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Endocrine Flashcards

USCPA, TIM1, Endocrine, Maldanado

1826790901	3 main hormones associated w Parathyroid	Calcitonin Phosphate PTH	0
1826790902	# of Parathyroid glands	Avg 4 but varies (may have none if thyroidectomy)	1
1826790903	Ideal ratio between osteoblasts and osteoclasts	1:1	2
1826790904	Aids in calcium aborption in the Gut	Vitamin D	3
1826790905	What triggers release of Parathyroid hormone?	Low Serum Ca++	4
1826790906	Describe the pathway that happens when PTH is released	Bone: KD: Gut:	5
1826790907	Function of PTH on Bone	increase the net release of skeletal calcium along w VitD	6
1826790908	Function of PTH on the KDs	stimulate calcium reabsorption and synthesis of Vit D which stimulation GI absorption	7
1826790909	Hi Calcium Lo PTH	R/O malignancy	8
1826790910	Hi Calcium HI PTH	Hyperparathyroidism	9
1826790911	Low Calcium Low PTH Hi Serum Phosphate Normal Alk Phos*	Hypoparathyroid	10
1826790912	MCC Hypoparathyroidism	Thyroidectomy	11
1826790913	Chvostek's Sign Trousseau's Phenomenon Increased DTR	Hypoparathyroidism	12
1826790914	Tx for HypoParathyroid when acute tetany attack	Protect Airway IV Calcium Gloconate	13
1826790915	Very Hi PTH Lo Calcium Hi Serum Phosphate	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (rare hereditary, seen in kids) (Hi PTH bc it is trying to get noticed by receptor but receptor is not working)	14
1826790916	Renal resistance to PTH	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (MC Kids Hi PTH Lo Ca)	15
1826790951	Mental Retardation Brachydactyly of 4th metacarpal Short stature	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Renal resistance to PTH)	16
1826790917	Pseudohypoparathyroidism Treatment	Calcium + Vit D	17
1826790918	MCC Hypercalcemia	Primary Hyperparathyroidism *	18
1826790919	Hi PTH Hi Ca++	Hyperparathyroidism	19
1826790920	Woman age 25 presents w Hyperparathyroidism what is she at a greater risk for	multiglandular dz	20
1826790921	Hyperparathyroidism may be linked to which drugs	Thiazides Lithium	21
1826790922	MC Etiology of Hyperparathyroidism	Solitary adenoma	22
1826790923	Diminished DTRs Muscle Weakness	Hyperparathyroidism (R/O Hypothyroid)	23
1826790924	Ssx of Severe Hyperparathyroidism	Painful BONES Renal STONE Ab GROANS Psychic MOANS Fatigue OVERTONES (send to ER)	24
1826790925	Hallmark is hypercalcemia	Hyperparathyroidism (bones, groans, stones, moans...)	25
1826790926	Confirmation test for Hyperparathyroidism	Hi PTH w IRMA Assay	26
1826790927	Indication of medical monitoring for Hyperparathyroidism	Mild Serum Ca elevation Mild/Asymptomatic No previous life threatening hypercalcemia Normal Renal and Bone scans	27
1826790928	Counseling points for Pts being monitored for Hyperparathyroidism	Keep active avoid immobilization Drink lots of fluids (flush KD avoid stones) Avoid thiazides diuretics, Large doses of Vit A and calcium containing antacids	28
1826790929	Indications for surgical tx of Hyperparathyroidism	Markedly elevated Serum Ca (>10) w ssx Life threatening hypercalcemic episode KD stone, Bone Dz, Pregnancy Markedly hi 24 hr urine ca levels Reduced Bone mass <50-60 years old Pts whom medical surveillance is not suitable	29
1826790930	MCC Secondary Hyperparathyroidism	Chronic Kd Dz	30
1826790931	Low Vit D Lo Serum Ca Hi PTH	2nd Hyperparathyroidism dt chronic kd dz	31
1826790932	T Sc0re -1 to -2.5	Osteopenia	32
1826790933	T Score < -2.5	Osteoporosis	33
1826790934	matrix intact mineralization decreased	Osteomalacia	34
1826790935	MC metabolic bone disorder	Osteoporosis (F post menopause)	35
1826790936	Rate of bone resorption is greater than rate of bone formation	Osteoporosis	36
1826790937	Loss of travecular bone is greater than loss of compact bone	osteoporosis	37
1826790938	Most common fractures associated w osteoporosis	Crush/Compression fracture of vert Femoral neck fracture aka hip Distal Radius	38
1826790939	MCC of osteoporosis	Aging Hi Corticosteroid ETOH, Smoking Sex Hormone xu	39
1826790940	Spontaneous fracture	osteoporosis	40
1826790941	Loss of height	Osteoporosis	41
1826790942	Diagnostic tests fo osteoporosis	Vit D * (<20ng/mL) DXA Scan	42
1826790943	Elevated Alkaline Phos	Malignancy Fracture Osteomalacia (Hi), Paget's (very Hi)	43
1826790944	Ways to prevent Osteoporosis	Weight bearing exercise Adequate diet Avoid smoking Avoid Alcohol	44
1826790945	Population that should receive routine DXA scan	Postmenopausal	45
1826790946	DXA scan predicts	Fracture risk	46
1826790947	Normal and pathological limits of T Score	WNL: > -1 -1 to -2.5 = osteopenia <-2.5 osteoporosis if fraacture present = severe osteoporosis	47
1826790948	Treatment of osteoporosis	Bisphonsphonates Vit D** Calcium if diet is inadequate HRT/Reloxifen	48
1826790949	osteonecrosis of jaw esophagitis/cancer femur fx, Afib	Risk of Bisphonsphonates *	49
1826790950	Rickets	Osteomalacia in children (tx Vitamin D)	50
1827480890	inadequate calcium or phosphate mineralization of bone osteoid	Osteomalacia	51
1827480965	MCC Osteomalacia	Vit D deficiency	52
1827480891	pain and weakness around pelvic girdle	Osteomalacia	53
1827480892	Other ssx seen in children w rickets	Ht failure laryngospasm bone deformaty dental problems	54
1827480893	Loq Vit D Hi Alk Phos Ca/Phos WNL	Osteomalacia	55
1827480894	T/F Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis often coexist	TRUE	56
1827480895	Looser's Zones	Osteomalacia - pseudofractures	57
1827480896	Milkman Fractures	Osteomalacia - pseudofracture	58
1827480897	Counseling for Pt at risk or w Osteomalacia	Adequate Vit D Adequate sun (15 min without sunscreen 2x weekly) Salmon, Cod Liver oil, Milk Patient on anti-convulsants/antiepileptic must take supplements	59
1827480966	Hi Rate of bone turnover and disorganized osteoid formation	Paget Dz of Bone	60
1827480898	Hi Alk Phos Hi C-Telopeptide	Paget Dz	61
1827480899	Bone pain is 1st ssx	Paget's Dz	62
1827480900	Chalkstick fractures	Paget Dz	63
1827480901	Bones most frequently involved w Paget's Dz	Skull - Femur Tibia Pelvis Humerus	64
1827480902	Pt reports increased Hat Size. What is your ddx?	Paget's - Hi Alk Phos Acromegaly - xs GH	65
1827480903	Cyclinc use of Bisphosphates is treatment for	Paget's Dz	66
1827480904	MC Thyroid Cancer	Papillary (aggressive, small amount of I Uptake)	67
1827480905	Hi Blood Sugar Central Obesity Lo HDL Hi Triglycerides	Metabolic Syndrome	68
1827480906	Inadequate or Deficiency of insulin secretion	Type 1 DM	69
1827480967	Pancreas makes little to no insulin	Type 1 DM	70
1827480907	Prone to DKA	Type 1 DM	71
1827480908	Destruction of Beta Cells	Type 1 DM	72
1827480909	Classic presentation of DM2	new onset hyperglycemia without acidosis	73
1827480910	Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis	DKA	74
1827480911	Polyura, polydipsia, polyphagia + weight loss, fatigue	New Onset DM1 (generally younger pt)	75
1827480912	DM Dx	Fasting Glucose >126 Random Glucose >200 w sx LYTES (CMP) UA: Glucose/ketones HbA1C *** dx diabetes >6.5 Islet Ab - Type 1 Specific HLA Typing - Type 1 Specific CBC	76
1827480913	Insulin Therapy	Tx Type1 DM	77
1827480914	Complications of Hyperglycemia	Atherosclerosis Neuropathy* (microfilament) Nephropathy Retinopathy	78
1827480915	Non ketotic hyperglycemia	DM2	79
1827480916	Impairment of insulin secretion	DM2 (Not keeping up w demands)	80
1827480917	Complications of DM2	Blindness Renal Failure Neuropathy, Lower Limb Amputation MI, Stroke	81
1827480918	Pima Indians	Highest Risk of DM2	82
1827480919	Risk Factors for DM2	FHx, Ethnicity Obesity * (BMI >30), Impaired fasting glucose Lo HDL, HI TG PCOS Vascular Dz	83
1827480920	#1 test for diabetes	HbA1C (Glucose tolerance test if pregnant)	84
1827480921	Yeast infections/Balanitis ingrown toenails, recurrent skin infections	DM2	85
1827480922	Female pt w history of preeclampsia - what might you want to check	Blood Sugar	86
1827480923	Acanthosis Nigricans	DM2	87
1827480924	First line tx for DM2	TLC**	88
1827480925	Treatment of DM2	TLC** Monotherapy (metformin) Combo Therapy (oral) Combo Therapy (oral w insulin)	89
1827480926	Labs Values for DM	Fasting glucose >126 Random glucose >200 HbA1C >6.5	90
1827480927	DOC DM2	Metformin	91
1827480928	Drug that is not for patients w baseline Kd Dz	Metformin Can cause lactic acidosis Baseline CMP	92
1827480929	DM2 that does not cause hypoglycemia	Metformin	93
1827480930	DM2 PO drugs w high risk of hypoglycemia	SFUs:Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride* Metglitinides Alpha Glucosidase Inhib SLGT2 Inhib?	94
1827480931	Avoid w Sulfa Allergy	SFUs: Glyburide, Glipizide Glimepiride (okay..pride)	95
1827480932	When is insulin tx given	DM1 DM2 - poorly controlled and unable to reduce A1C <10	96
1827480933	Somogyi Effect	pre-breakfast hyperglycemia recommend: eat something before bed (3 snacks, 3 meals) (nocturnal hypoglycemia ---> counter regulatory hormone)	97
1827480934	How do you reduce risk of macrovascular dz in pt w DM2	Smoking cessation Aspirin BP Control	98
1827480935	Prevention of Nephropathy in DM2	Yearly Microalbuminuria Preventive ACE Inhibitors/ARBs (-pril)	99
1827480936	DKA Labs	Glucose >250 mg/dl Ketosis pH <7.3 Bicarb <15 mEq/L MEDICAL EMERGENCY	100
1827480937	Low Insulin Hi Glucagon	DKA	101
1827480938	Fruity Breath	Severe DKA	102
1827480939	Kussmaul's Breathing	Severe DKA (deep and rapid breathing)	103
1827480940	End stage risk of DKA	Mental Stupor Coma	104
1827480941	Serum Ketosis Urine Ketosis Glycosuria +4	DKA	105
1827480942	First Step in treating DKA	Insulin* and Fluid Replacement	106
1827480943	Severe Hyperglycemia No Ketosis Dehydration	Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HONK)	107
1827480944	#1 tx for HONK	Fluids	108
1827480945	2nd MC form of Hyperglycemic Coma	HONK (usually DM2 w underlying CHF, CKD)	109
1827480946	Which has better prognosis HONK or DKA	DKA (HONK 10x more fatal)	110
1827480947	DM2 patient w reduced fluid intake - what is the risk	HONK	111
1827480948	HHONK Labs	Glucose >600-2400 mg/dl Hi Serum Osmolty >310mos Normal Anion Gap UA w 4+ Glucose Lo Serum Na+	112
1827480949	Reasons for Acidosis w Anion Gap	MUDPILES Methanol Uremic DKA Propylene Glycol Isoniazide Lactic acid Ethanol Salycylates	113
1827480950	Risk of patient on Metformin w renal failure	Lactic Acidosis	114
1827480951	Rapid onset Hyperventilation	Lactic Acidosis	115
1827480952	Labs for Lactic Acidosis	Hi Anion Gap >15 Hi Serum Lactate >5 Lo pH, Lo Bicarb No ketones	116
1827480953	First line tx for Lactic Acidosis	Adequate O2 Vascular Perfusion of tissues Hemodialysis Abx to treat underlying infection	117
1827480954	Prognosis Lactic acidosis	Hi mortality	118
1827480955	Tx for Lactic acidosis in cases of metformin	Hemodialysis*, Ensure O2 perfusion, IV Bicarb, Abx for sepsis	119
1827480956	Leading limiting factor in glycemic management of DM	Hypoglycemia (aka insulin reaction)	120
1827480957	Risk factors for Hypoglycemia	Sleep Illness, stress* >5 years diabetic Aging Starvation, fasting, ETOH Oral Hypoglycemics Combo anti DM agents	121
1827480958	Dx Hypoglycemia	BS <60mg/DL (neruo ssx <50) Lo HbA1C (R/O Insulinoma)	122
1827480959	Tx hypoglycemia	15-15-15 15g Glucose/Carbs Check BS again in 15 min If still low tx w another 15g CHO	123
1827480960	healthy person w fasting hypoglycemia w some degree of CNS dysfunction	Insulinoma	124
1827480961	Whipple's Triad	Insulinoma Hx hypoglycemia FBS <45 mg/dL during ssx Resolution of sx when treated w glucose	125
1827480962	When are Insulinoma sx most common	early morning missed meals after exercise	126
1827480963	Insulinoma Dx Lab	Fasting 72hrs or until sx Hi Insulin Lo BS Hi C-Peptide	127
1827480964	First line tx for Insulinoma	Surgery	128
1868864849	Psamomma bodies/ "chalky" Nodules	Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (MC)	129
1868904032	70 y/o patient w new onset arrhythmia	R/O Toxic Multi Nodular Goiter (Cardiac Sx MC Clinical Sx)	130
1870529897	MC T1DM Complications	Microvascular s/a Chronic Kd Dz Retinopathy	131
1870529898	MC T2DM Complications	Macrovascular s/a MI, Stroke (also retinopathy)	132
1870529899	MCC Visual impairments in T2DM	Retinal Edema in the macular decreasing visual acuity (non proliferative retinopathy)	133
1870529900	cotton wool spots	Proliferative Retinopathy DM Complication (More Common T1DM)	134
1870529901	Earliest sign of diabetic nephropathy	Protein in urine - Microalbuminura Alb/Cr 30-399	135
1870529902	can reduce development of end stage KD Dz	Glycemic control and ACE Inhib/Anti HTN Low protein Diet (<30	136
1870529903	MC Complication of DM	Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy	137
1870529904	Prevention for Cardiovascular complications w DM	Lower LDL Reduce BP <130/80 ACE inhibitors ASA if >10%/10year risk (Men>50, Women >60)	138
1870529905	Clinical Manifestation of PVD in diabetic patients	Lower Limb Ischemia ED Intestinal Angina	139
1870529906	Prevention of Diabetic PVD	Lower LDL Avoid tobacco, propanalol	140
1870529907	Xanthomas are indicative of	Hi TGs	141
1870529908	Bone and Joint complications of DM	Stiffness of hands, elbows, shoulders, spine	142
1870623695	15-15-15 Rule	tx hypoglycemia w 15g CHO e 15min until stable BS 15g CHO: 3-4 glucose tablets, 5-6 lifesavers, 4oz OJ, 1/2 Can Soda*	143
1874923853	MC pituitary Microadenoma	Cushing Dz (Prolactinoma is usually macroadenoma)	144
1874923854	Childhood malignancy	Neuroblastoma	145

