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AP biology Chapter 7 membranes and transport Flashcards

7599605219	plasma membrane	seperates the living cell from its surroundings. Contros traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable.	0
7599605220	selectively permeable	allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	1
7599605221	phospholipids	most abundant lipids	2
7599605222	lipids and proteins	main macromolecules in membranes	3
7599605223	amphipatic molecules	have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions	4
7599605224	fluid mosaic model	The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the...	5
7599605225	freeze-fracture	preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer	6
7599605226	transmembrane proteins	the integral protein completely spans the membrane as...	7
7599605227	integral proteins	proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	8
7599605228	peripheral proteins	proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer	9
7599605229	cell-cell recognition	the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another.	10
7599605230	supramolecular structure	many molecules ordered into a higher level of organization with emergent properties than those of the individual molecules.	11
7599605231	transport proteins	proteins that span the membrane.	12
7599605232	channel proteins	transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane.	13
7599605233	aquaporins	channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water	14
7599605234	carrier proteins	transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.	15
7599605235	diffusion	movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space	16
7599605236	concentration gradient	the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.	17
7599605237	passive transport	transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen	18
7599605238	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	19
7599605239	tonicity	the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.	20
7599605240	isotonic (animal cell)	if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same.	21
7599605241	hypertonic (animal cell)	when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies.	22
7599605242	hypotonic (animal cell)	when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon.	23
7599605243	osmoregulation	the control of water balance	24
7599605244	Paramecium	is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives.	25
7599605245	turgid	when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells.	26
7599605246	hypotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake.	27
7599605247	isotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt.	28
7599605248	flaccid	limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.)	29
7599605249	hypertonic (plant cells)	the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell.	30
7599605250	plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall.	31
7599605251	facilitated diffusion	the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.	32
7599605252	ion channels (gated channels)	Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus.	33
7599605253	cystinuria	human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells.	34
7599605254	active transport	transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy.	35
7599605255	ATP	supplies energy for most active transport	36
7599605256	sodium-potassium pump	transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells.	37
7599605257	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside.	38
7599605258	electrochemical gradient	2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane.	39
7599605259	electrogenic pumps	special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps.	40
7599605260	sodium-potassium pump	major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage.	41
7599605261	proton pumps	the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution.	42
7599605262	cotransport	single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism.	43
7599605263	exocytosis	transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents.	44
7599605264	endocytosis	a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.	45
7599605265	phagocytosis	a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.	46
7599605266	pinocytosis	molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles.	47
7599605267	receptor-mediated endocytosis	endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment.	48
7599605268	lipoproteins	complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______	49
7599605269	ligands	A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.	50
7599605270	dialysis	movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes. The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.	51

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AP Biology Chapters 2 - 5 Study Guide Flashcards

