AP Biology: Chemistry of Life Flashcards
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| 8064477229 | Element(s) | ___ are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means | 0 | |
| 8064477230 | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen | although there are 92 natural elements, 96% of the mass of all organisms is made up of just four; name them in the order in which they are most present | 1 | |
| 8064477231 | Trace (Elements) | the other elements that compose 4% of the mass of all organisms are known as ___ because they are only required in very small quantities | 2 | |
| 8064477232 | Compound(s) | when two or more DIFFERENT types of atoms are combined in a fixed ratio, they form a chemical ___ | 3 | |
| 8064477233 | Bond(s) | chemical ___ hold compounds together | 4 | |
| 8064477234 | Ionic | a(n) ___ bond is formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other; the atoms then attract each other due the electrostatic force | 5 | |
| 8064477235 | Covalent | a(n) ___ bond is formed when atoms share electrons | 6 | |
| 8064477236 | Polar | a(n) ___ covalent bond is one in which electrons are NOT shared equally; this results in slightly charged regions on the compound | 7 | |
| 8064477237 | Nonpolar | a(n) ___ covalent bond is one in which electrons are shared equally | 8 | |
| 8064477238 | Polar | water, H₂O, is a (polar / nonpolar) molecule | 9 | |
| 8064477239 | Hydrogen (Bonds) | ___ are WEAK chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom (that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom) is also attracted to another electronegative atom |  | 10 |
| 8064477240 | Hydrogen (Bonds) | water molecules "stick" to each other by means of ___ | | 11 |
| 8064477241 | Hydrogen (Bonds) | because of ___, water can "stick" to polar substances and dissolve them; water is known as the universal solvent | | 12 |
| 8064477242 | Cohesive | water is said to exhibit (cohesive / adhesive) forces because its molecules have a strong tendency to "stick" to each other | 13 | |
| 8064477243 | Adhesive | water is said to exhibit (cohesive / adhesive) forces because its molecules have a strong tendency to "stick" to other substances | 14 | |
| 8064477244 | High | water has a (high / low) surface tension because of the cohesiveness of its molecules | 15 | |
| 8064477245 | High | water has a (high / low) heat capacity due to hydrogen bonds | 16 | |
| 8064477246 | Acid | a solution is considered a(n) ___ if contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H⁺) | 17 | |
| 8064477247 | Base | a solution is considered a(n) ___ if contains a lot of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) | 18 | |
| 8064477248 | Alkaline(s) | bases are also referred to as ___ | 19 | |
| 8064477249 | pH (also pOH) | acidity and alkalinity are measured using ___, a scale numbered from 1 to 14 where 1 is extremely acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is extremely basic | 20 | |
| 8064477250 | Organic | most of the chemical compounds in living organisms contain a carbon skeleton, and these molecules are said to be ____ because they contain carbon in that particular way | 21 | |
| 8064477251 | Inorganic (Compounds) | molecules that do not contain carbon atoms are called ___ | 22 | |
| 8064477252 | Carbohydrate(s) | organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are called ___; they all contain these elements in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively | 23 | |
| 8064477253 | Protein(s) | once a polypeptide chain twists and folds on itself, if forms a three dimensional structure called a(n) ___ |  | 24 |
| 8064477254 | Lipid(s) | like carbohydrates, ___ consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but not in a 1:2:1 ratio | 25 | |
| 8064477255 | Nucleic Acid(s) | ___ are organic molecules that are made up of simple units called nucleotides |  | 26 |
| 8064477256 | Sugar | "saccharide" means ___ | 27 | |
| 8064477257 | Monosaccharide(s) | the simplest carbohydrates, composed of a single carbon ring, are called ___ | 28 | |
| 8064477258 | Glucose | ___ is the most abundant monosaccharide; it is a six carbon sugar with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆ |  | 29 |
| 8064477259 | Fructose | ___ is a common monosaccharide found in fruits | 30 | |