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Endocrine Flashcards

USCPA, TIM1, Endocrine, Maldanado

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1826790901	3 main hormones associated w Parathyroid	Calcitonin Phosphate PTH	0
1826790902	# of Parathyroid glands	Avg 4 but varies (may have none if thyroidectomy)	1
1826790903	Ideal ratio between osteoblasts and osteoclasts	1:1	2
1826790904	Aids in calcium aborption in the Gut	Vitamin D	3
1826790905	What triggers release of Parathyroid hormone?	Low Serum Ca++	4
1826790906	Describe the pathway that happens when PTH is released	Bone: KD: Gut:	5
1826790907	Function of PTH on Bone	increase the net release of skeletal calcium along w VitD	6
1826790908	Function of PTH on the KDs	stimulate calcium reabsorption and synthesis of Vit D which stimulation GI absorption	7
1826790909	Hi Calcium Lo PTH	R/O malignancy	8
1826790910	Hi Calcium HI PTH	Hyperparathyroidism	9
1826790911	Low Calcium Low PTH Hi Serum Phosphate Normal Alk Phos*	Hypoparathyroid	10
1826790912	MCC Hypoparathyroidism	Thyroidectomy	11
1826790913	Chvostek's Sign Trousseau's Phenomenon Increased DTR	Hypoparathyroidism	12
1826790914	Tx for HypoParathyroid when acute tetany attack	Protect Airway IV Calcium Gloconate	13
1826790915	Very Hi PTH Lo Calcium Hi Serum Phosphate	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (rare hereditary, seen in kids) (Hi PTH bc it is trying to get noticed by receptor but receptor is not working)	14
1826790916	Renal resistance to PTH	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (MC Kids Hi PTH Lo Ca)	15
1826790951	Mental Retardation Brachydactyly of 4th metacarpal Short stature	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Renal resistance to PTH)	16
1826790917	Pseudohypoparathyroidism Treatment	Calcium + Vit D	17
1826790918	MCC Hypercalcemia	Primary Hyperparathyroidism *	18
1826790919	Hi PTH Hi Ca++	Hyperparathyroidism	19
1826790920	Woman age 25 presents w Hyperparathyroidism what is she at a greater risk for	multiglandular dz	20
1826790921	Hyperparathyroidism may be linked to which drugs	Thiazides Lithium	21
1826790922	MC Etiology of Hyperparathyroidism	Solitary adenoma	22
1826790923	Diminished DTRs Muscle Weakness	Hyperparathyroidism (R/O Hypothyroid)	23
1826790924	Ssx of Severe Hyperparathyroidism	Painful BONES Renal STONE Ab GROANS Psychic MOANS Fatigue OVERTONES (send to ER)	24
1826790925	Hallmark is hypercalcemia	Hyperparathyroidism (bones, groans, stones, moans...)	25
1826790926	Confirmation test for Hyperparathyroidism	Hi PTH w IRMA Assay	26
1826790927	Indication of medical monitoring for Hyperparathyroidism	Mild Serum Ca elevation Mild/Asymptomatic No previous life threatening hypercalcemia Normal Renal and Bone scans	27
1826790928	Counseling points for Pts being monitored for Hyperparathyroidism	Keep active avoid immobilization Drink lots of fluids (flush KD avoid stones) Avoid thiazides diuretics, Large doses of Vit A and calcium containing antacids	28
1826790929	Indications for surgical tx of Hyperparathyroidism	Markedly elevated Serum Ca (>10) w ssx Life threatening hypercalcemic episode KD stone, Bone Dz, Pregnancy Markedly hi 24 hr urine ca levels Reduced Bone mass <50-60 years old Pts whom medical surveillance is not suitable	29
1826790930	MCC Secondary Hyperparathyroidism	Chronic Kd Dz	30
1826790931	Low Vit D Lo Serum Ca Hi PTH	2nd Hyperparathyroidism dt chronic kd dz	31
1826790932	T Sc0re -1 to -2.5	Osteopenia	32
1826790933	T Score < -2.5	Osteoporosis	33
1826790934	matrix intact mineralization decreased	Osteomalacia	34
1826790935	MC metabolic bone disorder	Osteoporosis (F post menopause)	35
1826790936	Rate of bone resorption is greater than rate of bone formation	Osteoporosis	36
1826790937	Loss of travecular bone is greater than loss of compact bone	osteoporosis	37
1826790938	Most common fractures associated w osteoporosis	Crush/Compression fracture of vert Femoral neck fracture aka hip Distal Radius	38
1826790939	MCC of osteoporosis	Aging Hi Corticosteroid ETOH, Smoking Sex Hormone xu	39
1826790940	Spontaneous fracture	osteoporosis	40
1826790941	Loss of height	Osteoporosis	41
1826790942	Diagnostic tests fo osteoporosis	Vit D * (<20ng/mL) DXA Scan	42
1826790943	Elevated Alkaline Phos	Malignancy Fracture Osteomalacia (Hi), Paget's (very Hi)	43
1826790944	Ways to prevent Osteoporosis	Weight bearing exercise Adequate diet Avoid smoking Avoid Alcohol	44
1826790945	Population that should receive routine DXA scan	Postmenopausal	45
1826790946	DXA scan predicts	Fracture risk	46
1826790947	Normal and pathological limits of T Score	WNL: > -1 -1 to -2.5 = osteopenia <-2.5 osteoporosis if fraacture present = severe osteoporosis	47
1826790948	Treatment of osteoporosis	Bisphonsphonates Vit D** Calcium if diet is inadequate HRT/Reloxifen	48
1826790949	osteonecrosis of jaw esophagitis/cancer femur fx, Afib	Risk of Bisphonsphonates *	49
1826790950	Rickets	Osteomalacia in children (tx Vitamin D)	50
1827480890	inadequate calcium or phosphate mineralization of bone osteoid	Osteomalacia	51
1827480965	MCC Osteomalacia	Vit D deficiency	52
1827480891	pain and weakness around pelvic girdle	Osteomalacia	53
1827480892	Other ssx seen in children w rickets	Ht failure laryngospasm bone deformaty dental problems	54
1827480893	Loq Vit D Hi Alk Phos Ca/Phos WNL	Osteomalacia	55
1827480894	T/F Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis often coexist	TRUE	56
1827480895	Looser's Zones	Osteomalacia - pseudofractures	57
1827480896	Milkman Fractures	Osteomalacia - pseudofracture	58
1827480897	Counseling for Pt at risk or w Osteomalacia	Adequate Vit D Adequate sun (15 min without sunscreen 2x weekly) Salmon, Cod Liver oil, Milk Patient on anti-convulsants/antiepileptic must take supplements	59
1827480966	Hi Rate of bone turnover and disorganized osteoid formation	Paget Dz of Bone	60
1827480898	Hi Alk Phos Hi C-Telopeptide	Paget Dz	61
1827480899	Bone pain is 1st ssx	Paget's Dz	62
1827480900	Chalkstick fractures	Paget Dz	63
1827480901	Bones most frequently involved w Paget's Dz	Skull - Femur Tibia Pelvis Humerus	64
1827480902	Pt reports increased Hat Size. What is your ddx?	Paget's - Hi Alk Phos Acromegaly - xs GH	65
1827480903	Cyclinc use of Bisphosphates is treatment for	Paget's Dz	66
1827480904	MC Thyroid Cancer	Papillary (aggressive, small amount of I Uptake)	67
1827480905	Hi Blood Sugar Central Obesity Lo HDL Hi Triglycerides	Metabolic Syndrome	68
1827480906	Inadequate or Deficiency of insulin secretion	Type 1 DM	69
1827480967	Pancreas makes little to no insulin	Type 1 DM	70
1827480907	Prone to DKA	Type 1 DM	71
1827480908	Destruction of Beta Cells	Type 1 DM	72
1827480909	Classic presentation of DM2	new onset hyperglycemia without acidosis	73
