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AP World History 2 Chapters 18-23 Flashcards

9998224708	al-Qaeda	International organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by Osama bin Laden.	0
9998224709	antiglobalization	Major international movement that protests the development of the global economy on the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the world stage in 1999 with massive protests at a meeting of the World Trade Organization in Seattle.	1
9998224710	bin Laden, Osama	Wealthy Saudi Arab who turned to militant fundamentalism and is the founder and leader of al-Qaeda.	2
9998224711	Bretton Woods system	Named for a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of capital investment.	3
9998224712	environmentalism	Twentieth-century movement to preserve the natural world in the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment.	4
9998224713	fundamentalism	Occurring within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety and exclusivism.	5
9998224714	globalization	Term commonly used to refer to the massive growth in international economic transactions from around 1950 to the present.	6
9998224715	global warming	A worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning of fossil fuels and the loss of trees have begun to warm the earth's atmosphere artificially and significantly, causing climate change and leading to possibly catastrophic results if the problem is not addressed.	7
9998224716	Guevara, Che	Ernesto "Che" Guevara was an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928-1967) who waged guerrilla war in an effort to remedy Latin America's and Africa's social and economic ills.	8
9998224717	Hindutva	Fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups.	9
9998224718	Islamic renewal	Large number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture.	10
9998224719	jihad	Term used by modern militant Islamic groups to denote not just the "struggle" or "striving" that the word originally meant but also the defense of authentic Islam against Western aggression.	11
9998224720	Kyoto protocol on global warming	International agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow global warming; as of November 2007, 174 countries had subscribed to the agreement, but the United States' refusal to ratify the protocol has caused international tensions.	12
9998224721	liberation theology	Christian movement that is particularly active in Latin America and that argues the need for Christians to engage in the pursuit of social justice and human rights.	13
9998224722	neo-liberalism	An approach to the world economy, developed in the 1970s, that favored reduced tariffs, the free movement of capital, a mobile and temporary workforce, the privatization of industry, and the curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy.	14
9998224723	North/South gap	Growing disparity between the Global North and the Global South that appears to be exacerbated by current world trade practices.	15
9998224724	Pinochet, Augusto	Military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 who was known for his widespread use of torture and for liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime.	16
9998224725	Prague spring	Sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia in 1968; the movement was subsequently crushed by a Soviet invasion.	17
9998224726	reglobalization	The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them.	18
9998224727	religious right	The fundamentalist phenomenon as it appeared in U.S. politics in the 1970s.	19
9998224728	second-wave feminism	Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.	20
9998224729	socially engaged Buddhism	A growing movement in Asia that addresses the needs of the poor through social reform, educational programs, and health services.	21
9998224730	transnational corporations	Huge global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; often abbreviated as TNCs.	22
9998224731	World Trade Organization	International body representing 149 nations that negotiates the rules for global commerce and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade.	23
9998224795	African National Congress	South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994.	24
9998224796	Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal	Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881—1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state.	25
9998224797	Black Consciousness	South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule.	26
9998224798	Boers	Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.	27
9998224799	Decolonization	Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation.	28
9998224800	Democracy in Africa	A subject of debate among scholars, the democracies established in the wake of decolonization in Africa proved to be taken over by single-party authoritarian systems; Africa's initial rejection of democracy has sometimes been taken as a sign that Africans were not ready for democratic politics or that traditional African culture did not support it.	29
9998224801	Economic development	A process of growth or increasing production and the distribution of the proceeds of that growth to raise living standards; nearly universal desire for economic development in the second half of the twentieth century reflected a cultural belief that poverty was no longer inevitable	30
9998224802	Gandhi, Mohandas K	Usually referred to by his soubriquet "Mahatma" (Great Soul), he(1869-1948) was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain	31
9998224803	Indian National Congress	Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India; over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain.	32
9998224804	Jinnah, Muhammad Ali	Leader of India's All-India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948).	33
9998224805	Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla	Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.	34
9998224806	Mandela, Nelson	South African nationalist (b. 1919) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison.	35
9998224807	Muslim League	The All-India Muslim League, created in 1906, was a response to the Indian National Congress in India's struggle for independence from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan.	36
9998224808	Nehru, Jawaharlal	The first prime minister of independent India (1889-1964).	37
9998224809	Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza	Born in 1919, Pahlavi was shah of Iran from 1941 until he deposed and fled the country in 1979; he died in 1980.	38
9998224810	Satyagraha	Literally, "truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action.	39