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5527554927	Covalent bond	Bond where valence electrons are shared by two atoms	0
5527554928	Ionic bond	Bond where valence electrons are transferred allowing for a bond to form because of two ions of opposite charges	1
5527561384	The atomic number and the number of electrons	The number of protons equals what two things?	2
5527572147	The number of protons and neutrons	What is the mass number equal to?	3
5527625149	Denaturation	When a protein unravels and loses its shape	4
5527628942	Changes in pH, salt concentration and temperature	Causes of denaturation include...	5
5527640121	Phospholipid bilayer		6
5527651474	The heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. The heads want to be by the water in and surrounding the cell and the tails want to be protected	Why do phospholipid bilayers form the way they do?	7
5527655895	Cis isomer	When the atom/group of atoms attached to the double bonded carbon are on the same side	8
5527668322	Trans isomer	When the atom/group of atoms attached to the double bonded carbon are on opposite sides	9
5527672804	They are both geometric isomers whose carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms	Similarities between cis and trans isomers include...	10
5527678152	Asymmetrical carbon	A carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms	11
5527682713	Adhesion, cohesion, high specific heat, solvent of life, less dense as a solid	The properties of water include...	12
5527687854	The presence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell	What causes the reactivity of atoms?	13
5527687855	Hydrolysis	Process in which polymers are broken apart by adding water molecules	14
5527690117	Dehydration	Process in which monomers are bonded together by removing a water molecule	15
5527693772	Purines		16
5527697494	Pyrimidines		17
5527706955	A nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate group	What makes up a nucleotide?	18
5527709247	Monosaccharide	A single, simple sugar	19
5527709248	Disaccharide	Consists of two monosaccharides joined together	20
5527714348	Deoxyribose	What is the sugar in DNA?	21
5527714349	Ribose	What is the sugar in RNA?	22
5527724354	Sugars and phosphates	These things make up the "backbone" of a DNA molecule...	23
5527799691	Three fatty acids and a glycerol	What makes up a triglyceride?	24
5527802886	Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids	What are the four major macromolecules?	25
5527824162	Cellulose	In a glucose ring, if the OH attached to the #1 carbon is in the beta position then it is...	26
5527824163	Starch	In a glucose ring, if the OH attached to the #1 carbon is in the alpha position then it is...	27
5527916542	Variations in length, branched or unbranched, double bond position and the presence of rings	The different variations of carbon skeletons can include:	28
5527995971	Levo and Dextro	What does the L and D stand for in enantiomers?	29
5528010921	Only that particular form can bind to specific molecules in an organism	Why is only one version of an isomer usually biologically active when it comes to L and D isomers?	30
5528016543	0 - 14	What is the range of the pH scale?	31
5528019836	10	Each step on the pH scale is a factor of...	32
5528022153	Hydrogen bond	The noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (usually oxygen)	33
5528022154	Polar covalent bond	When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons are not shared equally	34
5528026002	Nonpolar covalent bond	The bond between two atoms of the same element where electrons are shared equally because of the same electronegativity	35
5528643396	The amount of these are measured and the total of the two always will equal 10^-14 with the H+ number indicating the pH	What role do H+ and OH- play in the pH scale?	36
5528643398	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	37
5528643399	Solute	The substance that is dissolved in a solution	38
5528645548	Solvent	The dissolving agent in a solution	39
5528645549	Aqueous solution	A solution in which water is the solvent	40
5528648476	Colloid	A mixture that is formed when large water loving substances may not dissolve, but become suspended in an aqueous solution	41
5528648477	Valence	The bonding capacity; the number of unpaired electrons in its valence shell	42
5528653204	2; 8; 18	How many electrons are found in the first 3 valence shells?	43
5528655498	Proton, Neutron and Electron	The subatomic particles include...	44
5528659802	Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur	The elements that are essential to life include...	45
5528659803	Trace element	Elements that are required by organisms but only in very small amounts	46
5528662114	Buffer	Any substance that works to minimize the changes in concentration of H+ and OH- ions in a solution	47
5528667972	These are polar and the water molecules surround them and dissolve them from the outside layer in.	How do salt and sucrose dissolve so easily?	48
5528667990	Vitalism	The belief that chemical and physical laws do not play role in controlling natural phenomena	49
5528667991	Mechanism	The belief that chemical and physical laws govern all natural phenomena including life processes	50
5528670339	Gene	A unit of inheritance	51
5528670340	Saturated fats	These are fats that contain the full amount of hydrogen possible, have no double bonds, are solid at room temperature and generally come from animals	52
5528672253	Unsaturated fats	These are fats that have double bonds, do not contain all the hydrogen it possibly can, is liquid at room temperature and is found mainly in plants	53
5528894047	Primary structure	This structure of a protein is made up of an amino acid sequence	54
5528894048	Secondary structure	This structure of a protein will include coils and folds	55
5528897887	Tertiary structure	This structure of a protein is a result of the interactions of the side chains (R groups); has a 3D shape to it	56
5528908210	Quarternary structure	This structure is the result of more then one polypeptide chain coming together	57
5528934980	Energy storage, protection, cell membrane formation	Functions of fats include...	58
5528942713	Enzymes, storage, hormonal, contractile and motor, defensive, transport, act as receptors, structural	The different functions of proteins include...	59

