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AP Ch 7 Flashcards

9432849317	Central Nervous System	central processing center composed of the brain and the spinal cord	0
9432855520	Peripheral nervous system	network of all the nerves in the body that sends messages to and from the central processing center	1
9432869038	Neuron	made up of dendrites, axon, and cell body	2
9432871591	Dendrites	one or more- Receives information	3
9432875470	Body	contains the nucleus and organelles for protein synthesis	4
9432880880	Axon	carries the nerve impulse along its length to the synaptic knobs at the end of the neuron	5
9432893410	Multipolar neurons	"generic" neuron. o Multiple dendrites and an axon that may or may not have a collateral branch o Most common type of neuron in the brain and spinal cord o Motor Neurons o Efferent. Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord -located brain and spinal cord. Motor messages. Efferent	6
9432895176	Bipolar neurons	o One dendrite and one axon o Nasal cavity, retina of the eye, inner ear o Sensory neurons o Afferent- electrical messages they carry travel toward the brain	7
9432901408	Unipolar neurons	o One process that serves as dendrite and axon with cell body pushed off to the side o Sensory neurons o Skin, organs, and other areas where bipolar neurons are not present o Afferent o Cell bodies of many unipolar neurons are grouped together to form ganglia.	8
9432907734	Neuroglia	the body contains billons of neurons of these three types, but these neurons can't function alone. They need the neuroglia - "support cells" aka nerve glue.	9
9432923467	Oligodendrocytes	form myelin in the CNS	10
9432925524	Ependymal cells	produce cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS	11
9432930148	Astrocytes	form the blood brain barrier, regulate composition of CSF, and form scar tissue in the CNS	12
9432940489	Microglia	provide protection by seeking and removing damaged cells, debris and pathogens in the CNS	13
9432947639	Schwann Cells	form myelin in the PNS and help damaged myelinated axons regenerate. Regulate the chemical environment of ganglia in the PNS	14
9432959506	Meninges	3 membranes that line the cranial and vertebral cavities -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater	15
9432969093	Dura mater	"tough mother" Most superficial layer	16
9432971522	Arachnoid mater	"spider-like mother" Very delicate, web-like layer deep to dura mater	17
9432974446	Pia mater	"affectional mother" Tight to the brain and spinal cord	18
9432977230	Epidural space	between the vertebrae and the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord Contains blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue Anesthetics can be administered into this space during surgeries and child birth.	19
9432980073	subarachnoid space	the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater Contains cerebrospinal fluid	20
9432987091	Cerebrospinal fluid	circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal of the spinal cord and through the subarachnoid space around the outside of the brain & spinal cord. o Ependymal cells have cilia to circulate • It is reabsorbed in dural sinus within dura mater. • Secretion and absorption of CSF is at equal rates to keep a constant hydrostatic pressure.	21
9432995744	Functions of cerebrospinal fluid	1. Provides buoyancy o The floor of the cranial cavity is bone with various ridges. The CSF allows the brain to float in the cranial cavity. Without the CSF, nervous tissue would be damaged by the sheer weight of the brain against the bony floor. 2. Provides protection o The CSF cushions the brain from impact. 3. Facilitates chemical stability o The CSF rinses metabolic wastes from the brain and spinal cord and helps regulate the chemical environment. One way it does this is by removing excess hydrogen ions. 4. Provides nutrients o The CSF provides CNS tissues with some nutrients—like glucose.	22
9433000163	Cerebrum	characterized by a series of grooves and folds on its surface	23
9433006218	Sulci	grooves on cerebrum	24
9433008204	Gyri	folds on cerebrum	25
9433011863	longitudinal fissure	separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres	26
9433015450	Corpus callosum	white fibrous band, deep to the fissure. Keeps the right and left hemispheres connected. Appears white because of myelinated axons carrying messages back and forth between hemispheres allowing them to communicate.	27
9433017953	Cortex	superficial part of the cerebrum Composed of gray matter Most of the brains dendrites and cell bodies are located here Conscious thought and voluntary actions arise in the cortex	28
9433027052	Frontal lobe	• Contains premotor and primary motor areas • Motivation and aggression are located here • Contains broca's area for language	29
9433030566	Parietal lobe	• Sense of touch • Higher level processes for math and problem solving	30
9433033099	Temporal lobe	• Sense of hearing • Contains wernicke's area for language	31
9433034782	Occipital lobe	sense of vision	32
9433037771	Insula	Not much is known	33
9433041476	Diencephalon	located deep to the cerebrum. includes the thalamus and hypothalamus	34
9433045334	Thalamus	Switching station for incoming sensory messages Sends message to appropriate lobe of the cerebrum	35
9433047571	Hypothalamus	Monitoring station for maintaining homeostasis Regulates temperature Performs autonomic and endocrine functions	36
9433049631	Brainstem	-includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation o Located in the cranial cavity inferior to the diencephalon and anterior to the cerebellum o All parts include tracts of neurons traveling to and from the spinal cord	37
9433063949	Midbrain	Appears as a hook Has colliculi for vision and hearing	38
9433065785	Pons	Appears as a bulge between the midbrain and the cerebellum Serves as a bridge to the cerebellum for efferent motor messages	39
