phylogeny
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Bio104 Laboratory ? Student?s Guide John Jay College, C.U.N.Y Lab #3 ? Page 1
Chromosome
Bio104 Laboratory ? Student?s Guide John Jay College, C.U.N.Y Lab #3 ? Page 1
Campbell Biology Chapter 12 Outline
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Mica Piro Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Most Cell Division Results in Genetically Identical Daughter Cells (12.1) Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material A cell?s endowment of DNA, its genetic information, is called its genome A prokaryotic genome is often a single DNA molecule Eukaryotic genomes usually consist of a number of DNA molecules All of this DNA has to be copied, or replicated, before the cell can divide to form genetically identical daughter cells, and then the 2 copies must be separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a complete genome The replication and distribution of so much DNA is manageable because the DNA molecules are packaged into structures called chromosomes, because they take up certain dyes used in microscopy
Intro to Evolution and Evolutionary Genetics: Exam Study Notes
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Evolution and the Themes of Biology Identify global challenges that may require a biological solution. pollution acid rain / ocean acidification antibiotic-resistant pathogens Describe how an organism?s environmental adaptations result from evolution. individuals best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce more individuals will have these advantageous traits in subsequent generations (if they are heritable) Identify (and give examples) of the different levels of the hierarchy of biology. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Genus: Ursus Species: Ursus Maritimus Describe how the food competition hypothesis (in the context of giraffes? long necks) was not supported by data.
Ap Biology Chapter 15 Review
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Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Overview: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes, though this wasn?t known at the time Today we can show that genes are located on chromosomes The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Mitosis and meiosis were first described in the late 1800s The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis was said to account for Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment
15_Lecture_Presentation
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Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Overview: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes, though this wasn?t known at the time Today we can show that genes are located on chromosomes The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 15-1 Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Mitosis and meiosis were first described in the late 1800s The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment
Reproduction and Development
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Reproduction and Development The essential feature of reproduction is hereditary information carried by nucleic acid DNA There are some plants and animals that act as both male or female Asexual Reproduction Types of chromosomes must be exactly the same in the daughter cells as in the parent
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Mendel and Meoisis
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Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical
Cell Cycle
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Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Reproduction All cells come from preexisting cells. Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell. New cells are constantly being produced. Scientists noticed certain structures that appeared just before cell division and disappeared after. Chromosomes: structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained For most of a cell?s life, chromosomes exist as chromatin Chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Histones are grouped in bunches called nucleosomes The Cell Cycle Cell cycle: the sequence of growth and division of a cell Two general periods of the cycle: growth and division The majority of a cell?s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase
Genetics
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Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS
Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
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Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS
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