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AP Biology Quiz 8 Flashcards

7926050111	Plasma Membrane	the boundary between the cell and environment. maintains homeostasis. composed of phospholipid bilayer	0
7926059948	Selective Permeability	others enter others leave (water is easy, sodium and calcium only at certain times)	1
7926059949	Phospholipid	lipids with a phosphate group attached.	2
7926555863	Phospholipid Bilayer	a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane	3
7926062701	Polar phosphate head	allows for cells to react with watery environment. (hydrophilic)	4
7926062702	Fatty acid tail	Hydrophobic part of the bilayer	5
7926066466	Fluid mosaic model	describes the plasma membrane. (fluid bc its flexible, mosaic bc of embedded proteins)	6
7926066467	Cholesterol	prevents the fatty acid tails from sticking together.	7
7926069265	Transport proteins	Allow for movement of large molecules and identification. (CFTR which pumps chloride ions out of the epithelial cells. water follows these ions creating a watery film over these cells)	8
7926071684	Membrane proteins	Integral, Peripheral, Transport, Recognition, Receptor, Adhesion	9
7926075054	Integral protein	embedded in the lipid bilayer	10
7926075055	Peripheral protein	held to the membrane surface by noncovalent bond. (most on cytoplasmic side, some apart of cytoskeleton)	11
7926086238	Transport protein	help move things in and out of cell	12
7926088678	Recognition protein	recognize the cell	13
7926088679	Receptor protein	recognize and bind molecules from other cells (insulin)	14
7926093452	cell adhesion protein	helps to stick	15
7926095794	Passive transport	movement across the membrane via diffusion of high to low concentration (gradient, NO ENERGY)	16
7926095795	Osmosis	diffusion of water	17
7926099548	Facilitated diffusion	helped by proteins	18
7926099549	Diffusion	High to low concentration. (continuous)	19
7926102930	Substances moved through diffusion	nonpolar inorganic gasses (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) nonpolar organic molecules (steroid hormones) water small enough to slip through	20
7926116869	Transport proteins (facilitated diffusion)	Channel proteins and carrier proteins	21
7926122212	channel protein	hydrophilic channel where water and ions can freely pass. (gated- open and close in response to voltage changes or signal molecules)	22
7926125562	carrier protein	binds to specific molecules. (glucose, amino acids)	23
7926125563	isotonic	concentration is equal on both sides	24
7926125564	hypotonic	more water outside than inside. causes cell to expand and burst. (distilled water)	25
7926127546	hypertonic	More water inside than outside. causes cell to shrink. (lower water more solute)	26
7926129623	osmotic pressure	When the solution stops rising because the weight of raised solution balances the tendency of water molecules to move up the tube	27
7926129624	turgor pressure	when osmosis drives water into cells of stems and leaves of plants. Cell wall expands and begins to push tightly against each other.	28
7926131972	plasmolysis	loss of osmotic pressure causes plant cells to pull away from the cell wall.	29
7926131973	Aerobic cellular respiration	releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. (best way for energy)	30
7926147439	Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)	releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. (not good for energy)	31
7926147440	Alcoholic fermentation	Anaerobic. used to make beer/wine/bread	32
7926150451	Lactic Acid fermentation	Anaerobic. used by muscle cells when the body cannot supply enough oxygen. (muscle soreness, yogurt, pickles, sour cream)	33
7926154320	Chemosynthesis	chemicals used to produce energy. (hydrogen sulfide commonly used. archaebacteria)	34
7926154321	Functions of Active Transport	Uptake of molecules from surroundings when the concentration is lower within the cell. Removal of waste when concentrations are higher outside the cell. Maintenance of constant intracellular concentrations of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and calcium	35
7926157303	Membrane Potential	Active transport of ions contributes to a voltage across the plasma membrane. (electrical potential difference. Used by nerve cells for transmission of impulse)	36
7926157362	Primary Active Transport	Movement of positively charged ions across the membrane. (same protein that transports substance also hydrolyzes ATP to power transport)	37
7926162454	Proton pump (H+ pump)	Keeps pH within the cell low. (lysosomes of animals and vacuoles of plants) Generates membrane potential. (prokaryotes, plants, and fungi)	38
7926165059	Calcium pump (Ca+2)	Pushes calcium from the cytoplasm to the cells exterior and from the cytosol into vesicles of the ER. (Normally higher outside the cell and the ER. Used for muscle contraction and pollen formation)	39
7926171075	Sodium-Potassium pump (Na+/K+)	Pushes 3 sodium molecules out and brings in 2 potassium molecules. results in the accumulation of positive charges outside the cell and the inside of the cell becoming negative.	40
7926193988	Electrochemical gradient	Concentration differences between the inside and outside of the cell.	41
7930211741	PRACTIC	Peripheral, receptor, adhesion, carrier, transport, integral, channel	42
7930211742	RUM	Removal of waste, uptake of nutrients, maintenance of homeostasis	43
7930211743	PACKS	Proton pump, active transport, calcium pump, potassium/sodium pump.	44

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AP Biology Chapter 53 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7485456673	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	0
7485456674	density	the number of individuals per unit area or volume	1
7485456675	dispersion	the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population	2
7485456676	mark-recapture method	a sampling technique used to estimate the size of animal populations	3
7485456677	immigration	the influx of new individuals into a population from other areas	4
7485456678	emigration	the movement of individuals out of a population	5
7485456679	territoriality	a behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species	6
7485456680	demography	the study of changes over time in the vital statistics of populations, especially birth rates and death rates	7
7485456681	life tables	an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population	8
