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AP Bio: Chapter 16 Flashcards

AP Biology vocabulary terms from the 7th adition AP Biology textbook

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259683083Mismatch Repairthe cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides
259683084Double Helixthe form of native DNA, referring to its 2 adjacent polynucleotidestrands wound into a spiral shape
259683085Transformation(1) conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) change in genotype and phenotypedue to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell
259683086Primaseenzyme that joins RNA nucleotidesto the primer
259683087Nucleaseenzyme that hydrolizes DNA and RNAinto their component nucleotides
259683088Helicaseenzyme that untwists the double helixof DNA at the replication forks
259683089Telomereprotective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitiveDNA at the endof the chromosome's DNA molecule
259683090Bacteriophageviruse that infects bacteria; also called a phage
259683091PrimerPolynucleotide w/ a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, this is elongatedduring DNA replecation
259683092Lagging Stranddiscontinuously synthized DNA strandthat elongates in a direction away from the replication fork
259683093Single-Strand Binding ProteinDuring DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complementory strands of DNA
259683094Origin of Rpelecationsite where replication of a DNA molecule begains
259683095Replecation ForkY-shaped region on w replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing
259683096DNA Polymeraseenzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides the the existingchain
259683097DNA Ligaselinkage-enzyme essential for DNA replication; cataliyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragmentto the 5' end of a growing chain
259683098Topoisomeraseprotein that functionsin DNA replication, helping relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork
259683099Nucleotide Excision Repairprocess of removing and correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide
259683100Telomeraseenzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template fornew telomere segments
259683101Leading Strandnew continueous complementary DNA strand synthesized allong the template strand in the manditory 5' / 3' direction
259683102Okazaki Fragmentshort segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. many make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
259683103Semiconserviative ModelType of DNA replicaiton in which the replicated double helixconsists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly mad strand
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Chapter 16 AP Bio Flashcards

Control of Gene Expression

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318832416positive controlincreases the frequency of initiation
318832417negative controldecreases the frequency of initiation
318832418repressorsproteins that mediate negative control that bind to operators
318832419operatorsregulatory sites on DNA
318832420activatorsregulatory, alosteric proteins that mediate positive control
318832421lac operonconsists of a promoter, an operator and 3 genes that encode protein required for the metabolism of lactose
318832422trp operonencodes the enzymes necessary to synthesize tryptophan
318832423inductionwhen enzymes for a certain pathway are produced in response to a substrate
318832424repressionwhen bacteria capable of making biosynthetic enzymes don't produce them
318832425catabolic pathwaysbreakdown molecules
318832426anabolic pathwaysbuild up molecules
318965664regulatory proteinsmodulate the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter
318965665homeostasismetabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
318965666apoptosisprogrammed cell death
318965667major grooveLarger groove that spirals around the DNA double helix. Provides a location where a protein can bind to a particular sequence of bases and affect the expression of a gene.
318965668DNA-binding motifsa region found in a regulatory protein that is capable of binding to a specific base sequence in DNA
318965669helix turn helixdna binding motif which has two alpha helices connected by a turn
318965670recognition helixrecognizes and makes contact with a base sequence along the major groove of DNA Hydrogen bonding between an α-helix and nucleotide bases is one way a transcription factor can bind to DNA
318965671homeodomain motifa special class of helix turn helix motifs found in regulatory proteins that control development in eukaryotes
318965672homeodomain60 amino acid protein, binds to DNA and regulates expression
318965673zinc finger motifA type of DNA-binding motif in regulatory proteins that incorporates zinc atoms in its structure.
318965674leucine zipper motifA motif in regulatory proteins in which two different protein subunits associate to form a single DNA-binding site; the proteins are connected by an association between hydrophobic regions containing leucines (the "zipper").
318965675derepressedwhen tryptophan levels fall and the repressor alone cannot bind to the operator, allowing expression of the operon
318965676general transcription factorsany of a group of transcription factors necessary for the formation of an initiation complex by RNA polymerase II at a promoter. This allows a basal level that can be increased by the action of specific factors
318965677specific transcription factorsany of a great number of transcription factors that act in a time- or tissue-dependent manner to increase DNA transcription above the basal level
318965678enhancersa site of regulatory protein binding on the DNA molecule distant from the promoter and start site for a gene's transcription
318965679coactivators and mediatorslink transcription factors to RNA polymerase II
318965680transcription complexthe whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter
318965681transcription activatorssome of theses alter chormatin structure
318965682histoneprotein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
318965683chromatin-remodeling complexesuse energy from ATP to alter chromatin structure
318965684mRNAmust be transported out of the nucleus for translation
318965685translation repressor proteinsshut down translation by binding to the beginning of the transcript so that it cannot attach to the ribosome
318965686proteasesenzymes that degrade proteins by breaking peptide bonds, converting a protein into its constituent amino acids
318965687ubiquitinSmall protein that is linked to other proteins as a way of marking the targeted protein for degradation by proteasomes.
318965688proteasomea cellular organelle that degrades proteins marked with ubiquitin
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AP BIO Chapter 16 Flashcards

