he should do	1
213899986	backchanneling cues	listener responses to speaker that do not ask for speaking role	2
213899987	conversational turns	exchange of speaker/listener roles during conversation	3
213899988	conversation	2 person communication that includes opening, feedforward, business, feedback and closing	4
213899989	compliment	msg of praise, flattery, congratulations	5
213899990	dyadic conversation	2 person communication	6
213899991	dialogue	communication whereby each person is speaker/listener, sender/receiver, characterized by involvement, concern, respect	7
213899992	excuse	1 type of conversational corrective. explanation designed to lessen negative consequence of something done or said	8
213899993	immediacy	sense of contact and togetherness; feeling of interest in and liking for other person in the interchange	9
213899994	interpersonal communication	communication between 2 or small grp of people; of a personal nature	10
213899995	monologue	1 sided conversation; 1 speaks, other listens	11
213899996	meta-advice	advice about advice - safest advice to give. 3 types: explore options/choices; seek expert advice; delay decision	12
213899997	phatic communication	small talk designed to open channels of communication; hello/how are u	13
213899998	small talk	noncontroversial talk usually short and often serves as polite of introducing self or a topic	14
213899999	turn-yielding cues	verbal/nonverbal cues indicating SPEAKER's desire to give up speaker's role	15
213900000	turn-taking cues	speaker/listener verbal/nonverbal cues that comment on their roles in a conversation	16
213900001	turn-maintaining cues	verbal/nonverbal cues indicating SPEAKER's desire to maintain speaker's role	17
213900002	turn-denying cues	verbal/nonverbal cues indicating LISTENER does not want to assume speaker's role	18
213900003	turn-requesting cues	verbal/nonverbal cues indicating LISTENER's desire to say something and assume speaker's role	19
213900004	interruptions	attempts to take over role of speaker; nonsupportive and disconfirming	20
213900005	backhanded compliment	insult masquerading as a compliment	21

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