9998224811	Soweto	Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid.	40
9998224732	Berlin Wall	Wall constructed by East German authorities in 1961 to seal off East Berlin from the West; it was breached on November 9, 1989.	41
9998224733	Bolsheviks	Russian revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist Party; the name "Bolshevik" means "the majority."	42
9998224734	building socialism	Euphemistic expression for the often-forcible transformation of society when a communist regime came to power in a state.	43
9998224735	Castro, Fidel	Revolutionary leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008 who gradually turned to Soviet communism and engendered some of the worst crises of the cold war.	44
9998224736	Chinese Revolution	Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.	45
9998224737	cold war	Political and ideological state of near-war between the Western world and the communist world that lasted from 1946 to 1991.	46
9998224738	collectivization	Process of rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than as individuals.	47
9998224739	Comintern	In full, "Communist International"; Soviet organization intended to control the policies and actions of other communist states.	48
9998224740	Cuban missile crisis	Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba.	49
9998224741	Cultural Revolution	China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a massive campaign launched by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China into chaos.	50
9998224742	Deng Xiaoping	Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy.	51
9998224743	glasnost	Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness," which allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system.	52
9998224744	Gorbachev, Mikhail	Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse.	53
9998224745	Great Leap Forward	Major Chinese initiative (1958-1960) led by Mao Zedong that was intended to promote small-scale industrialization and increase knowledge of technology; in reality, it caused a major crisis and exacerbated the impact of a devastating famine.	54
9998224746	Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution	Mao Zedong's great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that he believed had developed in China.	55
9998224747	Great Purges	Also called the Terror, the Great Purges of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.	56
9998224748	gulag	Acronym for the Soviet government agency that administered forced labor camps.	57
9998224749	Guomindang	The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949.	58
9998224750	Nikita Khrushchev	Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964.	59
9998224751	Lenin	Adopted name of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924), the main leader of Russia's communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death.	60
9998224752	Mao Zedong	Chairman of China's Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in 1976.	61
9998224753	McCarthyism	Wave of anticommunist fear and persecution that took place in the United States in the 1950s.	62
9998224754	national security state	Form of government that arose in the United States in response to the cold war and in which defense and intelligence agencies gained great power and power in general came to be focused in the executive branch.	63
9998224755	perestroika	Bold economic program launched in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev with the intention of freeing up Soviet industry and businesses.	64
9998224756	Russian Revolution	Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin.	65
9998224757	Joseph Stalin	Name assumed by Joseph Vissarionovich Jugashvili (1878-1953), leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death; "Stalin" means "made of steel."	66
9998224758	Warsaw Pact	Military alliance of the USSR and the communist states of Eastern Europe during the cold war.	67
9998224759	Zhenotdel	Women's Department of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1930; Zhenotdel worked strongly to promote equality for women.	68
9998224760	blitzkrieg	German term meaning "lightning war," used to describe Germany's novel military tactics in World War II, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas.	69
9998224761	European Economic Community	The EEC (also known as the Common Market) was an alliance formed by Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the European Union.	70
9998224762	European Union	The final step in a series of arrangements to increase cooperation between European states in the wake of World War II; the EU was formally established in 1994, and twelve of its members adopted a common currency (the euro) in 2002.	71
9998224763	fascism	Political ideology marked by its intense nationalism and authoritarianism; its name is derived from the fasces that were the symbol of magistrates in ancient Rome.	72
9998224764	flappers	Young middle-class women who emerged as a new form of social expression after World War I, flouting conventions and advocating a more open sexuality.	73
9998224765	Fourteen Points	Plan of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting peace at the end of World War I; although Wilson's views were popular in Europe, his vision largely failed.	74
9998224766	Franco-Prussian War	German war with France (1870-1871) that ended with the defeat of France and the unification of Germany into a single state under Prussian rule.	75
9998224767	Franz Ferdinand, Archduke	Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, was the spark that ignited World War I.	76
9998224768	Great Depression	Worldwide economic depression that began in 1929 with the New York stock market crash and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II.	77
9998224769	Great War	Name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).	78
9998224770	Adolf Hitler	Leader of the German Nazi Party (1889-1945) and Germany's head of state from 1933 until his death.	79
9998224771	Holocaust	Name commonly used for the Nazi genocide of Jews and other "undesirables" in German society; Jews themselves prefer the term Shoah, which means "catastrophe," rather than Holocaust ("offering" or "sacrifice").	80
9998224772	Kristallnacht	Literally, "crystal night"; name given to the night of November 9, 1938, when Nazi-led gangs smashed and looted Jewish shops throughout Germany.	81
9998224773	League of Nations	International peacekeeping organization created after World War I; first proposed by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points.	82
