Chemical reaction

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Free-radical halogenation

Chemical kinetics

Radical

Ethane

Alkane

Electrophile

Chapter 4 The Study of Chemical Reactions Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 4 * Introduction Reactants ? Products: overall reaction. Mechanism: complete step-by-step description of exactly which bonds break and form in what order to give observed products To learn more about a reaction: Thermodynamics Kinetics. => Chapter 4 Chapter 4 * Thermodynamics study of energy changes provides an opportunity to: compare stability of reactants and products predict which compounds are favored Kinetics study of reaction rates, determining which products form the fastest helps predict how the rate will change if conditions are changed Chapter 4 Chapter 4 * Chlorination of Methane

Cell Bio chapter 8

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Enzymes

Non-competitive inhibition

ATP hydrolysis

Concept 8.1 What is energy? Potential energy = stored energy Chemical bonds Concentration gradients (can be used to do cellular work) Electrical potential Kinetic energy = movement energy Heat = molecular motion Mechanical = moving molecules past each other Electrical = moving charged particles Forms of energy Biker at top of hill potential Biker going down hill kinetic Why do cells need energy? Synthetic work = building macromolecules (e.g., making protein) mechanical work = moving molecules past each other e.g., muscle shortening concentration work = creating chemical gradients e.g. storing glucose electrical work = creating ion gradients e.g., unequal distribution of sodium and potassium ions Metabolic pathways Catabolic pathways ? release energy

Metabolism

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energy

Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Overview: The Energy of Life the living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of chemical reactions occur energy is converted in many ways some organisms convert energy into light ? bioluminescence Concept 8.1: An organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways an emergent property arising from the interaction of molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Outline

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Enzymes

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP hydrolysis

Mica Piro Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism An organism?s Metabolism Transforms Matter and Energy, Subject to the Laws of Thermodynamics (8.1) The totality of an organism?s chemical reactions is called metabolism It is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme Metabolism as a whole manages the material and energy resources of the cell Some pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds?these degraditive processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways

AP BIO Chapter 08

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Enzymes

energy

Entropy

Enzyme kinetics

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

AP BIO Chapter 03

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Bases

Equilibrium chemistry

Acid-base chemistry

Inorganic solvents

Oxides

PH

Properties of water

water

Hydroxide

Acid

Chemical reaction

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 3 Water and Life Life evolved in the ocean, and the chemistry of life occurs in an aqueous environment. These questions explore the properties of water that are important to sustain life?s chemical processes, organismal physiology, and interactions of organisms with their environment. Quantitative properties such as heat content, molarity, and pH are also addressed. A few questions address how human activities affect the global environment through acid rain and acidification of the ocean. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) van der Waals interactions.

AP BIO CHP 8 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

AP BIO CHP 3 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 3 Water and Life Life evolved in the ocean, and the chemistry of life occurs in an aqueous environment. These questions explore the properties of water that are important to sustain life?s chemical processes, organismal physiology, and interactions of organisms with their environment. Quantitative properties such as heat content, molarity, and pH are also addressed. A few questions address how human activities affect the global environment through acid rain and acidification of the ocean. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) van der Waals interactions.

General Chemistry Study Exam

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[Type text] [Type text] [Type text] May 14, 2014 Chemistry Study Guide Abby & Thomas Chapter 8: 8.1 Vocabulary Covalent bond- a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms Molecule- a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds Diatomic molecule- a molecule that contains two atoms Example. Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecular compound- a compound composed of molecules Example. Water Molecular formula- the chemical formula of a molecular compound. A molecular formula shows how many atoms of each element a substance contains Important things to know for 8.1 8.2 Vocabulary Single Covalent bond- a bond formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons

Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 8

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