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Social Research Methods

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English
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Science
Information
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Operations research
Simulation
Computer simulation
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Statistics
Social simulation
Military simulation
Technology

Research Methods In today?s world there are a vast number of ways to do research. Some are good and some are bad. The research method you use also depends on what kind of outcome you?re looking for. The two main concepts I believe that I found most useful was the Foundations section under Knowledge Base and the Computer Simulations section.

A.P Environmental Science Chapter 2

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Environmental Science
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environmental science chapter 2

Chapter Two What is science? Science: ? is a methodical, logical process for producing knowledge about natural phenomena ? a cumulative body of knowledge ----- Table 2.1 : Basic Principles of Science (7) Science depends on skepticism and accuracy ? Ideally scientists are skeptical and un biased. ? Scientist strive for ? Accuracy- correctness of measurement ? Reproducibility- Repeatability of result : Repeating studies or tests is called replication Deductive and inductive reasoning ? Deductive reasoning- logical reasoning from general to specific ? Inductive reasoning- reasoning from many observations to produce a general rule ? It is also important to recognize the role of insight, creativity, aesthetics, and luck in research

Chapter 2 Outline

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Chemistry
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measurement
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Accuracy and precision
Units of measurement
International System of Units
scientific method
Decibel
Scientific Notation
Arithmetic precision
Uncertainty
Significant Figures
Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

Chapter 2 Outline

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Chemistry
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measurement
Statistics
Science
Accuracy and precision
Units of measurement
International System of Units
Decibel
Scientific Notation
Arithmetic precision
Uncertainty
scientific method
Significant Figures
Measurements and Calculations

Pre-AP Chemistry Modern Chemistry (2006) Chapter 2 Notes-Measurements and Calculations 2.1 The Scientific Method The process that researchers use to carry out their investigations is often called the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. 2.2 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurements are quantitative information. They represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size, or amount. A quantity is not the same as a measurement. For example, the quantity represented by a teaspoon is volume. The teaspoon is a unit of measurement, while the volume is a quantity.

AP Psychology - Unit 2 (Research Methods) Outline

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Psychology
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Confounding
Hindsight
Observation

Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science The Need for Psychological Science Much of contemporary psychological science documents a vast intuitive mind. Intuition is important, but we often underestimate its perils. Two phenomena?hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence?illustrate why we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense. Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias The term ?hindsight bias? refers to the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) Errors in out recollections and explanations show why we need psychological research. Common sense more easily describes what has happened than what will happen.

stats

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Statistics
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Categorical data
Probability theory
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Contingency table
Statistical dependence
Marginal distribution
Frequency distribution
Probability distribution
Conditional probability distribution

Data--Types of Variables Categorical A variable that names categories (whether with words or numerals) Eye Color (brown, blue, green), T-shirt size (large, medium, small), type of vehicle Quantitative A variable that are numerical values taken from an individual Weight (117 lbs, 170 lbs, 253 lbs) School administrators collect data on students attending the school. Which of the following variables is quantitative? B) class (freshman, soph., junior, senior) D) whether the student is in AP classes C) whether the student has taken the SAT A) grade point average E) none of these Ways to display categorical data Frequency Table ? lists categories and counts for each Class Count First 325 Second 285 Third 706 Crew 885 COUNTS! Ways to display categorical data

Reading Guide: Preface

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Statistics
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The Practice of Statistics; 4th Edition Starnes, Yates & Moore Preface to the Student (pp. xiv-xix) (Write complete answers on your own paper.) Getting the Most from your Text How to you preview the topics of each section? Green boxes are for ? Blue headings indicate ? AP Exam tips can be found ? Caution Icons alert you to ? ?Think About It? helps you to ? Learn Statistics by Doing Statistics Each chapter begins with ? In the ?Data Explorations?, your goal is to ? ?Check your Understanding? help you ? Examples: Study the Model Problems and Solutions An icon next to each example problem directs you to? ?Four Step Examples? help you to develop ? Exercises: Practice makes Perfect At the end of each section, be sure you read the ? Most of the exercises are paired; ?

Against All Odds Video Quizzes

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Statistics
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Data analysis
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measurement
Summary statistics
Probability theory
Normal distribution
Confidence interval
Mode
Standard deviation
Student's t-distribution
Variance

Against All Odds Program 1 Quiz ?What is Statistics?? Name ________________ 1. Dr. Amabile is a _______________ as well as a psychologist. The secret of success is using _______________ to check each step of the operation. Consumer trials stick to a precise script so the results can be compared _______________. Any _______________ due to order of presentation gets cancelled out in the second round. There?s one more essential step, ________________________ the whole package in selected cities and measuring the response. Without these statistical analyses, we would never really be sure whether or not two things are ___________________ different or not, we?d just be guessing.

Psychology Notes CH.1

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Psychology
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Ethology
Design of experiments
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Covariance and correlation
scientific method
Pharmacology
Illusory correlation
Statistics
Psychology
Anecdotal evidence

Psychology Textbook Notes- Ch. 1 The Need for Psychological Science: The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense Hindsight Bias-THE TENDENCY TO BELIEVE AFTER LEARNING A N OUTCOME that foreseen ?I knew it all along phenomenon). Unanticipated scientific results indeed ?seem? like obvious common sense or justify it to that! Common sense describes what has happened more easily than it predicts what will happen. Intuition can be wrong & common sense! Overconfidence: Thinking limited by ?after-the-fact? common sense hindsight bias. We could of done that DUH attitude example anagram scrambling after seeing the solution. 98% college students confident they won?t drop out ? yet half do OVERCONFIDENT! More confident than correct!

Research Methods in Psychology: Evaluating a World of Information Chapter 3

Subject: 
Psychology
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Validity
Statistics
Philosophy of science
Science
Knowledge
Psychometrics
Design of experiments
Educational psychology
Internal validity
External validity
Causality
Construct validity

Chapter 3 Variables ? something that varies; must have at least 2 levels, values Constant ? something that could potentially vary but has only 1 level in the study in question Measured vs Manipulated Variables Measured variables ? recording an observation, a statement or a value some variables cannot be manipulated, only measured (eg. gender, IQ, traits such as depression) Manipulated variables ? controlling levels of variable by assigning participants to different levels of that variable some variables cannot be manipulated; it would be unethical (eg.assign children to ?high-quality school? or ?low-quality school? conditions)

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