9998224774	Manchukuo	Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931.	83
9998224775	Marshall Plan	Huge U.S. government initiative to aid in the post-World War II restoration of Europe that was masterminded by U.S. secretary of state George Marshall and put into effect in 1947.	84
9998224776	Benito Mussolini	Charismatic leader of the Italian fascist party (1883-1945) who came to power in 1922.	85
9998224777	Nanjing, Rape of	The Japanese army's systematic killing, mutilation, and rape of the Chinese civilian population of Nanjing in 1938.	86
9998224778	NATO	The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military and political alliance founded in 1949 that committed the United States to the defense of Europe in the event of Soviet aggression.	87
9998224779	Nazi Germany	Germany as ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945, a fascist state dedicated to extreme nationalism, territorial expansion, and the purification of Germany.	88
9998224780	Nazi Party	Properly known as the National Socialist Democratic Workers' Party, the Nazi party was founded in Germany shortly after World War I and advocated a strongly authoritarian and nationalist regime based on notions of racial superiority.	89
9998224781	New Deal	A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.	90
9998224782	Nuremberg Laws	Series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German parliament in 1935 that ended German citizenship for Jews, forbade sexual relations between Jews and Germans and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of David.	91
9998224783	Revolutionary Right (Japan)	Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in Japanese political life ca. 1930-1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to foreign expansion.	92
9998224784	total war	War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population, its economy, and its propaganda in the effort to defeat the enemy.	93
9998224785	Treaty of Versailles	1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II.	94
9998224786	Triple Alliance	An alliance consisting of Germany, Austria, and Italy that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I.	95
9998224787	Triple Entente	An alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I.	96
9998224788	United Nations	International peacekeeping organization and forum for international opinion, established in 1945.	97
9998224789	Weimar Republic	The weak government that replaced the German imperial state at the end of World War I; its failure to take strong action against war reparations and the Great Depression provided an opportunity for the Nazi Party's rise to power.	98
9998224790	Woodrow Wilson	President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 who was especially noted for his idealistic approach to the end of World War I, which included advocacy of his Fourteen Points intended to regulate future international dealings and a League of Nations to enforce a new international order; although his vision largely failed, Wilson was widely respected for his views.	99
9998224791	World War I	The "Great War" (1914-1918), in essence a European civil war with global implications that was marked by massive casualties, the expansion of offensive military technology beyond tactics and means of defense, and a great deal of disillusionment with the whole idea of "progress."	100
9998224792	World War II in Asia	A struggle essentially to halt Japanese imperial expansion in Asia, fought by the Japanese against primarily Chinese and American foes.	101
9998224793	World War II in Europe	A struggle essentially to halt German imperial expansion in Europe, fought by a coalition of allies that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.	102
9998224794	zaibatsu	The huge industrial enterprises that dominated the Japanese economy in the period leading up to World War II.	103
9998224812	Abd al-Hamid II	Ottoman Sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution at the start of his reign but suspended it shortly afterward, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the next three decades.	104
9998224813	Boxer Rebellion	Rebellion led by Chinese militia organizations (1898-1901) in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.	105
9998224814	Chinese Revolution, 1911-1912	The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.	106
9998224815	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration	107
9998224816	Hong Xiuquan	Chinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping uprising and won millions due to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace"on earth.	108
9998224817	Informal Empire	Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.	109
9998224818	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power to the emperor Meiji.	110
9998224819	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1852 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	111
9998224820	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China had lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	112
9998224821	Russo-Japanese War, 1904- 1905	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	113
9998224822	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became and administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji Restoration.	114
9998224823	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	115
9998224824	Selim III	Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reform of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.	116
9998224825	"the Sick Man of Europe"	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a name based on the Ottoman sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	117
9998224826	Social Darwinism	An application of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theories to an understanding of human history, exemplified by the concept of the "survival of the fittest."	118
9998224827	Taiping Uprising	massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of China between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millennium teachings of Hong Xiquan.	119
9998224828	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reformist measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization."	120
9998224829	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	121
9998224830	Unequal Treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	122
9998224831	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-19th-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	123
9998224832	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed around 1900 and eventually brought down the Ottoman Empire.	124