9433067777	Medulla oblongata	Most inferior part of the brainstem Motor messages cross sides at the pyramids Contains centers to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and blood vessel diameter	40
9433069788	Reticular formation	Groups of cell bodies located throughout the brainstem Determines if sensory messages will be consciously perceived by the cerebrum Responsible for sleep-wake cycle	41
9433078729	Cerebellum	o Receives input of body part location o Uses that info in fine tuning efferent motor messages to maintain coordination, balance and smooth muscles	42
9433201502	central sulci		43
9433205420	pituitary gland		44
9433208076	fourth ventricle		45
9433210642	spinal cord		46
9433212561	central sulcus		47
9433213530	parietal lobe		48
9433214798	occipital lobe		49
9433215418	cerebellum		50
9433216651	thalamus		51
9433217704	medulla oblongata		52
9433218501	pons		53
9433220453	hypothalamus		54
9433221138	frontal lobe		55
9433222822	corpus callosum		56
9433223972	midbrain		57
9433263142	Sensory	afferent only	58
9433264545	Motor	efferent only	59
9433264546	Mixed	afferent and efferent	60
9433270063	1. Olfactory nerve	sensory- smell	61
9433272561	2. optic nerve	sensory- vision	62
9433274950	3. oculomotor nerve	motor- eye movement	63
9433277755	4. trochlear nerve	motor- eye movement	64
9433280069	5. trigeminal nerve	both. sensory- pain, touch, temp for the eye and upper and lower jaw. Motor- muscles for chewing	65
9433289957	6. abducens nerve	motor- eye movement	66
9433293429	7. facial nerve	both. Sensory- taste; motor- facial expression	67
9433298668	8. auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve	sensory- hearing and equilibrium	68
9433311613	9. Glossopharyngeal nerve	both. sensory- taste; motor- swallowing	69
9433327148	10. Vagus nerve	Both. sensory/motor- organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. motor- larynx	70
9433334732	11. accessory nerve	Motor- trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and muscles of the larynx	71
9433338657	12. Hypoglossal nerve	motor- tongue	72
9433343385	Spinal nerves	o Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord by dorsal and ventral roots. o The dorsal root is sensory/afferent • Dorsal root ganglion—collection of unipolar sensory neuron cell bodies • Each sensory nerve correlates to specific segments of the skin: dermatomes o The ventral root is motor/efferent.	73
9433348800	ANS Sympathetic Division	o Thoracolumbar origin o Somatic motor of spinal nerve= 1 fiber o Neurotransmitter: ACh o ANS= 2 fibers o NT: Pre-ganglia= ACh; Post ganglia= norepinephrine (NE) also called noradrenaline o Pre-ganglionic fiber - exiting the spinal cord ----- SHORT (ends at sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral ganglia) o Post ganglionic fiber - what continues the rest of the way (connects w/ tissue) - LONG (continue to pass message along to target tissue-lungs, ovaries, etc.) secretes NE at target tissues. Inhibits or excites based on what type of receptor is on target tissues.	74
9433352010	ANS Parasympathetic Division	o "rest and digest" o Does the opposite of what sympathetic division does o Craniosacral origin (off of the brainstem, and sacral region) o Terminal Ganglia (in target tissue) results from: o Pre-ganglionic fibers= LONG---- ACh o Post ganglionic fibers= SHORT----- ACh	75
9433358848	resting membrane potential	the basis for a nerve impulse and therefore must be maintained	76
9433365834	polarized membrane	the outside is positive and the inside is negative. • Sodium flows into the cell = depolarization o The cell becomes more positive (or less negative)	77
9433368615	Repolarization	• Potassium flows out of the cell o The cell becomes more negative	78
9433375122	Local potentials	start at a dendrite and travel toward the trigger zone. Local potential has the following characteristics: graded, decrimental, reversible, excitatory or inhibitory,	79
9433385241	Graded	strength determined by the amount of ion flow	80
9433386730	Decrimental	effects decrease with distance	81
9433389269	reversible	returns to normal after stimulation	82
9433391157	excitatory or inhibitory	can result in depolarization or hyperpolarization	83
9433397686	Action potentials	travel from the trigger zone to the synaptic knob. • They require a threshold stimulus and have an all-or-nothing effect. • They are not graded, decrimental, or reversible. • Myelination allows for the speed of an action potential.	84
9433406690	Immediate memory	o Lasts for a few seconds o When reading a sentence, remembering the beginning of the sentence to be able to understand the meaning of the full sentence	85
9433408082	Short-term memory	o Lasts a few seconds to a few hours o May be lost if you are distracted	86
9433412155	Long-term memory	o May last a lifetime and is not limited as to the amount of information it can hold o Each time a dendrite is stimulated, a local potential is generated. o A chemical change takes place inside the neuron as well, if the chemical change takes place often enough, the dendrite is stimulated to grow and make new and broader connections. o The more dendrites a neuron has the more info it can process o The added connections form the memory, so a chemical change at the molecular level causes a physical change in the size and shape of the neuron	87
9433414746	Wernicke's area	o Used to interpret incoming language o People who have had damage to this area may speak clearly but we are unable to understand the language directed to them	88
9433416945	broca's area	o Used to find the words for outgoing language o If brain damage occurred in this area, a person is perfectly capable of understanding incoming language but may not be able to find the words to respond	89
9433427333	Nutritional requirements of nervous system	sodium and potassium	90
9433467328	Effects of aging	• Short-term memory is affected relatively early • Verbal skills and vocabulary usually begin to decline around 70 • Intellectual performance may slow but remain high until about 80 • Reaction time slows due to a decrease in neuron efficienc	91

