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AP Biology - Ecology Review Flashcards

7354594940	ecology	the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment	0
7354594941	population	group of individuals of same species living in a particular geographic area	1
7354594942	community	group of populations of different species in an area	2
7354594943	ecosystem	community of organisms & physical factors	3
7354625603	landscape	mosaic of connected ecosystems	4
7354594944	biosphere	global ecosystem	5
7354594945	habitat	type of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment	6
7354594946	niche	all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism	7
7354594947	biotic	living(organisms - behaviors & interactions between organisms)	8
7354594948	abiotic	nonliving(temp, water, salinity, sunlight, soil)	9
7354594949	climate	long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind	10
7354594950	macroclimate	global, regional, or local climate example: changing angle of earth with respect to the sun, bodies of water, mountains that exert long-term effects	11
7354594951	microclimate	fine-scale variations, like sunlight and temperature under a log	12
7354594952	biome	major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions determined by climate and elevation	13
7354594953	major biomes of the world	tropical rainforest, temperate grasslands, conifer forest (taiga), desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical seasonal (dry) forest, tundra, savanna, chaparral, and aquatic biomes	14
7354594954	tropical rainforest	distribution: equatorial precipitation: very wet temperature: always warm characteristics: many plants & animals, thin soil	15
7354594955	desert	distribution: 30°N & S latitude band precipitation: almost temperature: variable daily & seasonally, hot & cold characteristics: sparse vegetation & animals, cacti, succulents, drought tolerant, reptiles, insects, rodents, birds	16
7354594956	temperate grasslands	distribution: mid-latitudes, mid-continents precipitation: seasonal, dry season/wet season temperature: cold winters/hot summers characteristics: prairie grasses, fire-adapted, drought tolerant plants; many herbivores; deep, fertile soil	17
7354594957	temperate broadleaf (deciduous) forest	distribution: mid-latitude, northern hemisphere precipitation: adequate, summer rains, winter snow temperature: moderate warm summer/cool winter characteristics: many mammals, insects, birds, etc.; deciduous trees; fertile soils	18
7354594958	conifer forest/taiga	distribution: high-latitude, northern hemisphere precipitation: adequate to dry (temperate rain forest on coast) temperature: cool year round characteristics: conifers; diverse mammals, birds, insects, etc.	19
7354786687	Alpine Tundra	distribution: high elevation at all latitudes precipitation: dry temperature: cold year round characteristics: permafrost, lichens, mosses, grasses; migrating animals & resident herbivores	20
7354594959	Arctic tundra	distribution: arctic, high-latitude, northern hemisphere precipitation: dry temperature: cold year round characteristics: permafrost, lichens & mosses, migrating animals & resident herbivores	21
7354594960	savanna	distribution: equatorial precipitation: seasonal, dry season/wet season temperature: always warm characteristics: fire-adapted, drought tolerant plants; herbivores; fertile soil	22
7354594961	chaparral	characteristics: low-lying plants, herbivores, burrowers,deer, goat, & small mammals	23
7354825561	climograph	plot of temperature & precipitation in a particular region	24
7354830245	biogeography	geographic distribution of species	25
7354837571	factors of biogeography: dispersal	movement away from area of origin	26
7354841294	factors of biogeography: behavior	habitat selection	27
7354891012	factors of biogeography: biotic factors	other species, food resources, competition, pollinators, predators	28
7354894139	factors of biogeography: abiotic factors	temp, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight, rocks & soil	29
7354594962	aquatic biomes include...	freshwater, estuaries, marine	30
7354594963	primary way to distinguish aquatic biomes	salinity	31
7354594964	vertical stratification in aquatic biomes	photic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: very little light benthic zone: bottom of biome with sand, detritus, and inorganic matter	32
7354594965	thermocline	narrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters	33
7354594966	littoral zone	in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit shallow water near the shore that contains rooted and floating aquatic plants	34
7354594967	limnetic zone	in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit open surface waters farther from shore that are occupied by phytoplankton	35
7354594968	oligotrophic lakes	deep lakes that are nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich, and contain sparse phytoplankton	36
7354594969	eutrophic lakes	shallower, higher-nutrient content, lower oxygen content, high concentration of phytoplankton	37
7354594970	primary way to characterize moving bodies of water	current	38
7354594971	marine biome	largest and most stable biome temperature varies little because of water's high heat capacity	39
7354594972	marine biome zones	intertidal zone: land meets water, as in tide pools neritic zone: beyond intertidal zone; shallower water over continental shelves pelagic zone: vast realm of open blue water coral reef: biome created by corals, varying in shape and support the growth of other organisms	40
7354594973	population ecology	study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations	41
7354912152	density	number of individuals per area	42
7354914311	dispersion	pattern of spacing between individuals	43
7354594974	population growth is described by...	biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors	44
7354926535	how to determine population size and density:	- count every individual - random sampling - mark-recapture method	45
7354594975	population size	symbolically represented by N it is the total number of individuals in the population	46
7354594976	population density	total number of individuals per area or volume occupied	47
7354594977	population dispersion	describes how individuals in a population are distributed	48
7354594978	clumped dispersion	most common; near required resource	49
7354594979	uniform dispersion	usually antagonistic interactions	50
7354594980	random dispersion	not common in nature	51
7354594981	age structure	describes the abundance of individuals of each age	52
7354958667	demography	study of vital statistics that affect population size	53
7354964290	life table	age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population	54
7354594982	survivorship curves	describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes	55
7354594983	type I survivorship curve	low death rate in early life example: humans	56
7354594984	type II survivorship curve	constant death rate over lifespan example: rodents, invertebrates	57
7354594985	type III survivorship curve	high death rate early in life example: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae	58
7354594997	life history	traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival	59
7354990517	3 life history variables	- age of sexual maturation - how often organism reproduces - number of offspring during each event	60