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108268376Nucleic Acids are unique becauseability to direct their own replication from monomers.
108268377DNA Controlsbiochemical, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits
108268378scientists use DNA tochange the heritable characteristics of a cell in laboratories
108268379Two chemical components of chromosomesDNA & Proteins, proteins were stronger supported until 1940
108268380DNA in heredity was first worked out bystudying bacteria and the viruses that infect them.
108268381People thought protein were basis due toidentified them as a class of macromolecules with great specificity of function. Nucleic acids weren't know: seemed far to uniform to account for inherited traits *chemical and physical*
108281612We can trace the genetic role of DNA to1928, fredrick griffith, studied bacterium that caused pneumonia in animals
108281613Griffith had..two strains of bacterium, a pathogenic and a nonpathogenic strain.
108281614Bacteria SSmooth strain, pathogenic, because have a capsule that protects them from an animals defense system
108281615Bacteria RRought, strain lacked a capsule, and nonpathegonic.
108302192ResultsS Cells: Died R Cells: Lived Heat killed S cells: Lived Mixture of heat-killed S sells and living R Cells: Died
108302193Griffiths conclusion:living R bacteria had been transformed into pathogenic S by an unknown heritable substance from dead S cells
108302194Transformationa change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by the cell.
108302195Descendants of the transformed bacteriawere all pathogenic.
108302196Oswald Averypurified various types of molecules from the heat-killed pathogenic bacteria, then tried to transform live nonpathogenic bacteria with each type. DNA was transforming agent.
108361188VirusMuch simpler then cell, is just DNA enclosed in protective coat.To reproduce it must take over a cell.
108361189Viruses that attack bacteriaphages/bacteriophages
108373773Alfred Hershey and Martha Chaseexperiments showed that DNA is the genetic material of a phage known as T2.
108373774During the time of this experiment:1) T2 was mostly DNA and protein 2) t2 phage could turn an ecoli cell in to a t2 producing factory
108373775Experiment SetupUsed radioactive phosphorus and Sulfer, mixed the elements with bacteria. Then they Put it in to a blender to separate phages outside the bacteria. Centrifuged the mixture. Then measured.
108373776Concluded thatDNA of the virus was injected into the host during infection, leaving the protein outside. the DNA produces more viruses.
113695154ChargaffATGC equal ammounts
113695155Thymine and Cytosineone circle
113755593at/gc percentsAT = 30% GC = 19%
113886218When a cell copies a DNA moleculeeach strand servers as a template for ordering nucleotides in to new, completmentary strands.
113886219DNA Replication basicparent DNA has two complementary strands of DNA.First step of replication is breaking parent strand apart. Now each parent strand serves as a template that determines nulceotieds along a new complementary strand. Nucleotides are connected. Each consits of one parental and one new strand
113886220Semiconserivtive Modelwhen a double helix replicates, each of the two daugher molecules will have one old strand and one newly made strand.
113886221Conservative Model of Replicationparent molecules reform after the process.
113886222Dispersive Modelall four strands of DNA have a mixture of old and new DNA.
113939960Melson & StahlDNA follows semiconserivtive model.
113989900Orgins of ReplicationWhere Replication of DNA begins.
113989901Replication Forka y-shaped region where the new strands of DNA are elongating. at the end of replication buble.
114036178DNA PolymerasesCatalyze elongation of NEW DNA at replication form. Adds the nucleotides.
114066293The two strands of DNA in a double helixare antiparralel
114066294New DNA strand can onlyelongate in a 5->3 direction because DNA polymerases only add to the 3 end.
114066295Leading StrandMade by DNA pol 3 adding nucleotides.
114066296Lagging strandgoes away from replication fork 3-> 5 diretion.
114066297Lagging strandsynthesized in a series of fragments. Once a replication buble opensfar enough, DNA pol 3 ataches to lagging strands template and moves away from replication fork.
114066298DNA Ligase (lagging strand)Joins the oazaki fragments.
114143898DNA polymerase can'tinititate the synthessis of a polynucleotie.
114143900Primerthe initial nucleotide chain.
114143903Primasestarts RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleoties together one at a time.
114143906Okazaki fragments lagging strandeach must be primed seperately.
114143909Lagging strand synthesisPrimase joins RNA nucleotides in a primer. DNA POL 3 adds DNA NUCLEOTIDES TO THE PRIMER, forms okazaki fragment. Dna pol 3 adds dna nucleotides until it reaches the first primer. DNA pol 1 replaces the rna with dna. DNA ligase forms a bond between them.
114446304TelomersEukaryotic have them at the end.
114446305Telomers dont havegenes, instead the DNA consists of multiple repetitions of one short nucleotide sequence.
114446306Telomers dontprevent the shortneing of DNA molecules, they just postpone the erosion of genes near the end of DNA molecules.
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AP Biology chapter 16 Key terms Flashcards