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AP Biology: Chapter 17 (gene to protein) Flashcards

From Gene to Protein

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8525523406	Gene Expression	process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins	0
8525523407	Transcription	-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus	1
8525523408	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell	2
8525523409	Translation	-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm	3
8525523410	Ribosomes	-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains	4
8525523411	Primary Transcript	initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that is not translated into protein	5
8525523412	Triplet Code	genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words	6
8525523413	Template Strand	DNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript	7
8525523414	Codons	mRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction	8
8525523415	Reading Frame	grapings w/ symbols w/ message that needs to be translated to written language	9
8525523416	RNA Polymerase	-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed	10
8525523417	Promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	11
8525523418	Terminator	sequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria	12
8525523419	Transcription Unit	stretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule	13
8525523420	Transcription Factors	proteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription	14
8525523421	Transcription Initiation Complex	complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to promoter	15
8525523422	TATA Box	crucial promoter DNA sequence	16
8525523423	RNA Processing	enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm	17
8525523424	5' Cap	modified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	18
8525523425	poly-A Tail	-50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	19
8525523426	RNA splicing	removal of large portions of RNA molecule initially synthesized	20
8525523427	Introns	noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions	21
8525523428	Exons	nucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences	22
8525523429	Spliceosome	interacts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron	23
8525523430	Ribozymes	RNA molecules that function as enzymes, can b/c: 1. RNA single stranded, region of RNA molecule may base-pair w/ complementary region elsewhere in same molecule-gives molecule particular 3D structure-essential to catalytic function of ribozymes, just like in enzymatic proteins 2. some RNA bases have functional groups that may participate in catalysis 3. ability of RNA to hydrogen bond w/ other nucleic acid molecules-adds specificity to catalytic activity	24
8525523431	Alternative RNA Splicing	many genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes	25
8525523432	Domains	functional regions part of protein architecture	26
8525523433	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome	27
8525523434	Anticodon	nucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA	28
8525523435	Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases	-able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome	29
8525523436	Wobble	flexible base pairing at codon position	30
8525523437	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits	31
8525523438	P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain	32
8525523439	A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain	33
8525523440	E Site (exit site)	where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome	34
8525523441	Release Factor	protein that binds to stop codon @ A site	35
8525523442	Polyribosomes	-strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly	36
8525523443	Signal Peptide	-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion	37
8525523444	Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)	brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane	38
8525523445	Signal Mechanism for Targeting Proteins to ER	1. polypeptide synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol 2. SRP binds to signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3. SRP binds to receptor proteins in ER membrane (receptor is part of protein complex w/ membrane and signal cleaving enzyme) 4. SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes w/ simultaneous translocation across membrane (signal peptide stays attached to translocation complex) 5. signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide 6. rest of complexed polypeptide leaves ribosome and folds into final conformation	39
8525523446	Mutations	-change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms	40
8525523447	Point Mutations	-chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations	41
8525523448	Base Pair Substitutions	replacement of one nucleotide and its partner w/ another pair of nucleotides	42
8525523449	Missense Mutations	-change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions	43
8525523450	Nonsense Mutation	-change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene	44
8525523451	Insertions	additions of nucleotide pairs in gene	45
8525523452	Deletion	losses of nucleotide pairs in gene	46
8525523453	Frameshift Mutations	-# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message	47
8525523454	Mutagen	physical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations	48
8525523455	rRNA	makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis	49
8525523456	gene	equals one RNA molecule	50
8525523457	snRNA	small nuclear RNA	51
8525523458	srpRNA	signal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides	52
8525523459	RNAi	Interference RNA	53
8525523460	ribozyme	RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme	54

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AP Biology - Chapter 11 Flashcards