7355013028	semelparity	- many offspring produced at once - individual often dies afterwards -less stable environments	61
7355022410	iteroparity	- repeated reproduction - few, but large offspring - more stable environment	62
7355032154	critical factors of iteroparity	- survival rate of offspring - repeated reproduction when resources are limited	63
7355102169	zero population growth	b=d	64
7354594995	exponential growth	ideal conditions, population grows rapidly	65
7354594996	logistic growth	incorporates carrying capacity(k); forms an S-shaped curve on a graph	66
7354594988	carrying capacity	maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat	67
7355119799	carrying capacity (k)	maximum stable population which can be sustained by environment	68
7354594986	biotic potential	maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions	69
7354594987	factors that contribute to biotic potential	age at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity	70
7354594989	limiting factors	elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential	71
7354594990	types of limiting factors	density-dependent factors and density-independent factors	72
7354594991	Factors that limit population growth: density-dependent factors	population matters i.e. Predation, disease, competition, territoriality, waste accumulation, physiological factors	73
7354594992	factors that limit population growth: density-independent factors	population not a factor i.e. Natural disasters: fire, flood, weather	74
7354594993	r-strategist (or r-selected species)	maximize reproductive success - exponential growth - little or no care - high birth numbers - poor survival of young - density independent i.e. cockroach	75
7354594994	k-strategist (or k-selected species)	population close to carrying capacity - live around K - high prenatal care low birth numbers - good survival of young - density-dependent i.e. humans	76
7355185178	boom-and-bust cycles	predator-prey interactions	77
7355192193	demographic transition	populations goes from high birth/ death to low birth/death	78
7355198751	ecological footprint	total land & water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population	79
7354594998	reproductive success	measure of fitness - how well an organism survives and reproduces	80
7354594999	reproductive success depends on four variables	age of reproductive maturity frequency of reproduction number of offspring per reproductive event how long the organism lives	81
7354595000	community ecology	concerned with the interaction of different populations	82
7354595001	interspecific competition	Can be positive (+), negative (-) or neutral (0)	83
7354595002	Competitive Exclusion (Gause's principle)	when two species compete for exactly the same resources, or occupy the same niche, one is likely to be more successful	84
7355296011	competition (-/-)	two or more species compete for a resource that is in short supply	85
7355303127	predation (+/-)	one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey. leads to diverse adaptions, including mimicry.	86
7355311145	herbivory (+/-)	an herbivore eats part of a plant/alga. plants have various chemical and mechanical defenses against ____, and herbivores have specialized adaptions for feeding.	87
7354595012	symbiosis	individual or two or more species that live in direct contact with one another	88
7354595013	types of symbiotic relationships	mutualism commensalism parasitism	89
7354595014	mutualism (+/+)	both species benefit	90
7354595015	commensalism (+/0)	one species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed	91
7354595016	parasitism(+/-)	parasite benefits while the host is harmed	92
7355366022	facilitation (+/+ or 0/+)	species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without the intimate contact of a symbiosis	93
7355374135	interspecific competition	when resources are in short supply	94
7355381615	competitive exclusive principle	Two species which cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical.	95
7354595003	resource partitioning	differences in niches that enable similar species to coexist	96
7355389817	ecological niche	the sum total of an organism's use of abiotic/biotic resources in the environment	97
7354595005	realized niche	portion of fundamental niche the species actually occupies	98
7354595004	fundamental niche	niche potentially occupied by the species	99
7354595006	character displacement	niche shift certain characteristics may enable individuals to obtain resources in their partitions more successfully. this reduces competition and leads to a divergence of features.	100
7354595007	predation	predator totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal	101
7354595008	true predator	kills and eats other animals	102
7354595009	parasite	spends most or all of its live living on or in a host; obtains nourishment by feeding on host tissues	103
7354595010	parasitoid	insect that lays eggs on a host, usually an insect or spider, and after hatching the larvae consume the host	104
7354595011	herbivore	animal that eats plants; some act like predators and totally consume the organism whereas others may only eat a part of the plant	105
7354595017	coevolution	evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species - evolutionary arms race	106
7354595018	secondary compounds	toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores	107
7354595019	cryptic coloration	camouflage by coloring	108
7354595020	aposematic or warning coloration	bright color of poisonous animals	109
7354595021	mimicry	two or more species resemble one another in appearance	110
7354595022	mullerian mimicry	2 bad-tasting species resemble each other; both to be avoided	111
7354595023	batesian mimicry	harmless species mimic color of harmful species	112
7355404522	herbivory	plants avoid this by chemical toxins, spines & thorns	113
7354595024	ecological succession	transitions in species composition in a certain area over ecological time	114
7354595025	climax community	final successional stage of constant species composition; persists relatively unchanged until destroyed by a catastrophic event, like fire	115
7355425860	species diversity	species richness (number of different species) & relative abundance of each species.	116
7355431693	shannon diversity index	- calculate diversity based on species richness & relative abundance - Highly diverse communities more resistant to invasive species	117
7354595026	in succession, resident species may alter...	substrate texture, soil pH, soil water potential, light, and crowding	118
7354595027	pioneer species	species that are the first to colonize a newly exposed habitat; work to break down rock into smaller rock, then into sand, and finally into soil as succession progresses	119
7354595028	primary succession	Plants & animals invade where soil has not yet formed	120
7354595029	secondary succession	Occurs when existing community is cleared by a disturbance that leaves soil intact	121
7356014968	biogeographic factors: latitude	species more diverse in tropics than poles	122
7356019987	biogeographic factors: area	larger areas more diverse	123
7356024134	biogeographic islands	natural labs for studying species diversity	124
7356036404	biogeographic islands influenced by	size and distance	125