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AP World History - UNIT 2: Rome Flashcards

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5065229124	Where is Rome located?	on 7 hills 15 mi inland along Tiber River	0
5065242978	Who were the three groups of early Italian people (who are later known as Romans)?	Etruscans, Latins, Greeks	1
5065335745	What were the two major social divisions of Rome?	Patrician - someone with hereditary ties to Rome; wealthy and powerful; took up 7-10% of population Plebeian - no hereditary ties to Rome; no property; majority of population	2
5065354168	What was the struggle of the orders?	50 year struggle between Patrician and Plebeians; Plebeians fought to make laws public and form their own assembly	3
5065362212	What were the Roman laws called?	12 tables - tablets posted in the forum (marketplace)	4
5065246840	What was the Roman concept of the Republic?	consisted of voters (adult male citizens) who elected officials to run the state	5
5065254358	What did the Romans have that related to our legislative branch?	- Roman senate - 300 patrician members (relates to our senate) - popular assembly - plebeians who voted on laws (relates to our house of representatives)	6
5065254359	What did the Romans have that related to our executive branch?	- 2 consuls who ruled over the land and served 1 year terms (this relates to our president who serves 4 year terms) - chief executives - commanded the army and directed the government; in times of crisis a dictator could be appointed for 6 months	7
5065254360	What did the Romans have that related to our judicial branch?	- 8 praetors - judges who served 1 year terms by the assembly (relates to our supreme court)	8
5065309062	What were the Roman military units called?	legions - largest army units of 4500-600 citizens legionnaire - member of legion centuries - smallest unit of roman army (100) centurion - commander of centuries	9
5065736467	Why was the Roman military a central part of their culture?	the military was used for conquering nations to obtain resources (wealth)	10
5065328074	What were the punic wars?	The Punic wars were three wars fought by the Romans and the Carthaginians (Phoenicians)	11
5065719469	What was the root cause of the Punic wars?	fought over land, trade, and resources	12
5065750352	What were the results of the punic wars?	Rome was victorious in all three battles	13
5065759524	What did General Hannibal do?	led forces of Carthage in the 2nd Punic war against Rome	14
5065759525	What is Scipio Africanus?	Hannibal's homeland that was defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama	15
5065919342	What is the Battle of Zama?	last battle of the second Punic War; fought between Scipio and Hannibal's homeland	16
5065921554	What is New Wisdom?	policy of brute force towards Rome's new enemies	17
5065938942	What happened in the 3rd Punic war?	- Rome attacked Carthage after Carthage attacked Rome's African ally Numidia - Rome burned Carthage to the ground, sold its survivors into slavery, and sowed salt into the soil	18
5065964440	What was the extent of Rome's expansion during the years of the Republic?	N. Africa, Spain, Gaul, Italy	19
5065970787	What was 'bread and circuses'?	- used to please the poor class and distract them from engaging in political rebellion - Roman government gave the poor free food and entertainment	20
5065979018	How significant was slavery?	400,000/1,000,000 were slaves - took up 1/4 of labor force	21
5066110022	When did Julius Caesar die/declare himself dictator?	44 BCE	22
5066113911	What was Caesar's source of power?	army	23
5066117993	Which river did he cross to get to Germania (on a bridge built in 10 days)?	Rhine River	24
5066122086	Who made up the first triumvirate?	Caesar, Pompey, Crassus	25
5066126452	Why did Pompey order Caesar home?	- Caesar gained respect after taking command of Gaul's army - Pompey became jealous and ordered Caesar to disband his army and return home	26
5066144517	Significance of Rubicon River?	- After Pompey ordered Caesar home, Caesar made the decision to seize Roman power as he crossed the Rubicon	27
5066157150	What nations did Caesar take control of?	Italy, Spain, Greece	28
5066162304	How did Caesar 'water down' the Senate?	- he increased the Senate to 900 and reduced its role to advisory (reducing its power)	29
5066168734	How did Caesar die? What did his death spark?	- many senators conspired against him and on March 15, 44 BCE he was stabbed to death in the senate - sparked 13 years of civil war	30
5066181887	Who was the heir to Caesar's throne?	Augustus/Octavian - Caesar's grand nephew	31
5066234844	What was the 2nd triumvirate?	Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus	32
5066305890	What was the conflict between Octavian and Marc Antony?	- Antony left his wife (Octavian's sister) for Cleopatra - Octavian persuaded Senate to declare war on Antony and Cleopatra by accusing them of plotting to rule Rome from Egypt - Octavian seized rule and the civil war ended	33
5066321318	What did Octavian do as ruler?	- given title Augustus - 1st roman emperor - stabilized the frontier - civil service was set up for Plebeians - 13 year rule	34

