Flashcards
ap world history: chapter 3 vocab Flashcards
chapter 3: Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations
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| 7166595468 | mummification | the process of preserving a diseased body, through a periodic process of embalming and drying, which was also commonly associated with early Egyptian Society | 0 | |
| 7180948041 | Savannah | a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees |  | 1 |
| 7180973497 | demographic pressures | things such as human populations, including their size, growth, density, and distribution which affect or "pressure" (in either a positive or negative way) their environment | 2 | |
| 7180973904 | Menes | an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty | 3 | |
| 7180983743 | pharaoh | the title or name given to ancient Egyptian Kings, but has later come to be known as certain kings or tyrants in general | 4 | |
| 7180994585 | mercenary | a professional hired to serve in a foreign army | 5 | |
| 7180997140 | scribe | trained professionals who applied their skills of reading and writing to tasks of administration | 6 | |
| 7181001294 | cataracts | are/is a descent of water over a steep surface, such as a waterfall, especially one of considerable size | 7 | |
| 7181013353 | hieroglyphics | ancient Egyptian pictographs in written language | 8 | |
| 7181017240 | pyramids | quadrilateral masonry masses which have smooth, steeply sloping sides that meet at an apex, and are used as tombs for Ancient Egyptian peoples and Pharaohs | 9 | |
| 7181026826 | Rosetta Stone | stone that contained carved messages in hieroglyphics, Greek and demotic; led to deciphering of hieroglyphics | 10 |
AP World History Chapters 10-12 Flashcards
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| 5633370059 | Byzantine Empire | surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries, named after the ancient Greek city of Byzantium, later known as Constantinople | 0 | |
| 5633386149 | Caesarpopapism | a political religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in Byzantine Empire | 1 | |
| 5633393142 | Charlemagne | ruler of the carolingian Empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe | 2 | |
| 5633398492 | Constantinople | new capital for the eastern half of the roman empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 CE on the site of ancient Byzantium, highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city cultural and strategic importance for many centuries | 3 | |
| 5633449998 | Crusades | Modern term meaning "ventures of the cross" used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond, could only be declared by the pope and participants swore a vow and received an indulgence (ticket to heaven) in return. | 4 | |
| 5633556382 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | branch of christianity that developed in the eastern part of the roman empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of christianity dominant in Western Europe, noted for subordination of church to political authority, a married clergy, insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in christian belief and practice | 5 | |
| 5633621659 | Ethiopian christianity | emerged in 4th century with the conversion of the rulers of Axum, this christian church proved more resilient than other early churches in Africa. located in the mountainous highlands of modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, largely cut off from other parts of Christendom and developed traditions that made it distinctive from other christian churches | 6 | |
| 5633643863 | Holy Roman Empire | term invented in the 12th century to describe the German based empire founded by Otto in 962 | 7 | |
| 5633652715 | Icons | holy images venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church | 8 | |
| 5633658798 | Jesus Sutras | product of Nestorian (stressed the independence of the divine and human natures of Christ and in effect suggested that they were 2 persons loosely untied) Christians living in China, these sutras articulate the Christian message using Buddhist and Daoist concepts | 9 | |
| 5633679389 | justinian | byzantine emperor noted for his short lived reconquest of much of the former western roman empire and for his codification of Roman law | 10 | |
| 5633685504 | kievan rus | state that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century a culturally diverse region that included vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples, the conversion of Vladimir, grand price of kiev, to Orthodox christianity in 988 had long term implications for Russia | 11 | |
| 5633706186 | Nubian Christianity | emerging in the 5th and 6th centuries in the several kingdoms of Nubia to the South of Egypt, this Christian church thrived for 600 years but had largely disappeared by 1500 CE by which time most of the regions population practiced Islam | 12 | |