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5126772613	signal transduction pathway	a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response	0
5126772614	local regulators	a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted (the red stuff)	1
5126772615	cell junctions	allows molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes	2
5126772616	cell-cell recognition	two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces	3
5126772617	paracrine signaling	(local) a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator	4
5126772618	synaptic signaling	(local) a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	5
5126772619	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood	6
5126772620	hormones	in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning	7
5126772621	reception		8
5126772622	transduction		9
5126772623	response		10
5126772624	ligand	a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one	11
5126772625	g protein-coupled receptor	a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein	12
5126772626	g protein-coupled receptor		13
5126772627	g protein	a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell	14
5126772628	receptor tyrosine kinases	a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the intracellular part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein	15
5126772629	receptor tyrosine kinases	often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer; phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell	16
5126772630	receptor tyrosine kinases		17
5126772631	ligand-gated ion channel	a protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions	18
5126772632	ligand-gated ion channel		19
5126772633	steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor		20
5126772634	protein kinase	an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein	21
5126772635	protein phosphatases	an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase	22
5126772636	phosphorylation cascade		23
5126772637	second messengers	a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein	24
5126772638	cyclic amp	cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; also a regulator of some bacterial operons	25
5126772639	adenylyl cyclase	an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal	26
5126772640	cAMP as a second messenger in a G-protein signaling pathway		27
5126772641	calcium ions	many signaling molecules in animals, including neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones, induce responses in their target cells via signal transduction pathways that increase the cytosolic concentration of	28
5126772642	more	calcium is (more/less) widely used than cAMP as a second messenger	29
5126772643	the maintenance of calcium ion concentrations in an animal cell		30
5126772644	IP3 (inositol triphosphate)	a second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration	31
5126772645	DAG (diacyglycerol)	a second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane	32
5126772646	calcium and IP3 in signaling pathways		33
5126772647	the specificity of cell signaling		34
5126772648	scaffolding proteins	a type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction	35
5126772649	apoptosis	a program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die	36
5126772650	apoptosis		37

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AP Biology Cell Membrane CH 7 Flashcards

Cell membrane structure and functions

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7296787736	Selective Permeability	Allows some substances to cross more easily than others	0
7296787737	phospholipid bilayer	a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma membranes	1
7296787738	Integral Proteins	Proteins that extend through the phospholipid bilayer.	2
7296787739	Peripheral Proteins	A protein loosely attached to the surface of a membrane	3
7296787740	Glycoproteins	proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them for identification (self/nonself)	4
7296787741	cholesterol	steroid present in the plasma membranes of animal cells. A large amount of this in a phospholipid bilayer at High Temperatures reduces membrane fluidity, but at Lower Temperature prevents the membrane from solidifying.	5
7296787742	Concentration Gradient	a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space	6
7296787743	Diffusion	the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, so that they spread out evenly reaching equilibrium	7
7296787744	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	8
7296787745	Transport Proteins	proteins that help to transport substances across cell membranes	9
7296787746	Aquaporins	Channel proteins that help massive amount of water pass through the membrane; a lot in our kidneys	10
7296787747	Passive Transport	movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy	11
7296787748	Isotonic	a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell; the cell will not change	12
7296787749	Hypertonic	the solution with the greater concentration of solutes	13
7296787750	Hypotonic	the solution with the lower concentration of solutes	14
7296787751	Osmoregulation	The control of water balance	15
7296787752	Turgid	Very firm (healthy state), especially for plant cells	16
7296787753	Plasmolysis	As a plant cell shrivels its plasma membrane pulls away from the wall	17
7296787754	Facilitated Diffusion	passive transport of ions or polar molecules across a plasma membrane by transport proteins	18
7296787755	Active Transport	transport of a substance through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires energy	19
7296787756	Sodium-Potassium Pump	a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell	20
7296787757	Exocytosis	process by which a cell releases large amounts of material by vesicles	21
7296787758	Endocytosis	the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle	22
7296787759	Phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which microbes are taken in by immune cells of animals (mainly by macrophages)	23
7296787760	Pinocytosis	cellular drinking	24
7296787761	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	Taking in large amount of specific substances by binding to receptors, which form vesicles and are then taken in by the cell	25
7296787762	osmotic pressure	The force required to resist the movement of water by osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the concentration of a solution. A solution that is highly concentrated has a strong tendency to draw water into itself, so the pressure required to resist that movement would be high. Thus, highly concentrated solutions are said to have high osmotic pressures.	26
7296803781	A cell will swell up when placed into this solution	hypotonic	27
7296805796	A cell will lose water and shrink when placed into this solution	hypertonic	28
7296807478	This lowers water potential	a more concentrated solution	29
7296809939	This raises water potential	a less concentrated solution	30
7296827869	contractile vacuole	Unicellular Freshwater organisms structure for osmoregulation	31