7485456682	cohort	a group of individuals of the same age in a population	9
7485456683	survivorship curve	a plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality	10
7485456684	reproductive table	an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population	11
7485456685	exponential population growth	growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time	12
7485456686	carrying capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K	13
7485456687	logistic population growth model	population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity	14
7485456688	life history	the traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival	15
7485456689	semelparity	reproduction in which an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event; also known as big-bang reproduction	16
7485456690	iteroparity	reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction	17
7485456691	K-selection	selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density	18
7485456692	r-selection	selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments; also called density-independent selection	19
7485456693	density dependent	referring to any characteristic that varies with population density	20
7485456694	density independent	referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density	21
7485456695	population dynamics	the study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size	22
7485456696	metapopulation	a group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration	23
7485456697	age structure	the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	24
7485456698	ecological footprint	the aggregate land and water area required by a person, city, or nation to produce all of the resources it consumes and to absorb all of the wastes it generates	25

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Ap Biology Chapter 44 Flashcards

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4868443035	Osmoregulation	Regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain a loss of water in organisms	0
4868449096	Excretion	This gets rid of filtrate from the system, removes things like Nitrogenous metabolites	1
4868473145	Osmolarity	The solute concentration of a solution-This determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane	2
4868484928	Osmoconformers	Consisting only of some marine animals are isoosmotic (same concentration) with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity (most marine invertebrates)	3
4868508085	Osmoregulators	Organisms that expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment (Most marine vertebrates)	4
4868520468	Stenohaline	Animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity	5
4868527902	Euryhaline	Animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity	6
4868547732	Anhydrobiosis	Aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds that lose almost all of their body water and survive in a dormant state (water bear)	7
4868559437	Transport epithelium	Epithelial cells that regulate solute movement (I.e. salt glands)	8
4868573832	Urea	The substance that organisms convert ammonia into with water (all wastes need water, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus) (This substance is 100,000x less toxic than ammonia)	9
4868596395	Uric acid	The excretion of animals that need to retain as much water as possible (Birds, Reptiles, and Animals in dry climates)	10
4868607226	Filtration	Pressure-filtering of body fluids	11
4868617063	Reabsorption	The reclaiming of valuable solutes and water from waste	12
4868620923	Secretion	Adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to filtrate	13
4868628227	Filtrate	A derivative of body fluids (refined into urine)	14
4868655374	Renal veins	The way that blood is drained from kidneys	15
4868657480	Renal arteries	The way that blood is supplied to the kidney	16
4868662542	Ureter	The duct where urine exits the kidney	17
4868667840	Urinary bladder	Where the urine flows after the kidney (held shut through the use of sphincters)	18
4868672625	Urethra	Urine is expelled through this	19
4868680613	Nephron	The functional part of the kidneys, single long tubule and ball of capillaries (this incorporates the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule)	20
4868691825	Glomerulus	The ball of capillaries where blood flow comes in	21
4868696654	Bowman's capsule	Surrounds and receives filtrate from the glomerulus	22
4868705044	Vasa Recta	Capillaries that serve the loop of Henle	23
4868711227	Proximal Tubule	Re-absorption of ions, water, and nutrients takes place here (both active and passive)	24
4868724856	300mOSM/L	The osmolarity of blood	25
4868727785	1200mOSM/L	The osmolarity of urine	26
4868742105	Countercurrent multiplier system	The gradient of high concentration as the urine leaves the kidney to pull out the maximum amount of water	27
4868760292	(A.D.H) Anti Diuretic Hormone	A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to help reabsorb water from the urine by having cells create more aquaporins (Diabetics lack this)	28
4868785236	Descending Loop of Henle	Reabsorption of water continues through aquaporins, movement is driven by osmolarity of the interstitial fluid which is hyperosmotic (water leaves the filtrate/filtrate becomes more concentrated)	29
4868792472	Distal Tubule	Regulates the K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids	30
4868841307	Ascending Loop of Henle	Salt diffuses out of the filtrate but not water (Filtrate dilutes)	31
4868867976	Collecting Duct	Carries the filtrate from the medula to the renal pelvis(water is lost as well as urea and salt, the filtrate becomes more concentrated)	32
4868895032	Renal cortex	Outer portion of the kidney	33
4868897577	Renal medula	Middle portion of the kidney; contains the loop of Henle and the collecting ducts	34
4868914966	Renin-Angiotensin-Aldesterone system(RAAS)	A complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis	35
4868930220	Juxtaglomerular Apparatus(JGA)	The structure that releases renin when blood pressure drops near the glomerulus	36
4868935759	Angiotensin	Formed when renin is present, Raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to the kidneys by producing the hormone Aldosterone	37
4868958733	Atrial-Natriuretic peptide(ANP)	Does the opposite of RAAS when the blood pressure rises	38

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AP Biology Chapter 6, 7, and 10 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 10.