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Period 3 - AP World History Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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8459128404	Mecca	Arabian commercial center and center of Islam.	0
8459128407	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah and founder of Islam.	1
8459128408	Qur'an	The holy book of Islam	2
8459128410	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	3
8459128414	Jihad	Islamic holy war	4
8459128422	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	5
8459128424	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	6
8459128425	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	7
8459128426	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	8
8459128427	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Original Mongol ruler.	9
8459128430	Srivijaya	Trading empire based on the Malacca straits.	10
8459128431	Malacca/Melaka	Flourishing trading city in Malaya.	11
8459128434	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	12
8459128440	Icons	Images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	13
8459128443	Kiev	Commercial city in Ukraine established by the Rus.	14
8459128446	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	15
8459128448	Middle Ages	The period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	16
8459128450	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c.	17
8459128452	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the feudal system	18
8459128459	Feudalism	Personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	19
8459128472	Black Death	Bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c.	20
8459128478	Grand Canal	Great canal system in China; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	21
8459128479	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	22
8459128480	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	23
8459128481	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	24
8459128485	Samurai	Mounted troops of Japan; loyal to local lords, not the emperor.	25
8459128489	Shoguns	Military leaders of Japan.	26
8459128505	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	27
8459128507	Ethnocentrism	Judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history.	28
8459128513	Silk Road Trade system		29
8459128518	Diasporic communities	Merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas.	30
8459128519	Trans Saharan trade	Route dominated by Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.	31
8459128523	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		32
8459128524	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	33
8459128525	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	34
8459128526	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	35
8459128527	Bantu Migrations		36
8459128529	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	37

