Chemistry

Substances found in living tissues Water, macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids, carbs Concept 4.3 Functional groups Components of organic molecules Involved in chemical reactions Give molecules unique properties Functional groups important in chemistry of life Hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, amino group, carboxyl group Functional groups of sex hormones Functional groups give each molecule unique properties Phosphate group Nucleic acids Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Concept 4.2 Isomers- compounds with same molecular formula, but different structures and properties Dif shape dif biological abilities Structural isomers- different covalent arrangements of atoms Enantiomers- mirror images of each other Even subtle differences can have different biological response

Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems Metabolic pathways involved in harvesting the energy of glucose Glycolysis and cellular respiration Glycolysis and fermentation Concept 9.1 How do metabolic pathways yield energy? Redo reactions: chemical reactions that transfer electrons Oxidation: substance loses electrons Reduction: substance gains electrons Oxidation of organic molecules during cellular respiration Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide- electron carrier/acceptor NADH passes electrons to the electron transport chain when O2 is present Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria Stages of cellular respiration Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm Breaks down glucose with end product being pyruvic End process pyruvic goes to citric acid cycle