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4882441352	photosynthesis	conversion of light energy and water into chemical energy	0
4882441353	autotrophs	organisms which sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms	1
4882441354	heterotrophs	organisms which obtain compounds produced by other organisms	2
4882441355	chlorophyll	the green pigment located within the chloroplasts, responsible for the green color of leaves	3
4882441356	mesophyll	the tissue in the interior of the leaf	4
4882441357	stroma	the dense fluid within the chloroplast	5
4882441358	thylakoids	an elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs which are stacked in columns called grana	6
4882441359	light reactions	occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen	7
4882441360	calvin cycle	fixates atmospheric CO2 and reduces the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate	8
4882441361	NADP+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron carrier which is cousin of NAD+ which is used in cellular respiration	9
4882441362	photophosphorylation	use of chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP	10
4882441363	wavelength	the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves	11
4882441364	electromagnetic spectrum	the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer	12
4882441365	visible light	the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum from 380 nm to 750 nm which the human eye can detect	13
4882441366	photon	a discrete quantity of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle	14
4882441367	spectrophotometer	device which measures the ability of pigments to absorb wavelengths of light	15
4882441368	absorption spectrum	a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength	16
4882441369	chlorophyll a	photosynthetic pigment which participates directly in the light reactions to convert solar energy to chemical energy	17
4882441370	action spectrum	profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis	18
4882441371	chlorophyll b	accessory photosynthetic pigment which transfers energy to chlorophyll b	19
4882441372	carotenoid	accessory pigment which absorbs wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, thus broadening the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis	20
4882441373	photosystem	light-capturing unit in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes	21
4882441374	reaction-center complex	complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor, triggers light reactions of photosynthesis by donating an electron to an ETC	22
4882441375	light-harvesting complex	a complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules which captures light energy and transfers it to a reaction-center pigments in a photosystem	23
4882441376	primary electron acceptor	a molecule in the reaction-center complex which is capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced	24
4882441377	photosystem II	light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, reaction center is two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a	25
4882441378	photosystem I	light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, reaction center is two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a	26
4882441379	linear electron flow	a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, involves both photosystems I and II, produces ATP, NADPH, and O2	27
4882441380	cyclic electron flow	route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, involves only photosystem I, produces ATP but not NADPH or O2	28
4882441381	G3P	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a three-carbon sugar produced directly from the Calvin cycle	29
4882441382	carbon fixation	initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 in an organic compound by an autotrophic organism	30
4882441383	rubisco	the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle, adding CO2 to RuBP	31
4882441384	C4 plants	plants which preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation which forms a four-carbon compound as its first product	32
4882441385	bundle-sheath cells	photosynthetic cells which are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf	33
4882441386	mesophyll cells	photosynthetic cells between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface, more loosely arranged	34
4882441387	PEP carboxylase	enzyme in C4 plants which adds CO2 to PEP to from the four-carbon product oxaloacetate	35
4882441388	CAM	crassulacean acid metabolism, a photosynthetic adaptation for arid conditions, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night, releasing CO2 during the day from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle	36
4882441389	CAM plant	a plant which uses CAM to convert carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night into organic acids, which release CO2 for the calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed	37
4882441390	organelles	membrane-enclosed compartments	38
4882441391	cell fractionation	takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another	39
4882441392	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	40
4882441393	eukaryotic cell	cell in which most DNA is found in the nucleus	41
4882441394	prokaryotic cell	cell in which most DNA is found in a non-membrane-enclosed nucleoid	42
4882441395	nucleoid	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	43
4882441396	cytoplasm	the interior of a prokaryotic cell	44
4882441397	plasma membrane	a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell	45
4882441398	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	46
4882441399	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	47
4882441400	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	48
4882441401	chromosomes	structures that carry the genetic information	49
4882441402	chromatin	material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	50
4882441403	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	51
4882441404	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	52
4882441405	endomembrane system	collection of membranes related through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles	53
4882441406	endoplasmic reticulum	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	54
4882441407	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, common in liver cells	55
4882441408	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce membrane and secretory proteins	56
4882441409	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates	57
4882441410	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	58
4882441411	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	59
4882441412	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which it uses to digest macromolecules	60
4882441413	phagocytosis	the lysosome digests food	61
4882441414	autophagy	the lysosomes break down damaged organelles	62
4882441415	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	63
4882441416	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	64
4882441417	central vacuole	common in mature plant cells, diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development	65
4882441418	mitochondria	chemically convert energy through cellular respiration	66
4882441419	chloroplasts	convert light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis)	67
4882441420	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	68
4882441421	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	69
4882441422	plastids	closely related plant organelles	70
4882441423	thylakoids	membraneous system in the chloroplast, flattened and interconnected sacs	71
4882441424	granum	stacks of thylakoids	72
4882441425	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes	73
4882441426	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	74
4882441427	motor proteins	specialized proteins, modify shape and move cells or structures within cells, required to interact with cytoskeleton for cell motility	75