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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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10430472479	Agrarian	Something related to land or a cultivated land. Ex: Agriculture, Pastoral, etc.	0
10430472480	Bullion	Valued bars of gold and silver that isn't coined yet.	1
10430472481	Celibacy/Celibate	To restrain from marriage and sexual intercourse, because of religious reasons.	2
10430472482	Emporia	A market or a large place that sells many goods.	3
10430472483	Frugal	saving or sparing in regard to food or money.	4
10430472484	Guild	An association of people that have similar interests or pursuits. Ex: medieval association of merchants or craftsmen	5
10430472485	Haggle	To negotiate or wrangle persistently.	6
10430472486	Influx	The arrival or entry of someone or something.	7
10430472487	Junta	A council or committee for political or governmental purposes	8
10430472488	Mores	The customs, values, and behaviors that are accepted by a particular group, culture, etc.	9
10430472489	Orate	To speak in an elavated and pompous manner.	10
10430472490	Pagan	One who has little or no religion.	11
10430472491	Pathogen	A bacterium or virus that causes a disease.	12
10430472492	Quagmire	a situation that is hard to deal with or an entrapping position.	13
10430472493	Regime	A system of rule or government.	14
10430472494	Secular	Attitudes, activities, or other things that are not related to religion or spiritual basis.	15
10430472495	Tangible	Capable of being noticied especially by the sense of touch.	16
10430472496	Usurp	To violate or infringe upon (someone's rights).	17
10430472497	Vermin	Small insects or animals that are believed to be dangerous for crops and aer hard to get rid of. ex:fleas, mice, etc.	18
10430472498	Xeno-	Relating to a foreigner or foreigners.	19

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AP World History Empires Flashcards

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5652460970	Centralized	unitary government; under one central authority	0
5652460971	Decentralized	central to local government	1
5652460972	Bureaucracy	A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures composed of appointed officials	2
5652460973	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.	3
5652460974	Conversion	the act or an instance of converting or the process of being converted such as a religion	4
5652460975	Infrastructure	the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.	5
5652460976	Diplomacy	the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.	6
5652460977	Supply Lines	a system involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform materials into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. Used in Roman military	7
5652460978	Currency	a system of money in general use in a particular country/empire	8
5652460979	Artisans	a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.	9
5652460980	Corvée Labor	Unpaid labor that a European vassal owed a lord or that a citizen in later times owed the state, either in addition to or in lieu of taxes.	10
5652460981	Slavery	the act of owning someone who has no free will due to overtaking their country or buying them	11
5652460982	Tribute	an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration.	12
5652460983	Pack Animals	an animal used to carry heavy loads	13
5652460984	Lateen sails	a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast in the Mediterranean	14
5652460985	Hierarchy	a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.	15
5652460986	Desalinization	energy intensive and produces an extremely concentrated brine byproduct with detrimental environmental effects.	16
5652460987	Integration	the action or process of integrating.	17
5652460988	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population	18
5652460989	Filial Piety	In Confucian philosophy, a book explaining a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors.	19
5652460990	Jati	Indian word for a Hindu subcaste	20
5652460991	Pax Romana	"Roman Peace," a term that relates to the period of political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with the unification under Augustus and lasting through the first two centuries CE	21
5652460992	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)	22
5652460993	Civil service exam	recruitment method and educational system employed from the Han dynasty	23
5652460994	Assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	24
5652460995	Han Wudi	most prominent and important Han dynasty empire, created public school system; important because public school idea still used today	25
5652460996	Win Shihuandgdi	also known as Qin Shi Huang; first emperor of China	26
5652460997	August Caesar	Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151)	27
5652460998	Asoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)	28
5652460999	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.	29
5652461000	Achaemenid Empire	first great Persian empire, which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius	30
5652461001	Darius	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.	31
5652461002	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)	32
5652461003	Xerxes	Emperor who had trouble maintaining the cultural tolerance of the empire and dealt with rebellions in Egypt and Mesopotamia	33
5652461004	Alexander of Macedon	King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)	34