16: The molecular basis of inheritance

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526274578bacteriophageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. See phage.
526274579DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 39 end of a new DNA fragment to the 59 end of a growing chain.
526274580DNA polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
526274581double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
526274582helicaseAn enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
526274583lagging strandA discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
526274584leading strandThe new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' 3' direction.
526274585mismatch repairThe cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.
526274586nucleaseA team of enzymes that hydrolyze DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides.
526274587nucleotide excision repairThe process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
526274588origins of replicationSites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.
526274589phageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.
526274590primaseAn enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.
526274591primerAn already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.
526274592replication forkA Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
526274593semiconservative modelType of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
526274594single-strand binding proteinDuring DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complimentary strands of DNA.
526274595telomeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
526274596telomereThe protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome's DNA molecule. See also repetitive DNA.
526274597transformation(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
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Bonnett AP Bio Chapter 16 Flashcards

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519416996ligaseenzyme that "glues together" Okazaki fragments
519416997helicaseenzyme that unwinds and separates 2 DNA strands prior to replication
519416998twonumber of strands in a DNA molecule
519416999cytosine and thyminepyrimidines
519417000Franklinscientist famous for photo 51
519417001Watson and Crickcredited with the discovery of the double helix
519417002Chargaffhis rules stated that adenine = thymine and guanine = cytosine
519417003replicationthe copying of DNA
519417004Griffith and AveryTwo scientists who performed experiments with mice and bacteria showing that cells can be "transformed"
519417005Hershey and ChaseScientists that proved DNA is the genetic material, not protein
519417006bacteriophagevirus that infects bacterial cells
519417007nucleotidemonomer of a nucleic acid
519417008polymeraseenzyme that adds complimentary nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA
5194170093'additional nucleotides can only be added to this end
519417010antiparallelDNA strands are said to be _____, because they are "upside down" with respect to each other
519417011phosphateIN DNA, this group is always attached to the 5' carbons of the pentose sugar
519417012hydrogen bondshold the two DNA strands together
519417013Origins of ReplicationSites where copying of DNA begins
519417014Replication ForkLocated at either end of a replication bubble
519417015primaseenzyme that adds a small section of RNA so polymerase can "hook" on
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Vocab Power Plus SAT (vocab) Flashcards

SAT words Lesson 1 - 5

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257877545numismatistcoin collector
257877546licentiousadj. morally unrestrained syn: immoral; lewd
257877547fatalisticadj. believing that all events in life are inevitable and determined by fate
257877548paucityn. a scarcity, lack syn: insufficiency
257877549obtrudev. to force oneself into a situation uninvited syn: impose; intrude
257877550pensiveadj. dreamily thoughtful syn: reflective; meditative
257877551lackadaisicaladj. uninterested; listless syn: spiritless; apathetic; languid
257877552alienatev. to turn away feelings or affections syn: estrange; set against
257877553elatedadj. in high spirits; exultantly proud and joyful syn: overjoyed
257877554epigramn. a witty saying expressing a single thought or observation syn: aphorism; mon mot; quip
257877555amalgamatev. to combine syn: unite; blend; merge; consolidate
257877556dementedadj. mentally ill; insane syn: deranged; insane
257877557honev. to sharpen
257877558beleaguerv. to besiege by encircling (as with an army); to harass syn: surround; annoy
257877559gorgev. to eat or swallow greedily
257877560antiquatedadj. no longer used or useful; very old
257877561opiaten. a narcotic used to cause sleep or bring relief from pain
257877562caricaturen. an exaggerated portrayal of one's features syn: mockery; cartoon
257877563dallyv. to waste time; to dawdle syn: loiter
257877564feloniousadj. pertaining to or constituting a major crime syn: criminal
257877565edificen. a large, elaborate structure; an imposing building syn: fortress
257877566ambidextrousadj. equally skillful with either hand
257877567belatedadj. delayed syn: tardy; late
257877568animatev. to give life or motion to syn: enliven; encourage; excite
257877569kneadv. to work dough or clay into a uniform mixture syn: squeeze; rub; press
257877570chauvinistn. one having a fanatical devotion to a country, gender, or religion, with contempt for the other countries, the opposite sex, or other beliefs
257877571egalitarianadj. promoting equal rights for all people
257877572berserkadj. in a state of violent or destructive rage syn: frenzied
257877573ostentatiousadj. marked by a conspicuous, showy, or pretentious display syn: grandiose
257877574deludev. to mislead; to fool syn: deceive
257881164eludev. to escape notice; to get away from syn: avoid; evade; lose
257881165fallowadj. inactive; unproductive syn: idle; barren
257881166blightn. anything that destroys, prevents growth, or causes devaluation syn: affliction; disease
257881167obsequyn. a funeral rite or ceremony
257881168denizenn. an occupant; inhabitant syn: resident
257881169fealtyn. obligated loyalty or faithfulness syn: devotion; fidelity; allegiance
257881170enticev. to attract by offering reward or pleasure syn: tempt; lure
257881171gratifyv. to please syn: satisfy; indulge
257881172laggardn. a slow person, especially one who falls behind syn: straggler; dawdler
257881173gambitn. maneuver or action used to gain an advantage syn: strategy; play; maneuver
287824428jadedadj. worn out; dulled from overindulgence syn: exhausted; wearied
287824429gistn. the main point syn: idea; essence
287824430advocatev. to recommend; to speak in favor of syn: promote; encourage; support
287824431effacev. to obliterate; to wipe out syn: erase
287824432charisman. personal appeal or attraction; magnetism syn: charm
287824433ogren. a brute; a large monster; a frightful giant
287824434mesmerizev. to hypnotize syn: captivate; entrance
287824435entityn. anything having existence; either physical or mystical
287824436bandyv. to exchange words; to discuss casually
287824437dastardlyadj. cowardly and treacherous syn: dishonorable; shameful
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The American Pageant Chap. 10-12 Flashcards