4882441428	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	76
4882441429	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where microtubules grow from	77
4882441430	centrioles	two exist in the centrosome, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in the ring	78
4882441431	flagella	a long tail-like feature found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement, utilizes a snakelike motion	79
4882441432	cilia	a short hair-like structure made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	80
4882441433	basal body	anchors cilium or flagellum in the cell	81
4882441434	dyneins	motor proteins responsible for bending movements of cilium and flagellum, composed of several polypeptides	82
4882441435	microfilaments	seem present in all eukaryotic cells, located in the cytoplasm, acts (sometimes with myosin) to cause cell contraction	83
4882441436	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	84
4882441437	cortex	the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell	85
4882441438	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	86
4882441439	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	87
4882441440	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	88
4882441441	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	89
4882441442	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	90
4882441443	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	91
4882441444	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	92
4882441445	extracellular matrix	animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	93
4882441446	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	94
4882441447	proteoglycans	consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached,	95
4882441448	fibronectin	attach the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane	96
4882441449	integrins	membrane proteins with two subunits, bind to the ECM on one side and to associated proteins attached to microfilaments on the other	97
4882441450	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	98
4882441451	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	99
4882441452	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	100
4882441453	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	101
4882441454	selective permeability	allows some substances to cross it more easily than others; biological membranes, such as the plasma membrane	102
4882441455	amphipathic	has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region; i.e. phospholipids	103
4882441456	fluid mosaic model	the membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids	104
4882441457	integral proteins	penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer; a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane	105
4882441458	peripheral proteins	not embedded in lipid bilayer; appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often to exposed parts of integral proteins	106
4882441459	glycolipids	molecules formed by the covalent bonding of membrane carbohydrates to lipids	107
4882441460	glycoproteins	molecules formed by the covalent bonding of membrane carbohydrates to proteins	108
4882441461	transport proteins	channel proteins; a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane	109
4882441462	aquaporins	channel proteins that allow the passage of water through the membrane in certain cells	110
4882441463	diffusion	movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space	111
4882441464	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases	112
4882441465	passive transport	diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane; does not have to expend energy to make happen as it moves down the concentration gradient	113
4882441466	osmosis	the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane, whether artificial or cellular	114
4882441467	tonicity	the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water	115
4882441468	isotonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell	116
4882441469	hypertonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to loose water	117
4882441470	hypotonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water	118
4882441471	osmoregulation	the control of solute concentrations and water balance	119
4882441472	turgid	very firm; healthy state for most plant cells; in hypotonic solution	120
4882441473	flaccid	limp; isotonic solution	121
4882441474	plasmolysis	in hypertonic solutions, the plant cell will lose water to its surroundings and shrink; cell shrivels and pulls away from the cell wall, which can cause the plant to wilt and could lead to death	122
4882441475	facilitated diffusion	when polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane	123
4882441476	ion channels	channel proteins that transport ions	124
4882441477	gated channels	ion channels that open or close in response to a stimulus	125
4882441478	active transport	when the cell must expend energy to pump a solute across a membrane against its gradient	126
4882441479	sodium-potassium pump	exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells	127
4882441480	membrane potential	the voltage across a membrane; ranges from about -50 to -200 millivolts (mV)	128
4882441481	electrochemical graident	the combination of a chemical force and an electrical force acting on an ion	129
4882441482	electrogenic pump	a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane	130
4882441483	proton pump	actively transports protons out of the cell	131
4882441484	cotransport	the coupling of "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient	132
4882441485	exocytosis	the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane resulting in the secretion of certain biological molecules from the cell into the environment	133
4882441486	endocytosis	the cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane	134
4882441487	ligands	any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site on another molecule	135
4882441488	phagocytosis	cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membranous sac called a food vacuole (type of endocytosis)	136
4882441489	pinocytosis	the cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles (type of endocytosis)	137
4882441490	receptor-mediated endocytosis	enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even though those substances may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid	138

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AP biology chapter 32 Flashcards

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9179770290	animal characteristics	- eukaryotic - multicellular; body held together by structural proteins - no cell wall - Cells differentiate and specialize structurally and functionally; have nerve and muscle cells/tissue - heterotrophs - most exist in diploid cell form - most reproduce sexually	0
9179799594	hox gene	control the expression of many other genes that influence cell division, cell differentiation, and body plan development	1
9179811269	cleavage	- a diploid zygote and its subsequent daughter cells go through mitosis and divide, but without increasing in size - Cleavage produces a multi-cellular, hollow, ball-shaped embryo called a blastula	2
9179822392	gastrulation	- Blastula goes through gastrulation to make the gastrula, a more complex embryonic stage - Gastrulation involves the formation of layers of tissue that will develop into specific body parts	3
9179843375	origin of animals	- Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist - First animals probably diverged from a common ancestor with protists about 1 bya - Oldest actual animal fossils found are 575 myo	4
9179851158	Cambrian explosion	dramatic increase in the number of animal species over a relatively short time (~20 my)	5