7356115913	ecosystem (long definition)	sum of all the organisms living within its boundaries (biotic community) + abiotic factors with which they interact involving energy flow & chemical cycling	126
7354595030	food chain	transfer of food energy from plants>herbivores>carnivores>decomposers	127
7357309021	what limits the length of a food chain?	energetic hypothesis	128
7357315133	length limited by inefficiency of energy transfer	dynamic stability hypothesis	129
7354595031	food web	two or more food chains closely linked together	130
7354595032	autotrophs	are the primary producers, and are usually photosynthetic (plants or algae)	131
7354595033	heterotrophs	can't make own food	132
7354595034	ecological pyramids	show relationships between trophic levels	133
7354595035	trophic level	an organism's place in a food chain or food web	134
7354595036	primary producers	autotrophs that perform photosynthesis	135
7354595037	primary consumers	Herbivores that eat primary producers	136
7354595038	secondary consumers	Carnivores that eat herbivores	137
7354595039	tertiary consumers	Carnivores that eat secondary consumers	138
7354595040	quaternary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat tertiary consumers	139
7354595041	detritivores/decomposers	They get energy from detritus, nonliving organic material, and play an important role in material cycling.	140
7356173761	primary production	amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy	141
7356177381	gross primary production (GPP)	total primary production in an ecosystem	142
7356186156	net primary production	storage of chemical energy available to consumers in an ecosystem	143
7356193696	primary production affected by:	light availability and nutrient availability	144
7356198830	key factors controlling primary production	temperature & moisture	145
7356202043	nutrient-rich lake that supports algae growth is	eutrophic	146
7354595042	why will you typically not see more than five levels in a food chain, pyramid, or web?	only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next trophic level. 90% of the energy is used, stored, or lost. there's not enough energy in any ecosystem to support more than 5 levels. this is called ecological efficiency.	147
7354595043	primary productivity	amount of organic matter produced through photosynthetic activity per unit of time	148
7354595044	dominant species	has the highest biomass or is the most abundant in the community	149
7354595045	keystone species	exert control on community structure by their important ecological niches	150
7354595046	invasive species	Organisms that become established outside native range	151
7355488686	disturbance	changes a community by removing organisms or changing resource availability (fire, drought, flood, storm, human activity)	152
7355447982	kudzu	vine plant from Japan, noxious weed that kills trees & shrubs	153
7355449592	dutch elm disease	fungus carried by beetles - Arrived in U.S. on logs imported from Netherlands - Death of many elm trees across U.S., Europe, Canada	154
7355455666	potato blight	fungus-like disease caused Irish Potato Famine in 1840's - Arrived in Ireland from ships coming from U.S. - Only 1 species of potato planted in Ireland → all susceptible to disease - 1 million people died - Problem with monoculture & lack of genetic diversity of crops	155
7355464191	trophic structures determined by	feeding relationships between organisms.	156
7355468757	trophic levels	links in the trophic structure	157
7354595047	bottom-up model of trophic interactions	describes how changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the bottom level (plants)	158
7354595048	top-down model of trophic interactions	changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the top trophic level	159
7354595049	biodiversity	function of the number of species, niches, and trophic levels in the ecosystem and the complexity of its food web	160
7354595050	factors that influence biodiversity	climate, latitude, habitat size and diversity, and elevation	161
7354595051	biogeochemical cycles	nutrient cycles that contain both biotic and abiotic components	162
7356219314	nutrient cycles:	water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus	163
7354595052	water cycle - reservoirs	oceans, air (water vapor), ground water, glaciers	164
7354595053	water cycle - assimilation	plants absorb water from soil, animals drink water or eat other organisms	165
7354595054	water cycle - release	plants transpire, animals and plants decompose	166
7354595055	carbon cycle - reservoirs	atmosphere, bodies of water, fossil fuels, peat, durable organic material	167
7354595056	carbon cycle - assimilation	photosynthesis, consumption	168
7354595057	carbon cycle - release	respiration, decomposition, burning	169
7354595058	nitrogen cycle - reservoirs	atmosphere, soil	170
7354595059	nitrogen cycle - assimilation	absorption, consumption, nitrogen fixation, nitrification	171
7354595060	nitrogen cycle - release	denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen, detritivorous bacteria convert organic compounds into ammonia, and animals excrete ammonia, urea, or uric acid	172
7354595061	phosphorus cycle - reservoirs	rock and ocean sediments	173
7354595062	phosphorus cycle - assimilation	plants absorb from soils, animals eat plants or other animals	174
7354595063	phosphorus cycle - release	decomposition, excretion	175
7356230080	bioremediation	use of organisms (prokaryotes, fungi, plants) to detoxify polluted ecosystems	176
7356235167	Bioaugmentation	introduce desirable species (eg. nitrogen-fixers) to add essential nutrients	177
7356240427	conservation biology	is a goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth's variety of life.	178
7356242737	three levels of biodiversity	- genetic diversity - species diversity - ecosystem diversity	179
7356249296	four major threats to biodiversity	- habitat loss - introduced species - overexploitation - global change	180
7356255944	eutrophication	Excess nitrogen from agriculture enters aquatic ecosystems	181
7356259227	acid precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog with a pH less than 5.6	182
7356270106	biological magnification	process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans.	183
7356278962	greenhouse effect	absorption of heat the Earth experiences due to certain greenhouse gases	184
7354595064	humans damage the biosphere by...	exponential population growth habitat destruction pollution	185
7354595065	most destructive consequences of human activity include...	global climate change, deforestation, acid rain, reduction in species diversity, ozone depletion, desertification, and pollution	186
7354595066	global climate change	Burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation, raising the temperature of the earth's atmosphere and resulting in large scale climate change.	187
7354595067	acid rain	burning of fossil fuels like coal and other industrial processes release pollutants in the air, which react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which rains down on us	188
7354595068	desertification	overgrazing of grasslands that border deserts transform those grasslands into deserts; agricultural output decreases and habitats available to native species are lost	189
7354595069	deforestation	clear-cutting of forests causes erosion, flooding, and changes in weather patterns; occurs most often in the tropical rainforest, where most of our carbon fixation occurs	190

