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Gene expression

From Gene to Protein

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Biology
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Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Concepts 17.5 ? 6 are not required knowledge from the AP Exam and are intentionally omitted. Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information the information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands the DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, gene expression, includes two stages: transcription and translation the ribosome is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation Evidence from the Metabolic Defects

AP Bio Campbell 7E Chapter 19 Test Bank

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Epigenetics
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Ch 19 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The condensed chromosomes observed in mitosis include all of the following structures except a. nucleosomes. b. 30-nm fibers. c. 300-nm fibers. d. looped domain. e. ribosomes. ____ 2. Under the electron microscope, unfolded chromatin resembles "beads on a string." What do the "beads" represent? a. nucleosomes b. ribosomes c. beadosomes d. molecules of DNA polymerase e. molecules of RNA polymerase ____ 3. In a nucleosome, what is the DNA wrapped around? a. polymerase molecules b. ribosomes c. mRNA d. histones e. nucleolus protein

AP Bio Campbell 7E Chapter 18 Test Bank

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microbiology
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Virus
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Trp operon
Lac operon
Transduction
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Ch 18 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Which of the following is (are) true about viruses? a. Viruses are classified below the cellular level of biological organization. b. A single virus particle contains both DNA and RNA. c. Even small virus particles are visible with light microscopes. d. Only A and B are true. e. A, B, and C are true. ____ 2. Which of the following is not a reason scientists suspected that something other than bacteria was the cause of tobacco mosaic disease? a. Passing infectious sap through a fine filter failed to remove the infectious agent. b. Treating infectious sap with alcohol failed to remove the infectious agent. c.

AP Bio Campbell 7E Chapter 17 Test Bank

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Protein biosynthesis
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Transfer RNA
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Ch 17 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because a. genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes. b. enzymes are made of DNA, and affected individuals lack DNA polymerase. c. many metabolic enzymes use DNA as a cofactor, and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes from interacting efficiently with DNA. d. certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected individuals lack key splicing factors. e.

Epigenetics

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Epigenetics
Epigenome
Genomic imprinting
Gene expression
Regulation of gene expression
Nutriepigenomics
Epigenomics
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ONLINE EPIGENETICS ? IS IT ONLY ABOUT THE DNA? Name Gabi Calhoun AP BIOLOGY Hour _______ Go to: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/ The following questions begin with the title of the section of the module you will be working with. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper as you work through the module. THE EPIGENOME AT A GLANCE What is the epigenome? the second layer of dna with chemical tags How is this different from your genome? genome is the general structure but its done by the epigenome GENE CONTROL Describe the following characteristics when a gene is active: Is the gene tightly or loosely wound around histones? loosely Are there many or few methyl molecules attached to the gene? many

Gene Regulation powerpoint

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RNA interference
Euchromatin
Regulation of gene expression
Polyadenylation
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Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum See Unit 3 Essential Knowledge document for all EK statements for Chapter 18. Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum Learning Objective 3.18: The student is able to describe the connection between the regulation of gene expression and observed differences between different kinds of organisms. Learning Objective 3.19: The student is able to describe the connection between the regulation of gene expression and observed differences between individuals in a population. Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum Learning Objective 3.20: The student is able to explain how the regulation of gene expression is essential for the processes and structures that support efficient cell function.

DNA and Genes

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DNA and Genes (Extended Notes) DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? An organism?s environment influences how an organism develops, but the organism?s DNA holds the genetic information and determines its traits. DNA achieves this by controlling the structure of proteins. Your body is made up of proteins Your body?s functions depend on proteins called enzymes In the 1950s scientists thought protein was the genetic material In 1952 Hershey and Chase infected bacteria with radioactive viruses (one was radioactive protein & the other was radioactive DNA) Only the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria and produced new viruses DNA is a complex organic molecule called a polymer. The monomers, or repeating subunits, that make up DNA are called nucleotides.

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapters 14-18 Study Guide

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Chapters 14 and 15 Gregor Mendel Studied traits that occur in distinct forms Developed true-breeding varieties When bred amongst themselves, by self-fertilization, these plants produced offspring identical to the parent for that trait No variation in that one trait Used mathematical analysis in his studies Findings related mainly to plants, not humans Definitions Gametes: reproductive cells produced by sexually-reproducing organisms Two types: Male gametes=sperm In plants: contained in pollen Female gametes=eggs In plants, contained in ovules, which mature to seeds when fertilized Ovules contained in carpels Fertilization Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm Self-fertilized: fusion of sperm and egg from same plant

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

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nucleic acids
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DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA -The species-particular DNA sequences produce the species-particular proteins -Genes code for proteins -Genes are long strands of DNA of chromosomes WHAT IS DNA? -DNA is genetic code -Instructions for heredity -Components of genes -Director of protein synthesis -A type of nucleic acid -A type of organic compound -A polymer {a compound made of repeating subunits} DNA'S PROPER NAME IS -Deoxyribonucleic acid -Consists of a ribose sugar with a "missing oxygen" (thats the de-oxy part) -And it's found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell STRUCTURE OF DNA -A nucleotide of DNA is the base unit -A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base DNA IS A DOUBLE STRAND -The nitrogen bases have compliment partners

Bio_160_Lecture4

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Gene Expression Chapter 11 ? Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes ? Different types of cells make different proteins because different combinations of genes are active in each type Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Fiure 11.2 Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential Most differentiated cells retain a complete set of genes Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Plantlet Adult Plant Single cell Figure 11.3 DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression ? A chromosome contains DNA wound around clusters of histone proteins ? This beaded fiber is further wound and folded

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