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Ap World History Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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4844380210	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 550 and 530 BCE he conquered Media, Lydia, and babylon	0
4844452928	Darius I	Third ruler of the Persian Empire. He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.	1
4844468906	Satrap	the governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often relative of the king.	2
4844483398	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings.	3
4844495845	Zoroastrianism	A religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of Achaemendis.	4
4844585285	Polis	The Greek term for a city-state.	5
4844594321	Hoptile	A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the closepacked phalanx formation.	6
4844606000	Tyrant	The term the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community.	7
4844613509	Democracy	system of government in which all "citizens" (however defined) have equal political and legal rights.	8
4844709582	Sacrifice	A gift given to a deity	9
4844718230	Herodotus	Heir to the technique of historia developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period.	10
4844723856	Pericles	Aristocratic leader who guided by Greeks in the late Archaic period.	11
4844739260	Persians Wars	Conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian empire.	12
4844745173	Tireme	Greek and Phoenician warships of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE	13
4844753506	Socrates	Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions.	14
4844783235	Peloponnese War	A protracted and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world.	15
4844810007	Alexander	King of Macedonia in northern Greece.	16
4844814246	Hellenistic Age	Historians' term of the era in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the great	17
4844822701	Ptolemies	The Macedonian dynasty ,descended from one of Alexander the greats officers.	18
4844831781	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander.	19

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AP World History Exam Review (Unit 1 & 2) Flashcards

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6650523607	paleolithic	(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculturekinsh	0
6650523608	kinship groups	Extended families clustering to form clans and tribes in the Paleolithic era	1
6650523609	pastoral	societies were characterized by the domestication of animals but they usually did not settle down and farm or build towns - nomadic, facilitated trade and spread technology, religions, and ideas	2
6650523610	conduit	a means by which something is transmitted	3
6650523611	surplus	More of something than as needed.	4
6650523612	metallurgy	the science of working with metals	5
6650523613	agrarian	relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land	6
6650523614	elite	People of wealth and power; upper class -- did not emerge until settled societies developed	7
6650523615	egalitarian	believing in the social and economic equality of all people - existing before setting societies in hunter-gatherer groups	8
6650523616	patriarchy	a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.	9
6650523617	Neolithic Revolution	(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.	10
6650523618	specialization	The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities; increases efficiency	11
6650523619	social hierarchy	The division of society by rank or class.	12
6650523620	social stratification	One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige	13
6650523621	Mesopotamia	(land between the rivers) The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations. Participated in state expansion and empire building	14
6650523622	Ancient Egypt	An ancient civilization centered around the Nile River; unified by Menes around 3000 B.C.; divided into the old, middle, and new kingdoms; main gods included Osiris, Isis, Re, and Horus; believed in Divine Kingship; participated in state expansion and empire building	15
6650523623	disseminate	To scatter or spread widely	16
6650523624	monumental architecture	Large structures, such as pyramid, temples, public spaces, and large statues, that tend to appear wherever powerful leaders emerge; a feature of all agrarian civilizations.	17
6650523625	urban planning	The area of land use planning which explores several aspects of built and social environments of municipals and communities.	18
6650523626	Code of Hammurabi	credited as the first written law code; written by a Babylonian king and established the basis for law codes	19
6650523627	Zoroastrianism	One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.	20
6650523628	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.	21
6650523629	Vedic religion	The ancient religion of the Aryan peoples who entered northwestern India from Persia c. 2000-1200 B.C.E. It was the precursor of Hinduism, and its beliefs and practices are contained in the Vedas	22
6650523630	diaspora	any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.	23
6650523631	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation, karma, the caste system, and a supreme being who takes many forms	24
6650523632	Buddhism	A religion with origins in IndiaMau in which Buddha's teachings that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation).	25
6650523633	Emperor Ashoka	Maurya empire of India (320-185 BC); greatest emperor of India; conversion to Buddhism and spread Buddhism throughout India by building shrines and pillars for Buddhists	26
6650523635	five relationships	Confucian philosophy about social order where everyone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents, and the government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend.	27
6650523636	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	28
6650523637	Mandate of Heaven	A political theory developed during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the the right to rule from divine authority.	29
6650523638	Christianity	An Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. Drew on Judaism and initially rejected Roman and Hellenistic influences. Spread through the efforts of missionaries and merchants. Eventually gained support by the time of Emperor Constantine.	30
6650523639	Greco-Roman philosophy	emphasized logic, empirical observation, and the nature of political power and hierarchy	31
6650523640	monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe) - occurred in Christian and Buddhist communities	32
6650523641	shamanism	tribal religion; involves community acceptance of a shaman, religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who can intercede with the spirit world	33
6650523642	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	34
6650523643	ancestor veneration	Worship and respect for ancestors (occurred in African, Mediterranean, East Asia, and Andean societies during the classical time period)	35
6650523644	Roman architecture	copied Greeks, arch, barrel vault, groin vault, basilica, pilasters, podium	36
6650523645	Sassanid Empire	The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian (Persian) empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years. Was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia,also involving a revival of a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism). Fought the Byzantines, which weakened them both.	37
6650523646	Han Dynasty	(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalism.	38
6650523647	Mauryan Empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.	39
6650523648	Hellenistic Empire	(The spread of Greek culture) of or relating to Greek history, language, and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony by Octavian in 31 BC. During this period Greek culture flourished, spreading through the Mediterranean and into the Near East and Asia and centering on Alexandria in Egypt and Pergamum in Turkey	40
6650523649	Mayans	1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hemisphere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.	41
6650523650	Greek city-states	Polis, farmer-warriors; culturally unified (Homer, language) but politically diverse (kingship and democracy), unified by a language, polytheistic religion, and culture - otherwise very distinct	42
6650523651	centralized government	A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject (ex: China, Rome, Byzantines, etc)	43
6650523652	qanat system	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	44
6650523653	champa rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)	45
6650523654	stirrup	device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.	46
6650523655	lateen sail	triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade	47
6650523656	dhow ship	emerged in middle east; sturdy enough to carry a lateen sail to cross open water; vessel of commerce and used in indian ocean	48
6650523657	Xiongnu	nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC	49
6650523658	caste	(n.) any of the social or subclasses of traditional Hindu society, such as the Brahman or Sudra castes; a social class distinct from others and characterized by hereditary rank, profession or wealth; (n.) a social position conferred on someone based on a system of castes	50
6650523659	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Other info: facilitated by pastoral groups, trade of luxury goods, use of camel caravans	51
6650523660	caravanserai	Fortified inns that were built along trade routes in Central and Western Asia in the twelfth century to provide food, lodging, and protection for merchants traveling with camels, donkeys, and horses.	52
6650523661	Trans-Saharan trade	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	53
6650523662	Indian Ocean trade	Connected to Europe, Africa, and China. Worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion. Spices, slaves, silk, ivory, gold, and many other items crossed through the Indian Ocean, and the spread of Islam owed much to the trade network.	54
6650523663	Mediterranean sea lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	55
6650523664	Gupta	Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India.	56
6650523665	Phoenicians	located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform	57
6650523666	collapse of classical empires	spread of disease, over-expansion, corrupt governments, invasions by nomadic/pastoral groups, over-taxation of peasants, food shortages	58
6651360676	Confucianism	A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.	59