The American

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472505999Washington's Presidency The Cabinet- Department Heads: - Sec. of State, deals with foreign affairs: Thomas Jefferson who was pro-France - Sec. of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton, the man who will create His idea of Bank of the United States - Sec. of War: Henry Knox, name changed to Sec. of Defense
472506000Judiciary Act of 1789Organized the Supreme Court - Chief Justice and 5 associates - John Jay first Supreme Court Chief Justice Organized Federal district and circuit courts Established the office of the Attorney General (Supreme Court positions are for life)
472506001AssumptionHamilton proposes to assume all state debt Debt was 75 million dollars; to plan to pay this debt off? Excise - domestic tax (precise) proposed in 1791 Duties - Foreign tax
472506002- Excise RevenueTAX ON WHISKEY WAS A BURDEN ON BACKCOUNTRY FARMERS
472506003- Customers Duties (Tariffs) (Import tax)Protect manufacturing groups as well as created revenue Make people have a personal stake in the success of the federal government
472506004Whiskey Rebellion (Domestic issue for George Washington) Backcountry farmers AGAIN clash with the established east- Bacon's Rebellion (Indian raids) - Shay's Rebellion (foreclosures on farms) (shows failure of the Articles of Confederation - Whiskey Rebellion (burden of whiskey tax) in 1794 o Rebels tar and feather revenue officers Washington creates a multi-state militia of 13,000 men - command new respect of federal gov. (shows that the Constitution works)
472506005Six objectives of the Jefferson's Democratic-Republicsouthern, western farmers; local power in the hands of the people - feared inequality; Inward & westward strengthen democracy at home and on frontiers; supported the French Revolution; protect seamen from British for defense of liberties or punish with an embargo; accused Federalists of wanting to create an aristocracy and marriage with Britain
472506006Six objectives of the Federalists: Northern, Eastern merchants; strong central gov - feared masses and disorder; outward & eastward - for trade particular with England; wanted no assoc.; avoid drastic measures and keep in good relation with British for economic development; accused Dem-Republicans of wanting to destroy gov. and turn everything over to France
472506007Neutrality Proclamation of 1793Issued by Washington after the outbreak of war between Britain and France Began the Isolationist tradition Self-interest as the cement of alliance
472506008Jay's Treaty - 1794 (Washington's Domestic Issue)British concessions British would not promise to stop U.S. Concession Very weak, compared to Pickney's Treaty of 1795 with Spain (coastal beachland - Florida too)
472506009British concessions- evacuate the posts on U.S. soil - pay damages for seizures of American ships
472506010British would not promise to stop- future seizures and impressions - supplying arms to Indians
472506011U.S. Concession- Pre-Revolutionary debts must still be paid
472506012Native AmericansAmerica settlers moving West encroached on Indian lands British had been supplying some tribes arms to attack new settlers 1794 - Battle of Fallen Timbers - U.S. army led by General Anthony Wayne defeats Shawnee, Wyandot,
472506013Delaware and other in Ohio1795 - Treaty of Greenville - Tribal chiefs surrender claims to Ohio
476795941Washington's FarewellLeaves after 2 terms in 1796 - Farewell Address posts in newspapers Avoid permanent alliances Avoid warring political parties
476795942National Bank (BUS = BANK OF UNITED STATES)(Federalist idea Dem.-Rep. don't like)Private institutions to hold surplus money - Strongbox - Stimulate business - Print money Created by Congress in 1791 - chartered for 20 years - located in Philadelphia - $10 million in capital, 1/5 owned by the federal The capital of U.S. is moved from NY to Washington DC; so Dem.-Rep. can get on the BUS
476795943Election of 1796 (1st real contest for president0GW's V.P. John Adam v. Thomas Jefferson Sec. of State Strongly divide the nation - Jefferson against heavy-handed handling of Whiskey rebellion and Jay's Treaty John Adams barely wins the election - Jefferson V.P. as a runner-up
476795944Those Feisty FrenchThe French begin to seize American warships - Adams send 3 diplomats for a peaceful settlement - XYZ affair French demand a loan of 32 million florins and a $250,000 bribe to speak with foreign minister Talleyrand - Jeffersonians are embarrassed at the French behavior - Federalists want war! Navy dept. is created and a new army is authorized
476795945Undeclared war on the High Seas1798-1800 American privateer and the new navy fight back - England lends some support Adams forgoes a popular war for a peaceable solution
476795946Alien laws and Sedition ActsAlien Laws - Designed to make citizenship difficult for immigrants - 14 yrs Sedition Acts gave heavy fines and imprisonment for: - impeding policies of gov. - falsely defaming officials - Dem.-Rep. claim it violates 1st Ammendment