| 5633717972 | Prince vladimir of Kiev | conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orhthodoxy | 13 | |
| 5633726929 | Roman Catholic Church | was not commonly used until after the protestant reformation by the 11th century, western christendom defined itself centralized terms, with the bishop of rome (pope) as the ultimate authority in the matters of doctrine | 14 | |
| 5633739595 | western Christendom | western european branch of christianity that broke from Eastern Orthodoxy in 1054 CE that has still not been healed | 15 | |
| 5633927298 | Black death | name later given to the massive plague epidemic that swept Eurasia beginning to 1331 usually regarded as an outbreak of bubonic plague | 16 | |
| 5633991464 | Chinggis (Genghis) Khan | title meaning "universal ruler" that was given to the Mongol leader Temujin in 1206 after he united the Mongols | 17 | |
| 5633998729 | Khubilai Khan | grandson of Genghis Khan who ruled china from 1271-1294 | 18 | |
| 5634007750 | Hulegue Khan | grandson of Genghis Khan who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia | 19 | |
| 5634025919 | Khutulun | a mongol process whose exploits in battle and wrestling along with her choice of husbands, provided insight into the relative freedom and influence of elite Mongol women in their societies | 20 | |
| 5634034022 | Kpchak Khanate | name given to usia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the mongol empire in the mid 13th century | 21 | |
| 5634039123 | modun | great ruler of the Xionghu empire who created a centralized and hierarchical political system | 22 | |
| 5634045062 | mongol world war | tears used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killings, and empire building pursued by Genghis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209 | 23 | |
| 5634054495 | pastoralism | easy of life which people depend on the heading of domesticated animals for their food | 24 | |
| 5634059407 | PASTORALISM | alternative kind of food producing economy focused on the raising of livestock, emerged only in the Afro-Eurasian world, because in the Americas the absence of large animals that could be domesticated precluded a herding economy | 25 | |
| 5634070869 | Temujn | birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Genghis Khan | 26 | |
| 5634074005 | Turks | turkic speakers from central asia, originally nomads, who spread westward into the near east and into india, they crated a series of nomadic empires but had more of an impact on world history when they became dominant in the islamic heartland and founded a series of states and empires there | 27 | |
| 5634084102 | xiongnue | people of the Mongolian Steppe lands north of China who formed a large scale nomadic empire in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE | 28 | |
| 5634094359 | yuan dynasty | mongol dynasty that ruled china from 1271-1368 name means "great beginnings" | 29 | |
| 5634123075 | Aztec empire | major state that developed in modern day Mexico in the 14th and 15th century dominated by the semi nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico | 30 | |
| 5634139279 | seizure of Constantinople (1453) | capital of Byzantine Empire fell to the army of the ottoman sultan Mehmed "the conqueror" and marked the end of christian Byzantine | 31 | |
| 5634203127 | European Renaissance | a "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of italy in the period 1350-1500 and included not jus a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art as well as going secularism in society | 32 | |
| 5634215085 | inca empire | western hemispheres largest imperial state int 15th and early 16th centuries: built by a relatively small community of Quechua speaking people (the inca) empire stretches some 2500 miles along the Andes Mountains, and contained perhaps 10 million people | 33 | |
| 5634231882 | Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the yuan dynasty of the mongols, noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the mongols | 34 | |
| 5634241762 | Mughal empire | one of the most successful empires in India, a state founded by an islamized turkic group that invades India in 1526, the mughal's rule was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims | 35 | |
| 5634255127 | Ottoman empire | major islamic state centered Anatolia that came to include the Balkans , the near east, and much of north africa | 36 | |
| 5634259371 | Paleolithic persistence | continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millennia of agricultural advance | 37 | |
| 5634265410 | pochteca | professional merchants in the Aztec empire whose wealth often elevated them to elite status | 38 | |