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AP World History - Introductory Vocabulary Flashcards

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4767362507	B.C.E.	Before Common Era	0
4767362508	C.E.	Common Era	1
4767362509	abdicate	to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like,especially in a formal manner	2
4767362510	accession	the attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power, typically that of monarch or president.	3
4767362511	aesthetic	concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.	4
4767362512	agrarian	relating to land, land tenure, or the division of landed property	5
4767362513	amenities	a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.	6
4767362514	anarchy	freedom from external or foreign rule; independence.	7
4767362515	animism	the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena	8
4767362516	antiquity	the ancient past, especially the period before the Middle Ages; great age	9
4767362517	appeasement	the action or process of appeasing.	10
4767362518	aristocracy	the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices; a form of government in which power is held by the nobility.	11
4767362519	asceticism	severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.	12
4767362520	assimilate	cause (something) to resemble; liken	13
4767362521	authoritarian	favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom: authoritarian principles; authoritarian attitudes.	14
4767362522	autocracy	a system of government by one person with absolute power.	15
4767362523	barbarism	absence of culture and civilization.	16
4767362524	bureaucracy/bureaucrats	a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.	17
4767362525	city-state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	18
4767362526	civic	of or relating to a city or town, especially its administration	19
4767362527	classical	of or relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture.	20
4767362528	colonial	of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colonies.	21
4767362529	commerce	the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale.	22
4767362530	communal	shared by all members of a community; for common use.	23
4767362531	concubine	a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives.	24
4767362532	conscription	compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.	25
4767362533	cosmopolitan	familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures	26
4767362534	coup	a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.	27
4767362535	demography/demographic	the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.	28
4767362536	despot	a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way.	29
4767362537	diaspora	a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale, can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland.	30
4767362538	dissent	hold or express opinions that are at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially expressed.	31
4767362539	dissident	a person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state	32
4767362540	domestic/domesticate	existing or occurring inside a particular country; tame and keep it as a pet or for farm produce; cultivate for food.	33
4767362541	dynasty / dynastic	a line of hereditary rulers of a country.	34
4767362542	edict	an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority	35
4767362543	egalitarian	of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.	36
4767362544	elite	a select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities.	37
4767362545	emigrate	to leave one's country to live in another	38
4767362546	epic	a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.	39
4767362547	ethnocentric	evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.	40
4767362548	feudalism	a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return	41
4767362549	genocide	the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.	42
4767362550	gentry	people of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.	43
4767362551	guild	a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power	44
4767362552	hierarchy	a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.	45
4767362553	hominids	a primate of a family ( Hominidae ) that includes humans and their fossil ancestors.	46
4767362554	homogenous	of the same kind; alike.	47
4767362555	ideology	a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy	48
4767362556	imperial/imperialism	a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	49
4767362557	indigenous	originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native	50
4767362558	infrastructure	the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.	51
4767362559	lineage	descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.	52
4767362560	linguistic	of or relating to language	53
4767362561	manifest	clear or obvious to the eye or mind.	54
4767362562	maritime	connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.	55
4767362563	martial	of or appropriate to war; warlike.	56
4767362564	matrilineal	of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line.	57
4767362565	mercenary	(of a person or their behavior) primarily concerned with making money at the expense of ethics.	58
4767362566	monarchy	a form of government with a monarch at the head.	59
4767362567	monopoly/monopolize	the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.	60
4767362568	monotheism	the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.	61
4767362569	Mystical	of or relating to mystics or religious mysticism.	62
4767362570	nation-state	a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.	63
4767362571	neo	a new or revived form of.	64
4767362572	Neolithic	of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.	65
4767362573	nomadic	people who have no fixed residence but move from place to place usually seasonally and within a well-defined territory	66
4767362574	oligarchy	a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.	67
4767362575	pantheon	(especially in ancient Greece and Rome) a temple dedicated to all the gods.	68
4767362576	papal/papacy	of or relating to a pope or to the papacy.	69
4767362577	parliament/parliamentary system	a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from legislature (parliament) and is also held accountable to that legislature.	70
4767362578	pastoral	used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle.	71
4767362579	patriarchal	the male head of a family or tribe	72
4767362580	patrilineal	of, relating to, or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line.	73
4767362581	patronage	the support given by a patron.	74
4767362582	peasant	a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation	75
4767362583	pharaoh	a ruler in ancient Egypt.	76
4767362584	piety/pious	the quality of being religious or reverent.	77
4767362585	polity	something that has a government	78
4767362586	polygamy	the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time	79
4767362587	polytheism	the belief in or worship of more than one god.	80
4767362588	proselytize	convert or attempt to convert (someone) from one religion, belief, or opinion to another.	81
4767362589	provincial	of or concerning a province of a country or empire.	82
4767362590	regent	a person appointed to administer a country because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated.	83
4767362591	republic	a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.	84
4767362592	rhetoric/rhetorical	expressed in terms intended to persuade or impress.	85
4767362593	sedentary	(of work or a way of life) characterized by much sitting and little physical exercise	86
4767362594	serf	an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate	87
4767362595	Sharia	_____________ is the body of Islamic law, it is the legal framework within which the public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Islam.	88
4767362596	Sinification	is a process whereby non-Han Chinese societies come under the influence of Han Chinese state and society.	89
4767362597	state	a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.	90
4767362598	steppe	a large, flat area of land with grass and very few trees especially in eastern Europe and Asia	91
4767362599	stratification	a system or formation of layers, classes, categories	92
4767362600	Sub-Saharan	from or forming part of the African regions south of the Sahara desert.	93
4767362601	subordinate	a person under the authority or control of another within an organization.	94
4767362602	succession	the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc	95
4767362603	syncretism	the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought; the merging of different inflectional varieties of a word during the development of a language.	96
4767362604	textiles	a type of cloth or woven fabric	97
4767362605	theocracy	a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities; a system of government by priests claiming a divine commission	98
4767362606	theology	the study of the nature of God and religious belief.	99
4767362607	totalitarian	of or relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.	100
4767362608	tributary state	a state that is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour	101
4767362609	tyranny	a state ruled by a tyrant or absolute ruler	102
4767362610	urban/urbanize	in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town;make or become urban in character	103
4767362611	usurp	take (a position of power or importance) illegally or by force.	104
4767362612	vernacular	the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.	105

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Social Psychology Flashcards

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6491746304	disposition	an internal trait; how someone is "naturally"	0
6491758249	situation	external factors imposed by the environment	1
6491710324	attribution theory	the tendency to explain the behavior of others as an aspect of either an internal disposition or the situation	2
6491878790	fundamental attribution error	the tendency to attribute the behaviors of others to inner dispositions rather than to external situations	3
6491957608	self-serving bias	the readiness to perceive oneself favorably	4
6491974790	attitude	a belief and feeling that predisposes you to respond in a particular way to people, events, and objects	5
6491993289	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request	6
6492092834	role-playing	assuming a set of expectations in a social setting that define how one ought to behave	7
6492097459	Philip Zimbardo	American psychologist whose research focuses on heroism, cult behavior, and shyness; most famous for the Stanford Prison Study	8
6492161496	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent	9
6492301389	conformity	adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard	10
6492382671	Solomon Asch	social psychologist who researched the circumstances under which people conform	11
6492890415	Stanley Milgram	social psychologist who researched obedience to authority	12
6492928578	obedience	the tendency to comply with orders, implied or real, from someone perceived as an authority	13
6493049967	social norm	an informal understanding that governs the behavior of members of a society	14