1827480910	Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis	DKA	74
1827480911	Polyura, polydipsia, polyphagia + weight loss, fatigue	New Onset DM1 (generally younger pt)	75
1827480912	DM Dx	Fasting Glucose >126 Random Glucose >200 w sx LYTES (CMP) UA: Glucose/ketones HbA1C *** dx diabetes >6.5 Islet Ab - Type 1 Specific HLA Typing - Type 1 Specific CBC	76
1827480913	Insulin Therapy	Tx Type1 DM	77
1827480914	Complications of Hyperglycemia	Atherosclerosis Neuropathy* (microfilament) Nephropathy Retinopathy	78
1827480915	Non ketotic hyperglycemia	DM2	79
1827480916	Impairment of insulin secretion	DM2 (Not keeping up w demands)	80
1827480917	Complications of DM2	Blindness Renal Failure Neuropathy, Lower Limb Amputation MI, Stroke	81
1827480918	Pima Indians	Highest Risk of DM2	82
1827480919	Risk Factors for DM2	FHx, Ethnicity Obesity * (BMI >30), Impaired fasting glucose Lo HDL, HI TG PCOS Vascular Dz	83
1827480920	#1 test for diabetes	HbA1C (Glucose tolerance test if pregnant)	84
1827480921	Yeast infections/Balanitis ingrown toenails, recurrent skin infections	DM2	85
1827480922	Female pt w history of preeclampsia - what might you want to check	Blood Sugar	86
1827480923	Acanthosis Nigricans	DM2	87
1827480924	First line tx for DM2	TLC**	88
1827480925	Treatment of DM2	TLC** Monotherapy (metformin) Combo Therapy (oral) Combo Therapy (oral w insulin)	89
1827480926	Labs Values for DM	Fasting glucose >126 Random glucose >200 HbA1C >6.5	90
1827480927	DOC DM2	Metformin	91
1827480928	Drug that is not for patients w baseline Kd Dz	Metformin Can cause lactic acidosis Baseline CMP	92
1827480929	DM2 that does not cause hypoglycemia	Metformin	93
1827480930	DM2 PO drugs w high risk of hypoglycemia	SFUs:Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride* Metglitinides Alpha Glucosidase Inhib SLGT2 Inhib?	94
1827480931	Avoid w Sulfa Allergy	SFUs: Glyburide, Glipizide Glimepiride (okay..pride)	95
1827480932	When is insulin tx given	DM1 DM2 - poorly controlled and unable to reduce A1C <10	96
1827480933	Somogyi Effect	pre-breakfast hyperglycemia recommend: eat something before bed (3 snacks, 3 meals) (nocturnal hypoglycemia ---> counter regulatory hormone)	97
1827480934	How do you reduce risk of macrovascular dz in pt w DM2	Smoking cessation Aspirin BP Control	98
1827480935	Prevention of Nephropathy in DM2	Yearly Microalbuminuria Preventive ACE Inhibitors/ARBs (-pril)	99
1827480936	DKA Labs	Glucose >250 mg/dl Ketosis pH <7.3 Bicarb <15 mEq/L MEDICAL EMERGENCY	100
1827480937	Low Insulin Hi Glucagon	DKA	101
1827480938	Fruity Breath	Severe DKA	102
1827480939	Kussmaul's Breathing	Severe DKA (deep and rapid breathing)	103
1827480940	End stage risk of DKA	Mental Stupor Coma	104
1827480941	Serum Ketosis Urine Ketosis Glycosuria +4	DKA	105
1827480942	First Step in treating DKA	Insulin* and Fluid Replacement	106
1827480943	Severe Hyperglycemia No Ketosis Dehydration	Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HONK)	107
1827480944	#1 tx for HONK	Fluids	108
1827480945	2nd MC form of Hyperglycemic Coma	HONK (usually DM2 w underlying CHF, CKD)	109
1827480946	Which has better prognosis HONK or DKA	DKA (HONK 10x more fatal)	110
1827480947	DM2 patient w reduced fluid intake - what is the risk	HONK	111
1827480948	HHONK Labs	Glucose >600-2400 mg/dl Hi Serum Osmolty >310mos Normal Anion Gap UA w 4+ Glucose Lo Serum Na+	112
1827480949	Reasons for Acidosis w Anion Gap	MUDPILES Methanol Uremic DKA Propylene Glycol Isoniazide Lactic acid Ethanol Salycylates	113
1827480950	Risk of patient on Metformin w renal failure	Lactic Acidosis	114
1827480951	Rapid onset Hyperventilation	Lactic Acidosis	115
1827480952	Labs for Lactic Acidosis	Hi Anion Gap >15 Hi Serum Lactate >5 Lo pH, Lo Bicarb No ketones	116
1827480953	First line tx for Lactic Acidosis	Adequate O2 Vascular Perfusion of tissues Hemodialysis Abx to treat underlying infection	117
1827480954	Prognosis Lactic acidosis	Hi mortality	118
1827480955	Tx for Lactic acidosis in cases of metformin	Hemodialysis*, Ensure O2 perfusion, IV Bicarb, Abx for sepsis	119
1827480956	Leading limiting factor in glycemic management of DM	Hypoglycemia (aka insulin reaction)	120
1827480957	Risk factors for Hypoglycemia	Sleep Illness, stress* >5 years diabetic Aging Starvation, fasting, ETOH Oral Hypoglycemics Combo anti DM agents	121
1827480958	Dx Hypoglycemia	BS <60mg/DL (neruo ssx <50) Lo HbA1C (R/O Insulinoma)	122
1827480959	Tx hypoglycemia	15-15-15 15g Glucose/Carbs Check BS again in 15 min If still low tx w another 15g CHO	123
1827480960	healthy person w fasting hypoglycemia w some degree of CNS dysfunction	Insulinoma	124
1827480961	Whipple's Triad	Insulinoma Hx hypoglycemia FBS <45 mg/dL during ssx Resolution of sx when treated w glucose	125
1827480962	When are Insulinoma sx most common	early morning missed meals after exercise	126
1827480963	Insulinoma Dx Lab	Fasting 72hrs or until sx Hi Insulin Lo BS Hi C-Peptide	127
1827480964	First line tx for Insulinoma	Surgery	128
1868864849	Psamomma bodies/ "chalky" Nodules	Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (MC)	129
1868904032	70 y/o patient w new onset arrhythmia	R/O Toxic Multi Nodular Goiter (Cardiac Sx MC Clinical Sx)	130
1870529897	MC T1DM Complications	Microvascular s/a Chronic Kd Dz Retinopathy	131
1870529898	MC T2DM Complications	Macrovascular s/a MI, Stroke (also retinopathy)	132
1870529899	MCC Visual impairments in T2DM	Retinal Edema in the macular decreasing visual acuity (non proliferative retinopathy)	133
1870529900	cotton wool spots	Proliferative Retinopathy DM Complication (More Common T1DM)	134
1870529901	Earliest sign of diabetic nephropathy	Protein in urine - Microalbuminura Alb/Cr 30-399	135
1870529902	can reduce development of end stage KD Dz	Glycemic control and ACE Inhib/Anti HTN Low protein Diet (<30	136
1870529903	MC Complication of DM	Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy	137
1870529904	Prevention for Cardiovascular complications w DM	Lower LDL Reduce BP <130/80 ACE inhibitors ASA if >10%/10year risk (Men>50, Women >60)	138
1870529905	Clinical Manifestation of PVD in diabetic patients	Lower Limb Ischemia ED Intestinal Angina	139
1870529906	Prevention of Diabetic PVD	Lower LDL Avoid tobacco, propanalol	140
1870529907	Xanthomas are indicative of	Hi TGs	141
1870529908	Bone and Joint complications of DM	Stiffness of hands, elbows, shoulders, spine	142
1870623695	15-15-15 Rule	tx hypoglycemia w 15g CHO e 15min until stable BS 15g CHO: 3-4 glucose tablets, 5-6 lifesavers, 4oz OJ, 1/2 Can Soda*	143
1874923853	MC pituitary Microadenoma	Cushing Dz (Prolactinoma is usually macroadenoma)	144
1874923854	Childhood malignancy	Neuroblastoma	145