| 5634278864 | Safavid empire | major turkic empire of persia founded in the early 16th century notable for its efforts to convert its people to shia muslim | 39 | |
| 5634282995 | Song hay empire | major islamic state of west africa that formed in the 2nd half of the 15th century | 40 | |
| 5634288825 | Timur | turkic warrior also knows as Tamerlane, his efforts to restore the mongol empire devastated much of persia, russia, and india | 41 | |
| 5634293598 | Zheng he | great chines admiral who commanded a fleet of over 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405 | 42 | |
| 5634398485 | Shotgun is to feudal Japan as _______________ is to feudal europe | lord | 43 | |
| 5634424938 | Pax mongolica and pax romana are similar in that each area __________________________ | trade expanded | 44 | |
| 5634428057 | the mongols brought foreign administration into _____________ | china | 45 | |
| 5634433798 | process associated with the spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia between 200BCE and 1000CE? | transformation of Buddhism after contact with local beliefs | 46 | |
| 5634437501 | what characterized china during the ming dynasty? | no longer under mongols control, foreign policy based on tribute and creation of navy | 47 | |
| 5634446649 | western europe and sub saharan african civilizations resembles each other during the post classical period in that both......_______??? | loosely organized and politically divided | 48 | |
| 5634452122 | an example of an event or situation between 600-1450 that helps to distinguish it as a new period in world history | the mongols invaded eurasia forming a larger empire | 49 | |
| 5634455976 | Who had the most advanced naval technology | china | 50 | |
| 5634458029 | the ming dynasty halted the voyages of Zheng He because??? | the voyages were expensive and not very valuable | 51 | |
| 5634475028 | a common feature of both japanese and european feudalism was??? | strict social structure | 52 | |
| 5634476731 | the most isolated form world trade | japan | 53 | |
| 5634480582 | as islam spread between 1200 and 1600 how did it affect gender relations? | local customs remained the same regarding marriage with islamic models | 54 | |
| 5634486339 | by the fifteenth century russia had forged the closest cultural ties with? | Byzantine Empire | 55 | |
| 5634490895 | an important consequence of japans successful resistance of attacks by Yuan China | japan maintained its independence | 56 | |
| 5634494296 | what best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China? | a society based on Confucian principles | 57 | |
| 5634498158 | true about the mongols during the 1200s regarding Chinese inventions | facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions | 58 | |
| 5634501887 | true about the mongol invasions regarding Chinese culture | elements of Chinese culture spread to other parts of Asia | 59 | |
| 5634515846 | describe the chinese impact on japan | filial piety, spread of buddhism, practice of tea ceremony | 60 | |
| 5634523498 | compare islamic contacts with Europe to islamic contacts with sub saharan africa during the post classical era | africa was more likely to convert to islam than europe | 61 | |
| 5634527581 | describe the exchange of agriculture of technology | sugar can spread from asia to europe gunpowder from china to everywhere black death from asia to europe | 62 | |
| 5634542326 | what accounts for the different historical trajectories of the byzantine and west european expressions of christendom? | survival of powerful imperial state resulted in greater control of church. also there were cultural differenced I.E. greek language was used for religion practice in eastern orthodox and latin was used in Roman catholic | 63 | |
| 5634556888 | how did byzantium and western europe interact with each other and with the larger world of the 3rd wave era | each other: conquered parts of western europe, both christian societies which led to disputes and schism world: both part of long distance eurasian trade network, both interacted with islamic world through military, trade, and exchange of ideas | 64 | |
| 5634574901 | would you asses the perspective toward the mongols as negative, positive, or balanced | balanced positive: their role in trade, exchange, and ideas negative: brutal methods of conquest | 65 | |
| 5634584863 | why did mongol rule last one a short time | rapidly rising prices epidemics of plague divisions among mongols factionalism among the mongols | 66 | |
| 5634608651 | what common patterns might you notice across the world of the 15th century and what variation in the historical trajectories of various religions can you identify | similar: in many regions gatherer and hunter societies persisted but were in decline, empires were growing go influence on world history differences: long distance trade,emergence of powerful states in some regions but not others, solution of americas in terms of networks of exchange | 67 |