| 8064477260 | Disaccharide(s) | when TWO monosaccharides are chemically linked by dehydration synthesis, they are now collectively referred to as a(n) ___ | 31 | |
| 8064477261 | Glycosidic (Bonds) | the bond between two glucose molecules, like that of the disaccharide maltose, are called ___ | 32 | |
| 8064477262 | Dehydration Synthesis | the process by which two molecules are synthesized into one by the release of a water molecule is called ___ | 33 | |
| 8064477263 | Hydrolysis | the process by which one molecule is separated into two by the addition of a water molecule is called ___ | 34 | |
| 8064477264 | Oligosaccharide(s) | more than two but not many linked monosaccharides are referred to as a(n) ___ | 35 | |
| 8064477265 | Polysaccharide(s) | many linked units of monosaccharides are called a(n) ___ | 36 | |
| 8064477266 | Polymer(s) | a molecule with repeating subunits is called a(n) ___ | 37 | |
| 8064477267 | Monomer(s) | the repeating subunits of a polymer are called ___ | 38 | |
| 8064477268 | Glycogen | animals store α glucose as the polysaccharide ___ in the liver and muscles |  | 39 |
| 8064477269 | Starch | plants store α glucose as the polysaccharide ___ in structures called plastids | | 40 |
| 8064477270 | Cellulose | plants use β glucose as the polysaccharide ___, a major component of cell walls in plants |  | 41 |
| 8064477271 | Chitin | β glucose can be stored as the polysaccharide ___, which serves as a structural component of cell walls in fungus and the exoskeletons of arthropods | | 42 |
| 8064477272 | Cannot | cellulose (can / cannot) be digested by humans because of the 1-4 glycosidic linkages between the β glucose molecules | | 43 |
| 8064477273 | Amino Acid(s) | ___ are the monomers of proteins; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; there are 20 different kinds; each is composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and hydrogen, and an R group | 44 | |
| 8064477274 | Functional (Groups) | ___ are distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of | 45 | |
| 8064477275 | Peptide (Bonds) | ___ are the bonds between amino acids | 46 | |
| 8064477276 | Polypeptide(s) | if a group of amino acids are joined together in a "string," the resulting organic compound is called a(n) ___ | 47 | |
| 8064477277 | Lipid(s) | fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids are types of ___ | 48 | |
| 8064477278 | Triglyceride(s) | ___, also known as fats, consist of three fatty acid "tails" and a glycerol molecule | 49 | |
| 8064477279 | Ester (Linkage) | the linkage between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids is called a(n) ___ | 50 | |
| 8064477280 | Saturated | fatty acids are said to be ___ if they contain only single covalent bonds | 51 | |
| 8064477281 | Unsaturated | fatty acids are said to be ___ if they contain any double covalent bonds | 52 | |
| 8064477282 | Phospholipid(s) | ___ consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid "tails", and a phosphate "head" | 53 | |
| 8064477283 | Phospholipid(s) | ___ compose the majority of the membranes of cells | 54 | |
| 8064477284 | Hydrophobic | the fatty acid "tails" of phospholipids are (hydrophobic / hydrophilic) | 55 | |
| 8064477285 | Hydrophilic | the phosphate "heads" of phospholipids are (hydrophobic / hydrophilic) | 56 | |
| 8064477286 | Amphipathic | a molecule is ___ if it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions | 57 | |
| 8064477287 | Steroid(s) | all ___ have a basic structure of four linked carbon rings; this type of lipid includes cholesterol, vitamin D, and a variety of hormones | 58 | |
| 8064477288 | Nucleotide(s) | ___ are the monomers of nucleic acids, and they are composed of phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base | 59 | |
| 8064477289 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | ___ is a nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose; this nucleic acid is important because it contains genes that code for protein synthesis | 60 | |
| 8064477290 | RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) | ___ is a nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose; this nucleic acid is important because it provides a means of communication between DNA and the ribosomes which carry out protein synthesis | 61 | |
| 8064477291 | Heterotroph (Hypothesis) | the ___ is the hypothesis that the earliest forms of life arose from nonliving matter in the primitive oceans of Earth | 62 |