476795947Jefferson's counterattack to Sedition ActsVA and KY resolution - Penned by Madison and Jefferson - The states could refuse to enforce the federal laws if the state considers the law to be unconstitutional
476795948Thomas J.Duel personality - privately: philosophical - publically: practice About Thomas Jefferson Hated Alien & Sedition Acts Split Federalist party over the peace with France Unpopular taxes to pay for war preparations and new navy What to do? Spread rumor - Sally Hemings - Atheist?
476795949The Midnight JudgesAdams and Congress wanted Federalist ideals upheld: - Judiciary Act of 1801created 16 new federal Judicial offices - Filled these lifetime posts with Federalists Repealed by the new Dem.-Rep. Congress - one of the Federalist judges sues Marbury doesn't get an appointment, so he sues; Marbury v. Madison case
476795950Marbury vs. Madison (1st time S.C. declare a case unconstitutional)Case that stablishes judicial review - SC declares Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional, Marbury loses
476795951Inaugural Address (of Thomas Jefferson)Equality for majority and minorities "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." "No foreign alliances."
476795952First Acts as PresidentPardon Sedition Act offenders Return naturalization requirement to 5 yrs. Persuaded Congress to repeal the excise tax (whiskey) - Balanced budget Reduced the military
476795953Louisiana PurchaseIn 1800 Spain cedes New Orleans and Spanish American lands to France Jefferson sends Monroe to France - buy New Orleans and land to east for $10 million Napolean decides to sell all of the land - April 30, 1803 for $15 million
476795954European Entanglements1803- France and England at war - soon England ruled the seas and France ruled the land Britain began to impress Americans into service 6,000 from 1808-1811 Britain fired on Chesapeake for refusing to cooperate
476795955American takes a standThe embargo Act of 1807 - "Peaceful Coercion" - Forbade the export of all goods from the U.S.
476795956What went wrong?- underestimated dependence on U.S. goods - miscalculated how hated the embryo would be domestically - too difficult to control - smuggles
476795957Jefferson's Presidency: In reviewPeaceful change of power Louisiana Purchase Cut National Debt Failed Embargo Act
476795958James Madison's Headaches Hotheaded Southern and WesternCongressmen you "war hawks" - War with England - War with Indians - Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
476795959Issues on the Frontier Shawnee Indian brothers unite Indians:- Tecumseh - Tensketawa "The prophet"
476795960Rejected European culture - Indian Bureau "Americanize"- Wore buckskins, no alcohol, no landownership - Agreed not to cede land unless all Indians agreed
476795961William Henry Harrison engages Shawnees- Battle of Tippecanoe (US wins)- takes place in Indiana - unravels the alliance
476795962War of 1812 - 2nd War for Independence- Britain helps uprising of Indian Nations - 1812 James Madison declares war on Britain - Defeat England and Indians in the NW territory - 1814 England burns Washington DC including the White House and other gov. buildings - War Hawks - Southern and Western congressmen who called for war against England; Henry Clay, John Jay, William Henry Harrison, WHH becomes a national hero when he defeats the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe - Andrew Jackson wins decisive battle at New Orleans; though it never had to occur because a peace treaty had already been signed ending the war of Ghent signed on Christmas Eve 1814
476795963...Most famous Battle of 1812 was the battle of New Orleans because the war had already been over
476795964- Proposer of "bus" wanted Northern investors...
476795965- When we talk about Western States that is KY and OK...
476795966- The others don't think that's right because North will get "favors"...
476795967- Reasons we have tax on stuff is to discourage use and other things...
476795968- John convinced Dem.-Rep. to join because only 1/5 by gov. and the other 4/5 bu investors...
476795969- Jay's treaty will lead to the embargo act of Thomas J. (2 domestic, 2 foreign issues)...
476795970- "Bus" (located in Philly) will fall away in Andrew Jackson's presidency...
476795971- President called the men XYZ because he refused to say their name...
476795972- John Adam's Presidency: XYZ affair, midnight judges,...
476795973- Jefferson doesn't really care about the minority like he claimed...
476795974- Adam's response to XYZ affair are the Alien and Sedition Acts which leads to the KY and VA resolutions....
476795975- Thomas Jefferson is two-faced....
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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL Flashcards

Cell structure, function, organelles, cellular respiration, etc. Chapter 6 of 8th edition Biology (Campbell & Reece).

