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AP Statistics Probability Flashcards

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8353598732ProbabilityA number between 0 and 1 that reports the likelihood of the event's occurrence.0
8353598733TrialA single attempt1
8353598734OutcomeValue measured, observed, or reported for an individual instance of the trial2
8353598735complement of A1-P(A)3
8353598736IndependenceIf knowing whether one event occurs does not alter the probability that the other event occurs.4
8353598737Law of Large NumbersLong-run relative frequency of repeated independent events becomes close to actual frequency as number of trials increases.5
8353598738Disjoint (Mutually Exclusive)They share no outcomes in common.6
8353598740Multiplication Rule of Independent EventsP(A) * P(B)7
8353598741Sample SpaceThe collection of all possible outcome values8
8353598742Conditional ProbabilityP(B | A) = P(A intersect B)/P(A)9
8353598743Law of AveragesA flawed way of thinking that if an event doesn't happen for a while that it is due to occur soon.10
8353598747Probability DistributionLists all possible outcomes of a random event and each outcome's probabilities11
8353598748disjointaka mutually exclusive12
8353598749P(at least 1)1-P(none)13
8353598750venn diagrama helpful diagram to draw when you have events that are not mutually exclusive.14
8353598751Two Way TableA table that lists counts for 2 categorical variables that is helpful with conditional probabilities.15
8353598752P(A|B)Probability of event A given that event B occurs.16
8353598753Tree Diagram17
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AP Psychology - Cognition - Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9646761752memorythe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.0
9646761753encodingthe processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.1
9646761754storagethe retention of encoded information over time.2
9646761755retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory storage.3
9646761756sensory memorythe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.4
9646761757short-term memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.5
9646761758long-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.6
9646761759working memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.7
9646761760parallel processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.8
9646761761automatic processingunconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.9
9646761762effortful processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort.10
9646761763rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.11
9646761764spacing effectthe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.12
9646761765serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.13
9646761766visual encodingthe encoding of picture images.14
9646761767acoustic encodingthe encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.15
9646761768semantic encodingthe encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.16
9646761769imagerymental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.17
9646761770mnemonicsmemory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.18
9646761771chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.19
9646761772iconic memorya momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.20
9646761773echoic memoryA momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.21
9646761774long-term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.22
9646761775flashbulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.23
9646761776amnesiathe loss of memory.24
9646761777implicit memoryretention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)25
9646761778explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)26
9646761779hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.27
9646761780recalla measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.28
9646761781recognitiona measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.29
9646761782relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.30
9646761783primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.31
9646761784déjà vuthat eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.32
9646761785mood-congruent memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.33
9646761786proactive interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.34
9646761787retroactive interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.35
9646761788repressionin psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.36
9646761789misinformation effectincorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.37
9646761790source amnesiaattributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.38
9646761791serial processingoccurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter39
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Myers Psychology for AP - Intelligence Flashcards

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6190682153intelligencemental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.0
6190682154factor analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.1
6190682155general intelligence (g)a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.2
6190682156savant syndromea condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.3
6190682157emotional intelligencethe ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.4
6190682158intelligence testa method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.5
6190682159mental agea measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.6
6190682160Stanford-Binetthe widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.7
6190682161achievement testa test designed to assess what a person has learned.8
6190682162aptitude testa test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.9
6190682163intelligence quotient (IQ)defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.10
6190682164Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.11
6190682165standardizationdefining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group.12
6190682166normal curvethe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.13
6190682167content validitythe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks).14
6190682168predictive validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)15
6190682169reliabilitythe extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.16
6190682170validitythe extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)17
6190682171Down syndromea condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup.18