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AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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8587853085	Trans-Oceanic Trade	global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean	0
8587853086	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	1
8587853087	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	2
8587853088	Triangular Trade	Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.	3
8587853089	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	4
8587853090	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	5
8587853091	Cartography	the science or the art of making maps	6
8587853092	Joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	7
8587853093	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	8
8587853094	Royal African Company	a mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa	9
8587853095	Amerindians	American Indians	10
8587853096	Italian Renaissance	rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion	11
8587853097	Northern Renaissance	An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance	12
8587853098	The Medici	The Medici family was a family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them.	13
8587853099	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	14
8587853100	Protestant Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	15
8587853101	Martin Luther	A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.	16
8587853102	95 Theses	Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation	17
8587853103	Anglicanism	A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England	18
8587853104	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.	19
8587853105	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.	20
8587853106	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.	21
8587853107	Copernicus	Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.	22
8587853108	Descartes	French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.	23
8587853109	Newton	This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science	24
8587853110	Galileo	He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.	25
8587853111	Deism	A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.	26
8587853112	John Locke	17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.	27
8587853113	Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	28
8587853114	Magellan	Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there	29
8587853115	Vasco da Gama	the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.	30
8587853116	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	31
8587853117	Plantation Economy	This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.	32
8587853118	Indentured servitude	A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.	33
8587853119	Encomienda System	Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor	34
8587853120	Hacienda System	landed estates granted to conquistadors	35
8587853121	Mita System	The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.	36
8587853122	Peninulares	a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies	37
8587853123	Creoles	a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean	38
8587853124	Mestizos	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry	39
8587853125	Mulattos	Persons of mixed European and African ancestry	40
8587853126	Commercial Revolution	A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.	41
8587853127	Boyars	a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince	42
8587853128	Absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters	43
8587853129	*Louis XIV	(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.	44
8587853130	*Phillip II	King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.	45
8587853131	*Ivan III	"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.	46
8587853132	*Ivan IV	the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar	47
8587853133	*Peter the Great	(1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	48
8587853134	*Parliamentary monarchy	A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament	49
8587853135	Divine Rights	A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.	50
8587853136	Versailles	A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style	51
8587853137	European Empires in the Americans	Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark	52
8587853138	Aztecs	a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century	53
8587853139	Incas	A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.	54
8587853140	Ming-Dynasty - China	The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.	55
8587853141	Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)	56
8587853142	Thirty Year War	a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.	57
8587853143	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.	58
8587853144	Edict of Nantes	document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots	59
8587853145	English Civil War	a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government	60
8587853146	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	61
8587853147	Enlightenment	a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition	62
8587853148	*John Locke	17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.	63
8587853149	*Adam Smith	a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment	64
8587853150	*Mary Wollstonecraft	English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women	65
8587853151	7 Years War	a war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other.	66
8587853152	French & Indian War	American version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt.	67
8587853153	Treaty of Tordesillas	A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.	68
8587853154	Treaty of Zaragosa	A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia.	69
8587853155	Hernan Cortes	a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire	70
8587853156	Francisco Pizzaro	Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's	71
8587853157	Viceroyalties	the office, position, or authority of a viceroy	72
8587853158	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	73
8587853159	balance of power	Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).	74
8587853160	James Cook	English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).	75
8587853161	Council of Trent	Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.	76
8587853162	Charles V	This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation	77
8587853163	creoles	Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.	78
8587853164	Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)	79
8587853165	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	80
8587853166	joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	81
8587853167	humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	82
8587853168	Henry VIII	(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Established the Church of England in 1532.	83
8587853169	patrons	a person who supports artists, especially financially	84
8587853170	middle passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	85
8587853171	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	86
8587853172	Peter the Great	(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	87
8587853173	Prussia	A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland	88
8587853174	Renaissance Man	A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.	89
8587853175	secular	Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	90
8587853176	vernacular	Everyday language of ordinary people	91
8587853177	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	92
8587853178	Vasco de Gama	A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	93
8587853179	westernization	adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture	94
8587853180	capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital	95
8587853181	absolutism	A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	96
8587853182	Oliver Cromwell	English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)	97
8587853183	St. Ignatius of Loyola	founder of the society of jesus (jesuits)	98
8587853184	Maria Theresa	This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs	99
8587853185	African Diaspora	The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.	100

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AP World History Strayer Chapter 13 Flashcards