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AP Biology--Cell Structure Flashcards

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5266652710	nucleus	contains DNA, surrounded by selectively permeable nuclear membrane (envelope)	0
5266652711	nuclear membrane	contains pores to allow for transport of molecules such as RNA	1
5266652712	nucleolus	synthesis of ribosomes	2
5266652713	ribosomes	synthesis of proteins	3
5266652714	Smooth ER	3 functions: assists in synthesis of lipids, connects rough ER to Golgi, Carries out various detoxification processes	4
5266652715	Rough ER	site of protein synthesis (attached ribosomes)	5
5266652716	Golgi Body/Apparatus	surrounded by vesicles, packages substances produced in rough ER: secrete them to other parts of cell for export	6
5266652717	lysosomes	sacs of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes—site of intracellular digestion, assists in apoptosis (programmed destruction of cells)	7
5266652718	cytoplasm	thick liquid between membrane, holds organelles, most cellular activites occur here, ex: glycolysis	8
5266652719	Vacuoles	structures for storage	9
5266652720	Vescicles	transport things	10
5266652721	mitochondria	site of cellular respiration—have an outder double membrane, inner series of membranes called cristae. contain own DNA	11
5266652722	chloroplasts	site of photosynthesis, have inner membrane that forms series of structures called grana (stack of thylakoids), found in the stroma. Contain own DNA	12
5266652723	cytoskeleton	complex network of protein filaments—gives cell its shape, enables it to move, anchors organelles to plasma membrane. includes microtubules and microfilaments.	13
5266652726	tubulin (microtubule)	hollow tubes made of protein tubulin that make up cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers	14
5266652727	cell membrane	protects/encloses cell—allows some substances to travel out of/into cell. isolates cell's contents, regulates movement of substances into/out of cell, communicates with other cells—made of fluid mosaic phopholipid bilayer	15
5266652728	cell wall	made of cellulose, found in plants, algae. cell walls of fungi made of chitin. primary cell wall-immediately outside plasma membrane. secondary cell wall—second series outside of primary layer. during cytokinesis, middle lamella or cell plate forms.	16
5266652729	Differences between plant/animal cells	a. plants have cell wall b. plants have chloroplasts c. animals have centrioles	17
5266652730	3 functions of cell membrane	i.Isolate cell's contents from external environment ii.Regulate mvmt of substances into and out of cell iii.Communicate with other cells	18
5266652732	Surface area/volume ratio	The surface area: volume ratio decreases as cells grow bigger. As the diameter of sphere grows bigger, the surface area grows smaller. This allows less room for substances to diffuse into/out of cell and makes the diffusion distance (from center of cell to membrane) bigger.	19