9179856304	hypotheses for Cambrian Explosion	- Evolution of predator - prey relationships - Increase in amount of atmospheric O2 - Evolution of Hox genes controlling development led to more possibilities in body forms	6
9179872677	Radical Symmetry	- Any slice through central axis divides animal into mirror image halves - Found in sessile animals allowing them to deal with the environment equally from all sides	7
9179872678	Bilateral Symmetry	- Only one slice divides animal into equal left & right halves - These animals have dorsal (top)/ventral (bottom) sides, left/right sides, and anterior (head)/posterior (tail) ends - Anterior CNS allows coordination of complex movements.	8
9179876275	Protostome Development	spiral cleavage and determinate, blastopore becomes mouth, Schizolcoelous	9
9179876276	Dueterostome Development	radical cleavage and indeterminate, blastopore becomes anus, Enterocoelous	10
9179906816	Diploblastic	animal embryos have two germ layers: ectoderm & endoderm	11
9179910179	Triploblastic	animal embryos have three germ layers: ecto, meso, & endoderm	12
9179913321	ectoderm	layer covering outside of embryo; forms outer covering of animal and central nervous system	13
9179913322	endoderm	innermost layer of embryo; forms lining of digestive tract, digestive organs, liver, and lungs	14
9179913323	mesoderm	layer between ecto and endoderm; forms muscles and other organs	15
9179924291	Body Cavity/Coelom	a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall - Found in some triploblastic animals - Fluid in coelom cushions organs - In some animals, it may contain non-compressible fluid that acts like a skeleton - Allows internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall	16
9179939024	Coelomates	have a "true" coelom formed totally from mesodermal tissue; cavity is lined by mesoderm on all sides	17
9179945649	Pseudocoelomates	coelom forms from embryo's blastocoel cavity; outer wall of cavity is a muscle layer (from mesoderm) and inner wall is the digestive tract (from endoderm)	18
9179952118	Acoelomates	have no coelom	19
9180006042	Enterocoelous	mesoderm on the wall of the archenteron forms pockets that become the coelom	20
9180027598	Schizolcoelous	solid masses of mesoderm tissue split and form the coelom	21
9180042994	Spiral Cleavage	characteristic of protostomes; cells of embryo divide in planes diagonal to vertical axis; cleavage is determinant (a cell's final type is determined early on)	22
9180050235	Radial Cleavage	characteristic of deuterostomes; cells of embryo divide in planes parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis; cleavage is indeterminant (early cells each retain ability to become any cell type-even give rise to a new embryo if separated	23

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AP Biology Chapter 20 and 21 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6818778814	Recombinant DNA	DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from 2 different sources (often different species) are combined in vitro (in a test tube)	0
6818778815	Biotechnology	Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products	1
6818778816	Genetic Engineering	Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes	2
6818778817	Plasmid	Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome	3
6818778818	Gene cloning	Production of multiple copies of a single gene	4
6818778819	Restriction Enzymes	Also called restriction endonucleases Protect bacterial cell by cutting up foreign DNA	5
6818778820	Restriction Site	A particular short DNA sequence that restriction enzymes recognize and cut at precise points	6
6818778821	Restriction fragments	A set of DNA pieces that result from restriction enzyme activity	7
6818778822	Sticky end	At least one end of a DNA fragment is longer than another	8
6818778823	DNA Ligase	Enzymes that catalyze the formation of covalent bonds that close up the sugar-phosphate backbone	9
6818778824	Cloning vector	A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there (the original plasmid)	10
6818778825	Genomic Library	A complete set of plasmid-containing cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome	11
6818778826	Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)	Large plasmids, trimmed down so that they just contain the genes necessary to ensure replication Very large insert size	12
6818778827	Complementary DNA (cDNA)	Double stranded DNA resulting from reverse transcriptase acting on mRNA	13
6818778828	Nucleic Acid Hybridization	A technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are allowed to interact so that complexes called hybrids are formed by molecules with similar, complementary sequences.	14
6818778829	Nucleic Acid Probe	Single stranded RNA or DNA molecules used in nucleic acid hybridization	15
6818778830	Expression Vector	A cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene cab be inserted in the correct reading frame Allows the synth. of many eukaryotic proteins in bacterial cells	16
6818778832	Electroporation	A brief electrical pulse applied to a solution containing cells to create temporary holes in their plasma membranes (to insert DNA)	17
6818778833	Polymerase Chain Reaction	A quick, selective technique used to quickly amplify a specific target DNA segment Heated to denature DNA Cooled to allow annealing (hydrogen bonding) of short, single stranded DNA primers complementary to sequences on opposite strands at each of the target sequence A heat-stable DNA polymerase extends primers in 5' to 3' direction	18
6818778834	Gel Electrophoresis	A technique that uses a polymer (agarose) gel to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, or other physical properties DNA starts at black cathode (negative end) and travels to red anode (positive end)	19
6818778835	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism	A type of sequence seen after electrophoresis	20
6818778836	Southern Blotting	Combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to allow detection of bands that include parts of the Beta-globin gene	21
6818778837	Northern Blotting	? Uses mRNA instead of DNA	22
6818778838	Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction	Quicker and more sensitive than Northern blotting	23
6818778839	In Situ hybridization	Track down location of specific mRNAs using labeled probles in place (in situ) in the intact irganism	24
6818778840	DNA Microarray Assays	Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragment representing different genes fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced grid (array)	25
6818778841	In Vitro Mutagenesis	Specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, and then the mutated gene is returned to a cell Mutated gene disables the normal cellular copes of the same gene to alter or destroy the function of the gene product	26
6818778842	Genome-Wide association studies	Analysis of the genomes of large numbers of people with a certain phenotypic condition/disease	27
6818778844	Totipotent	A mature cell of an organism that can dedifferentiate and has the potential to give rise to all the specialized cell types of the organism	28
6818778846	Stem Cell	A relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and (under appropriate conditions) differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types Embryonic Stem cells - Many cell types (pluripotent) Adult Stem (marrow) cells - Limited	29
6818778850	Short Tandem Repeats	Variations in length of genetic markers	30
6818795115	Bioinformatics	application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data	31
6818798402	Evo-devo	the research field that combines evolutionary biology with developmental biology	32
6818803353	Genomics	study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions	33
6818807385	Human Genome Project	An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.	34
6818808711	Homeobox	genes that define the head-to-tail pattern of development in animal embryos	35
