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Classical genetics

Genetics 2

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
heredity
Recessive
Dominance
Gregor Mendel
Particulate inheritance
Gene
evolution
Blending inheritance
Plant breeding

Mendel's Genetics ? Hybridized domesticated horses For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful?hybrids?. ? It was somewhat of a hit or miss process since the actual mechanisms governing inheritance were unknown.? Knowledge of these genetic mechanisms finally came as a result of careful laboratory breeding experiments carried out over the last century and a half. ? ? Gregor Mendel???? 1822-1884???

Genetics 1

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Biology
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Classical genetics
Biology
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Monohybrid cross
Dominance
Recessive
Punnett square
Dihybrid cross
genotype
Test cross
Mendelian inheritance

Mendelian Genetics All Materials ? Cmassengale? 1862 1868 1880 Genetic Terminology: Trait?- any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring Heredity?- passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics?- study of heredity Alleles?- two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) Dominant?- stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a?capital letter (R) Recessive?- gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a?lowercase letter (r) Genotype?- gene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr) Phenotype?- the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. tall, short) Homozygous?genotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also called?pure?

Patterns of Heredity

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Biology
Classical genetics
Philosophy of biology
Dominance
Sex linkage
Zygosity
Recessive
Human genetics
genotype
heredity
Mendelian inheritance
health

Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Mendelian Inheritance of Human Traits Pedigree: a graphic representation of genetic inheritance A pedigree uses symbols that identify males and females, family relationships, individuals affected by a trait being studied. Carrier: an individual who carries a recessive trait that is not expressed (heterozygous) Simple Recessive Heredity Most genetic disorders are caused by recessive alleles. Cystic Fibrosis Most common fatal genetic disorder in US among people of European descent (1/28 carry, 1/2500 affected) Cells in respiratory and digestive system produce huge quantities of mucus Catch infections easily and suffocate Usually die before reach 20?s Tay-Sachs Disease

Mendel and Meoisis

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Cytogenetics
Cellular processes
cell cycle
Meiosis
Genetic linkage
Homologous chromosome
Monohybrid cross
Chromosome
Gamete
health

Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical

linkage chi-square test

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Biology
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Classical genetics
Biology
Statistics
Genetic linkage
Monohybrid cross
Chi-squared test
Dihybrid cross
Dominance
Chi-squared distribution
Genetics
chi-squared
Chromosomal crossover
health

1 LECTURE: Linkage & Chi-square test Linkage & Chi-squared Test Outline and Objective 2 ? Accounting for disruptions in expected Mendelian ratios ? Application of the Chi-square test ? Objective: At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1. Define the term linked gene 2. Differentiate between results obtained from linked genes and non-linked genes in dihybrid crosses 3. Write a null hypothesis 4. Apply the chi-squared test to results observed from crosses LECTURE: Linkage & Chi-square test 3 Review ?We have been looking so far at inheritance of genes on different chromosomes. ? Since humans for example, have thousands of traits, each chromosome must carry a large number of genes.

Chapter 11- Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

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Biology
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Genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Classical genetics
Dominance
Recessive
Sex linkage
genotype
Genetic disorder
Sickle-cell disease
Tay–Sachs disease
heredity
health

Chapter 11: Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS -A recessive trait that is expressed when the individual is homozygous recessive for the trait CYSTIC FIBROSIS -Affects the mucus-producing glands, digestive enzymes, and sweat glands ALBINISM -Caused by altered genes, resulting in the absence of melanin in hair and eyes TAY-SACHS DISEASE -Gangliosides (fatty acids) accumulate in the brain, inflating brain nerve cells and causing mental deterioration GALACTOSEMIA -Recssive genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the body to digest galactose DOMINANT GENETIC DISORDERS -Huntington's Disease affects the nervous system -Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that causes small body size and limbs that are comparatively short

Chapter 10- Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont.

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Biology
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Genetics
Classical genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Dihybrid cross
Monohybrid cross
Punnett square
Genetic linkage
Dominance
Mendelian inheritance
Recessive
Hybrid
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont. MENDELIAN GENETICS -The parent generation known as the P generation -The offspring of this P cross is calle dthe first filial (F1) generation -The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring of the F1 cross -Mendel studied seven different traits: -Seed or pea color -Flower color -Seed pod color -Seed shape or texture -Seed pod shape -Stem length -Flower position GENES IN PAIRS -Allele -An alternative form of a single gene passed form generation to generation -Dominant -Recessive DOMINANCE -An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous -An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

Bio_160_Lecture3

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Molecular biology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Gene
Chromosome
Dominance
Homologous chromosome
DNA
Mutation
health

Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance ? Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 ? The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control systemG1 S G2M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B ? Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors ?Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade

Ch03_Bio PPT

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Molecular biology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Gene
Chromosome
Dominance
Mutation
Meiosis
DNA
health

Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control system G1 S G2 M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue.

AP Biology Chapter 13 notes Campbell/Reece

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Biology
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Biology
reproduction
Cytogenetics
Plant reproduction
Classical genetics
Developmental biology
Meiosis
Ploidy
Biological life cycle
Gametophyte
Alternation of generations
sex
health

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme Heredity The transmission of traits from one generation to the next Genetics The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes A. Inheritance of Genes Genes Coded information in the form of hereditary units These genes are the reason we look like our parents in some ways. Functions of genes: program cells to synthesize specific enzymes and other proteins All these functions lead to the inherited traits that you can often see DNA The way the genes are programmed, the language. Almost all DNA is in chromosomes in the nucleus (except small amt in mito/chloro) Gametes These are the reproductive cells (i.e. sperm and eggs)

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