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AP Biology Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7406141651	Covalent bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.	0
7406141652	Organic Chemistry	the chemistry of carbon compounds (other than simple salts such as carbonates, oxides, and carbides).	1
7406141653	Functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	2
7406141654	Nucleic acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	3
7406141655	Macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.	4
7406141656	Carbohydrates	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).	5
7406141657	Triose	any of a group of monosaccharide sugars whose molecules contain three carbon atoms.	6
7406141658	Pentose	any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain five carbon atoms, such as ribose and xylose.	7
7406141659	Hexose	any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose.	8
7406141660	Catalyst	A process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	9
7406141661	Hydrocarbons	An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.	10
7406141662	Isomers	One of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.	11
7406141663	Structural isomers	One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.	12
7406141664	Cis-trans isomers	a term used in organic chemistry to refer to the stereoisomerism engendered in the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule.	13
7406141665	Enantiomers	One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.	14
7406141666	Adenosine triphosphate	Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate, a small but surprising molecule used in cells as a coenzyme often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.	15
7406141667	Adenosine diphosphate	Adenosine diphosphate is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.	16
7406141668	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	17
7406141669	Monomers	The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	18
7406141670	Enzymes	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.	19
7406141671	Dehydration reactions	A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	20
7406141672	Hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	21
7406141673	Monosaccharides	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.	22
7406141674	Disaccharides	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	23
7406141675	Glycosidic linkages	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	24
7406141676	Polysaccharides	A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	25
7406141677	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.	26
7406141678	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	27
7406141679	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.	28
7406141680	Chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	29
7406141681	Lipids	Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.	30
7406141682	Fatty acid	A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	31
7406141683	Triglyceride	A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and animals, as well as vegetable fat.	32
7406141684	Saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	33
7406141685	Unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	34
7406141686	Trans fat	unsaturated fatty acid of a type occurring in margarines and manufactured cooking oils as a result of the hydrogenation process, having a trans arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds. Consumption of such acids is thought to increase the risk of atherosclerosis.	35
7406141687	Phospholipids	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	36
7406141688	Steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.	37
7406141689	Cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.	38
7406141690	Hydrocarbons	An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.	39

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ap biology - immune system Flashcards

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5500040205	Innate Immunity	A form of defense common to all animals that is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.	0
5500040206	Specific (adapted) Immunity	A vertebrate-specific defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). It exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition.	1
5500040207	Lysozyme	An enzyme that destroys bacterial cells walls; in mammals, found in sweat, tears, and saliva.	2
5500040208	Phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).	3
5500040209	Pathogens	An organism or virus that causes disease.	4
5500040210	Toll-like receptor	A membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens, but uncommon in animals.(part of the innate response)	5
5500040212	Macrophages	A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell.	6
5500040217	Inflammation Response	An innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens.	7
5500040218	Histamine	A substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable to inflammatory and allergic responses.	8
5500040219	Mast Cells	A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions.	9
5500040220	Natural Killer (NK) Cells AND cytotoxic T cells	A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate or specific immunity.	10
5500040221	Lymphocyte	A type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. The two main classes are B cells and T cells.	11
5500040222	Thymus	A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed.	12
5500040223	T Cells	The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and that includes both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity.	13
5500040224	B Cells	The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response.	14
5500040225	Antigen	A macromolecule on surface of a pathogen that elicits and immune response by binding to receptors of B cells or T cells.	15
5500040226	Antigen Receptors	The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses. Those on B cells are called B cell receptors, and those on T cells are called T cell receptors.	16
5500040229	Heavy Chain	(long) One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.	17
5500040230	Light Chain	(short) One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding cite, and a constant region.	18
5500040232	Antibody	A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B Cells) that binds to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin (Ig). All of these molecules have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.	19
5500040235	Antigen Presentation	The process by which an intracellular protein antigen is carried to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T Cell.	20
5500040236	Helper T Cell	A type of T cell that, when activated, secreted cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens.	21
5500040238	Cytotoxic T Cells	A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells.	22
5500040240	Memory Cell	One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen. These activate the secondary immune response.	23
5500040241	Clonal Selection	The process by which an antigen activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes divide and differentiate into a clone of "effector cells" and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.	24
5500040242	Primary Immune Response	The initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days.	25
5500040243	Plasma Cells	The antibody-secreting cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells.	26
5500040244	Secondary Immune Response	The acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. The secondary immune response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration that the primary immune response.	27
5500040245	Humoral Immune Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.	28
5500040246	Cell-Mediated Immune Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.	29
5500040251	Vaccination	When an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory.	30
5500040252	Active Immunity	Long lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization.	31
5500040253	Passive Immunity	Short-term immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies, as occurs in the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant.	32
5500040254	Allergens	A nonparasitic antigen capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals.	33
5500040255	Immunodeficiency	A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent.	34
5500040256	Autoimmune Disease	An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself.	35
5500040257	AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)	The symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.	36
5500040258	Cytokine	Any of a group of substances secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.	37