6818810591	Linkage map	A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.	36
6818812610	Metagenomics	The genetic analysis of an entire "community" of microbes including the mass of microbes that cannot be cultured	37
6818814916	Multigene families	collections of identical or very similar genes	38
6818816584	Pseudogenes	DNA segments very similar to real genes but which do not yield functional products.	39
6818818886	Pluripotent	Able to give rise to multiple, but not all, cell types.	40
6818821363	Proteomics	the study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions	41
6818823047	Physical map	A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.	42
6818827495	Repetitive DNA	Nucleotide sequences that are present in many copies in the DNA of a genome. The repeated sequences may be long or short and may be located next to each other (tandomly) or dispersed in the DNA.	43
6818830379	Transposable elements	These are stretches of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome.	44
6818832207	Transposons	jumping genes	45
6818835693	RNA interference (RNAi)	RNA regulated mechanism to control gene expression	46
6818845224	Single nucleotide polymorphism	variation in a DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered	47

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AP Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4926811924	matter	anything that takes up space and has mass	0
4926811925	element	any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions	1
4926811926	compound	substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	2
4926811927	example of matter having emerging properties	compound has chemical and physical characteristics different from those of its elements	3
4926811928	essential element	chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce	4
4926811929	how many of the 92 essential elements are essential elements	20-25%	5
4926811930	what four elements make up 96% of all living matter	Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen	6
4926811931	what elements make up the other 4% of living matter	Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur	7
4926811932	trace element	element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts	8
4926811933	example of a trace element	iron is needed by all forms of life iodine is needed for function of the thyroid gland	9
4926811934	what does an iron deficiency cause	goiter causes thyroid gland to grow to abnormal size consuming seafood reduces incidence of goiter	10
4926811935	atom	smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element	11
4926811936	subatomic particles	neutrons protons electrons	12
4926811937	neutrons	subatomic particle NO electrical charge found in nucleus	13
4926811938	protons	subatomic particle single positive charge found in nucleus	14
4926811939	electron	subatomic particle single negative charge a LOT smaller mass than protons and neutrons move around nucleus of an atom	15
4926811940	atomic nucleus	atom's dense central core containing protons and neutrons	16
4926811941	what forms the "cloud" around the nucleus	the rapidly moving electrons negative charge around nucleu	17
4926811942	what keeps the electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus	the attraction between opposite charges	18
4926811943	dalton	measure of mass used for atoms and subatomic particles SAME as atomic mass unit (amu)	19
4926811944	masses of neutrons and protons	1 dalton	20
4926811945	mass of an electron	1/2,000 of a neutron or proton ignored when computing the total mass of an atom	21
4926811946	atomic number	number of protons in the nucleus number of electrons in electrically neutral atom unique for each element designated by a subscript	22
4926811947	what does it mean when there is on subscript to the left of the element	atom is neutral in electrical charge	23
4926811948	mass number	total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus written as a subscript to the left of symbol	24
4926811949	what is the simplest atom	1/1 H no neutrons consists of a single proton and electron	25
4926811950	where is the atoms mass found	in the nucleus electrons do not contribute to mass	26
4926811951	atomic mass	total mass of an atom	27
4926811952	isotope	one of several atomic forms of an element same number of protons different number of neutrons differing in atomic mass	28
4926811953	how many naturally occuring isotopes does carbon have	3 carbon-12 carbon-13 carbon-14	29
4926811954	why do isotopes have the same number of protons	so the element doesn't change	30
4926811955	how do different isotopes behave in chemical reactions	identically	31
4926811956	decay	nuclei losing subatomic particles	32
4926811957	radioactive isotope	isotope that is unstable nucleus decays spontaneously giving off detectable particles and energy	33
4926811958	what happens when the radioactive decay leads to a change in the number of protons	transforms the atom to another element	34
4926811959	what uses do radioactive isotopes have	researchers use measurements of radioactivity in fossils to date these relics of past life used as tracers to follow atoms through metabolism	35
4926811960	can cells use radioactive atoms	YES just as they would use nonradioactive isotopes of the same element	36
4926811961	how are radioactive tracers used in medicine	diagnostic tools kidney disorders can be diagnosed by injecting small doses of substances containing radioactive isotopes into the blood, measuring the amount of tracer excreted in urine imaging instruments PET scanners that monitor growth of cancers	37
4926811962	how are decaying isotopes dangerous	radiation of decaying isotopes damage cellular molecule hazard to life	38
4926811963	the severity of decaying isotope radiation depends on what	the type and amount of radiation an organism absorbs	39
4926811964	which subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions	electrons	40
4926811965	energy	capacity to cause change, especially to do work	41
4926811966	work	to move matter against an opposing force	42
4926811967	potential energy	energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)	43
4926811968	where does matter have a tendency to go	move toward the lowest possible state of potential energy	44
4926811969	what must matter do to restore the potential energy	work must be done	45
4926811970	what is an electrons potential energy determined by	its energy level further away from the nucleus, more potential energy	46
4926811971	electron shells	energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom	47
4926811972	can an electron exist between energy levels	NO an electron can only exist at certain energy levels	48
4926811973	how are shells represented in diagrams	concentric circles	49
4926811974	where is the first shell located	closest to the nucleus	50
4926811975	what electrons have the lowest potential energy	electrons in the first shell	51
4926811976	how can an electron move from one shell to another	by absorbing or losing an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between its position in the old shell and that in the new shell	52
4926811977	what happens when an electron absorbs energy	it moves to a shell farther out from the nucleus	53
4926811978	what happens when an electron loses energy	electron falls back to a shell closer to the nucleus	54
4926811979	how is lost energy released	into the environment as heat	55
4926811980	what determines the chemical behavior of an atom	the distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shell	56
4926811981	period	row on the periodic table	57
4926811982	what does the left to right sequence of elements mean	the left to right sequence of elements in each row corresponds to the sequential addition of electrons and protons	58
4926811983	how many electrons can the first shell hold	no more than 2	59
4926811984	how many electrons can the second shell hold	8 electrons	60