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493570143Light microscopesMicroscopes that focus light beams by using glass lenses1
493570144Resolution & Specimen of Light MicroscopesMicroscopes that don't have high resolutions, but are used to study living specimen2
493570145Electron microscopes (EM)Microscopes that focus electron beams using electromagnets3
493570146Resolution & Specimen of EMHigh resolutions which can only be used on dead specimen4
493570147TEMsTransmission electron microscopes; used to study internal cell structures by making thin slices5
493570148SEMsScanning electron microscopes; useful for studying surface structures6
4935701494 things that all cells havePlasma membranes, cytoplasm, chromatin, & ribosomes7
493570150Major difference between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cellsNucleoid & nucleus8
493570151As a cell increases its size, ____________.Its volume increases faster than its surface area9
493570152Cell membraneFunctions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes for the whole volume of the cell10
493570153The general structure of a biological structureNucleus11
493570154Where genes are located in the cellNucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast12
493570155Double membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasmNuclear envelope13
493570156Within the nucleus, discrete units that organize DNA and associated proteins & carry genesChromosomes14
493570157Fibrous material that is a complex of proteins & DNAChromatin15
493570158A region of densely stained fibers and granules adjoining chromatin (located in the nucleus)Nucleolus16
493570159RibosomesOrganelles that carry out protein synthesis; contain rRNA & protein17
493570160Where free ribosomes are locatedCytoplasm18
493570161What free ribosomes makeIn-house proteins for the cell19
493570162Where bound ribosomes are locatedRough endoplasmic reticulum20
493570163what bound ribosomes makeExport proteins & membranes21
4935701646 parts of the endomembrane systemNuclear membrane, ER, Golgi body, lysosomes, vacuoles, & cell membrane22
493570165Smooth ERno ribosomes; creates lipids23
493570166Rough ERribosomes; creates proteins24
493570167Golgi bodycenter for packaging & transporting things25
493570168VesiclesWhere the Golgi sorts and packages materials26
493570169Lysosomemembrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules27
493570170ApoptosisProgrammed cell death28
493570171Vacuolesmembrane-bound sacs that store food & water in cells29
493570172Nuclear membraneA highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm30
493570173Endoplasmic reticuluma cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another31
493570174Cell membranethin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell32
493570175TonoplastLarge central vacuole located in mature plant cells33
493570176Mitochondriasites of cellular respiration, generating ATP from the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels int he presence of oxygen34
493570177ChloroplastsFound in plants and algae; sites of photosynthesis: convert solar energy to chemical energy and synthesize new organic compounds such as sugars from CO2 & H2O35
498905275Mitochondria and ChloroplastsNot part of the endomembrane system36
498905276Reasons why M & C are not part of the ES-2 membranes -have ribosomes/circular DNA attached to inner membrane -creates its own proteins -semi-autonomous organelles37
498939420AmyloplastsColorless plastids that store starch in roots and tubers (like potatoes)38
498939421ChromoplastsStore pigments for fruits (like red peppers) and flowers39
498939422ChloroplastsContain the green pigment chlorophyll that functions in the photosynthetic production of sugar40
498939423StromaFluid-filled space inside the innermost membrane that contains DNA, ribosomes, & enzymes41
498939424ThylakoidsFloating flattened membranous sacs that play a critical role in converting light to chemical energy42
498939425GranaThylakoids stacked like poker chips43
498939426PeroxisomeSingle membrane; contains an enzyme that converts H2O2 to H2O44
498939427What peroxisomes break downfatty acids to smaller molecules that are transported to mitochondria as fuel for cellular respiration45
498939428Cytoskeletonnetwork of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell46
4989394293 things the cytoskeleton providesSupport, cell shape, and anchorage47
4989394303 main types of fibers composing the cytoskeleton-Microtubules -Microfilaments -Intermediate filaments48
498939431DyneinIn cilia and flagella, a large contractile protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.49
4989394329+2 patternnine doublets of microtubules, the members of each pair sharing walls, and arranged in a ring. in the center of the ring are two straight microtubules. found in cilia and flagella50
498939433Intercellular junctionshelp integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function51
498939434PlasmodesmataChannels allowing cytosol to pass between plant cells52
498939435Animal cells' 3 main types of intercellular links-tight junctions -desmosomes -gap junctions53
498939436Tight junctionsMembranes of adjacent cells are fused, forming continuous belts around cells; prevents leakage of extracellular fluid54
498939437Desmosome(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets, much like rivets55
498939438Gap junctions(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells (similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells)56
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AP World History Chapters 9-10 Flashcards