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AP Biology: Regulation Flashcards

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6685347450	Antibody	a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body	0
6685347451	Antigen	a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.	1
6685349100	B- Cell		2
6685350600	Cell- Mediated immunity		3
6685350601	Communication		4
6685374868	cyclic- AMP (cAMP)		5
6685376777	Cytotoxic T-cell		6
6685378618	G-protein linked receptor		7
6685378619	Helper T-cell		8
6685378620	Hormone		9
6685381042	Humoral Immunity		10
6685381043	Inducer		11
6685382927	Lytic Cycle		12
6685382928	Lysogenic Cycle		13
6685386417	Negative Feedback		14
6685386418	Operon		15
6685386419	Operator		16
6685388420	Phagocyte		17
6685388421	Phagocytosis		18
6685391188	Phosphorylation Caascade		19
6685393036	Positive Feedback		20
6685396024	Protein Kinase		21
6685396025	Receptor		22
6685396026	Repressor		23
6685399275	retrovirus		24
6685400947	Reverse transcriptase		25
6685402851	Second messenger		26
6685402852	Signal Cascade		27
6685405268	Signal Transduction		28
6685405269	Signal Transduction Pathway		29
6685408655	Transcription Factor		30
6685408656	Virus		31
6685410808	White Blood Cell		32

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Chapter 6 Terms AP Biology Flashcards

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5084278474	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes (rRNA is synthesized from instructions from DNA, proteins imported from cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into subunits of ribosomes)	0
5084334501	thylakoid	a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast, often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected, membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy	1
5084369445	middle lamella	In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectin, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells	2
5084468097	ribosome	complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis	3
5084499631	secondary cell wall	wall between the plasma membrane and the primary wall, often deposited in several laminated layers, strong and durable matrix that helps with cell protection and support	4
5084580767	organelle	membrane-enclosed structures with a specialized function, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells	5
5084621519	endomembrane system	Different membranes of eukaryotic cell are part of this system: includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kind of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane. Carries out tasks including protein synthesis, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons.	6
5084668036	stroma	fluid outside of thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes	7
5084689623	extracellular matrix (ECM)	meshwork surrounding animal cells, ingredients include glycoproteins (collagen) and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted and synthesized by the cells.	8
5084727724	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions	9
5084782002	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers extending throughout/bracing the cytoplasm	10
5084801463	collagen	most common glycoprotein in ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cell, found extensively in connective tissue and bone, most abundant protein in animal kingdom	11
5084847389	smooth ER	portion of ER free of ribosomes, processes include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions	12
5084891778	microtubules	in eukaryotic cells, hollow rods constructed from a globular protein called tubulin, shapes and supports the cell, "compression-resisting girders of cytoskeleton", serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move.	13
5087090633	proteoglycan	a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in extracelluar matrix of animal cells, the woven out network where collagen fibers are embedded	14
5087180581	rough ER	portion of ER with attached ribosomes, membrane factory for the cell, produces secretory proteins, keeps those separate from proteins produced by free ribosomes	15
5087228940	microfilaments (actin filaments)	thin solid rods, built from molecules of actin, role in cytoskeleton (thinnest part) is to bear tension (pulling forces) on the cell and create and support the 3D network of cell and all of its internal parts	16
5087293503	fibronectin	ECM glycoprotein that allows cells to be attached to the ECM	17
5087342940	glycoprotein	proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
5087372699	integrin	cell-surface receptor protein built into the plasma membrane, in position to transmit signals between ECM and cytoskeleton and thus integrating changes occurring outside and inside the cell	19
5087399393	intermediate filaments	larger than microfilaments and smaller than microtubules, only in cells of some animals (vertebrates), specialized for bearing tension with cytoskeleton, constructed from particular family of proteins from (keratins), more permanent fixture	20
5087508424	centrosome	where microtubules grow out of (often located near nucleus), has a pair of centrioles	21
5087535870	centrioles	within a centrosome, composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring	22
5087562710	plasmodesmata	an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between cells	23
5091821283	cytoplasm	interior of either type of cell, in eukaryotic cells: region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, in prokaryotic cells: within the cell membrane, organized	24
5091867130	golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	25
5091910335	tight junctions	intercellular junction where the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other and bound together by a specific protein, establish a barrier that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid, especially common in epithelial tissue	26
5091962829	prokaryotic cell	cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, plant cell	27
5091981078	phagocytosis	how eukaryotic cells eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles,	28
5092007691	flagella	microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells, tail-like structure	29
5092027628	desmosomes	intercellular junction that functions like a rivet, fastening cells together into strong sheets, intermediate filaments made of keratin proteins anchor desmosomes, attach muscle to muscle	30
5092050487	vacuole	large vesicles from ER and golgi apparatus, transports things throughout the cell, types: food, contractile, and central	31
5092074528	cilia	microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells, many short appendages	32
5092091859	gap junctions	provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, consists of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, and amino acids may pass, necessary for communication between cells	33
5092108897	eukaryotic cell	cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, animal cell	34
5092120139	contractile vacuole	vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	35
5092141851	basal body	a eukaryotic cell structure consisting of 9 sets of triplet microtubules, may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole.	36
5092187751	central vacuole	in mature plant cells, largest organelle, solution inside called "cell sap" (the plant cell's main repository of inorganic ions), plays major role in growth of plant cells, holds materials and wastes	37
5092210853	dynein	large motor proteins that are attached along each outer microtubule doublet, produce the bending movements of flagella and cilia	38
5092236606	cytosol	jellylike substance where organelles and other component are suspended	39
5092256167	peroxisome	specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane, contain enzymes that remove H atoms from various substrates and transfer them to O2 (making H2O2)	40
5092282920	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	41
5092292508	plasma membrane	at boundary of every cell, selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell, controls what enters/leaves the cell	42
5092302026	mitochondria	converts energy to forms that cells can use for work, the site of cellular respiration, chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	43
5092314328	chloroplast	convert energy to forms that cells can use for work, site of photosynthesis	44
5092320388	myosin	protein that makes up thousands of actin filaments and thicker filaments, cause contraction of muscles	45
5092337959	nucleus	contains most of genes in eukaryotic cell, contains chromosomes	46
5092348811	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	47
5092357950	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	48
5092372909	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	49
5092379727	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	50
5092394512	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and mitochondrial DNA and substrates for the citric acid cycle, enzymes help with cellular respiration and making ATP	51
5092409923	cell wall	extracellular structure of plant cells, protects cell, maintains shape, and prevents excess uptake of water	52
5092417515	chromosome plastid	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	53

