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Ribosome

Biology Cell part review guide

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Name_________________________________Date_______________________Pd._____ Cell Review Worksheet Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part may be used more than once. Structure/Function Cell part 1. Stores material within the cell 2. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria 3. Site of protein synthesis 4. Jelly-like substance in the cell 5. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell 6. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color

Cell bio chapter 6

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Cells Use molecules to: Transform energy and matter Respond to the environment Reproduce themselves Lowest level that can perform all activities required for life Cell theory Cells are the fundamental units of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells are going to be derived from preexisting cells Are similar in chemical composition Concept 6.1 Microscopes and the Tools of Biochemistry are used to Study Cells Magnification: ratio of image size to real size Resolution: measure of clarity What is the minimum distance required to distinguish two points as separate Light microscopy View living cells Magnify 2000X Resolution: 200nm Electron microscopes View dead cells Magnify 2,000,000X Resolution 0.2 nm Scanning electron microscopy Surface of a specimen (3D)

From Gene to Protein

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Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Concepts 17.5 ? 6 are not required knowledge from the AP Exam and are intentionally omitted. Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information the information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands the DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, gene expression, includes two stages: transcription and translation the ribosome is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation Evidence from the Metabolic Defects

A Tour of the Cell

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Ch. 7 Tour of the Cell 2007-2008 Light Microscope - LM ? Uses visible light ? inexpensive ? live or dead objects ? Resolution: ? As magnification ?, resolution ?. ? ~1000X. ? Limitations: ? many cell structures too small Just magnified 64X Magnification & Resolution Light Microscope Variations ? Unstained ? Stained: ?Methylene blue ? iodine Light Microscope Variations ? Fluorescence: uses dyes to make parts of cells ?glow?. ? Phase-contrast: enhances contrasts in density. ? Confocal: uses lasers and special optics to focus only narrow slides of cells. Electron Microscopes ? Use beams of e- ? Invented in 1939 ? Advantages: ?Much higher mag. ? 50,000X ? Disadvantages: ? Vacuum.

A Tour of the Cell

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Ch. 7 Tour of the Cell 2007-2008 Light Microscope - LM ? Uses visible light ? inexpensive ? live or dead objects ? Resolution: ? As magnification ?, resolution ?. ? ~1000X. ? Limitations: ? many cell structures too small Just magnified 64X Magnification & Resolution Light Microscope Variations ? Unstained ? Stained: ?Methylene blue ? iodine Light Microscope Variations ? Fluorescence: uses dyes to make parts of cells ?glow?. ? Phase-contrast: enhances contrasts in density. ? Confocal: uses lasers and special optics to focus only narrow slides of cells. Electron Microscopes ? Use beams of e- ? Invented in 1939 ? Advantages: ?Much higher mag. ? 50,000X ? Disadvantages: ? Vacuum.

Tour of the cel

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Types of Cells Prokaryotic- a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed organelles Bacteria and Archaea DNA in the nucleoid which is not membrane-bound Eukaryotic- a type of cell with membrane bound organelles Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals Contian a membrane-bound nucleus Contain organelles and cytoplasm Both: Have ribosomes Plasma membrane Jelly-like cytosol Chromosomes *As the volume of a cell grows, the surface area increases proportionally because more plasma membrane needed to transfer necessary materials for the metabolic processes *Different organelles increase complexity of the cell because each organelle has a specific function, whit allows multiple activities to be going on in the cell at once The Nucleus

AP Biology Chapter 17 Notes Campbell/Reece

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AP Biology Chapter 17 (17.3 and 17.4) 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription RNA Processing: in the nucleus ? before it is sent out to the cytoplasm. both ends of the primary transcript are altered certain interior sections are cut out A. Alternation of mRNA Ends (Figure 17.9) Both ends of the mRNA are modified in a particular way 5prime end ? 5prime cap made of modified form of a Guanine nucleotide 3prime end ? poly A tail - 50 to 250 Adenine (A) nucleotides are added. Remember, the mRNA is released soon after the signal AAUAAA is transcribed. So even more A is added on after that. Functions of 5prime cap and poly A tail: facilitate export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes.

Cell composition cut and paste

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What is a cell made up of? What to do: Label and colour in each of the cell organelles in the diagram. Cut along the dotted line and paste the cell into your workbook (plasma- membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, nuclear pores, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, ribosomes, peroxisomes and lysosomes) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis What are proteins? An organic molecule Building block is amino acids Examples: Enzymes Antibodies Hemoglobin Part of Cell Membrane Structural (Collagen) How Are Proteins Made? The instructions for building a protein are found on a gene (DNA). RNA copies the DNA code to make a protein. Step 1 of Protein Synthesis The 1st step is called TRANSCRIPTION Transcription (Transcribe) how would we define? Transcription The information in DNA must be written into mRNA code DNA strand mRNA Who is involved in Transcription? DNA and mRNA mRNA goes to the nucleus to copy DNA and takes the codons to the ribosome Step 2 of Protein Synthesis The 2nd step is called TRANSLATION Translation (Translate) how would we define? Translation

Basic Organelle Overview

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Organelles Pro/Euk/Both Plant/Animal/Both Function Structural Features Nucleus Euk Both Contains DNA(nucleic acid) Control center of cell. Builds ribosomes(in nucleolus) Sphere. Has a membrane. Contains nucleolus Cell Membrane Both Both Regulates materials entering/leaving, protects and supports cell Phospholipid bi-membrane with proteins suspended throughout. Cytoplasm Both Both Fills the cell. Oranelles are found in it. Vacuole and Vesicle Euk Both Store materials Membrane bound sacs Mitochondria Euk Both Convert chemical energy in food to usable compounds. Turned into ATP. Second largest, Double layered outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane is folded Ribosomes Both Both

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