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6044115457	Cortes	Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in the 1500s. Region: Europe	0
6044115459	Dona Marina	Native woman sold into slavery who eventually became an advisor to Hernán Cortés. Region: Latin America	1
6044115458	The Great Dying	Enormous death toll caused by Old World diseases (smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever...) that Native Americans were not exposed to. Region: North America, Latin America, the Caribbean	2
6044120935	Little Ice Age	A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.	3
6044115460	Columbian exchange	Transmittance of different crops, technologies, ideas, and diseases between the Old and New worlds. Region: all of them	4
6044115461	peninsulares	Spaniards born in Spain. Resented by "creoles", or Spaniards born in the Americas. Region: Europe or Latin America	5
6044115462	mestizo	Mixed-race; usually the child of a native woman and a Spanish man. Region: Latin America	6
6044115464	mulattoes	Mixed-race; usually of black and Portuguese background. Region: Latin America.	7
6044115463	plantation complex	Present in Brazil and the Caribbean; mostly focused on sugarcane cultivation. Known for use of brutal slavery. Region: Latin America, Caribbean	8
6044115465	settler colonies	Mainly in northern British New World territories. Inhabitants sought freedom from policies in Europe. Mostly small-scale independent farmers. Region: North America	9
6044115466	Siberia	Area conquered and incorporated into the Russian Empire. Inhabitants mostly nomadic peoples who paid Russians tribute with furs. Region: Europe	10
6044115467	yasak	"Tribute". Natives of Siberia and steppes paid Russians after swearing "eternal submission to the grand tsar". Region: Europe	11
6044115468	Qing dynasty empire	Reign in China (1644-1912) presided over by Manchurians, nomadic group from north of the Great Wall. Saw expansion of China into Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet. Region: East Asia (maybe Central Asia too)	12
6044115470	Mughal Empire	In India, 1526-1707. Another rare period of unification, this time under Islamic Turkic groups. Tolerant of Hinduism under Akbar, but mercilessly Islamic under Aurangzeb. Notable for interaction between Hinduism and Islam. Region: South Asia	13
6044115471	Akbar	Ruler of Mughal Empire from 1556-1605 known for his tolerant religious policies. Although Islamic, accommodated Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism. Also worked to soften policies regarding women in Hinduism. Region: South Asia	14
6044115472	Aurangzeb	Can be thought of as polar opposite of Akbar. Last ruler of Mughal Empire, from 1658-1707. Enforced sharia and forbade music, dance, drinking, prostitution, and gambling. Reimposed jizya, destroyed Hindu temples. Enacted heavy taxes. Generally disliked, especially by Hindu. Region: South Asia	15
6044115473	Ottoman Empire	Turkic empire encompassing Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt, area in Europe up to Bosnia, north coast of Africa. Powerful and known for being Islamic. Under influence of Islam, social norms gravitated towards gender hierarchy, although still retained some measure of earlier rights. Known for interaction between Christianity and Islam. Region: Middle East	16
6044115474	Constantinople	Former capital of the Byzantine Empire. Fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453 and became Istanbul; marker of influence of Islam on Christendom. Region: Europe	17
6044115475	devshirme	"The collecting" or "the gathering". Ottoman Turks required Balkan Christian communities to hand over quota of young boys, who were removed from families, converted to Islam, then trained to become Janissaries or members of civil administration. Means of upward mobility, but devastating for families. Region: Europe, Middle East	18

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AP World History: Unit 1 Flashcards

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7499045746	Paleolithic period	old stone age	0
7499045747	hunting & gathering societies	a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival	1
7499045748	Neolithic period	The New Stone Age, the final era of prehistory, which began about 9000 B.C.	2
7499045749	Neolithic Revolution	the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC	3
7499045751	nomads	people who wander from place to place	4
7499045752	Bronze Age	a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze	5
7499045753	specialization	the development of skills in a specific kind of work	6
7499045754	irrigation	a way of supplying water to an area of land	7
7499045755	cuneiform	Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets	8
7499045756	Sumerians	People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.	9
7499045757	ziggurats	temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped	10