AP World History Ch. 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Flashcards
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| 5601672231 | Aegean Sea | Sea located between the mainlands of modern Greece and Turkey | 0 | |
| 5601672232 | Constantinople | An imperial capital built by the Roman emperor Constantine which he built partly because the eastern Mediterranean was the wealthiest and most productive region of the Roman empire and partly because relocation enabled him to maintain close watch over both the Sasanid empire in Persia and the Germanic peoples who lives along the the lower stretches of the Danube River | 1 | |
| 5601688444 | Caesaropapism | Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church-versus-state controversy in medieval Europe | 2 | |
| 5601688445 | Justinian | The most important of the early Byzantine emperors who started many construction projects and codified Roman law | 3 | |
| 5601688446 | Theodora | Justinian's ambitious wife | 4 | |
| 5601691608 | Haiga Sophia | Massive Christian church constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later converted into a mosque | 5 | |
| 5601694003 | Corpus iuris civilis | Body of the Civil Law, the Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law | 6 | |
| 5601694004 | Greek Fire | Devastating incendiary weapon used mainly at sea by Byzantine forces i the 7th and 8th centuries CE | 7 | |
| 5601697281 | Theme System | A staple of Byzantine society in which they placed an imperial province called a theme under the authority of a general, who assumed responsibility for both its military defense and its civil administration | 8 | |
| 5601697282 | Theme | An imperial province placed under control of a general by the theme system | 9 | |
| 5601697283 | Odovacer | Germanic general who deposed Romulus Augustus in 476 CE, thus bringing about the end of the western Roman Empire | 10 | |
| 5601700586 | Franks | The most successful and most influential of the Germanic peoples who conquered most of Roman Gaul and emerged as the prominent military and political power in western Europe | 11 | |
| 5601700587 | Carolingian Dynasty | Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne | 12 | |
| 5601703329 | Charlemagne | A Frankish ruler who built the Frankish kingdom into an empire on the basis of military expeditions and began to outfit it with some centralized institutions | 13 | |
| 5601703330 | Missi Dominici | "Envoys of the lord ruler," the noble and church emissaries sent out by Charlemagne | 14 | |
| 5601706594 | Louis the Pious | 814-840 CE Only surviving son of Charlemagne, who held his father's empire together until his sons split it up after his death in 843 | 15 | |
| 5601706595 | Vikings | A group that raided the British Isles from their home at Vik in southern Norway | 16 | |
| 5601706596 | Magyars | Hungarian invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and France in the ninth and tenth century | 17 | |
| 5601709839 | The Papacy | The office or authority of pope who survived the collapse of the western Roman empire and claimed continuing spiritual authority over all the lands formerly embraced by the Roman empire | 18 | |
| 5601709840 | Pope Gregory I | The individual most responsible for charting an independent course for the Roman church, also known as Gregory the Great, who mobilized local resources and organized the defense of Rome, thus saving both the city and the church | 19 | |
| 5601709897 | Patriarch | Leader of the Greek Orthodox church, which in 1054 officially split with the Pope and the Roman Catholic church | 20 | |
| 5601712968 | Iconoclasts | Supporters of the movement begun by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741), to destroy religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful | 21 | |
| 5601712969 | Monasticism | The practice of adapting an ascetic lifestyle and living as a monk, which grew out of the efforts of devout individuals to lead especially holy lives | 22 | |
| 5601716928 | St. Basil and St. Benedict | Byzantine Christian reformers who prepared regulations for monasteries emphasizing poverty, charity, and chastity | 23 | |
| 5601716929 | St. Scholastica | St. Benedict's sister who brought Benedictine rule to nuns | 24 | |
| 5601716930 | Missionaries | People seeking to spread their religions through traveling and introducing it to new lands | 25 | |
| 5601718261 | Schism | Mutual excommunication of the Roman Pope and Byzantine Patriarch in 1054 over ritual, doctrinal, and political differences between the two Christian churches | 26 |
AP World History: Islam Flashcards