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AP Biology Functional Groups Flashcards

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4814137802	Phosphate Group	consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms.	0
4814137803	Amino Group	composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. It acts as a base by picking up H+ from a solution. Organic compounds with an amino group are called amines. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain a carboxyl and an amino group.	1
4814137804	Carbonyl Group	a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. If the carbon of the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, the compound is called an aldehyde; if it is within the chain, the compound is called a ketone. Sugars contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups	2
4814137805	Hydroxyl Group	consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Ethanol and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols.	3
4814137807	Sulfhydryl	consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen	4
4814137808	Carboxyl Group		5
4814137809	Methyl	consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens. Compounds with these groups are called methylated compounds.	6

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AP Biology: The Cell Cycle and Sexual Life Cycles Flashcards

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6796578260	The Three Roles of Cell Division	Development and reproduction, growth and development, repair and renewal.	0
6796582935	Cell Cycle	The life of a cell from its formation to division.	1
6796587040	Genome	All of a cell's genetic information.	2
6796590861	46 Chromosomes	The amount of chromosomes in a human somatic cell.	3
6796593429	Somatic Cell	Skin cells and muscle cells are examples of this kind of cell.	4
6796599499	Gamete	A reproductive cell. Two types are sperm and eggs.	5
6796605810	23 Chromosomes	The amount of chromosomes in a human gamete.	6
6796609823	Centromere	Region of sister chromatids where they are most closely attached.	7
6796614943	Chromatin	Complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes.	8
6796620215	92 Chromosomes	Number of DNA molecules in a human somatic cell.	9
6796622379	Chromatid	One of 2 joined copies of a chromosome.	10
6796624750	Chromosome	Cellular structure carrying genetic material.	11
6796630900	Mitosis	The division of genetic material in a cell. This process replaces damaged cells in a wound, develops a zygote into a multicellular organism, and produces identical daughter cells.	12
6796632686	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm of a cell.	13
6796786871	Animal Cell Cytokinesis	Nonkinetochore microtubules push against each other and elongate the cell while other microtubules wrap around the cell to develop a cleavage furrow that cinches the cell.	14
6796788747	Plant Cell Cytokinesis	A vesicles gather at the middle of the first cell and forms a cell late that creates and separates two new cells.	15
6796635989	Meiosis	The process that forms eggs that reduces the chromosome number of daughter cells. The gametes yield nonidentical daughter cells that have one set of chromosomes.	16
6796656956	G1 Phase (First Gap)	The first phase of mitosis, is the first part of interphase.	17
6796665173	S Phase (Synthesis)	The middle part of interphase. Chromosomes duplicate in this phase of mitosis.	18
6796670340	G2 Phase (Second Gap)	This phase make up the last portion of interphase, organelles are created during this phase.	19
6796675176	M Phase (Mitosis)	This phase distributes the daughter chromosomes to daughter nuclei.	20
6796683535	Mitotic Spindle	An apparatus of micotubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis. It is made up of centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters.	21
6796690508	Centrosome	Consists of two centrioles.	22
6796693737	Kinetochore Microtubules	A protein complex that is attached to a chromatid. These fibers shorten and pull sister chromatids apart. They shorten at the chromatid end.	23
6796761615	Nonkinetochore Microtubules	These fibers push against each other to lengthen the cell.	24
6796700446	Interphase	This phase of cell division consists of G1 phase, the S phase, and the G2 phase.	25
6796722719	Prophase	In this phase of cell division, chromatin condenses, the nucleolus is disappearing, and the mitotic spindle is forming.	26
6796732076	Prometaphase	In this phase of cell division, the chromosomes are fully condensed.	27
6796734381	Metaphase	During this phase of cell division, the mitotic spindle is complete, and the chromosomes attache to the kinetochore microtubules.	28
6796742168	Anaphase	In this phase of cell division, the sister chromatids separate and the kinetochore microtubules shorten.	29
6796750589	Telophase and Cytokinesis	During these phases of cell division, daughter cell nuclei form and the cytoplasm separates.	30
6796810000	Molecular Control System	A mechanism that controls cell division.	31