6190682172mental retardationa condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.19
6190682173stereotype threata self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.20
6190682174Alfred Binetthe indvidual that published the first measure of intelligence in 1905. The purpose of his intelligence test was to correctly place students on academic tracks in the French school system.21
6190682175Lewis Termanprofessor at Stanford who revised the Binet test for Americans. The test then became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is also known for his longitudinal research on gifted kids.22
6190682176David Wechslerresearcher that worked with troubled kids in the 1930's in NYC. He observed that many of these kids demonstrated a type of intelligence that was much different than the type of intelligence needed to succeed in the school system (STREET SMARTS). He created tests to measure more than verbal ability.23
6190682177Charles Spearmantheorist who proposed that intelligence consisted of both general intelligence, ability to do complex work like problem solve and intelligence which included specific mental abilities, ability to do verbal or math skills24
6190682178L.L. Thurstoneproposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities25
6190682179Howard GardnerHarvard researcher that has identified at least eight types of intelligences: linguistic, logical/mathematical, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, spatial (visual), interpersonal (the ability to understand others), intrapersonal (the ability to understand oneself), and naturalist (the ability to recognize fine distinctions and patterns in the natural world).26
6190682180triarchic theorytheory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including Analytic = the ability to solve problems, Creative = the ability to deal with new situations, and Practical = the ability to adjust and cope with one's environment27
6190682181mild mental retardationMentally retarded individuals with an IQ range of 50-69. The largest percentage of retarded people is in this group. Adults have the mental ability of about 8-12 year olds. They can learn basic skills in school are sometimes classified as educable.28
6190682182moderate mental retardationMentally retarded individuals with an IQ range 35-49. They can learn simple tasks, therefore are sometimes classified as trainable.29
6190682183severe mental retardationMentally retarded individuals with an IQ range of 20-34. they score no better on IQ tests than a two or three year old.30
6190682184profound mental retardationMentally retarded individuals with an IQ range below 20 that show almost no response to their environment.31
6190682185divergent thinkinga type of thinking that is associated with creativity - seeing lots of solutions to a problem32
6190682186convergent thinkinga type of thinking that is not associated with creativity - seeing one solution to a problem33
6190682187Flynn effectThe rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations34
6190682188normingthe third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop35
6190682189intellectual disability(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound36
6190682190James FlynnKnown for his discovery of the Flynn effect, which is the rise in average IQ scores year after year, all over the year.37
6190682191William SternHe invented the concept of an intelligence quotient (IQ)38
6190682192Robert SternbergSternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence39
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AP French - Les beaux arts Flashcards

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6570437819la dansedance0
6570437820un danseur / une danseusedancer / ballerina1
6570437821l'orchestre (m.)orchestra2
6570437822le chef d'orchestreconductor3
6570437823jouer du piano, du violon, du saxophone, de la guitare, de la flûte, de la batterieto play the piano, the violin, the saxophone, the guitar, the flute, the drums4
6570437824un compositeura composer5
6570437825un(e) musicien(ne)a musician6
6570437826un(e) chanteur(euse)a singer7
6570437827l'harmonie (f)harmony8
6570437828subventionnerto subsidize9
6570437829le patrimoinepatrimoney (national heritage)10
6570437830les beaux artsfine arts11
6570437831divertissant(e)entertaining12
6570437832émouvant(e)moving13
6570437833inspirerto inspire14
6570437834refléter (boot verb)to reflect15
6570437835beau/bel/belle/beaux/bellesbeautiful16
6570437836laidugly17
6570437837abstraitabstract18
6570437838concret/ concrèteconcrete19
6570437839impressionnisteimpressionist20
6570437840surréalistesurreal21
6570437841la beautébeauty22
6570437842le beauthe concept of beauty23
6570437843les critères de la beautéthe criteria of beauty l24
6570437844exprimerto express25
6570437845les arts plastiquessculpture, painting, textiles, design26
6570437846éclatantvibrant27
6570437847apaisantsoothing28
6570437848l'esthétiqueaesthetics29
6570437849la compositiona composition30
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AP Human Geography Ethnicity Flashcards

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9910621014ethnicityCultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.0
9910621015ApartheidSeparation of races into geographic areas ("homelands"); Forced migration of blacks into "homelands"; Established in South Africa after independence from the British Empire and in effect until the 1990s.1
9910621016segregationSeparation of public life based on race; Laws established in the US Southern states after slavery and in effect until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s2
9910621017RwandaAn East African country of 12 million with its capital at Kigali; Site of a 1994 genocide in which the majority Hutu ethnic group attempted to murder all the minority Tutsi ethnic groups.3
9910621029Genocide(n.) the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.4
9910621030Multiethnic StateA state that contains more than one ethnicity.5
9910621031Multinational stateState that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.6
9910621032NationalismA strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country or ethnic group.7
9910621033NationalityIdentity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.8
9910621034Nation-stateA state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.9
9910621035RaceIdentity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.10
9910621036RacismBelief that one race is superior to another.11
9910621037RacistA person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.12
9910621038Self determinationConcept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.13