7499045758	polytheism	belief in multiple Gods	11
7499045759	city-states	Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers	12
7499045760	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites	13
7499045761	Hammurabi's Code	A legal code developed by King Hammurabi of Mesopotamia. The code was influential in the establishment of Hebrew and Islamic law and in the U.S. judiciary system. It specified crimes and punishments to help judges impose penalties.	14
7499045762	Egyptian civilization	A second center of civilization in northern Africa along the Nile River, benefiting from the trade and technological influence of Mesopotamia, but developed a very different society and culture.	15
7499045763	pharaoh	the title of the ancient Egyptian kings	16
7499045764	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	17
7499045765	hieroglyphics	an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds	18
7499045766	Indus Valley civilization	Also known as Harappan Civilization. An ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India	19
7499045767	Mohenjo Daro	Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India	20
7499045768	Aryans	Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who migrated into India around 1500 BCE. They are responsible for many aspects of current Indian culture including their language, sacred texts called the Vedas, and a system of government that later evolved into the caste system., Group of people who immigrated from Persia or central Asia and settled with the Harrappans in India	21
7499045769	Huang he/Yellow River civilization	earliest civilization in China, centralized state from the start (political, ideology, ruler thought to connect heaven and earth, culture similar to ancient times)	22
7499045770	Shang	The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.	23
7499045771	oracle bones	animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future	24
7499045772	Phoenicians	Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.	25
7499045773	Jews	followers of judaism	26
7499045774	monotheism	belief in a single God	27
7499045775	Chavin	First major urban civilization in South America Good builders Started use of metal in SA	28
7499045776	pastoralists	nomads who kept herds of livestock on which they depended for most of their food	29
7499045778	Zhou dynasty	displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher)	30
7499045780	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.	31
7499045784	Han dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization	32
7499045791	Patriarchy	a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line	33
7499045794	Vedic Age	A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth, Vedic Sanskrit texts such as the Vedas were composed.	34
7499045795	Rig-Veda	The first scripture in Hinduism, it has information about spiritual, scientific, and philosophy.	35
7499045796	Upanishads	A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe, elaborating on the earlier vedas	36
7499045797	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society	37
7499045798	untouchables	LOWEST LEVEL OF INDIAN SOCIETY; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult	38
7499045802	Hinduism	An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.	39
7499045803	karma	the force generated by a person's actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life	40
7499045804	reincarnation	the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions	41
7499045805	Buddha/Siddhartha Gautama	The Founder of Buddhism. Born an Indian Prince in the 500s BC. Gave up his luxurious life to Meditate and discover The Four Noble Truths.	42
7499045806	Buddhism	the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth	43
7499045807	Nirvana	any place of complete bliss and delight and peace	44
7499045826	Bantu Migration	the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	45
7499045827	Mayan Empire	2500 BC to 900 AD. Located in southeastern Mexico. Had independent city-states that were unified by culture, religion and trade. Had religious rulers who had cerimonies and made sacrifices to the gods. Charted planets, moon and sun and developed calendar). Economy based on agriculture and trade.	46
7499045829	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".The first major civilization of central Mexico, this was a city-state whose ruins lie just outside of Mexico City	47
7499045830	Olmecs	(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.	48
7499045841	Harappa	Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)	49
7499159848	Nazca	300 BCE- 600 CE Created Nazca lines Built underground aqueducts Started using alpacas & llamas	50
7499182956	Australia & New Guinea	Known as Austronesians. Came from SE Asia Australia: Hunt-gather until the 19th/20th century New Guinea: Turned to agriculture 3000 BCE Used outrigger canoes for long distance canoes for travel	51