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Trigonometry Flashcards

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2092352077	Right Triangle Def. sin θ =	Opposite/Hypotenuse	0
2092352078	Right Triangle Def. cos θ =	Adjacent/Hypotenuse	1
2092352079	Right Triangle Def. tan θ =	Opposite/Adjacent	2
2092352080	Right Triangle Def. csc θ =	Hypotenuse/Opposite	3
2092352081	Right Triangle Def. sec θ =	Hypotenuse/Adjacent	4
2092352082	Right Triangle Def. cot θ =	Adjacent/Opposite	5
2092352083	Unit Circle Def. sin θ =	y/1 = y	6
2092352084	Unit Circle Def. cos θ =	x/1 = x	7
2092352085	Unit Circle Def. tan θ =	y/x	8
2092352086	csc θ =	1/y	9
2092352087	sec θ =	1/x	10
2092352088	cot θ =	x/y	11
2092352089	Domain	All the values of θ that can be plugged into the function.	12
2092352090	Domain of sinθ	Any Angle	13
2092352091	Domain of cosθ	Any Angle	14
2092352092	Domain of tanθ	≠(n+1/2)π, n=0,±1,±2...	15
2092352093	Domain of secθ	≠(n+1/2)π, n=0,±1,±2...	16
2092352094	Domain of cscθ	≠nπ, n=0,±1,±2...	17
2092352095	Domain of cotθ	≠nπ, n=0,±1,±2...	18
2092355184	Range	All possible values to get out of the function	19
2092355185	Range of values for sin	-1≤sinθ≤1	20
2092355186	Range of values for cos	-1≤cosθ≤1	21
2092355187	Range of values for tan	-∞	22
2092355188	Range of values for csc	cscθ≥1 and cscθ≤-1	23
2092355189	Range of values for sec	secθ≥1 and secθ≤-1	24
2092355190	Range of values for cot	-∞	25
2092357756	Period	The number, T, of a function such that f(θ+T) = f(θ). So if w is a fixed number and θ is any angle we have a period such as sin(wθ) → T=(2π/w)	26
2092357757	Period of sin(wθ)	T = 2π/w	27
2092357758	Period of cos(wθ)	T = 2π/w	28
2092357759	Period of tan(wθ)	T = π/w	29
2092357760	Period of csc(wθ)	T = 2π/w	30
2092357761	Period of sec(wθ)	T = 2π/2	31
2092357762	Period of cot(wθ)	T = π/w	32
2098578655	Identity tanθ	sinθ/cosθ	33
2098578656	Identity cotθ	cosθ/sinθ	34
2098578657	Reciprocal identity csc θ =	1/sinθ	35
2098578658	Reciprocal Identity sin θ =	1/ cscθ	36
2098578659	Reciprocal Identity sec θ =	1/ cosθ	37
2098578660	Reciprocal Identity cos θ =	1/ secθ	38
2098578661	Reciprocal Identity cot θ =	1/ tanθ	39
2098578662	Reciprocal Identity tan θ =	1/ cotθ	40
2098578663	Pythagorean Identity (sin^2)θ + (cos^2)θ =	1	41
2098578664	Pythagorean Identity (tan^2)θ + 1 =	(sec^2)θ	42
2098578665	Pythagorean Identity 1 + (cot^2)θ =	(csc^2)θ	43
2098578666	Even/Odd Formulas sin(-θ) =	-sinθ	44
2098578667	Even/Odd Formulas cos(-θ) =	cosθ	45
2098578668	Even/Odd Formulas tan(-θ) =	-tanθ	46
2098578669	Even/Odd Formulas csc(-θ) =	-cscθ	47
2098578670	Even/Odd Formulas sec(-θ) =	secθ	48
2098578671	Even/Odd Formulas cot(-θ) =	-cotθ	49
2098578672	Periodic Formulas sin(θ + 2πn) =	sinθ	50
2098578673	Periodic Formulas cos(θ + 2πn) =	cosθ	51
2098578674	Periodic Formulas tan(θ + 2πn) =	tanθ	52
2098578675	Periodic Formulas csc(θ + 2πn) =	cscθ	53
2098578676	Periodic Formulas sec(θ + 2πn) =	secθ	54
2098578677	Periodic Formulas cot(θ + πn) =	cotθ	55
2098578678	Double Angle Formulas sin(2θ) =	2sinθcosθ	56
2098578679	Double Angle Formulas cos(2θ) =	(cos^2)θ - (sin^2)θ = 2(cos^2)θ - 1 = 1-2(sin^2)θ	57
2098578680	Double Angle Formulas tan(2θ)=	(2tanθ)/(1-(tan^2)θ	58
2098578681	Radians to Degrees formula x = degrees t = radians	Degrees = 180(radians)/π	59
2098578682	Degrees to Radians formula x = degrees t = radians	Radians = [π(degrees)]/180	60
2098578683	Half Angle Formulas (sin^2)θ =	(1/2) (1-cos(2θ))	61
2098578684	Half Angle Formulas (cos^2)θ =	(1/2) (1+cos(2θ))	62
2098578685	Half Angle Formula (tan^2)θ =	(1-cos(2θ))/(1+cos(2θ))	63
2098578686	Sum and Difference Formulas sin (α±β)=	(sinαcosβ) ± (cosαsinβ)	64
2098578687	Sum and Difference Formulas cos (α±β)=	(cosαcosβ) ± (sinαsinβ)	65
2098578688	Sum and Difference Formulas tan (α±β)=	(tanα ± tanβ)/(1±(tanα*tanβ)	66
2098578689	Product to Sum Formulas (sinα*sinβ) =	(1/2)[cos(α-β) - cos(α+β)]	67
2098578690	Product to Sum Formulas (cosα*cosβ) =	(1/2)[cos(α-β)+cos(α±β)]	68
2098578691	Product to Sum Formulas (sinα*cosβ) =	(1/2)[sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)]	69
2098578692	Product to Sum Formulas (cosα*sinβ) =	(1/2)[sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)]	70
2098578693	Sum to Product Formulas sinα+sinβ	2sin[(α+β)/2] * cos[(α-β)/2]	71
2098578694	Sum to Product Formulas sinα-sinβ	2cos[(α+β)/2] * sin[(α-β)/2]	72
2098578695	Sum to Product Formulas cosα + cosβ	2cos[(α+β)/2] * cos[(α-β)/2]	73
2098578696	Sum to Product Formulas cosα - cosβ	2sin[(α+β)/2] * sin[(α-β)/2]	74
2098578697	Cofunction Formulas sin[(π/2)-θ] =	cosθ	75
2098578698	Cofunction Formulas cos[(π/2)-θ] =	sinθ	76
2098578699	Cofunction Formulas csc[(π/2)-θ] =	secθ	77
2098578700	Cofunction Formulas sec[(π/2)-θ] =	cscθ	78
2098578701	Cofunction Formulas tan[(π/2)-θ] =	cotθ	79
2098578702	Cofunction Formulas cot[(π/2)-θ] =	tanθ	80