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| 6509384242 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 0 | |
| 6509384243 | Umayyad | caliphs, who took control of the empire in 661, extended Islam into India, Northwest Africa, and Spain. Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750 | 1 | |
| 6509384246 | Medina | town located northeast of Mecca; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca to Medina (hijra)- where Muhammad was buried. | 2 | |
| 6509384247 | Allah | The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith | 3 | |
| 6509384250 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632 | 4 | |
| 6509384251 | Khadijah(555-619) | First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 5 | |
| 6509384252 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 6 | |
| 6509384256 | Five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. | 7 | |
| 6509384255 | Zakat | A pillar of Islam-Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 8 | |
| 6509384257 | Ramadan | A pillar of Islam--Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 9 | |
| 6509384258 | Hajj | A pillar of Islam-A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 10 | |
| 6509384260 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 11 | |
| 6509384263 | Jihads | Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding | 12 | |
| 6509384276 | Hadiths | part of the Qur'an that are historical accounts of the life of Mohammad, written by different people in Mohammad's circle, for example-. His wife. | 13 | |
| 6509384277 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. the Sharia reached its full development. under their absolute rule | 14 | |
| 6509384300 | Islamic Golden Age | Islamic civilization outperformed all other civilizations at this time in scientific discoveries, new discoveries, new technologies of investigation, and new technologies | 15 | |
| 6509384328 | Sharia | Islamic law; based on the teachings of the Koran(Qur'an) and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunnah), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists. | 16 | |
| 6509459364 | Caliphate | The political and religious state established by Muslims in the centuries after Muhammad's death | 17 | |
| 6509461058 | Sunnah | is the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions. | 18 | |
| 6509466016 | Arab Peninsula | Where Islam originated around 600 CE 3/4 of it is desert Sparsely populated except for oases Camel important to trade, transport Nomadic herders, farmers, townspeople dependent on each other Bedouin tribes fought over water, pasture areas Valued bravery, honor, equality, hospitality to strangers Commercial towns created wealthy class, divisions between traders and Bedouin tribes- | 19 | |
| 6509384240 | Bedouin tribe | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 20 |
AP World History Eras Flashcards
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| 4781994692 | Technological and Environmental Transformations (Foundations) | to 600 BCE | 0 | |
| 4781999650 | Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (Classical Period) | 600 BCE -600 CE | 1 | |
| 4782004622 | Regional and Interregional Interactions (Post-Classical Period) | 600 CE - 1450 CE | 2 | |
| 4782010228 | Dark Ages | 500 CE - 800 CE | 3 | |
| 4782013690 | Middle Ages | 800 CE - 1300 CE | 4 | |
| 4782014815 | High Middle Ages | 1000 CE - 1500 CE | 5 | |
| 4782017240 | Rennaissance | 1300 CE - 1600 CE | 6 | |
| 4782022425 | Global Interactions (Early Modern Period) | 1450 CE - 1750 CE | 7 | |
| 4782025930 | Age of Discovery (Age of Exploration) | 1500 CE - 1700 CE | 8 | |
| 4782032123 | Age of Reason/Revolutions | 1600 CE - 1800 CE | 9 | |
| 4782036241 | Industrialization and Global Integration | 1750 CE - 1900 CE | 10 | |
| 4782082380 | Industrial Revolution | 1700 CE - 1920 CE | 11 | |
| 4782084910 | Victorian Era | 1837 CE - 1901 CE | 12 | |
| 4782091465 | Age of Imperialism | 1870 CE - 1914 CE | 13 | |
| 4782095469 | Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (Modern Era) | 1900 CE - Present Day | 14 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP World History Jargon Flashcards
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| 5072268336 | abolition | the legal prohibition and ending of slavery, especially of slavery of blacks in the U.S.; the act of abolishing | 0 | |
| 5072268337 | absolutism | the principle or the exercise of complete and unrestricted power in government. | 1 | |
| 5072268338 | administer | to manage (affairs, a government, etc.); to have executive charge of | 2 | |
| 5072268339 | administration | a body of administrators, especially in government. | 3 | |
| 5072268340 | afro- | a combining form of Africa: Afro-American; Afro-Asiatic. | 4 | |
| 5072268341 | agrarian | relating to land, land tenure, or the division of landed property: agrarian laws. | 5 | |