9910621039SharecropperA person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.14
9910621040Triangular Slave TradeA practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.15
9910621041White flightThe departure of whites from places (like urban neighborhoods or schools) increasingly or predominantly populated by ethnic minorities.16
9910621018GhettoA section of a city where members of a minority group live due to social, legal or economic pressure17
9910621019Ethnic EnclaveA place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is different than the surrounding area.18
9910621020EthnoburbA suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic group. a suburb with a concentration of a particular ethnic group.19
9910621021nationalityIdentity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state20
9910621022racePhysical traits; Identity with a group of people based on a biological ancestor.21
9910621023racismA belief in superiority or inferiority of people purely because of race.22
9910621024genocideThe mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenous region.23
9910621025ethnic cleansingA process in which a more powerful ethnic group attempts to remove a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.24
9910621026Hispanic/Latino/Latinaa person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race; One of the largest ethnic minorities in the U.S.25
9910621027KurdsThe largest ethnic group in the world without a homeland; Divided among several nationalities including Turkish, Syrian, Iraqi, and Iranian nationalities.26
9910621028Indian partition of 1947British exit lead to ethnic conflict and the creation of Pakistan27
9910621042BalkanizationProcess by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.28
9910621043BalkanizedA small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.29
9910621044BlockbustingA process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.30
9910621045Centripetal forceAn attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.31
9910621046Centrifugal forceA force that divides people and countries.32
9910621047EthnicityA social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.33
9910621048Ethnic cleansingProcess in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.34
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AP Human Geography: Geography Flashcards

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9921823025spacegeometric surface of the Earth0
9921823026placean area of bounded space of some human importance1
9921823027regiona type of place2
9921823028toponyma place name3
9921823030place-specific cultureex. Sante Fe, Mexico, a complex mix of multiple Native American, Spanish colonial, and modern American influences based upon the sequence of past and current societal influences4
9921823031scalerelationship of an object or place to the earth as a whole5
9921823032map scaledescribes the ratio of distance on a map and distance in the real world in absolute terms6
9921823033relative scale(AKA the scale of analysis) which describes the level of aggregation7
9921823034level of aggregationthe level at which you group things together for examination8
9921823035formal regionan area of bounded space that possesses some homogenous characteristic or uniformity9
9921823036linguistic regioneveryone speaks the same language, but can be very different culturally10
9921823037culture region boundariesThe American "Dixie" south, fuzzy borders11
9921823039Environmental region boundariestransitional and measurable12
9921823040Ecotonethe environmental transition zone between two biomes13
9921823041functional regionareas that have a central place (or node) that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose, the influence of this point is strongest in the areas close to the center, and the strength of influence diminishes as distance increases from that point14
9921823042market areaa type of functional region, home pro sport team example, more coverage and media in the city, diminishes as you move away15
9921823043area of influenceoutlet malls, shoppers travelling from longer distances but making a fewer number of trips16
9921823044intervening opportunitythe shoppers who are "just passing through", who see a very brief intervening opportunity to do some discount shopping17
9921823045vernacular regionbased upon the perception or collective mental map of the region's residents18
9921823046absolute locationdefines a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude19
9921823047relative locationrefers to the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature, McLean and DC20
9921823048Equator0 latitude21
9921823049North and South Poles90 degrees latitude22
9921823050Prime Meridian0 degrees longitude23
9921823051International Date Line (sort of)180 degrees longitude24
9921823052sitethe physical characteristics of a place, such as the fact that NYC is located on a large, deep water harbor, next to the Atlantic ocean25
9921823053situationrefers to the place's interrelatedness with other places, NYC and New England, port-of-call for Atlantic Circular Trade26
9921823054absolute distancein terms of linear units27
9921823055relative distancein terms of the degree of interaction between places or in units of time traveled28
9921823056distance decaymeans that the further away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place29
9921823057Tobler's Lawa principle that expresses relative distance, states that all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than further ones30
9921823058friction of distancethe increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance31
9921823059space-time compressiondecresed time and relative distance between places32
9921823060modes of transportationairplanes, reduce travel time between two distant points, and as a result increase interaction33
9921823061central placesany node of human activity34
9921823062Central Place Theorydeveloped in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller, saw the economic world as an abstract spatial model, in which city location and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped each other at different scales35
9921823063core and peripheryMormon culture in Salt Lake City and the greater Western US36
9921823064clusterwhen things are grouped together37
9921823065agglomerationwhen clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or an economic growth pole38
9921823066random patternwhen there is no rhyme or reason to the distribution of a spatial phenomenon39
9921823067scaterredobjects that are normally ordered but appeared dispersed40