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Trigonometry Flashcards

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2092352077	Right Triangle Def. sin θ =	Opposite/Hypotenuse	0
2092352078	Right Triangle Def. cos θ =	Adjacent/Hypotenuse	1
2092352079	Right Triangle Def. tan θ =	Opposite/Adjacent	2
2092352080	Right Triangle Def. csc θ =	Hypotenuse/Opposite	3
2092352081	Right Triangle Def. sec θ =	Hypotenuse/Adjacent	4
2092352082	Right Triangle Def. cot θ =	Adjacent/Opposite	5
2092352083	Unit Circle Def. sin θ =	y/1 = y	6
2092352084	Unit Circle Def. cos θ =	x/1 = x	7
2092352085	Unit Circle Def. tan θ =	y/x	8
2092352086	csc θ =	1/y	9
2092352087	sec θ =	1/x	10
2092352088	cot θ =	x/y	11
2092352089	Domain	All the values of θ that can be plugged into the function.	12
2092352090	Domain of sinθ	Any Angle	13
2092352091	Domain of cosθ	Any Angle	14
2092352092	Domain of tanθ	≠(n+1/2)π, n=0,±1,±2...	15
2092352093	Domain of secθ	≠(n+1/2)π, n=0,±1,±2...	16
2092352094	Domain of cscθ	≠nπ, n=0,±1,±2...	17
2092352095	Domain of cotθ	≠nπ, n=0,±1,±2...	18
2092355184	Range	All possible values to get out of the function	19
2092355185	Range of values for sin	-1≤sinθ≤1	20
2092355186	Range of values for cos	-1≤cosθ≤1	21
2092355187	Range of values for tan	-∞	22
2092355188	Range of values for csc	cscθ≥1 and cscθ≤-1	23
2092355189	Range of values for sec	secθ≥1 and secθ≤-1	24
2092355190	Range of values for cot	-∞	25
2092357756	Period	The number, T, of a function such that f(θ+T) = f(θ). So if w is a fixed number and θ is any angle we have a period such as sin(wθ) → T=(2π/w)	26
2092357757	Period of sin(wθ)	T = 2π/w	27
2092357758	Period of cos(wθ)	T = 2π/w	28
2092357759	Period of tan(wθ)	T = π/w	29
2092357760	Period of csc(wθ)	T = 2π/w	30
2092357761	Period of sec(wθ)	T = 2π/2	31
2092357762	Period of cot(wθ)	T = π/w	32
2098578655	Identity tanθ	sinθ/cosθ	33
2098578656	Identity cotθ	cosθ/sinθ	34
2098578657	Reciprocal identity csc θ =	1/sinθ	35
2098578658	Reciprocal Identity sin θ =	1/ cscθ	36
2098578659	Reciprocal Identity sec θ =	1/ cosθ	37
2098578660	Reciprocal Identity cos θ =	1/ secθ	38
2098578661	Reciprocal Identity cot θ =	1/ tanθ	39
2098578662	Reciprocal Identity tan θ =	1/ cotθ	40
2098578663	Pythagorean Identity (sin^2)θ + (cos^2)θ =	1	41
2098578664	Pythagorean Identity (tan^2)θ + 1 =	(sec^2)θ	42
2098578665	Pythagorean Identity 1 + (cot^2)θ =	(csc^2)θ	43
2098578666	Even/Odd Formulas sin(-θ) =	-sinθ	44
2098578667	Even/Odd Formulas cos(-θ) =	cosθ	45
2098578668	Even/Odd Formulas tan(-θ) =	-tanθ	46
2098578669	Even/Odd Formulas csc(-θ) =	-cscθ	47
2098578670	Even/Odd Formulas sec(-θ) =	secθ	48
2098578671	Even/Odd Formulas cot(-θ) =	-cotθ	49
2098578672	Periodic Formulas sin(θ + 2πn) =	sinθ	50
2098578673	Periodic Formulas cos(θ + 2πn) =	cosθ	51
2098578674	Periodic Formulas tan(θ + 2πn) =	tanθ	52
2098578675	Periodic Formulas csc(θ + 2πn) =	cscθ	53
2098578676	Periodic Formulas sec(θ + 2πn) =	secθ	54
2098578677	Periodic Formulas cot(θ + πn) =	cotθ	55
2098578678	Double Angle Formulas sin(2θ) =	2sinθcosθ	56
2098578679	Double Angle Formulas cos(2θ) =	(cos^2)θ - (sin^2)θ = 2(cos^2)θ - 1 = 1-2(sin^2)θ	57
2098578680	Double Angle Formulas tan(2θ)=	(2tanθ)/(1-(tan^2)θ	58
2098578681	Radians to Degrees formula x = degrees t = radians	Degrees = 180(radians)/π	59
2098578682	Degrees to Radians formula x = degrees t = radians	Radians = [π(degrees)]/180	60
2098578683	Half Angle Formulas (sin^2)θ =	(1/2) (1-cos(2θ))	61
2098578684	Half Angle Formulas (cos^2)θ =	(1/2) (1+cos(2θ))	62
2098578685	Half Angle Formula (tan^2)θ =	(1-cos(2θ))/(1+cos(2θ))	63
2098578686	Sum and Difference Formulas sin (α±β)=	(sinαcosβ) ± (cosαsinβ)	64
2098578687	Sum and Difference Formulas cos (α±β)=	(cosαcosβ) ± (sinαsinβ)	65
2098578688	Sum and Difference Formulas tan (α±β)=	(tanα ± tanβ)/(1±(tanα*tanβ)	66
2098578689	Product to Sum Formulas (sinα*sinβ) =	(1/2)[cos(α-β) - cos(α+β)]	67
2098578690	Product to Sum Formulas (cosα*cosβ) =	(1/2)[cos(α-β)+cos(α±β)]	68
2098578691	Product to Sum Formulas (sinα*cosβ) =	(1/2)[sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)]	69
2098578692	Product to Sum Formulas (cosα*sinβ) =	(1/2)[sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)]	70
2098578693	Sum to Product Formulas sinα+sinβ	2sin[(α+β)/2] * cos[(α-β)/2]	71
2098578694	Sum to Product Formulas sinα-sinβ	2cos[(α+β)/2] * sin[(α-β)/2]	72
2098578695	Sum to Product Formulas cosα + cosβ	2cos[(α+β)/2] * cos[(α-β)/2]	73
2098578696	Sum to Product Formulas cosα - cosβ	2sin[(α+β)/2] * sin[(α-β)/2]	74
2098578697	Cofunction Formulas sin[(π/2)-θ] =	cosθ	75
2098578698	Cofunction Formulas cos[(π/2)-θ] =	sinθ	76
2098578699	Cofunction Formulas csc[(π/2)-θ] =	secθ	77
2098578700	Cofunction Formulas sec[(π/2)-θ] =	cscθ	78
2098578701	Cofunction Formulas tan[(π/2)-θ] =	cotθ	79
2098578702	Cofunction Formulas cot[(π/2)-θ] =	tanθ	80

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Flashcards

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308210224	matter	anything that takes up space and has mass	0
308210225	element	any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions	1
308210226	compound	a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	2
308210227	essential elements	a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce	3
308210228	trace elements	an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts	4
308210229	atom	the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element	5
308210230	neutrons	a subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom	6
308210231	protons	a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom	7
308210232	electrons	a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom	8
308210233	atomic nucleus	an atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons	9
308210234	dalton	a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu	10
308210235	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol	11
308210236	mass number	the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus	12
308210237	atomic mass	the total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom	13
308210238	isotope	one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass	14
308210239	radioactive isotope	an isotope (an atomic from a chemical equation) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy	15
308210240	energy	the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)	16
308210241	potential energy	the energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)	17
308210242	electron shells	an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom	18
308210243	valence electrons	an electron in the outermost electron shell	19
308210244	valence shell	the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom	20
308210245	orbital	the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time	21
308210246	chemical bonds	an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells	22
308210247	covalent bond	a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons	23
308210248	molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	24
308210249	single bond	a single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms	25
308210250	double bond	a double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms	26
308210251	valence	the bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell	27
308210252	electronegativity	the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	28
308210253	nonpolar covalent bond	a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity	29
308210254	polar covalent bond	a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive	30
308210255	ion	an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge	31
308210256	cation	a positively charged ion	32
308210257	anion	a negatively charged ion	33
308210258	ionic bond	a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions	34
308210259	ionic compounds	a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt	35
308210260	hydrogen bond	a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule	36
308210261	van der Waals interactions	weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges	37
308210262	reactants	a starting material in a chemical reaction	38
308210263	products	a material resulting from a chemical reaction	39
308210264	chemical equilibrium	in a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time.	40

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Campbell Biology 7th Edition Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

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468836576	Acid	a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution	0
468836577	Aqueous Solution	a solution in which water is the solvent	1
468836578	Atomic Number	the number of protons in each atom of a particular element	2
468836579	Chemical Bond	an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.	3
468836580	Compound	a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio	4
468836581	Electron Shell	an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom	5
468836582	Evaporative Cooling	the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation	6
468836583	Ion	an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge	7
468836584	Mass Number	the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus	8
468836585	Ocean Acidification	decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric Co2 from the burning of fossil fuels	9
468836586	Polar Molecule	a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges	10
468836587	Radioactive Isotope	an isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy	11
468836588	Solute	a substance that is dissolved in a solution	12
468836589	Surface Tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	13
468836590	Acid Precipitation	rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2	14
468836591	Atom	the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element	15
468836592	Base	a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution	16
468836593	Chemical Reaction	the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter	17
468836594	Covalent Bond	a strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons	18
468836595	Electronegativity	the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	19
468836596	Heat	thermal energy	20
468836597	Ionic Bond	a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions	21
468836598	Matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	22
468836599	Nonpolar covalent Bond	a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity	23
468836600	pH Scale	a measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). The letters "pH" stand for potential hydrogen and refer to the concentration of hydrogen ions.	24
468836601	Product	an ending material in a chemical reaction	25
468836602	Reactant	a starting material in a chemical reaction	26
468836603	Solution	a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances	27
468836604	Temperature	a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy or speed of molecules	28
468836605	Adhesion	the attraction between different kinds of molecules	29
468836606	Atomic Mass	the total mass of an atom; also called atomic weight. given as a whole number, the atomic mass approximately equals the mass number.	30
468836607	Buffer	a chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions	31
468836608	Cohesion	the sticking together of molecules of the same kind, often by hydrogen bonds	32
468836609	Electron	a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.	33
468836610	Element	a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means	34
468836611	Hydrogen Bond	a type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one moledule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule (or in another region of the same molecule).	35
468836612	Isotope	one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number or neutrons	36
468836613	Molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	37
468836614	Nucleus	(1) an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.	38
468836615	Polar Covalent Bond	a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.	39
468836616	Proton	a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom	40
468836617	Salt	a compound resulting from the formation of ionic bonds; aka: ionic compound	41
468836618	Solvent	the dissolving agent of a solution	42
468836619	Trace Element	an element that is essential for life but required in extremely minute amounts	43
468836620	Neutron	a subatomic particle having no electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom	44

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Campbell Biology Ninth Edition - Chapter 2 Flashcards