| 5072268342 | amer- | a combining form of American | 6 | |
| 5072268343 | analyze | to examine carefully and in detail so as to identify causes, key factors, possible results, etc. | 7 | |
| 5072268344 | analysis | a presentation, usually in writing, of the resultof this process: The paper published an analysis of the political situation. | 8 | |
| 5072268345 | anarchism | a doctrine urging the abolition of government or governmental restraint as the indispensable condition for full social and political liberty. | 9 | |
| 5072268346 | anarchy | freedom from external or foreign rule; independence. | 10 | |
| 5072268347 | ancient | of or in time long past, especially before the end of the Western Roman Empire a.d. 476: ancient history. | 11 | |
| 5072268348 | anti-semitism | discrimination against or prejudice or hostility toward Jews. | 12 | |
| 5072268349 | appeasement | to yield or concede to the belligerent demands of (a nation, group, person, etc.) in a conciliatory effort, sometimes at the expense of justice or other principles. | 13 | |
| 5072268350 | arable | capable of producing crops; suitable for farming | 14 | |
| 5072268351 | archaeology | the scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, especially those that have been excavated. | 15 | |
| 5072268352 | archaic | marked by the characteristics of an earlier period; antiquated: an archaic manner; an archaic notion. | 16 | |
| 5072268353 | architecture | the character or style of building: the architecture of Paris; Romanesque architecture. | 17 | |
| 5072268354 | -archy | a combining form meaning "rule," "government,", monarchy | 18 | |
| 5072268355 | aristocracy | any class or group considered to be superior, as through education, ability, wealth, or social prestige. | 19 | |
| 5072268356 | atheism | the doctrine or belief that there is no God. | 20 | |
| 5072268357 | asceticism | rigorous self-denial; extreme abstinence; austerity. | 21 | |
| 5072268358 | authoritarian | favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom: authoritarian principles; authoritarian attitudes. | 22 | |
| 5072268359 | authoritarianism | of or pertaining to a governmental or political system, principle, or practice in which individual freedom is held as completely subordinate to the power or authority of the state, centered either in one person or a small group that is not constitutionally accountable to the people. | 23 | |
| 5072268360 | balance of power | a distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others. | 24 | |
| 5072268361 | balance of trade | the difference between the values of exports and imports of a country, said to be favorable or unfavorable as exports are greater or less than imports. | 25 | |
| 5072268362 | barbarian | a person without culture, refinement, or education; non-Greek, non-Roman, non-Christian, depending on the time in history | 26 | |
| 5072268363 | bureaucracy | government by many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials. | 27 | |
| 5072268364 | border (national) | the line that separates one country, state, province, etc., from another; frontier line | 28 | |
| 5072268365 | bourgeoisie | (in Marxist theory) the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values; the middle class | 29 | |
| 5072268366 | capital | the wealth, whether in money or property, owned or employed in business by an individual, firm, corporation,etc. | 30 | |
| 5072268367 | capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 31 | |
| 5072268368 | capitol | a building occupied by a state legislature. The building in Washington, DC used by Congress. | 32 | |
| 5072268369 | capitulate | to surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms. | 33 | |
| 5072268370 | cartel | an international syndicate, combine, or trust formedespecially to regulate prices and output in some field ofbusiness. | 34 | |
| 5072268371 | casualty | a member of the armed forces lost to service through death, wounds, sickness, capture, or because his or her whereabouts or condition cannot be determined. | 35 | |
| 5072268372 | causation | the action of causing or producing. | 36 | |
| 5072268373 | celibacy | abstention from sexual relations. | 37 | |
| 5072268374 | celibate | a person who remains unmarried, especially for religious reasons. | 38 | |
| 5072268375 | central | in, at, or near the center: a central position. | 39 | |
| 5072268376 | -centric | a combining form with the meanings "having a center or centers" of the specified number or kind | 40 | |
| 5072268377 | circa (c. ca.) | about: (used especially in) approximate dates | 41 | |
| 5072268378 | city-state | a sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies. | 42 | |
| 5072268379 | citizen | a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection | 43 | |
