Statistics

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Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Chapter 7: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

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Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Chapter 8: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

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Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

AP Psych Chap 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

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Dependent and independent variables

scientific method

Evaluation methods

Experimental psychology

research methods

Random assignment

experiment

Scientific control

health

Case study a descriptive research strategy in which one person is studied in great depth Control condition the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. Correlation a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well one factor can be predicted from the other. Correlations can be positive or negative. Critical thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one

Chapter 1: Research

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Research How you can learn to love it, or at least not fear it! Pseudoscience Demonstrations of benefit are based on anecdotes or testimonials The individual?s baseline abilities and the possibility of spontaneous improvement not considered Related scientific procedures are disavowed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vPC7nPX-X4 Why is this important? Scientific Method Identify and analyze problem Hypothesis based on observation, theory, previous findings Sample, measures, design, procedure Collect data and analyze Draw conclusions and revised theories Discussion of your articles ? how do they illustrate the scientific method (or are they pseudoscience?) Measurement methods Reporting Self-report Informant Psychophysiological Neuroimaging Observation Naturalistic Structured

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AP Human Geography Unit 1 Test Version: B 1. The name that is given to a portion of the earth?s surface is known as a: a. site b. situation c. benchmark d. location e. toponym 2. Situation identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other places d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 3. Site identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other objects d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 4. A ship?s position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that the ship is located a. on the prime meridian

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AP Human Geography Unit 1 Test Version: B 1. The name that is given to a portion of the earth?s surface is known as a: a. site b. situation c. benchmark d. location e. toponym 2. Situation identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other places d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 3. Site identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other objects d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 4. A ship?s position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that the ship is located a. on the prime meridian

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AP Human Geography Unit 1 Test Version: B 1. The name that is given to a portion of the earth?s surface is known as a: a. site b. situation c. benchmark d. location e. toponym 2. Situation identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other places d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 3. Site identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other objects d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 4. A ship?s position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that the ship is located a. on the prime meridian

3

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AP Human Geography Unit 1 Test Version: B 1. The name that is given to a portion of the earth?s surface is known as a: a. site b. situation c. benchmark d. location e. toponym 2. Situation identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other places d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 3. Site identifies a place by its a. name and human characteristics b. nominal location c. location relative to other objects d. unique physical characteristics e. mathematical location on the earth?s surface 4. A ship?s position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that the ship is located a. on the prime meridian

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