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373216379	What is the devil's garden?	A bunch of Duroia hirsuta trees that are located in the South American Rainforest, and they live in a patch of land where no other trees grow. The devil's garden is basically an area protected by a colony of ants.	0
373216380	What protects the Duroia hirsuta trees?	Ants that live in the hollow stems of the tree. They do not plant the trees, but instead give them room to grow. They inject intruder with poisonous chemical called formic acid. In this way, the ants create space for the growth of the Duroia trees that serve as their home	1
373216384	Where did Formic Acid get its name from?	It in fact got its name from the Latin word for ant, Formica.	2
373216385	What is formic acid used for by most ants?	The formic acid probably serves as a disinfectant the protects the ants against microbial parasites. The devil's garden ant is the first ant who uses it as a herbicide.	3
373216388	What are organisms composed of?	Matter	4
373216389	What is matter?	Matter is anything that takes up space and has a mass.	5
374337679	What is matter made up of?	Elements	6
374337680	What are elements?	An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.	7
374337681	How many elements are currently recognized as being found in nature?	92 (e.i gold, copper, carbon and oxygen)	8
374337683	What is a compound?	A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.	9
374337684	Of the 92 natural elements, what percent are essential elements?	20-25%	10
374337685	What are essential elements?	They are elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce.	11
374337688	What elements make up 96% of living matter?	oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.	12
374337689	What are trace elements?	Trace elements are required by an organism in only minute quantities.	13
374337690	What trace element is needed by all sources of life?	Iron	14
374337691	What happens when a human doesn't get an efficient amount of iodine?	Iodine is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. An iodine deficiency in the diet causes the thyroid to grow to abnormal size, a condition called goiter.	15
374337692	What are the Essential Elements in the human body, symbol and percentage of body mass (including water)?	Oxygen (O) 65.0% Carbon (C) 18.5% Hydrogen (H) 9.5% Nitrogen (N) 3.3% Calcium (Ca) 1.5% Phosphorus (P) 1.0% Potassium (K) 0.4% Sulfur (S) 0.3% Sodium (Na) 0.2% Chlorine (Cl) 0.2% Magnesium (Mg) 0.1%	16
374337694	What is an atom?	An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still remains the properties of an element.	17
374337696	What are the smaller parts of matter of an atom called?	subatomic particles.	18
374337697	How many subatomic particles have been found but what are the main ones?	hundreds but the main ones are neutrons, electrons and protons.	19
374337698	Are protons and electrons charged?	Yes, they are charged.	20
374337699	What is the charge of a proton?	It has one positively charged unit.	21
374337700	What is the charge of an electron?	It has one negatively charged unit.	22
374337701	What is the charge of neutron?	It doesn't have a charge, it is neutral.	23
374337702	What is an atomic nucleus?	An atom's dense central core at the center ot it, containing neutrons and protons.	24
374337703	What do the electrons do?	The electrons form a sort of cloud of negative charge around the nucleus, and it is the attraction between opposite charges that keeps the electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus.	25
374337704	What is about the mass of neutrons and protons (grams and daltons)?	1.67 x 10^-27 kilograms or about 1 dalton or 1 amu	26
374337705	What form of measurement is used with atoms, molecules and subatomic particles?	Daltons. In honor of John Dalton, the British scientist who helped develop atomic theory around 1800. (The dalton is the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu).	27
374337706	What is the mass of electrons compared to neutrons and protons?	About 1/1840 of a proton or neutron's mass.	28
375273037	What is the Atomic Number?	The number of protons and electrons in an element used to classify elements	29
375273038	Where is the Atomic number written?	It is written as a subscript to the left of the symbol.	30
375273039	Is an atom neutral in electrical charge and if so, what does it mean or why not?	Unless otherwise indicated, yes. It means that for every proton there is an equal number of electrons.	31
375273040	What is the mass number?	It is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.	32
375273041	Where do you write the mass number?	You write it on the left side of the symbol above the Atomic number, so that the mass number is like the numerator in a fraction.	33
375273042	How do you find out how many neutrons are in an element?	You minus the mass number from the atomic number.	34
376071090	What are Isotopes?	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, and therefore have a greater mass.	35
376071091	What is a Radioactive Isotope?	Isotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy	36
376071092	What are atoms mostly?	Empty space. For example, let's say that the atom helium was the size of a football stadium. The nucleus would be a tiny erase in the middle of the stadium and the electrons would be two tiny gnats flying around the stadium.	37
376071093	What subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions?	Only the electrons, since the nuclei don't get close enough to interact.	38
376071094	What is energy?	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).	39
376071095	What is potential energy?	It is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.	40
376071096	What causes potential energy in atoms?	The electrons of an atom have potential energy because of how they are arranged in relation to the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. It takes work to move a given electron father away from the nucleus, so the more distant an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its potential energy.	41
376071097	What are electron shells?	An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.	42
376071098	How many electrons can the first shell hold?	2 electrons	43
376071099	How many electrons does the second shell hold?	8 electrons	44
376071100	What are valence electrons?	An electron in the outermost shell.	45
376071101	What are valence shells?	The outermost energy shell of an atom contain the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.	46
376071102	What is an orbital?	The 3 dimensional space where an electron can be found 90% of the time.	47
376071103	Do atoms with the same number of electrons in their valence have similar chemical behavior?	Yes. For example, fluoride and chlorine both have 7 valence, and both form a compound when combined with sodium.	48
376071104	What is an unreactive atom?	An atom that has a completed valence shell, that is, it will not interact readily with other atoms.	49
376071105	how many electrons do each orbital contain?	2	50
376351781	What are chemical bonds?	An attraction between to atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atom. The bonded atom gain complete outer electron shells.	51
376351782	What are two strongest type of chemical bonds?	Covalent and ionic bonds.	52
376351783	What are covalent bonds?	Are atoms that are sharing a pair of valence electrons.	53
376351784	What is a molecule?	Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.	54
376351785	What is electronegativity?	The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	55
376351786	What is a nonpolar covalent bond?	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.	56
376351787	What is a polar covalent bond?	A covalent bond between two atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.	57
376351788	What is a single bond?	A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	58
376351789	What is a double bond?	A double covalent bond' the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.	59
376351790	Name the types of ways to model molecules.	Electron Distribution Diagram (shows the electrons and shells) Lewis Dot Structure ( H:H) and Structural Formula (H-H) Space filling model (shows space, but nothing else)	60
380021097	What is a valence?	the bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell.	61
380021098	The more electronegative an atom is...?	The more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself.	62
380021099	Why are the electrons in a nonpolar bond equal?	Because they have the same amount of electronegativity. The atoms are at a a tug-a-war stand-off.	63
380021100	What is the most electronegative element?	Oxygen.	64
380021101	What is an Ionic bond?	They are two atoms that are so unequal in their attraction for valence that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.	65
380021102	What is an ion?	An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one of more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. A charged atom.	66
380021103	What is a cation?	A positively charged ion	67
380021104	What is an anion?	A negatively charged ion	68
380021105	What are ionic compounds?	A compound resulting from formation of an ionic bond; Also called a salt.	69
380021106	What are salts?	An ionic compound.	70
380021107	What is a hydrogen bond?	A weak type of chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.	71
380021108	What are van der Waals interactions?	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.	72
380021109	What are chemical reactions?	The making and breaking of chemical bonds.	73
380021110	What are reactants?	The starting materials in a chemical reaction	74
380021111	What are products?	The end result of a chemical reaction.	75
380021112	What do two opposite-headed arrows mean?	That the reaction is reversible.	76
380021113	What are one of the factors affecting the rate of a reaction?	The concentration of reactants. The greater the concentration of reactant molecules, the more frequently they collide with one another and have an opportunity to react and form products. Same is true for products.	77
380021114	chemical equilibrium	A state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged.	78
621814815	What is work?	Force x Distance = Work	79
621814816	What is energy measured in?	Joules	80
621814817	What is the law of the conversation of energy?	Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be converted though (like E = MC2)	81
621814818	Equation for Potential energy?	mass x gravitational acceleration x height = potential	82
621814819	Equation for Kinetic Energy?	1/2 mass x velocity ^ 2 = Kinetic	83
621814820	What unit should velocity be?	miles per second	84
621830660	How to classify the bonds (electronegativity)?	Difference between the electronegativity of bonds: Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: 0 - 0.2 Polar Covalent Bond: .3 - 1.4 Ionic: 1.5 and above	85
749284379	What is the unit used for electronegativity?	Pauling Units	86
837351776	Atom Word Origin?	Greek for Uncuttable	87
837351777	What is bigger: neutrons of protons?	Neutrons are slightly bigger than protons. Protons are only 99.86% the as massive as neutrons.	88
2100539562	What is the equation that determines how many electrons	2n² and n = the level of shell. Example, the first shell would be n = 1, the second shell would be n = 2, and so on.	89
2100550848	Are all chemical reactions reversible?	Theoretically all the chemical reactions are considered as reversible and said to reach equilibrium state at after some time. But in the real world, most of the reactions cannot be undone i.e. irreversible. For example, burning of wood is not a reversible reaction.	90

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Period 1- AP World History Flashcards