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AP Biology: Intro to Ecology and Bioshpere Chapter 52 Flashcards

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7629513258	Ecology	Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. These interactions determine the distribution of organisms and their abundance.	0
7629513259	Global Ecology	This examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere, which is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet's ecosystem.	1
7629513260	Landscape Ecology	A landscape (or seascape) is a mosaic of connected ecosystems. Landscape Ecology focusses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems.	2
7629513261	Ecosystem Ecology	An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact. Ecosystem Ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components.	3
7629513262	Community Ecology	A community is a group of populations of different species in an area. Community Ecology examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization.	4
7629513263	Population Ecology	A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area. Populations ecology focuses on factors affecting population size over time.	5
7629513264	Organismal Ecology	Studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges. Includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology.	6
7629513265	Climate	Long term weather conditions in a given area. One of the biggest factors that determines where organisms live. Each climate will contain many microclimates, such as a community of organisms underneath a fallen log. Climate is largely determined by the amount of solar energy an area receives.	7
7629513266	Biomes	Major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes). Climate is very important in determining why terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas. (Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance.)	8
7629513267	Climograph	Plots the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a region. (Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance.)	9
7629513268	Ecotone	Area of intergradation between terrestrial biomes, it can be wide or narrow. (Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance.)	10
7629513269	Vertical Layering	Layers of a biome, such as an upper canopy, low-tree layer, shrub understory, ground layer of herbaceous plants, forest floor, and root layer in a forest. (Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance.)	11
7629513270	Disturbance	Event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community. (Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance.)	12
7629513271	See Climograph Definition for Biome Chart	See Climograph Definition for Biome Chart	13
7629513272	Aquatic Biomes	They show less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes. Marine biomes have salt concentrations of about 3%. Freshwater biomes have salt concentrations of less than 0.1%, and are closely linked to soils and biotic components. The largest marine biome is made up of oceans which cover about 75% of Earth's surface and have an enormous impact on the biosphere. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	14
7629513273	Photic Zone	Has sufficient light for photosynthesis. (upper level) Both the photic and aphotic zones together make up the pelagic zone. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	15
7629513274	Aphotic Zone	Receives little light. (lower level) Both the photic and aphotic zones together make up the pelagic zone. Deep in this zone lies the abyssal zone. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	16
7629513275	Benthic Zone	Organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones. Invertebrates live here. Communities of organisms that live in this zone are called the Benthos. Dead organic matter known as Detritus, falls from the surface water and is an important source of food.(Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	17
7629513276	Thermocline	Temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water. Many lakes go through a semiannual mixing of their water called Turnover. This mixes oxygenated water from the surface with the nutrient-rich water from the bottom. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	18
7629513277	Oligotrophic Lakes	Nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich. Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted Littoral Zone close to shore. Water in the Limnetic Zone is too deep to support such plants, so small drifting animals called zooplankton graze on phytoplankton. STUDY TIP: Think Oligotrophic starts in O, and so does Oxygen. Oligotrophic = Oxygen-rich(Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	19
7629513278	Eutrophic Lakes	Nutrient-rich and often depleted in oxygen in deep zones or throughout the lake if covered in ice in winter. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	20
7629513279	Wetland	Habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil. Have high organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen. Among the most productive biomes on Earth, but humans have destroyed up to 90% of wetlands; wetlands purify water and reduce flooding. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	21
7629513280	Streams and Rivers	Most prominent physical characteristic is current: Headwaters are generally cold, clear, turbulent, swift, and oxygen-rich; often narrow and rocky. May be rich in phytoplankton or rooted aquatic plants. Downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid, and well oxygenated; they are often wide, meandering, and have silty bottoms. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	22
7629513281	Estuary	Transition between river and sea. Salinity varies with the rise and fall of tides, but they are nutrient-rich and highly productive. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	23
7629513282	Intertidal Zone	Periodically submerged and exposed by the tides. Oxygen and nutrient levels are high. Animals include sponges, sea anemones, echinoderms, and small fishes. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	24
7629513283	Oceanic Pelagic Zone	Constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents. Oxygen levels are high. This biome covers approximately 70% of Earth's surface. Phytoplankton and zooplankton are the dominant organisms in this biome; also found are free-swimming animals. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	25
7629513284	Coral Reefs	Formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals. Shallowing reef-building corals live in photic zone in warm, clear water; deep-sea corals live at depths of 200-1,500 m. Require high oxygen concentrations. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	26
7629513285	Marine Benthic Zone	Seafloor below surface waters of the coastal, or neritic, zone and the offshore pelagic zone. Organisms in the very deep benthic zone are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high water pressure. (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	27
7629513286	Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents	Of volcanic origin on mid-ocean ridges, they are surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, (makes own food). (Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.)	28
7629513287	Ecological Time	Minute-to-minute time frame of interactions between organisms and the environment. Events in this can lead to evolution. (Concept 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.)	29
7629513288	Evolutionary Time	Spans many generations and captures adaptation through natural selection. (Concept 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.)	30
7629513289	Dispersal	Movement of individuals or gametes away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin. This contributes to the global distribution of organisms. (Concept 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.)	31
7629513290	Species Transplants	Organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original distribution. If a transplant is successful, then the potential range of the species is larger than it's actual range. (Concept 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.)	32
7629513291	What are the five biotic factors that affect distribution?	Predation, Herbivory, Competition, Mutualism, and Parasitism. (Concept 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.)	33
7629513292	What are the six abiotic factors that affect distribution?	Temperature, Water, Oxygen, Salinity, Sunlight, and Soil. Oxygen diffuses slowly in water, so water affects the oxygen factor. (Concept 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.)	34