World Civilizations: the Global Experience

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516175982VikingsInvaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia
516175983Middle Agesperiod in western European history between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance
516175984Manorialismsystem of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers
516175985Serfslived on sufficient agricultural estates; peasants
516175986moldboardcurved iron plate, used for a plow, developed 9th century; allowed deeper turning of soil
516175987three-field systemA rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow.
516175988ClovisGermanic king, converted to christianity in 496 CE
516175989CarolingiansRoyal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
516175990Charles MartelFrankish monarch, deafeated Turks of Spain in the Battle of Tours 732
516175991CharlemagneKing of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning
516175992Holy Roman emperorsEmperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
516175993Franksgroup of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis
516175994vassalslesser lords, provided protection by greater lords
516175995William the Conquerorduke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England
516175996Ibn-RushdMuslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam
516175997Roger Bacon(1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution. (studied optics)
516175998Black DeathThe epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
516175999FeudalismA political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (larger Communities)
516176000vassalsLesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity
516176001Roman Catholic ChurchThis powerful religion exerted considerable control over European society during the Middle Ages. It prompted some to challenge its doctrines during the protestant Reformation where it began losing power.
516176002Battle of Tours*see Charles Martel* 732, defeated muslims and stopped spread of Islam into Europe
516176003Augustine of HippoEarly Christian church father and philosopher; his writings helped shape Christian doctrine for centuries
516176004Benedict of NursiaItalian monk who as founder of the Benedictine order (c. 529) is considered the patriarch of Western monasticism.
516176005ClunyCity in east-central France which gave birth to monastic reform in 910. The first abbey began with twelve monks committed to renewing the rule of St. Benedict.
516176006Pope Gregory VIITried to purify the church and free it from interference by feudal lords
516176007Beowulffirst known writing in early English
516176008The Song of RolandThe first known writing in early French
516176009The Romance of the Roselong poem in France; vivid sexual imagery; written by Villon, wrote in large secular terms, talked about death
516176010Ferdinand and IsabellaDuring 15th century, helped Spanish monarchs fuse together with their marraige
516176011First CrusadeCalled for by Pope Urban II, 1095, to win back holy land, gave crusaders full forgiveness for their sins
516176012Third Crusadeend of 12th century, led to the death of the German emperor and the imprisonment of the English king, brief truce with Saladin that facilitated christian pilgrims' trips to Jerusalem
516176013Fourth Crusadea Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem
516176014Crusadesa series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
516176015Francis of Assisi(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226)
516176016investiturethe ceremony of installing a new monarch
516176017Popethe head of the Roman Catholic Church
516176018Hundred Years Warthe series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.
516176019Pope Urban IIcalled for the first Crusade in 1095
516176020Magna CartaThis document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.
516176021parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France
516176022Gothica style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, replaced Romanesque, buttresses
516176023Peter AbelardAuthor of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
516176024Yes and NoPeter Abelard's book; issues or Biblical statements with theological resolutions not provided, 158 theological questions
516176025Bernard of Clairvauxpowerful monk who stressed the importance of a mystical union with God and believed reason was dangerous
516176026Raoul de CambraiA french knight pillaged a convent, raped the nuns and burned them alive.
516176027Geoffrey ChaucerEnglish poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)
516176028Romanesquea style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse ornament and arcades
516176029ScholasticismA philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)
516176030Hanseatic Leagueorganization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
516176031chivalrya code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle
516176032Thomas Aquinasinfluential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge
516176033Guildssworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a city stressed security and guaranteed good workmanship
516176034three estatesThe three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.
516176035Franksgroup of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis
516176036William the Conquerorduke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England in 1066
516176037BelisariusByzantine general under Justinian I(briliant; helped gain N Africa and Italy
516176038Hagia SophiaMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. (church)
516176039Greek firekind of napalm made by Byzantine empire, helped defeat Arab threat
516176040BulgariaSlavic kingdom in Northern portions of Balkan peninsula that presented a major challenfe to Byzantine Empire
516176041RavennaItaly, a key artistic center, with christian mosaics
516176042Hellenistic cultureGreek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.
516176043Byzantine EmpireHistorians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
516176044BalkansVarious peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.
516176045ManzikertSite in Anatolia where the Byzantines were devastated by Saljuq Turks. After this crippling blow, Byzantium never controlled Anatolia again.
516176046ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)
516176047TsarThe Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. (slavic)
516176048Basil IIemperor who led the Byzantines to their last period of greatness; nicknamed "Basil the Bulgur Slayer"
516176049JustinianByzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians
516176050Theodorathe wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.
516176051HunsWarlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome
516176052Sassanian Empire(227 - 651) Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion.
516176053ProcopiusHistorian of the Byzantine Empire who in his Secret History revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence.
516176054Iconspaintings of saints and other religious figures
516176055IconoclasmThe rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts.
516176056Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic.
516176057RurikLegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.
516176058Vladmir IRuler of Russian Kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity
516176059Russian OrthodoxRussian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments
516176060Theodora and ZoeTheodora(daughter of emperor) refused marry imperial heir, but then her married her sister, Zoe, Zoe was afraid of Theodora's influence and confided in her- sparked rebellion(womens rights-kinda)
516176061Cyrillic alphabetAn alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius
516176062MagyarsMuslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary
516176063Yaroslav IVladimir's son; Kievan culture peaked; first library; organized legal system
516176064BoyarsRussian Nobles
516176065TatarsMongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact
516176066Constantinople(not instanbul), Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.
516176067Orthodoxadhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion
516176068Christian churcha Protestant church that accepts the Bible as the only source of true Christian faith and practices baptism by immersion
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APUSH Chapter 17 Vocabulary Flashcards