6796815048	Cell Cycle Checkpoint	A requirement that a cell must meet in order to move onto the next phase in the cell cycle.	32
6796819676	G1 Checkpoint	The checkpoint where a cell gets bigger.	33
6796824344	G2 Checkpoint	The checkpoint where organelles and proteins are made.	34
6796827008	M Checkpoint	Checkpoint that consists of division, mitosis, and cytokinesis.	35
6796836522	G0 Phase	The phase that a cell enters when it doesn't meet a checkpoint.	36
6796843113	Protein Kinase	A protein that helps regulate the cell cycle.	37
6796848524	Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF	A factor that activates protein kinases and triggers a cell's passage past the G2 phase.	38
6796854545	Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks) and Cyclins	Regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control that fluctuate in activity throughout the cell cycle.	39
6796859974	Growth Factors	External signals in the form of proteins released by cells to stimulate others to divide.	40
6796864982	Density-Dependent Inhibition	A control mechanism that tells cells to stop dividing when they become crowded.	41
6796868601	Anchorage Dependence	The need of cells to be attached to divide.	42
6796875130	Transformation	The change of a normal cell into a cancerous cell.	43
6796877907	Metastasis	The movement of a cancer cell outside of its origin.	44
6796881195	Benign	When cancerous cells remain at their origin.	45
6796883007	Malignant	When cancerous cells invade the surrounding tissues.	46
6796886271	Removal and Radiation	Two types of treatments used to treat cancer cells.	47
6796892377	Interphase Cell		48
6796897421	Prophase Cell		49
6796899906	Prometaphase Cell		50
6796902798	Metaphase Cell		51
6796905237	Anaphase Cell		52
6796906695	Telophase Cell		53
6796912808	Cytokinesis Cell (Animal)		54
6796918013	Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis	The order of phases in cell division.	55
6796929129	Cell Cycle		56
6796939174	Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase	Phases that are considered to be mitosis.	57
6796945156	Aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from the centrosomes.	58
6796977130	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA.	59
6796983840	Locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.	60
6796986975	Gamete	A haploid reproductive cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	61
6796996585	Male Gamete	Sperm	62
6797006700	Female Gamete	Egg	63
6797008712	Asexual Reprouction	Offspring are genetically identical to their parent in this type of reproduction.	64
6797014906	Sexual Repreduction	Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes that are inherited from both parents in this type of reproduction.	65
6797028779	Sex Chromosome	Chromosome that is responsible for determining the sex of an individual.	66
6797031724	Autosome	All other chromosomes not responsible for determining sex of an individual.	67
6797035976	Homologous Chromosomes	A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern.	68
6797052272	Germ Cells in the Gonads	How and where are gametes produced.	69
6797061920	Alternation of Generations	A trend observed in plants where their lifecycle has both a multicellular diploid and haploid form.	70
6797069810	Sporophyte	The diploid form of a plant in its life cycle from alternation of generations.	71
6797085599	Gametophyte	The halploid form of a plant in its life cycle from alternation of generations.	72
6797092761	Meiosis	In this method of reproduction a cell undergoes interphase followed by two divisions.	73
6797104674	Prophase I	During this phase of meiosis the cell undergoes synapsis, crossing over, and exhibits a chiasmata.	74
6797112782	Synapsis	The pairing and physical connection of duplicate homologous chromosomes.	75
6797116916	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids.	76
6797122304	Chiasmata	An X-shaped microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I of meiosis.	77
6797132156	Metaphase I	During this phase of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.	78
6797143708	Homologous Chromosomes	What separates during the first division in meiosis I.	79
6797169195	Anaphase I	During this phase of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated.	80
6797176480	Haploid	Are the cells that result from meiosis I haploid or diploid?	81
6797195882	Independent Assortment	The random orientation of chromosomes that gives ride to more genetic variation.	82
6797208328	Meiosis I	Results in 2 haploid nonidentical daughter cells.	83
6797213999	Prophase II	Chromosomes that consist of 2 chromatids move towards the metaphase plate.	84
6797217522	Metaphase II	Kinetochores attach to the nonidentical sister chromatids.	85
6797229729	Anaphase II	The nonidentical sister chromatids separate.	86
6797238253	Meiosis II	Results in 4 haploid daughter cells.	87
6797254264	Independent Assortment, Crossing Over, Random Fertilization	The 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation in meiosis.	88