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AP World History Dates Flashcards

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9446887483	3500 BCE	Civilization arises in Mesopotamia	0
9446887484	3000 BCE	Hinduism being practiced in India	1
9446887485	483 BCE	Siddhartha Gautama dies	2
9446887486	0-34 CE	Life of Jesus	3
9446887487	476 CE	End of the Roman Empire/Start of feudal West Europe	4
9446887488	632 CE	Death of Muhammad	5
9446887489	750 CE	Fall of Umayyad dynasty and rise of Abbasid Islamic dynasty	6
9446887490	900 CE	Ghana kings convert to Islam in West Africa	7
9446887491	1054 CE	Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian churches	8
9446887492	1095 CE	First crusade, as Catholic Europeans attempt to "re-conquer" holy lands on the Arabian peninsula	9
9446887493	1250-1350 CE	Mongolian Empire, with four khanates - Russia, Persia, Central Asia, China	10
9446887494	1300-1500 CE	Italian Renaissance	11
9446887495	1324 CE	Mali king Mansa Musa makes pilgrimage to Mecca	12
9446887496	1405-1433 CE	Voyages of Zheng He on the Indian Ocean	13
9446887497	1453 CE	Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks (Seljuk Turks)	14
9446887498	1492 CE	Spain unifies - Moors driven out; Columbus sailed; the Columbian Exchange begins	15
9446887499	1519 CE	Arrival of conquistadors in Mexico	16
9446887500	1600 CE	British East India Company (EIC) trading in India with Mughal Empire	17
9446887501	1644 CE	Rise of Qing dynasty in China	18
9446887502	1765 CE	James Watt perfects the steam engine	19
9446887503	1776 CE	American Revolution; Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations	20
9446887504	1807 CE	Slave trade abolished in Britain (1808 - U.S., 1814 - France)	21
9446887505	1833 CE	Slavery abolished in Britain (1848 - France, 1865 - U.S.)	22
9446887506	1843 CE	Treaty of Nanjing ends the Opium Wars between China and Britain	23
9446887507	1848 CE	Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx (in early years of German industrialization)	24
9446887508	1857 CE	Start of direct British rule in India after the Sepoy Mutiny/First War for Indian Independence	25
9446887509	1868 CE	Meiji Restoration in Japan	26
9446887510	1884-1885 CE	Berlin Conference to decide rules for dividing Africa	27
9446887511	1914-1918 CE	World War I	28
9446887512	1917 CE	The Russian Revolution	29
9446887513	1939-1945 CE	World War II	30
9446887514	1947 CE	Indian Independence	31
9446887515	1948 CE	Creation of Israel (Britain pulls out of Middle East); start of apartheid in South Africa	32
9446887516	1949 CE	Communist Revolution in China	33
9446887517	1950 CE	Start of the Korean War	34
9446887518	1960 CE	"The Year of Africa" when many African nations gain independence during decolonization	35
9446887519	1961 CE	Construction of the Berlin Wall	36
9446887520	1979 CE	The Iranian Revolution	37
9446887521	1990 CE	Fall of communism in Russia and East Europe	38
9446887522	1994 CE	End of apartheid as Nelson Mandela elected as first black president of South Africa	39

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AP History World Regions Flashcards

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10294241507	The Americas	North+South America	0
10294257130	Africa		1
10294257573	Oceania	Australian Region along with several other countries	2
10294261361	Asia	largest continent	3
10294262621	Europe		4

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AP World History Geography Flashcards

