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cell cycle

Mendel and Meoisis

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Cytogenetics
Cellular processes
cell cycle
Meiosis
Genetic linkage
Homologous chromosome
Monohybrid cross
Chromosome
Gamete
health

Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical

Cell Cycle

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Cellular processes
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Interphase
Cell growth
Cytokinesis
Spindle apparatus
Chromosome
health

Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Reproduction All cells come from preexisting cells. Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell. New cells are constantly being produced. Scientists noticed certain structures that appeared just before cell division and disappeared after. Chromosomes: structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained For most of a cell?s life, chromosomes exist as chromatin Chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Histones are grouped in bunches called nucleosomes The Cell Cycle Cell cycle: the sequence of growth and division of a cell Two general periods of the cycle: growth and division The majority of a cell?s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 10-13 Study Guide

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Cell Signaling
cell cycle
organelles
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid
Cell surface receptor
Meiosis
Cell growth
Signal transduction
Kinetochore
health

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis The production of organic fuel from energy Carbon dioxide + water + energy organic compounds + oxygen Is a redox reaction Water is split and electrons transferred with H+ from H2O to CO2, reducing it to sugar Autotrophs: ?producers? able to produce their own organic compounds Produce their own organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment Heterotrophs: ?consumers? who must obtain organic compounds from other organisms or substances Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts in the leaves of plants Chloroplasts are found mainly in mesophyll cells forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf O2 exits and CO2 enters the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata in the leaf

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 10-13 Study Guide

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Cell Signaling
cell cycle
organelles
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid
Cell surface receptor
Meiosis
Cell growth
Signal transduction
Kinetochore
health

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis The production of organic fuel from energy Carbon dioxide + water + energy organic compounds + oxygen Is a redox reaction Water is split and electrons transferred with H+ from H2O to CO2, reducing it to sugar Autotrophs: ?producers? able to produce their own organic compounds Produce their own organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment Heterotrophs: ?consumers? who must obtain organic compounds from other organisms or substances Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts in the leaves of plants Chloroplasts are found mainly in mesophyll cells forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf O2 exits and CO2 enters the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata in the leaf

Genetics

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Environmental Science
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Biology
Cell Biology
mitosis
cell cycle
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Anaphase
Metaphase
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
mitosis
cell cycle
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Anaphase
Metaphase
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Chapter 9-Cellular Reproduction

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
Cellular processes
mitosis
Developmental biology
Interphase
Cell growth
Spindle checkpoint
Cytokinesis
cell
Spindle apparatus
health

Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction CELLULAR GROWTH -As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. -The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products. TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES -Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. -Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. -Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems. CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS -The need for signling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. -Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions. THE CELL CYCLE -Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large -It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries

AP Biology Chapter 12 Summary Campbell/Reece

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Cellular processes
Proteins
Kinetochore
Meiosis
Prometaphase
Spindle apparatus
Cyclin
Aster
health

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division Rudolf Virchow ? said ?where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell, just as the animal arises only from an animal and the plant only from a plant?. Summarized by saying: ?omnis cellula e cellula? ? means every cell comes from a cell. Cell division ? plays several important roles in the life of an organism: Unicellular organism ? i.e. amoeba ? cell divides and forms duplicate, complete organisms. Larger scale ? cell vision can produce progeny (descendents) Enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop form a single cell (zygote) Can function in renwal or repair ? replacing cells that die (i.e. bone marrow, skin)

Campbell Biology Test Bank Chapter 12

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Proteins
Cellular processes
Cyclin
Cell cycle checkpoint
Kinetochore
Metaphase
Prometaphase
Meiosis
health

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle In this chapter, 24 questions are new, and 12 have been altered to incorporate new material from the textbook. As in the other chapters, any questions that depend on figures or introductory scenarios have been placed at the end of the chapter rather than in concept sequence. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The centromere is a region in which A) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase. D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis. E) new spindle microtubules form at either end. Answer: A Topic: Concept 12.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Campbell Biology Chapter 13 Summary

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Biology
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Biology
Molecular genetics
Cytogenetics
Genetics
Cellular processes
cell cycle
Meiosis
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Chromosome
Synapsis
Chromatid
health

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Lecture Outline Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. heredity or inheritance. The transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called offspring differ somewhat from parents and siblings, demonstrating variation. Farmers have bred plants and animals for desired traits for thousands of years, but the mechanisms of heredity and variation eluded biologists until the development of genetics in the 20th century. Genetics the scientific study of heredity and variation. Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes Genes are segments of DNA.

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