AP World History Period: Prehistory to 600 BCE

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1428262902	During what famous age/period did the early human migrations take place?	The Paleolithic Era	0
1428262903	Where di the early migrations begin?	They began in East Africa	1
1428262904	What did anthropologists believe about the social structures of early hunter-forager bands?	They have inferred that these bands were relatively egalitarian.	2
1428262905	What "technologies" did early humans develop and how did they use these technologies?	A wider range of tools specifically adapted to different environments from topics to tundra, as well as fire to aid with hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to help adapt to cold environments.	3
1428262906	Why did early humans develop different tools in different regions of the world?	To adapt to different environments and climates, depending on their location and needs.	4
1428262907	What do we know about the economic structures of early hunger-forager bands?	Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting-foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. Not all groups were self-sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas, and goods.	5
1428262908	What major historical turning point occurred about 10,000 years ago?	The Agricultural Revolution	6
1428262909	How did the switch to agriculture impact the environment? Why?	Through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of irrigation systems and through the use of domesticated animals for food and for labor. This caused environmental diversity.	7
1428262910	How did social structures change with the switch to agriculture?	Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most o the other people in their societies.	8
1428262911	What is pastoralism and where did it first emerge?	Pastoralism is the domestication of crops and animals. It first emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia (Afro-Eurasia).	9
1428262912	What are some defining characteristics of the pastoralist way of life?	It tended to be more socially stratified than were hunter-foragers, similar to agriculturalists. They were mobile and rarely accumulated large amounts of material possessions.	10
1428262913	How did pastoralists affect people living in settled agricultural communities?	It allowed them to become an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations.	11
1428262914	What are the seven major regions associated with the emergence of agriculture?	1. Mesopotamia 2. The Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa 3. The Indus River Valley 4. The Yellow River or Huang He Valley 5. Papua New Guinea 6. Mesoamerica 7. The Andes	12
1428262915	Why did people in agricultural communities have to work cooperatively with one another?	They needed to be able to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production.	13
1428262916	How was the environmental diversity impacted by the emergence of agriculture?	Drastic changes, as certain plants flourished and others were wiped out.	14
1428262917	How did the emergence of pastoralism and agriculture affect the food supply?	They created a more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased population.	15
1428262918	What happened to early human populations as a result of pastoralism and agriculture? Explain.	Populations increased due to there being more food.	16
1428262919	How agriculture affect human labor systems before 600 BCE?	Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites.	17
1428262920	How did specialization of labor impact technology before 600 BCE?	Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation.	18
1428262921	What important technological innovations emerged as a result of the specialization of labor?	Pottery; plows; woven textiles; metallurgy; wheels and wheeled vehicles.	19
1428262922	What are some important characteristics of the elite groups that emerged with the switch to pastoralism and agriculture?	In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization.	20
1428262923	How long ago did the first societies develop that laid the foundations for civilization?	5,000 years ago.	21
1428262924	What does the term 'civilization' usually designate?	It usually designates large societies with cities and powerful states	22
1428262925	What important features do all civilizations share?	They all produced agricultural surpluses, they all contained cities and generated complex institutions. They also featured clearly stratified social hierarchies and organized long-distance trading relationships.	23
1428262926	In regards to labor systems, what do agricultural surpluses permit?	They permit significant specialization of labor.	24
1428262927	Name the "core and foundational civilizations" where agriculture flourished:	1. Mesopotamia (Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) 2. Egypt in the Nile River Valley 3. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley 4. Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley 5. Olmecs in Mesoamerica 6. Chavin in Andean South America	25
1428262928	What are the defining characteristics of a "state"?	States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas.	26
1428262929	What are some typical defining characteristics of the leaders of early states?	Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military.	27
1428262930	What are the Hittites known for?	They had access to iron.	28
1428262931	What does it mean to be a "favorably situated" state?	The states with greater access to resources, that produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations.	29
1428262932	What was a common trend in early states with food surplus and growing populations?	They undertook territorial expansion and conquered surrounding states.	30
1428262933	Which three regions experienced the first empire building?	1. Mesopotamia 2. Babylonia 3. The Nile River Valley	31
1428262934	What role did pastoralists play in transforming civilizations? Provide some examples.	They were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in the agrarian civilizations. (i.e. compound bow, iron weapons, chariots, and horseback riding).	32
1428262935	What role did culture play in unifying states?	Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myth, and monumental art.	33
1428262936	What are some examples of monumental architecture and urban planning in early civilizations?	Ziggurats, pyramids, temples, defensive walls, streets and roads, and sewage and water systems.	34
1428262937	Who promoted the arts and artisanship in early civilizations?	Both political and religious elites.	35
1428262938	Systems of record keeping arose "_____" in all early civilizations. Some examples of these are:	"independently"; Examples: cuneiform, hieroglyphs, pictographs, alphabets, and Quipu.	36
1428262939	What is an example of an early legal code?	The Code of Hammurabi.	37
1428262940	What religious beliefs developed during the period of early/core civilizations?	Vedic religion (Hinduism), Hebrew monotheism (Judaism), and Zoroastrianism (from Persia).	38
1428262941	How did trade change during this time period?	Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and trans regional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology.	39
1428262942	List several examples of civilizations that exchanged goods, ideas, and technology during the period of early civilizations?	1. Between Egypt and Nubia 2. Between Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley	40
1428262943	What changed in the realm of social systems during the period of early civilizations?	Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided s bond among people and an ethical code to live by.	41
1428262944	What are some examples of literature from the period of early civilizations?	"Epics of Gilgamesh", "rig veda," and "book of the dead".	42

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Psychology (PS102) - Chapter 9: Intelligence & Psychological Testing Flashcards

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2415517910	Intelligence & Psychological Testing (3)	1. Types of Tests 2. Reliability 3. Validity	0
2415519777	Types of Tests (3)	1. Psychological Test 2. Mental Ability Tests 3. Personality Tests	1
2428296521	Psychological Tests	A standardized measure of a sample of a person's behaviour	2
2428298577	Mental Ability Tests (3)	1. Intelligence Tests 2. Aptitude Tests 3. Achievement Tests	3
2428308042	Intelligence Tests	Measure general mental ability	4
2428312737	Aptitude Tests	Assess specific types of mental abilities	5
2428312738	Achievement Tests	Gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects	6
2428319853	Personality Tests	Measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes	7
2428323681	Reliability (3)	Refers to the measurement consistency of a test 1. Standardization 2. Test Norms 3. Percentile Score	8
2428328677	Standardization	Refers to the uniform procedures used in administration and scoring of a test	9
2428331212	Test Norms	The relationship between scores on a psychological test and where they rank	10
2428332816	Percentile Score	Indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained	11
2428338902	Validity (3)	Refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure 1. Construct Validity 2. Content Validity 3. Criterion Validity	12
2428345202	Construct Validity	Refers to the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a specific hypothetical construct	13
2428347593	Content Validty	Refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover	14
2428350683	Criterion Validity	Is estimated by correlating subjects scores on a test with their scores on an independent measure of the trait	15
2428377637	History of Intelligence Tests (6)	1. Sir Francis Galton (1st) 2. Alfred Binet (Binet-Scale) 3. Lewis Terman (Stanford-Binet Scale) 4. David Wechsler (WAIS) 5. Spearman's G 6. L.L Thurstone & J.P Guilford	16
2428492124	Sir Francis Galton	First intelligence tests devised and coined the term "Nature vs. Nurture"	17
2428497942	Alfred Binet (1)	Modern intelligence testing was launched in 1905 1. Mental Age (Binet-Scale)	18
2428505385	Mental Age (Binet-Scale)	A childs mental ability typical of a child's chronological age	19
2428515518	Lewis Terman	Revised the Binet-Scale to produce the Stanford-Binet Scales, introducing: IQ: Intelligence Quotient (mental age / chronological age x 100)	20
2428526326	David Wechsler (2)	Published an improved measure of intelligence for adults; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 1. Normal Distribution 2. Deviation IQ	21
2428538776	Normal Distribution	A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern of characteristics dispered among the population	22
2428545126	Deviation IQ	Scores that locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the SD as the unit of measurement`	23
2428559970	Spearman's G (3)	He concluded that all cognitive abilities share a common core and is the most popular today 1. Factor Analysis 2. Fluid Intelligence 3. Crystallized Intelligence	24
2428566606	Factor Analysis	Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify schemas (organized clusters)	25
2428595893	Fluid Intelligence	Involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing	26
2428603431	Crystallized Intelligence	Involves the ability to apply knowledge and skills in problem solving	27
2428574813	L.L Thurstone & J.P Guilford	1. L.L: Primary Mental Abilities (7 Categories) 2. J.P: 150 Mental Abilities	28
2428619111	Essentials in Intelligence Testing	> Scores fall in the normal distribution of IQ for their age > Mean Score = 100 & SD = 15 > Measure Intellect > Factual Knowledge (produces both) > High reliability & correlates w/ job attainment > IQ tests are not popular in non-Western cultures	29
2428647571	Extremes of Intelligence (2)	1. Intellectual Disability 2. Giftedness	30
2428661115	Intellectual Disability	Refers to the subaverage mental ability (IQ < 70) accompanied by deficits in adaptive skills, originating before age 18 > Types include; mild (85%), moderate(10%), severe/profound (4-6%)	31
2428694109	Giftedness (1)	> IQ = 130 (typical minimum) > Above average in maturity (social/emotional) > Very few "genius's" make "genius-level-contribution" 1. Eminence	32
2428724246	Eminence	High intelligence is only one of three requirements 1. Intelligence 2. Motivation 3. Creativity	33
2428987915	Heredity & Environment (3)	1. Heredity Influence 2. Environmental Influence 3. Interaction of Heredity & Environment	34
2429014185	Heredity Influence (1)	Twin studies suggest intelligence is partly inherited (identical twins IQ similarity (S) > fraternal twins IQ > Identical twins reared apart > fraternal twins together > Adopted children resemble their biological parents IQ > High Heredity = 80% & Low Heredity = 40% 1. Heritability Ratio	35
2429059764	Heritability Ratio	Is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance	36
2429071495	Environment Influence (4)	1. Adoption 2. Environmental Deprivation 3. Environmental Enrichment 4. The Flynn Effect	37
2429078776	Adoption	Studies find that adopted children show IQ resemblance to their foster parents and to their adoptive siblings	38
2429082913	Environmental Deprivation	Studies show that children raised in substandard circumstances tend to exhibit a gradual decline in IQ as they grow older	39
2429085516	Environmental Enrichment	Studies show that children who are moved to improved environments tend to exhibit increases in IQ	40
2429115168	The Flynn Effect	Generational increases in measured IQ are perplexing, but they must be due to environmental changes	41
2429089981	Interaction of Heredity and Environment (2)	> Intelligence is clearly shaped by both heredity & environment (and they both interact) > Scientists are trying to identify specific genes linked with intelligence, but the process is slow, suggesting that intelligence may be shaped by 100's of genes that each have tiny effects 1. Reaction Range 2. Culture Differences in IQ	42
2429100542	Reaction Range	Refers to the genetically determined limits on IQ, while the environment shapes the rest	43
2429104131	Culture Differences in IQ (1)	> Even if heritability of IQ = high, group differences in IQ could be entirely environmental in origin > Socioeconomic disadvantages and cultural bias on tests may contribute to cultural differences in IQ > Vulnerability to negative stereotypes can undermine test performance in minority groups 1. Arthur Jensen	44
2429126735	Arthur Jensen	He and others have argued that cultural differences in IQ scores are largely heredity	45
2429132507	New Directions (3)	> Interest in biological index's (brain & IQ) 1. Robert Sternberg (Triarchic Theory of Intelligence) 2. Howard Gardner (8 Types of Intelligence) 3. Emotional Intelligence	46
2429196683	Robert Sternberg (1)	Triarchic Theory of Intelligence > Contextual Sub-theory: Culture > Experimental Sub-theory: Experience 1. Componential Sub-theory: Cognitive	47
2429233868	Componential Sub-Theory (1)	Components: > Meta: Control/Monitor/Evaluate > Knowledge Acquisition: Encode/Combine/Compare 1. Performance: Execute Strategies	48
2429244142	Performance Components (Three Facets of Intelligence)	Successful Intelligence (requires these 3) 1. Practical Intelligence: Deal effectively with problems 2. Creative Intelligence: Generate new ideas 3. Analytic Intelligence: Abstract reasoning & judgement	49
2429254098	Howard Gardner	Eight Intelligences 1. Logical-Mathematical: Scientist 2. Linguistic: Writer 3. Musical: Musician 4. Spatial: Navigator 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic: Athlete 6. Interpersonal: Therapist 7. Intrapersonal: Detailed/Accurate Self-Knowledge 8. Naturalist: Biologist	50
2429254099	Emotional Intelligence	Consists of the ability to (1)perceive and (2)express emotion, (3)assimilate emotion in thought, (4)understand and (5)reason with emotion, and (6)regulate emotion	51
2429271461	Key Themes	1. Psychology evolves around a sociohistorical context 2. Heredity and environment jointly shape behaviour 3. Behaviour is shaped by one's cultural heritage	52