barberree ch 17

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106207942Walker Tariff of 1846the name for the Polk administration tariff that lowered rates from 32 to 25 percent and proved to be a good revenue producer.
1062079431844the year of the presidential election in which the Democrats' "Young Hickory" defeated the Whigs' Henry Clay by 170 to 105 electoral votes.
106207944annexation of Texasas one of his last significant acts as president in 1845, John Tyler guided this bill through Congress.
106207945Winfield Scottthe American general who led his forces from Vera Cruz to Mexico City in 1847.
106207946Lord Ashburtonthe man sent by Britain in 1842 to mediate the "Aroostook War."
106207947Buena Vistathe battle won by the forces of Zachary Taylor in 1847 that made Taylor a "hero" and presidential timber.
10620794849 degreesin 1846 the Oregon Country was finally split, assuring that the northern boundary of the western United States would be this latitude.
106207949Canadian insurgents1837 anti-British feelings found expression in giving aid and supplies to the ____________________.
106207950Henry Claythe leader of the Senate and the leader of the Whig party under William Henry Harrison.
106207951Creolethe British managed to upset Americans in 1841 when they offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured this American ship.
106207952John C. Fremontthe American explorer and army captain who was already in California to help raise the banner of the California Republic when the Mexican War broke out in 1846.
106207953Mesabian unexpected bonus from the settlement of the "Aroostook War" was a boundary change that gave this Minnesota iron range to the U.S.
106207954William Henry Harrisonthe president of the U.S. who died after only four weeks in office.
106207955Nicholas Tristthe chief clerk of the state department sent by the U.S. to accompany General Scott to arrange for an armistice with Santa Anna in 1847.
106207956Thomas Hart Bentonthe four-time Missouri senator who was a strong supporter of Jackson's hard-money and anti-bank policies.
106207957Stephen W. Kearnythe American general who in 1846 led 1,700 troops over the Santa Fe Trail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe.
106207958Rio Grandein 1845 the Texans believed their southern boundary was this river.
106207959Liberty Partythe splinter, anti-Texas party in New York State that hastened the annexation of Texas by helping to defeat Clay.
106207960Wilmot Provisothe bill passed in the U.S. House twice that declared that slavery never exist in any territory acquired from Mexico.
106207961Mainethe British attempt in the late 1830s to build a road from Halifax to Quebec led to a U.S.-British dispute over this state boundary.
106207962mapsthe evidence used by the treaty negotiators for the "Aroostook War" to show their respective publics to indicate that the treaty settlement was really to their advantage.
106207963Spot Resolutionsthe legislation introduced by Abraham Lincoln in 1846 to determine exactly where American blood had been spilled on American soil.
106207964Nuecesin 1845 before the Mexican War began, part of the dispute was whether the southern boundary of Texas was the Rio Grande or this other river.
106207965Oregon Countrythe area in the early 1800s that extended from the southern tip of present-day Alaska to the northern edge of California.
106207966Oregon Trailthe 2,000-mile covered wagon route usually used by people who wanted to settle in the Columbia River basin in the early 1800s.
106207967Guadelupe Hidalgothe treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848.
106207968Webster-Ashburtonthe treaty of 1842 that settled the conflict arising from the British attempt to build a road from Halifax to Quebec.
106207969independent treasurya major objective of the Polk administration was to restore this financial system that had been dropped by the Whigs in 1841.
106207970Carolinethe U.S. steamer sunk by the British in 1837 on the Niagara River.
106207971Santa Annathe dethroned Mexican dictator who promised the U.S. to sell out his country if they helped get him back to Mexico in 1846.
106207972John Slidellthe man sent to Mexico City in 1845 to offer $25 million for California and the territory to the east.
106207973Hudson's Bay Companythe British company that had a monopoly of the fur trade in the Oregon Country in the 1840s.
106207974Zachory Taylorthe general who led the American troops as war broke out in 1846.
106207975James K. Polkthe Democrats' "Young Hickory" who defeated Henry Clay in the first presidential election to feature a "dark horse" candidate.
106207976Mexicothe fight in the Senate over the treaty ending the Mexican War in 1848 was complicated by a group of expansionists who were intoxicated by Manifest Destiny and were clamoring for all of ____________.
106207977John Tylerthe pro-states' rights vice-president from Virginia who succeeded to the presidency after only four weeks in office.
106207978Daniel WebsterPresident Harrison's secretary of state.
106207979Willamette Valleythe river valley south of the Columbia that was the goal of many people who took the Oregon Trail in the 1840s.
106207980Alexander McLeodthe Canadian arrested in 1840 in New York State for the crime of helping to sink an American ship. A guilty verdict meant war with Britain.
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