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AP Biology - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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5239137757	anabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that builds a complex molecule.	0
5239137758	catabolic	A series of chemical reactions that breaks down a complex molecule.	1
5239137773	ATP	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.	2
5239137774	adenosine triphosphate	What does ATP stand for?	3
5239137775	phosphorylated	Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group.	4
5239137776	enzyme	A macromolecule serving as a catlyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	5
5239137777	catalyst	A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	6
5239137778	activation energy	The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.	7
5239137779	substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	8
5239137780	enzyme-substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule.	9
5239137783	coenzyme	An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins are these kinds of molecules.	10
5239137786	allosteric regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.	11
5239137789	fermentation	A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.	12
5239137790	aerobic respiration	A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.	13
5239137791	cellular respiration	The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.	14
5239137792	redox reactions	A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction.	15
5239137793	oxidation	The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.	16
5239137794	reduction	The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.	17
5239137795	reducing agent	A electron donor in a redox reaction.	18
5239137796	oxidizing agent	The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.	19
5239137797	electron transport chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.	20
5239137798	NAD+	Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept an electron and act as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain.	21
5239137799	NADP+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.	22
5239137800	nictinamide adenine dinucleotide	What does NAD stand for?	23
5239137801	nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate	What does NADP stand for?	24
5239137802	glycolysis	The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.	25
5239137803	citric acid cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide. it occurs within hte mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. This is the second major stage in cellular respiration.	26
5239137804	oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. The third major stage of cellular respiration.	27
5239137805	substrate-level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.	28
5239137806	acetyl CoA	The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	29
5239137808	ATP synthase	A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which proteins diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.	30
5239137809	chemiosmosis	An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.	31
5239137810	proton-motive force	The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated byt he pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.	32
5239137811	alcohol fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.	33
5239137812	lactic acid fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide.	34
5239137816	beta oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.	35
5239137817	anaerobic respiration	The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains.	36
5239137818	ethanol	C2H5OH, or alcohol which is made in prokaryotic cells during glycolysis to recycle NADH.	37
5239137819	lactic acid	This is produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.	38
5239137820	oxaloacetic acid	This four-carbon compound combines with acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to produce citric acid.	39
5239137821	citric acid	This 6 carbon compound is formed in the Krebs Cycle as an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates.	40
5239137822	glucose	This sugar is manufactured during photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for plants and animals. It is metabolized during cellular respiration.	41
5239137823	pyruvic acid	This three-carbon compound is produced during glycolysis and is needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis.	42
5239137824	carbon dioxide	This gas is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration.	43
5239137825	mitochondrion	This organelle in eukaryotic cells serves as the site of cellular respiration.	44
5239137826	matrix	In a mitochondrion, this is the surface area of the organelle that is exposed to fluids where cellular respiration takes place.	45
5239137827	crista	An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.	46
5239137828	FAD	This is a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions.	47
5239137829	flavin adenine dinucleotide	What does FAD stand for?	48
5239137830	FADH2	This is produced in the Krebs cycle and is a reduced form of FAD, it is an electron carrier capable of creating 2 ATP from releasing its electrons to the electron transport chain.	49
5239137831	flavin adenine dinucleotude reduced	What does FADH2 stand for?	50
5239137832	AMP	This is a molecule that can be converted into ATP through the addition of two phosphate; what ATP becomes when it loses two phosphate.	51
5239137833	adenosine monophosphate	What does AMP stand for?	52
5239137834	ADP	This is the molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups.	53
5239137835	adenosine diphosphate	What does ADP stand for?	54
5239137837	substrate-level	cyclic electron pathway; glycolisis; occurs in cytosol. High energy substrate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP	55
5239137838	phosphofructokinase	The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP.	56

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Chapter 6 AP Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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8731937363	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
8731937364	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
8731937365	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
8731937366	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
8731937367	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
8731937368	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
8731937369	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
8731937370	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
8731937371	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
8731937372	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
8731937373	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
8731937374	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
8731937375	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
8731937376	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
8731937377	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
8731937378	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
8731937379	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
8731937380	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
8731937381	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
8731937382	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
8731937383	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
8731937384	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
8731937385	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
8731937386	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
8731937387	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
8731937388	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
8731937389	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
8731937390	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
8731937391	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
8731937392	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	29
8731937393	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	30
8731937394	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	31
8731937395	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	32
8731937396	granum	stacks of thylakoids	33
8731937397	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	34
8731937398	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	35
8731937399	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	36
8731937400	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	37
8731937401	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	38
8731937402	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	39
8731937403	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	40
8731937404	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	41
8731937405	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	42
8731937406	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	43
8731937407	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	44
8731937408	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	45
8731937409	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	46
8731937410	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	47
8731937411	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	48
8731937412	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	49
8731937413	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	50
8731937414	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	51
8731937415	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	52
8731937416	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	53
8731937417	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	54
8731937418	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	55

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AP Biology: Population Ecology-Practice Calculations Flashcards