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10427058086	Canton (China)		0
10427058087	Baghdad		1
10427058088	Batavia		2
10427058089	Mecca		3
10427058090	Malacca		4
10427058149	Constantinople/Istanbul	(Red)	5
10427058091	Cordoba		6
10427058092	Jerusalem		7
10427058093	Tenochtitlan		8
10427058150	Timbuktu	(12)	9
10427058094	Beijing		10
10427058151	Kilwa	(A)	11
10427058095	Calcutta		12
10427058096	Jenne (Africa)		13
10427058097	Moscow		14
10427058098	Indian Ocean		15
10427058099	Black Sea		16
10427058100	South China Sea		17
10427058101	Arabian Sea		18
10427058102	Mediterranean Sea		19
10427058103	The Strait of Gibraltar		20
10427058104	The Bering Sea		21
10427058105	Caribbean Sea		22
10427058106	Caspian Sea		23
10427058107	Sea of Japan		24
10427058108	Atlantic Ocean		25
10427058109	Pacific Ocean		26
10427058110	Bosporus		27
10427058111	Persian Gulf		28
10427058112	Nile		29
10427058113	Niger		30
10427058114	Amazon		31
10427058115	Tiber		32
10427058116	Ganges		33
10427058117	Yellow (Huang He)		34
10427058118	Yangtze		35
10427058119	Indus		36
10427058120	Tigris		37
10427058121	Euphrates		38
10427058122	Hindu Kush		39
10427058123	Himalayan		40
10427058124	Alps		41
10427058125	Pyrenees		42
10427058126	Andes		43
10427058127	Caucasus		44
10427058128	Urals		45
10427058129	Indonesia		46
10427058130	Philippines		47
10427058131	Indian sub-continent		48
10427058132	Arabian Peninsula		49
10427058133	Korean Peninsula		50
10427058134	Japan		51
10427058135	Swahili Coast		52
10427058136	Sub-Saharan Africa		53
10427058137	South Asia		54
10427058138	Southeast Asia		55
10427058139	Middle East		56
10427058140	Iberian Peninsula		57
10427058141	Sumatra		58
10427058142	Malaysian Peninsula		59
10427058143	Crimean Peninsula		60
10427058144	Anatolia		61
10427058145	Central Asia steppes		62
10427058146	Sahara Desert		63
10427058147	Gobi Desert		64
10427058148	Klahari		65
10427066307	Alexandria		66
10427069017	Athens		67
10427070424	Carthage		68
10427073847	Chang'an		69
10427075207	Cuzco		70
10427082202	Djenne	In Africa, bordered by Niger, Algeria, Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Cote d'lvoire, and Burkina Faso	71
10427087456	Pataliputra		72
10427088970	Persepolis		73
10427091343	Rome		74
10427095932	Tours		75
10427099401	Red Sea		76
10427101843	Congo River		77
10427102834	Talas River		78

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AP World History Strayer Chapter 1 Flashcards

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7020259143	Venus Figurines	Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance	0
7020259144	Dreamtime	A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal peopel that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings	1
7020259145	Clovis Culture	The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point	2
7020259146	Megafaunal Extinction	The dying-out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels; occured around 11,000-10,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing of climate of the era	3
7020259147	Austronesian Migrations	The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago	4
7020259148	shamans	In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs	5
7020259149	trance dance	In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's innter spiritual potency [n/um] to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Jo/'hoansi are a surviving remnant	6
7020259150	Paleolithic settling down	The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society	7
7020259151	Gobekli Tepe	oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture	8
7020259152	Fertile Crescent	A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates	9
7020259153	Teosinte	a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize	10
7020259154	Diffusion	Is the process by which a characterictic spreads	11
7020259155	Bantu Migrations	(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.	12
7020259156	Ishi	The last the Yali people found in northern California in 1951. He is a good example of how the growth of agricultural societies led to the collapse of gathering and hunting communities.	13
7020259157	"secondary products revolution"	A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began c.a. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. Examples: milk, transportation, wool, hunting help, glue, muscle power, eggs, blood, feathers, bones, ivory, manure/fertilizer, and hides/fur.	14
7020259158	Pastoral Societies	Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.	15
7020259159	Catalhuyuk	Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.	16
7020259160	Chiefdoms	A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.	17
7020259161	Paleolithic Rock Art	The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.	18
7020259162	Neanderthals	Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago	19