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Octet rule

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 8 Notes

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Chemical bonding
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AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds A. Ionic Bonding 1. Electrons are transferred 2. Metals react with nonmetals 3. Ions paired have lower energy (greater stability) than separated ions B. Coulomb's Law 1. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?= - r QQ E nmJx 21191031.2 a. E = energy in joules b. Q1 and Q2 are numerical ion charges c. r = distance between ion center in nanometers d. negative sign indicates an attractive force C. Bond Length (covalent) 1. Distance at which the system energy is at a minimum 2. Forces at work a. Attractive forces (proton - electron) b. Repulsive forces (electron - electron, proton - proton) 3. Energy is given off (bond energy) when two atoms achieve greater stability together than apart

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 7

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Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding Section 7.3: The Covalent Bond Wednesday, October 1, 2014 1:55 PM Covalent bonds - attractive force resulting from the sharing of electrons between pairs of atoms ? Chemical Bonds and Energy ? Driving force between all bond formation is lowering overall energy (NOTE: attractive interactions lower potential energy) ? Typically in interactions between nonmetals! ? -point of minimum energy in a system = formation of covalent bond Bond energy - energy released when isolated atoms form a covalent bond Bond length - distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms ? Formation of a chemical bond always releases energy Bond strength is determined by the amount of energy released in the formation of that bond (more released energy means stronger bond) ?

cell bi chapter 1/2

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ion
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Chapter One Characteristics of living organisms Consist of one or more cells Unicellular organisms (1) A single cell carries out all the functions of life Multicellular organisms Made of many specialized cells Consist of genetic information DNA Info molecule Passed on during cell division Composed of nucleotides Genetic code Gene Specific segment of DNA molecule Contains info to make proteins Proteins Control chemical reactions Cell/organism structure and function Use genetic information to reproduce Use genetic information for growth and development Can extract energy from the environment and use it to do biological work Can convert molecules obtained from their environment into new biological molecules Can respond to environmental changes

Chapter 9

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ion
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behavior
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Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 15 Nov. 2012 Jespersen, Brady, Hyslop Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding: General Concepts Ionic Bonds Ch. 9.2 Ionic bonds are the attraction between positive and negative ions in an ionic compound. e.g. NaCl An electron is transferred from the metal (Na) to the nonmetal (Cl): Ionic compounds form when metals and nonmetals react and they are held together by ionic bonds. Compounds (ionic and molecular) are formed due to a decrease (lowering) of the potential energy of system. Net energy change associated with the electron transfer reaction. So, why does NaCl (s) form at all? 2 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds Ch. 9.2 The energy needed to produce separated gaseous ions from one mole of the solid is the lattice energy:

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 6a

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Basics of Bonding 1 The second law of thermodynamics tells us that things tend to lose energy. Balls roll downhill. Electrons return to ground state. Atoms link or bond to each other. 2 Atoms bond because they Lose energy Gain stability 3 Energy/stability Unbonded Bonded 4 BJU Press Chemistry textbook p. 140 Noble gases (8 outer e?) are the most stable elements. Elements gain, lose, or share electrons to attain the ?noble-gas electron configuration.? This is called the octet rule. 5 Ionic: Metals/nonmetals Covalent: Nonmetals/nonmetals Metallic: Metals/metals Types of Bonds A property affecting ionic and covalent bonds The tendency of objects to have regions of opposite charge Polarity Examples: N and S poles (+) and (?) ends of a battery polar bond

Chapter 8

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Claire Rafson Chapter 8 Notes 8.1- Bond Energy- The strength of a bonding interaction. The energy required to break the bond. Why do bonds occur? So the system can achieve the lowest possible energy by behaving in this way. Ionic bonding- electrostatic attractions of the closely packed, oppositiyly charged ions. Ionic compound- Metal reacts with a nonmetal Coulombs law- interaction between pair of ions. E= (2.31X 10^-19 J* nm) (Q1Q2/r) A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower than that of the separated atoms. Covalent bonds- type of bonding in which electrons are shared by nuclei. (i.e Hydrogen bonding) Polar Covalent Bond- Atoms are different enough that they have unequal sharing results. 8.2-

chemistry midterm review

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Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A 1 MIDTERM REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Inorganic chemistry is the study of a. non-carbon related compounds. b. the chemistry of living things. c. mathematical modeling. d. the identification of the composition of materials. ____ 2. A student recorded the following while completing an experiment. Color of substance: yellow, shiny powder Effect of magnet: yellow, shiny powder was attracted The student should classify the substance as a(n) a. element. c. mixture. b. compound. d. plasma. ____ 3. Which of the following is not a physical change? a. grinding c. boiling b. cutting d. burning
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