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AP Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

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8348250425	anaphase	fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell	0
8348250426	anchorage dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum	1
8348250427	benign tumor	a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin	2
8348250428	binary fission	the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome	3
8348250429	cell cycle	an ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of M, G1, S, G2	4
8348250430	cell cycle control system	a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle	5
8348250431	cell division	reproduction of a cell	6
8348250432	cell plate	a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall form during cytokinesis	7
8348250433	centromere	the centralized region joining two chromatids	8
8348250434	centrosome	material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule organizing center	9
8348250435	checkpoint	a critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals regulate the cycle	10
8348250436	chromatin	complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome; when a cell is not diving chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	11
8348250437	chromosome	a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus; each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
8348250438	cleavage furrow	the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell;a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate	13
8348250439	cyclin	a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically	14
8348250440	cytokinesis	the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately following mitosis	15
8348250441	density-dependent inhibition	the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another	16
8348250442	G0 phase	a nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle	17
8348250443	G1 phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	18
8348250444	G2 phase	the second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occur	19
8348250445	gamete	a haploid cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to form a diploid cell	20
8348250446	genome	the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.	21
8348250447	interphase	the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. 90% of the cell cycle	22
8348250448	M phase	mitotic phase; the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	23
8348250449	malignant tumor	a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs	24
8348250450	metaphase	the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to the microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate	25
8348250451	metastasis	the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site	26
8348250452	mitosis	a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei	27
8348250453	mitotic (M) phase	the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	28
8348250454	mitotic spindle	an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis	29
8348250455	MPF	maturation-promoting factor (M-phase promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase	30
8348250456	prophase	the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begin to form, but the nucleu and nucleolus are still intact	31
8348250457	S phase	the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated	32
8348250458	sister chromatids	replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and eventually separating during mitosis or meiosis II	33
8348250459	somatic cell	any cell in multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg cell	34
8348250460	telophase	the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter cells are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun	35