4926811985	valence electron	electron in the outermost electron shell	61
4926811986	valence shell	outermost energy shell of an atom containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom	62
4926811987	what happens to atoms with a completed valence shell	it is unreactive will not interact with other atoms	63
4926811988	inert	chemically unreactive incomplete valence shells	64
4926811989	chemically reactive	incomplete valence shells	65
4926811990	where does the reactivity of an atom arise from	the presence of one or more unpaired electrons in its valence shell	66
4926811991	orbital	the 3d space where an electron is found 90% of the time	67
4926811992	chemical bond	attraction between two atoms resulting from sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms bonded atoms gain complete electron shells	68
4926811993	2 strongest kinds of chemical bons	covalent ionic	69
4926811994	covalent bond	strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons	70
4926811995	molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	71
4926811996	single bond	single covalent bond sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms	72
4926811997	how is electron sharing depicted	electron distribution diagram or structural formula	73
4926811998	structural formula	type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds	74
4926811999	double bond	double covalent bond sharing of two paris of valence electrons by 2 atoms	75
4926812000	valence	the bonding capacity of a given atom number of covalent bonds an atom can form	76
4926812001	electronegativity	attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	77
4926812002	how are electrons shared between two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond	shared equally because two atoms have the same electronegativity	78
4926812003	nonpolar covalent bond	type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity	79
4926812004	how are electrons shared when an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom	electrons are not shared equally polar covalent bond	80
4926812005	polar covalent bond	covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom making it slightly negative and the other atoms slightly positive	81
4926812006	ion	atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons acquiring a charge	82
4926812007	cation	positively charged ion	83
4926812008	anion	negatively charged ion	84
4926812009	ionic bond	chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions	85
4926812010	ionic compounds	compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond does NOT consist of molecules (aka a salt)	86
4926812011	covalent compound	consists of molecules having a definite size and number of atoms	87
4926812012	do all salts have equal numbers of cation and anions	NO	88
4926812013	what affects the strength of ionic bonds	environment (can be dissolved, also salt can have very strong bonds that need to be broken with a hammer)	89
4926812014	how are most drugs manufactured	as salts they are stable when dry but dissociate (come apart) in water	90
4926812015	why is the reversibility of weak bonding an advantage	two molecules can come together, respond to one another in some way, and then separate	91
4926812016	hydrogen bond	weak chemical bond formed when slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule	92
4926812017	what happens when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom	hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby	93
4926812018	what are hydrogen's electronegative partners	oxygen nitrogen	94
4926812019	van der Waals interactions	weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges occur with molecules that are very close together	95
4926812020	result of electrons not always being symmetrically distributed in a molecule	everchanging regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another	96
4926812021	why can geckos walk up a wall	gecko has thousands of tiny hairs with multiple projections on each toe, maximizes surface contact with the wall van der Waals interactions between the molecules of the foot and those of the wall's surface are numerous despite individual weekness	97
4926812022	what is the effect of weak bonds	to reinforce the 3D shape of the molecule	98
4926812023	why is molecular shape crucial	determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity	99
4926812024	opiates	relieve pain and alter mood by weakly binding to specific receptor molecules on surfaces of brain cells	100
4926812025	endorphins	signaling molecules made by pituitary bind to receptors relieve pain, producing euphoria	101
4926812026	chemical reactions	making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter	102
4926812027	reactants	starting material in a chemical reaction	103
4926812028	product	material resulting from a chemical reaction	104
4926812029	what do coefficients indicate	number of molecules involved	105
4926812030	are chemical reactions reversible	YES indicated by two opposite-headed arrows	106
4926812031	what factors affect the rate of a reaction	concentration of reactants (greater the concentration of reactant molecules, more frequently they collide with one another and then can react and form products)	107
4926812032	chemical equilibrium	the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time reactions are still going on does NOT mean equal in concentration, concentrations have stabilized at a particular ration	108
4926812033	how much of cells are water	70-95%	109
4926812034	polar molecule	molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule	110
4926812035	cohesion	linking together of like molecules (often hydrogen bonds)	111
4926812036	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid	112
4926812037	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another (i.e. water to plant cell walls)	113
4926812038	transpiration	movement of water up plants H2O from roots reache the leaves through xylem (water conducting cells) adhesion of water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds helps counter the pull of gravity	114
4926812039	why is water as effective as heat bank	it can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with a slight change in its own temperature	115
4926812040	kinetic energy	energy associated with the relative motion of objects	116
4926812041	thermal energy	total kinectic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules energy in most random form depends on matter's volume	117
4926812042	temperature	measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter	118
4926812043	where is thermal energy passed between two objects of different temperatures	thermal energy passes from the warmer to the cooler object until they are the same temperature	119
4926812044	how does ice work	absorbs thermal energy from the liquid as the ice melts	120
4926812045	heat	thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another	121
4926812046	calorie	amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree (Celcius) amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree used to indicate the energy content of food	122
4926812047	kilocalorie (kcal)	a thousand calories amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree	123
4926812048	joule (J)	unit of energy 1 J = .239 cal 1 cal = 4.184 J	124
4926812049	specific heat	amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change it's temperature by 1 degree	125
4926812050	does water resist changing its temperature	YES when it does change temperature, it absorbs or loses a large quantity of heat for each degree of change	126
4926812051	what is the relevance of water's high specific heat to life on Earth	gradually cooling water can warm the air moderate air temperatures in coastal areas stabilize ocean temperatures, creating favorable environment for marine life keeps temperature fluctuations on land and in water within limits that permit life organisms are better able to resist changes in their own temperature	127