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6511953670	Density	Is the number of individuals per unit area or volume	0
6511953671	Dispersion	Is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population	1
6511953672	clumped dispersion	Is one in which individuals aggregate in patches. May be influenced by resource availability and behavior	2
6511953673	uniform dispersion	Is one in which individuals are evenly distributed. May be influenced by social interactions such as territoriality	3
6511953674	random dispersion	Is one in which the position of each individual is independent of other individuals	4
6511953675	life table	Is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population. Is best constructed by following the fate of a cohort	5
6511953676	survivorship curve	Is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table	6
6511953677	exponential model	population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment	7
6511953678	Carrying capacity (K)	Is the maximum population size the environment can support	8
6511953679	logistic population growth model	The per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached	9
6511953680	K-selection (density-dependent)	Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density	10
6511953681	r-selection (density-independent)	Selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction	11
6511953682	density-independent populations	Birth rate and death rate do not change with population density	12
6511953683	density-dependent populations	Birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density	13
6511953684	Age Structure	used to calculate population size in the future, shown as a diagram that represents multiple age groups	14
6511961566	A population of antelopes on an island has a carrying capacity of 750 individuals. The maximum rate of increase is 2 per individual. With a population size of 1750, determine the logistic population growth rate for this given population. dN/dT= rN (K-N/K)	k=750 individuals. r max= 2 N= 1750 dN/dT= ? dN/dT= (2X 1750) (750-1750/750) -4550 (The population has exceeded carrying capacity significantly).	15
6512576756	A certain population A, is experiencing exponential growth. Population size = 50 Births = 10 Death = 4 A. Calculate the individual growth rate (r). This is also known as the per capita reproduction rate.	r = (B-D)/N = (10-4)/50 = 0.12__or b-m = .2 - .08 = .12_	16
6512590887	For the same population (50 people), calculate the population growth rate. (Individuals added to the population in one generation.)	0.12 x 50 = 6_	17

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AP Biology Biochemistry Unit 2 Questions Flashcards

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5907705411	monosaccharide	What is this molecule?	0
5907705412	disaccharide	What is this molecule?	1
5907705413	polysaccharide / carbohydrate	What are these molecules?	2
5907705414	fatty acid	What molecules are these?	3
5907705415	glycerol	What molecule is this?	4
5907705416	amino acid	What molecule is this?	5
5907705417	polypeptide / protein	What molecule are these?	6
5907705418	phospholipid / lipid	What molecule is this?	7
5907705419	triglyceride / lipid	What molecule is this?	8
5907705420	steroid / lipid	What molecule is this?	9
5907705421	amino acid	Monomer unit of a protein is...	10
5907705422	monosaccharide	Monomer unit of a carbohydrate is...	11
5907705423	3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol	Monomer units of a triglyceride are...	12
5907705424	short term energy storage in plants & animals, structure in plant cell walls or animal exoskeletons	Name TWO functions of carbohydrates in a living thing.	13
5907705425	Long term energy storage, hormone (cell signaling), form plasma membrane and organelle membrane barriers	Name TWO (or more) functions of lipids in living things.	14
5907705426	Catalyze chemical reactions, defend against disease, storage of amino acids, transport molecules across membranes, hormone (cell signaling), receptors on the surface of cell membranes, movement within cells or of larger body parts, structural (tip of nose, outer ear)	Name THREE (or more) functions of proteins in living things.	15
5907705427	Amine groups & carboxyl (acid) groups	What functional groups are found in ALL proteins?	16
5907705428	Carbonyl groups & hydroxyl groups	What functional groups are found in carbohydrates?	17
5907705429	Methyl groups: CH2 or CH3	What functional groups are found in lipids that make most lipids hydrophobic?	18
5907705430	glycosidic linkage	What is the name of bond between monosaccharides?	19
5907705431	peptide bond	What is the name of the bond between amino acids?	20
5907705432	ester linkage	What is the name of the bond between glycerol & three fatty acids?	21
5907705433	POLAR; amine group contains a NITROGEN atom which is a highly electronegative element	Is the amine group polar or non polar? Explain...	22
5907705434	POLAR; phosphate group contains OXYGEN atoms which are very electronegative elements	Is the phosphate group polar or non polar? Explain...	23
5907705435	POLAR: hydroxyl group contains an OXYGEN atom which is a very electronegative element	Is the hydroxyl group polar or non polar? Explain...	24
5907705436	POLAR: sulfhydryl group contains a SULFUR atom which is a very electronegative element	Is the sulfhydryl group polar or non polar? Explain	25
5907705437	DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS	Monomers are joined to each other during the process of...	26
5907705438	HYDROLYSIS	Polymers are broken apart into their monomer unit building blocks by the process of...	27

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Pre-AP Biology, Genetics Flashcards

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8443711511	Gene map	Diagram showing relative locations of each gene on a certain chromosome	0
8443713204	Meiosis	Production of sex cells where chromosome number changes from diploid to haploid	1
8443718959	Diploid	Cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes	2
8443722219	Polygenic traits	Traits controlled by 2 or more genes	3
8443723978	Multiple alleles	3 or more alleles of the same gene	4
8443725272	Codominance	Both alleles of a gene contribute phenotype of organism	5
8443730645	Heterozygous	Organism that has 2 different alleles for the same trait	6
8443732459	Punnett square	Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross	7
8443734836	Incomplete dominance	Situation where 1 allele is not completely dominant over another	8
8443736401	Genotype	Genetic makeup of an orgamism	9
8443738342	Probability	Likelihood that a particular event will occurre	10
8443740280	Phenotype	Physical characteristic of an organism	11
8443742171	Homozygous	organism that has 2 identical alleles for a particular trait	12
8443743837	Segregation	Separation of alleles during gamete formation	13
8443745566	Allele	One of a number of different forms of a gene	14
8443746887	Hybrid	Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits	15
8443749214	Trait	Specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another	16
8443751422	True-breeding	used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate	17
8443754830	Genetics	Scientific study of heredity	18

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