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AP world history chapter 7 Flashcards

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7496186040	Romulus and Remus	The "founders of Rome"	0
7496186041	Patricians	The Roman wealthy, land-owning class.	1
7496186042	Plebeians	The Roman class made up of small farmers, artisans, and shopkeepers.	2
7496186043	12 Tables	The first Roman law code.	3
7496186045	Punic Wars	The Wars between Rome and Carthage.	4
7496186046	Carthage	Phoenician city which was the chief trade outlet for North Africa. Their navy controlled the Mediterranean trade routes of the Hellenistic world.	5
7496186047	Hannibal	The leader of the Carthaginian forces who led his army through the Alps and into Northern Italy although he was thoroughly routed by the Romans.	6
7496186048	Battle of Zama	The battle where the Romans came to Africa and Scipio defeated Hannibal. Because of this war Carthage was forced to give up Spain.	7
7496186054	First Triumverate	The joining of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus to share power. It lead to a lot of problems between Caesar and Pompey after Crassus died.	8
7496186057	Octavian	The Grandnephew of Caesar who ended a century in Rome where republican institutions had failed to function. he inaugurated the empire which lasted for 500 years in the West and 1500 in the East. During his period of rule, he was the dictator, chief military general, chief priest, and the first citizen.	9
7496186058	Anthony/Cleopatra	Defeated at Actium	10
7496186059	Pax Romana	The period from Augustus to Aurelius which was known as a time of relative political peace.	11
7496186060	Mosaic	A very pretty form of art using very small tiles which the Romans were innovators	12
7496186061	Aeneid	The epic poem written by Virgil which recounts the exploits of a Roman hero who escaped to Italy after the fall of Troy	13
7496186066	Pantheon	One of the most beautiful illustrations of Roman architecture. It incorporated the Greek sense of balance and harmony and the Roman genius in Building.	14
7496186067	Amber Road	The road created from River valleys such at the Rhine to Rome because of the great demand for Amber.	15
7496186071	Diocletian	He tried to deal with the problems of decreasing trade by issuing an edict establishing price and wage controls. He divided the empire into the East and West and appointed two more Caesars to each half of the empire. He claimed divine status.	16
7496186072	Zealots	Extremists who wanted to rid Judea of the Romans.	17
7496186073	Torah	The book of Judaism.	18
7496186074	Rabbis	Those who were acknowleged masters of Jewish law.	19
7496186075	Talmud	The second great source of Judaism which was formed by rabbis who interpreted the Torah.	20
7496186076	Diaspora	The dispersion of Jewish peoples outside of Palestine.	21
7496186078	Nicene Creed	The product of the summoned church council which determined that Jesus was the eternally begotten son of the father.	22
7496186079	Sermon on the Mount	The essence of Jesus' teaching which stresses the importance of love, the avoidance of anger and violence, and the purpose of the the kingdom of heaven, especially for the marginalized.	23
7496186080	Edict of Milan	The Edict from Constantine which made Christianity a legal religion in the empire.	24
7496186081	Constantinople	Constantine's crowning achievement; The Christian Roman capital in the east.	25
7496186084	Huns	The group of peoples from Central Asia who pushed the Germans south.	26
7496186085	Visigoths	The group who rebelled against the Romans and sacked Rome.	27