AP BIO CHP 10 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
Chemistry
Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
AP BIO CHP 9 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation This is one of the most challenging chapters for students to master. Many students become overwhelmed and confused by the complexity of the pathways, with the multitude of intermediate compounds, enzymes, and processes. The vast majority of the questions in this chapter address central concepts rather than details of these pathways. Other questions have accompanying figures that provide details for reference and ask students to interpret or use these models. Overall, the emphases are on the inputs and outputs of each pathway, the relationships among these pathways, the cellular locations, redox as a central principle in respiration, and chemiosmosis. Multiple-Choice Questions
AP BIO CHP 8 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism
AP BIO CHP 5 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.
AP BIO CHP 4 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
AP BIO CHP 3 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 3 Water and Life Life evolved in the ocean, and the chemistry of life occurs in an aqueous environment. These questions explore the properties of water that are important to sustain life?s chemical processes, organismal physiology, and interactions of organisms with their environment. Quantitative properties such as heat content, molarity, and pH are also addressed. A few questions address how human activities affect the global environment through acid rain and acidification of the ocean. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) van der Waals interactions.
AP BIO CHP 2 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions
atomic structure
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Atomic Structure Definitions ? Acceleration ? The stage of mass spectrometry during which the movement of the ions of the sample is speeded up using a series of negatively-charged plates. ? Atomic number ? The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. Represented by the symbol Z. Also called the proton number. ? Deflection ? The stage of mass spectrometry during which the beam of ions is bent by a particular amount, depending on its mass-to-charge ratio. This is achieved using an electromagnet. ? Detection ? The stage of mass spectrometry during which the ions strike a collector plate, producing a mass spectrum for analysis. ? Diatomic ? A molecule consisting of two atoms. ? Electromagnet ? The part of a mass spectrometer responsible for the
Chem Ch. 18
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Complex Ions Complex ion - ionic species consisting of a metal ion bonded to one or more Lewis bases Coordinate bond - bond formed when one anion/molecule donates a pair of electrons to another ion/molecule to form a covalent bond Ligand - a Lewis base bonded to the central metal ion of a complex ion Common Ligands (Lewis Bases): NH3, H2O, OH-, Cl-, CN- Inner coordination sphere - ligands that are bound directly to a metal via coordinate covalent bonds Counter ions - ions that balance the electrical charges of complex ions in coordination compounds Ex: [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + + Cl - ?> [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl Coordination compound - any compound that contains a complex ion Coordination number - identifies the number of electron pairs surrounding a metal ion in a
Chem Ch. 8
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8.1 Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Substitution Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides are related to elimination reactions in that the halogen acts as a leaving group on carbon and is lost as an anion. The carbon-halogen bond of the alkyl halide is broken heterolytically: the two electrons in that bond are lost with the leaving group. The most frequently encountered nucleophiles are anions, which are used as their lithium, sodium, or potassium salts. If we use M to represent lithium, sodium, or potassium, some representative nucleophilic reagents are Table 8.1 illustrates an application of each of these to a functional group transformation. The
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