9921823068linearif the pattern is a straight line41
9921823069sinuousif the pattern is wavy42
9921823094metes and bounds43
9921823070township and rangebased upon lines of latitude and longitude44
9921823071arithmetic densitythe number of things per square unit of distance45
9921823072agricultural densityrefers to the number of people per square unit of land actively under cultivation46
9921823073physiologic densitymeasures the number of people per square unit of arable (being farmed or could be farmed) land47
9921823074Expansion diffusionthe pattern originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations48
9921823075hierarchical diffusionthe pattern originates in a first order location then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales49
9921823076relocation diffusionthe pattern begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, mountain range, or desert, then relocates on the other side, often the journey can influence and modify the items being diffused50
9921823077contagiousthe pattern begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines, this could be used to describe a disease but can also describe the movement of other things, such as news in rural regions51
9921823078stimulus diffusionhere a general and underlying principle diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas52
9921823079topographic mapshows the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with road, building, river, and other natural landscape features. These maps are highly accurate in terms of location and topography. They are used for engineering surveys and land navigation, especially in wilderness regions53
9921823080thematic mapa number of different map types: chloropleth maps, isoline maps, dot density maps, flow-line maps, cartograms54
9921823081chloropleth mapsexpress the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations55
9921823095isoline maps56
9921823096dot-density maps57
9921823097flow-line maps58
9921823098cartograms59
9921823082equal-area projectionsattempt to maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map, however these can distort the actual shape of polygons, such as the Lambert projections bending and squishing the northern Canadian islands to keep them at the same map scale as southern Canada on a flat sheet of paper60
9921823083conformal projectionsattempt to maintain the shape of polygons on the map, the downside is that conformal projections can distort the relative area from one part of the map to the other, for instance, in the commonly used Mercator projection, the shape of Greenland is preserved, but it appears to be much larger in size than it actually is61
9921823084Robinson projection and Goode's homolosine projectionmap projections that try to balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation on the earth's surface62
9921823085modelan abstract generalization of real-world geographies that share a common pattern63
9921823086spatial modelsattempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscpaes64
9921823087urban modelstry to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures65
9921823088non-spatial modelsthe demographic transition model, for instance, uses population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space66
9921823089concentric zone modelcost-to-distance relationship in urban real estate prices, the resulting bid-rent curve explains why land prices are relatively low in suburban areas, but exponentially higher in the central business distrcit67
9921823090gravity modela mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis, used to calculate transportation flow between two points, determine the area of influence of a city's businesses, and estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place: Equation - (Location1Population x Location2Population)/Distance^268
9921823091GISGeographical Information Systems, incorporate one r more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping, data layers are numerical, coded, and textual data that is attributed to specific geographic coordinates or areas69
9921823092GPSGlobal Positioning Systems, utilize a network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal, when this signal is available from three or more Navstar satellites, a GPS receiver is able to triangulate a coordinate location and display map data for the user70
9921823093Aerial photography and Satellite based remote sensingmake up a large-amount of the geographic and GIS data used today, aerial photographs are images of the earth from aircraft, printed on film, while remote sensing satellites use a computerized scanner to record data from the earth's surface, these data include not only visual light waverlengths, but also infrared and radar information71
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APES ch 1 Flashcards

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5010518268environmental sciencethe field that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature0
5010518269systemany set of interacting components that influence one another by exchanging energy or materials1
5010518270ecosystema particular location on Earth whose interacting components include living or nonliving components2
5010518271bioticliving3
5010518272abioticnonliving4
5010518276ecosystem servicesthe processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced5
5010518278sustainabilityliving on Earth in a way that allows us to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources6
5010518279biodiversitythe diversity of life forms in an environment7
5010518281background extinction ratethe average rate at which species go extinct over the long term8
5010518282greenhouse gasesheat-trapping gases in the atmosphere9
5010518283anthropogeniceffects derived from human activities10
5010518285sustainable developmentdevelopment that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations11
5010518286ecological footprinta measure of how much that person consumes, expressed in area of land12
5010518288hypothesisa testable conjecture about how something works13
5010518293inductive reasoningthe process of making general statements from specific facts or examples14
5010518294deductive reasoningthe process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations15
5010518296theorya hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance16
5010518297natural lawa theory to which there are no known exceptions and which has withstood rigorous testing17
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AP Government Bureaucracy Flashcards