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Psychological Tests and Measurement: Ch. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

Chapter 1: The World of Psychological Testing
Chapter 2: Sources of Information About Tests
Chapter 4: Reliability
Chapter 5: Validity
Chapter 6: Test Development and Item Analysis

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951779504	Achievement Tests	Tests designed to measure knowledge or skills especially as developed through school or job experience.	0
951779505	Attenuation	Lessening or reduction; in testing it refers to reduction in correlation between two variables due to imperfect reliability and/or group homogeneity.	1
951779506	Base Rate	The rate at which some characteristic appears in a population.	2
951779507	Classical Test Theory	The traditional theory about the construction and reliability of tests, incorporating true score theory.	3
951779508	Coefficient Alpha	A measure of the internal consistency of items on a test	4
951779509	Concurrent Validity	Test validity demonstrated by relationship between a test and some other criterion measured at approximately the same time.	5
951779510	Constructed-Response Items	A test item requiring the examinee to construct an answer rather than select an answer from given alternatives.	6
951779511	Construct Validity	A broad array of methods used to support the proposition that a test is measuring its target construct.	7
951779512	Content Validity	Test validity defined by the match between test content and some well-defined body of material such as a curriculum or set of job skills.	8
951779513	Convergent Validity	Validity evidence showing that performance on a test agrees with other measures of the target construct.	9
951779514	Contrasted Groups Validity	The criterion is group membership; generally the better the differentiation between groups, the more valid the test.	10
951779515	Correction for Attenuation	Correcting the validity coefficient for unreliability in either the test or the criterion or both.	11
951779516	Correlation Coefficient	The numerical expression ranging from -1.00 to +1.00, of the relationship between two variables.	12
951779517	Construct Irrelevant Variance	Variance in test scores associated with variables other than those we want to measure.	13
951779518	Criterion-Related Validity	Demonstrating test validity by showing the relationship between test scores and some external criterion.	14
951779519	Cutoff Score	A score on a test or criterion indicating passing vs. failing or some other such division.	15
951779520	Dichotomous Response Format	Items scored as "correct-incorrect" or "yes-no" where possible scores for each item are 1 or 0.	16
951779521	Differential Validity	Not predicting the same performance on the criterion, but predicting equally well for two (or more) groups.	17
951779522	Discriminant Validity	Validity evidence showing that performance on a test has a relatively low correlation with measures of constructs expected to have a low correlation with the trait of interest.	18
951779523	Domain Sampling	The process of choosing test items that are appropriate to the content domain of the test (also see content validity and domain-referenced tests)	19
951779524	Employment Tests	Content domain consists of the knowledge and skills required by a particular job.	20
951779525	Error Variance (Score)	The difference between the true score and observed score which may be positive or negative. (picture on pg 129)	21
951779526	Face Validity	The appearance that a test measures its intended target, especially unaccompanied by any empirical evidence.	22
951779527	Factor Analysis	A class of statistical methods for identifying dimensions underlying many scores or other indicators of performance.	23
951779528	False Positive	A case that passes the cut-score on a test intended to predict a criterion but does not pass the cut-score on the criterion.	24
951779529	False Negative	A case that passes a cut-score on the criterion but does not pass the cut-score on a test intended to predict the criterion.	25
951779530	Generalizability Theory	A method for studying reliability that allows for examining several sources of unreliable variance simultaneously.	26
951779531	Hit Rate	A case that either passes the cut-scores on both criterion and test or fails on both.	27
951779532	Homoscedasticity	Equal degree of scatter at various points along a best-fitting line.	28
951779533	Incremental Validity	The increase in validity achieved by adding a new test or procedure to existing tests or procedures.	29
951779534	Internal Consistency Reliability	Items that, for the most part, are measuring the same trait or characteristic as indicated by the intercorrelations among the items; has the same score you're measuring; the items are consistent with what you're measuring	30
951779535	Interval Score	A scale that orders data points in equal intervals but lacking a true zero point.	31
951779536	Item Analysis	Statistical analysis of individual test items, especially to determine their difficulty level and discriminating power.	32
951779537	Kuder-Richardson Reliability Coefficients (KR-20)	Yields the average correlation among all possible split-halves for the test; a formula to optimize reliability of consistency coefficients	33
951779538	Likert Response Format	A format for attitude items in which an examinee expresses degree of agreement or disagreement with a statement.	34
951779539	Measurement Error	Divided into two components (systematic and random). Random: caused by any factors that randomly affect measurement of the variable across the sample. Systematic: caused by any factors that systematically affect measurement of the variable across the sample.	35
951779540	Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix	A technique for examining the relationships among several variables each measured in several different ways.	36
951779541	Nominal Scale	A primitive type of scale that simply places objects in separate categories, with no implication of quantitative differences.	37
951779542	Nomological Network	A representation of the constructs of interest in a study, their observable manifestations, and the interrelationships among and between these (Cronbach and Meehl's view of construct validity that in order to provide evidence that a measure has construct validity, it has to be developed for its measure).	38
951779543	Normal Score Distribution (Continuous Probability Distribution)	A function that tells the probability of a number in some context falling between any two real numbers.	39
951779544	Observational Techniques	A social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting.	40
951779545	Observed Score	A person's actual score on a test.	41
951779546	Ordinal Scale	A scale that places objects in order, without implying equal distances between points along the scale.	42
951779547	Phi Coefficient (Mean Square Contingency Coefficient)	A measure of association for two binary variables introduced by Karl Pearson.	43
951779548	Predictive Validity	Validity demonstrated by showing the extent to which a test can predict performance on some external criterion when the test is administered well in advance.	44
951779549	Psychometrics	Theories of intelligence that depend heavily on the use of tests and examination of relationships among the tests.	45
951779550	r2 (Coefficient of Determination)	Indicates how well data points fit a line or curve. A statistic used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is either the prediction of future outcomes or the testing of hypotheses, on the basis of other related information.	46
951779551	Ratio Scale	A type of scale that classifies, then orders objects along a scale, with equal intervals and a true zero point.	47
951779552	Reliability	The consistency or dependability of test performance across occasions, scorers, and specific content.	48
951779553	Reverse Scoring (Distractor?)	An incorrect/non-preferred option in any item (an "incorrect" option may actually behave as a "correct" option).	49
951779554	Selected-Response Items	Test items in which the examinee selects a response from given alternatives.	50
951779555	Selectivity	The ability of a test to identify individuals with some characteristic.	51
951779556	Self-Report	A type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without researcher-influence (any method which involves asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs, etc.)	52
951779557	Sensitivity	Proportion of individuals the test correctly identifies.	53
951779558	Shared Family Variance	In studies of heredity and environment, variance attributable to the fact that members of a family presumably have similar environments.	54
951779559	Spearman-Brown Formula	A formula allowing estimation of the effect on reliability of lengthening or shortening a test.	55
951779560	Specific Domain Measures	A test that focuses on just one or a few variables in the non-cognitive domain; contrasted with comprehensive inventories.	56
951779561	Specificity	The ability of a test to not select individuals who do not have the same characteristic.	57
951779562	Split-Half Reliability	A measure of reliability based on splitting the test into two halves, then correcting performance on the two halves.	58
951779563	Standard Error of Measurement	An index of the degree of variability in test scores resulting from imperfect reliability.	59
951779564	Table of Specifications	A table with the content getting measured and the data, to determine the content validity of the test by matching the content of the test with the table.	60
951779565	Test Bias	Showing that a test measures somewhat different constructs for different groups of examinees, especially for majority and minority groups.	61
951779566	Test-Retest Reliability (Rtt)	Reliability determined by correlating performance on a test administered on two different occasions.	62
951779567	True Score	The score a person would theoretically get if all sources of unreliable variance were removed or cancelled out.	63
951779568	Validity	An indication of the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.	64
957933820	Inter-Rater Reliability (Rrr)	Someone else provides the testing from the scores; the rater is a source of error variance	65
957933821	Intra-Rater Reliability (Rir)	The same rater of the test and score rates from one time to another; finds consistency among the rater	66
957933822	Cohen's Kappa (Observer Agreement)	People trained to notice what constitutes a certain behavior	67

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