| 5072268380 | civilization | an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. | 44 | |
| 5072268381 | chauvinism | biased devotion to any group, attitude, or cause. | 45 | |
| 5072268382 | chivalry | the sum of the ideal qualifications of a knight, including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms. | 46 | |
| 5072268383 | class struggle | Also called class conflict. Conflict between different classes in a community resulting from different social or economic positions and reflecting opposed interests. | 47 | |
| 5072268384 | classical | of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Greek and Roman antiquity: classical literature; classical languages. | 48 | |
| 5072268385 | coerce | to dominate or control, especially by exploiting fear, anxiety, etc. | 49 | |
| 5072268386 | coercive | serving or tending to coerce. | 50 | |
| 5072268387 | coincidence | a striking occurrence of two or more events at one time apparently by mere chance: | 51 | |
| 5072268388 | colony | any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power. | 52 | |
| 5072268389 | colonial | of, concerning, or pertaining to a colony or colonies: the colonial policies of France. | 53 | |
| 5072268390 | Columbian Exchange | a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Eastern and Westernhemispheres (Old World and New World). | 54 | |
| 5072268391 | communal | of, by, or belonging to the people of a community; shared or participated in by the public: communal land; | 55 | |
| 5072268392 | communism | a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership beingascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. | 56 | |
| 5072268393 | conjuncture | a combination of circumstances; a particular state of affairs. | 57 | |
| 5072268394 | conscript | to compel into service. | 58 | |
| 5072268395 | conscription | a compulsory contribution of money or service to a government during a time of war. | 59 | |
| 5072268396 | conservative | disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change. | 60 | |
| 5072268397 | constitutionalism | the principles of constitutional government or adherence to them. | 61 | |
| 5072268398 | consumer | Economics . a person or organization that uses a commodity or service. | 62 | |
| 5072268399 | consumerism | the concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy. | 63 | |
| 5072268400 | conflate | to fuse into one entity; merge: to conflate dissenting voices into one protest. | 64 | |
| 5072268401 | context | the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc. | 65 | |
| 5072268402 | continent | one of the main landmasses of the globe, usually reckoned as seven in number (Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica). | 66 | |
| 5072268403 | contingency | dependence on chance or on the fulfillment of a condition; uncertainty | 67 | |
| 5072268404 | convention | a meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives ordelegates, for discussion of and action on particular mattersof common concern. | 68 | |
| 5072268405 | conventional | conforming or adhering to accepted standards, as of conductor taste. Non-nuclear weapons (conventional weapons). | 69 | |
| 5072268406 | converge | to tend to a common result, conclusion, etc. | 70 | |
| 5072268407 | coporation | an association of individuals, created by law or underauthority of law, having a continuous existenceindependent of the existences of its members, and powersand liabilities distinct from those of its members. | 71 | |
| 5072268408 | corporate | pertaining to a united group, as of persons; having to do with a corporation | 72 | |
| 5072268409 | corollary | an immediate consequence, result or easily drawn conclusion. | 73 | |
| 5072268410 | correlation | mutual relation of two or more things, parts; similarity, interconnection | 74 | |
| 5072268411 | cosmopolitan | free from local, provincial, or national ideas, prejudices, orattachments; at home all over the world. | 75 | |
| 5072268412 | coup d'etat | a sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resultingin a change of government illegally or by force. | 76 | |
| 5072268413 | -cracy | Denoting a particular form of government, rule, or influence: "democracy" | 77 | |
| 5072268414 | craft ( n & v) | Noun: an art, trade, or occupation requiring special skill, especially manual skill: the craft of a mason. Verb: to make or manufacture (an object, objects, product, etc.) with skill and careful attention to detail. | 78 | |
| 5072268415 | credit | confidence in a purchaser's ability and intention to pay,displayed by entrusting the buyer with goods or serviceswithout immediate payment. | 79 | |
| 5072268416 | currency | something that is used as a medium of exchange; money. | 80 |
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