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6379419818PatronageOne of the key inducements used by machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.0
6379419819Spoils SystemThe old system of giving government jobs to friends and political allies regardless of their qualifications1
6379419820Pendleton Civil Service ActPassed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.2
6379419821Merit PrincipleThe idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill.3
6379419822Hatch ActA federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.4
6379419825BureaucracyAccording to Max Weber, the hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality. Bureaucracies govern modern states. It is the term for the hundreds of agencies within the executive branch.5
6379419826Independent Regulatory AgencyA government agency responsible for some sector of the economy, making and enforcing rules supposedly to protect the public interest. It also judges disputes over these rules. The Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Reserve Board, Securities Exchange Commission are examples.6
6379419827Governmental CorporationsA government organization that, like business corporations, provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services. The U.S. Postal Service, Corporation for Public Radio, and Amtrak are examples.7
6379419828Independent Executive AgencyThe government not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory agencies, and government corporations. Its administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and General Services Administration are examples.8
6379419829Whistle Blower Protection ActThe law that created the Office of Special Counsel, charged with investigating complaints from bureaucrats that were punished after reporting to Congress about waste, fraud, or abuse in their agencies.9
6379419831DeregulationThe lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.10
6379419832Executive OrdersRegulations originating from the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy; more often, though, presidents pass along their wishes through their aides.11
6379419833Iron TrianglesEntities composed of bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees, which have dominated some areas of domestic policymaking. These are characterized by mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, information, or policy for the others.12
6379419834ExpendituresFederal spending of revenues. Major areas such as spending are social services and the military.13
6379419841Office of Personnel ManagementIn charge of hiring for most federal agencies, director is appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. It has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, working conditions, and firing14
6379419842Merit Systems Protection BoardProtects the integrity of the federal merit system and the rights of federal employees; in charge of hearing cases of wrongdoing, employee appeals, and disciplinary action15
6379419843Congressional Budget Office (CBO)Advises Congress on the probable consequences of its decisions, forecasts revenues, and is a counterweight to the president's OMB.16
6379419845AppropriationAn act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. It usually covers one year.17
6379419847Issue NetworksComplex systems of relationships between groups that influence policy, including elected leaders, interest groups, specialists, consultants, and research institutes18
6379419849Department of AgricultureCabinet Department - began in 1862 under Lincoln. has jurisdiction over anything food related including food stamps program, school lunch programs, and meals on wheels.19
6379419850Department of CommerceCabinet Department - provides assistance to American businesses, issues patents and trademarks, conducts the national census, and maintains official weighs and measures20
6379419851Department of DefenseCabinet Department - entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is a civilian. It is headquartered in the Pentagon.21
6379419852Department of EnergyCabinet Department - plans energy policy and researches alternative power sources22
6379419853Department of the InteriorCabinet Department - protects public land and natural resources and handles relations with Native Americans23
6379419854Department of JusticeCabinet Department - federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (includes FBI, Civil Rights Division, Antitrust Division, Drug Enforcement Administration...) - Attorney General24
6379419855Department of LaborCabinet Department - protects the rights of workers, safe working environments, OSHA, enforce minimum wage25
6379419856Department of StateCabinet Department - staffs embassies and handles foreign affairs26
6379419857Department of TransportationCabinet Department - regulates all aspects of American Transportation needs including airlines A department of the federal executive branch responsible for the national highways and for railroad and airline safety. It also manages Amtrak and the national railroad system.27
6379419858Department of TreasuryCabinet Department - prints and mints all paper currency and coins in circulation through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint. The Department also collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service, and manages U.S. government debt instruments.28
6379419859Department of Veteran's AffairsCabinet Department - a federal agency that administers Benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces.29
6379419860Department of Health and Human ServicesCabinet Department - administrative unit of the federal government with four major service divisions and many different sections. Includes the Public Health Services, CDC, NIH, FDA, Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services, and Health Resources Administration and oversees Obamacare30
6379419861Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentCabinet Department - increased federal aid to low-income apartment renters and built more federal housing projects. Part of Johnson's War on Poverty.31
6379419862Department of EducationCabinet Department - manages federal education programs, oversees educational grants to the states.32
6379419863Department of Homeland SecurityCabinet Department -formed in 2002 from the combination of 22 departments and agencies, the Department works to improve the security of the United States. They cover the areas of customs, border, and immigration enforcement; emergency response to natural and man-made disasters; anti-terrorism work; and cyber-security.33
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