4926812052	evaporation	transformation from a liquid to a gas	128
4926812053	heat of vaporization	quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state	129
4926812054	evaporative cooling	process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state	130
4926812055	what does humidity cause	high concentration of water vapor in the air inhibits the evaporation of sweat from the body	131
4926812056	what happens to water molecules from 4 - 0 degrees	water begins to freeze because molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds	132
4926812057	what is water's greatest density	4 degrees Celcius	133
4926812058	what formation does water freeze in	crystalline lattice	134
4926812059	why does ice float	due to its lower density	135
4926812060	solution	liquid that is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	136
4926812061	what is the most versatile solvent	water because of its polarity	137
4926812062	solvent	dissolving agent of a solution	138
4926812063	solute	substance that is dissolved in the solution	139
4926812064	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion	140
4926812065	hydrophilic	having a "love" for water	141
4926812066	hydrophobic	water "hating" nonionic nonpolar	142
4926812067	molecular mass	sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule (sometimes called molecular weight)	143
4926812068	mole	number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules	144
4926812069	Avogadro's number	6.02 * 10^23 that many daltons in 1 g	145
4926812070	why is measuring in moles convenient	easier for scientists in the lab to combine substances in fixed rations of molecules	146
4926812071	molarity	common measure of solute concentration referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution	147
4926812072	hydrogen ion	single proton with a charge of 1+	148
4926812073	what does the dissociation of a water molecule lead to	generation of a hydroxide (OH-) and hydrogen ion (H+) in water	149
4926812074	hydroxide ion	water molecule that has lost a proton OH-	150
4926812075	hydronium ion	water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it H3O+ commonly represented as H+	151
4926812076	acid	substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	152
4926812077	base	substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution some bases reduce the H+ concentration by accepting hydrogen ions	153
4926812078	weak acids	acids that reversibly release and accept back hydrogen ions	154
4926812079	pH	measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log(H+) and ranging in value from 0 to 14	155
4926812080	relationship between pH and H+ concentration	pH declines as H+ concentration increases	156
4926812081	pH value less than 7	acidic solution	157
4926812082	pH value above 7	basic solution	158
4926812083	why are the slightest changes in pH harmful	chemical processes of the cell are very sensitive to the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions	159
4926812084	buffer	solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution	160
4926812085	ocean acidification	process by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess CO2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid	161
4926812086	what is the pH of uncontaminated rain	5.6	162
4926812087	why is precipitation more acidic today	burning of fossil fuels ocean acidification	163

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AP Biology- Macromolecules Flashcards

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8540028716	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	0
8540028717	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	1
8540028718	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	2
8540028719	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	3
8540028720	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	4
8540028721	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	5
8540028722	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	6
8540028723	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	7
8540028724	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	8
8540028725	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	9
8540028726	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	10
8540028727	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	11
8540028729	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	12
8540028730	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	13
8540028731	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	14
8540028732	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	15
8540028737	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	16
8540028736	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	17
8540028738	polar	electrons shared unequally	18
8540028739	cohesion	water's capacity to resist tension to rupture	19
8540028740	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	20
8540028741	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	21
8540028742	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	22
8540028743	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	23

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AP Biology Cell Cycle Flashcards

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7687664916	Cell cycle	The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells	0
7687670238	Genome	A cell's endowment of DNA, it's genetic information	1
7687676980	Somatic cells	All body cells except gametes	2
7687685454	46	The number of chromosomes all eukaryotic organisms have in somatic cell nuclei	3
7687702916	Mitosis	The process by which somatic cells divide, forming daughter cells that contain the same chromosome number as the parent cell. The division of the nucleus	4
7687708212	Gametes	What type of cells are sperm and egg cells?	5
7687721474	Haploid	The term used to describe the fact that human gametes have 23 chromosomes	6
7687732508	Diploid	The term used to describe the fact that eukaryotic somatic cell nuclei have 46 chromosomes	7
7687737095	Meiosis	The type of cell division that results in gametes	8
7687754607	Sister chromatids	When the chromosomes are replicated, each duplicated chromosome consists of two _______, each with identical DNA sequences. When they separate, they are considered individual chromosomes	9
7687761961	Centromere	The spot where two sister chromatids are attached	10
7687768185	Cytokinesis	The division of the cell's cytoplasm. This comes after mitosis.	11
7687826074	Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase	Starting from interphase, list the phases of the cell cycle in order	12
7687836590	G1, S, G2	List the primary event phases of interphase in order	13
7687840777	G1 phase	The cell grows while carrying out cell functions unique to its cell type. What event of interphase is this?	14
7687845739	S phase	The cell continues to carry out its unique functions but importantly duplicates its chromosomes, thus making a copy of the DNA that makes up the cell's chromosomes. What event of interphase is this?	15
7687867099	G2 phase	This is the gap after the chromosomes have been duplicated and just before mitosis. What even of interphase is this?	16
7687875961	Prophase	1. The chromatin becomes more tightly coiled into discrete chromosomes 2. The nucleoli disappear 3. The mitotic spindle (consisting of microtubules extending from the two centrosomes) begins to form in the cytoplasm	17
7687890511	Prometaphase	1. The nuclear envelope begins to fragment, allowing the microtubules to attach to the chromosomes 2. The two chromatids of each chromosome are held together by protein kinetochores in the centromere region 3. The microtubules will attach to the kinetochores	18
7687901774	Metaphase	1. The microtubules move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate at the equator of the cell. The microtubule complex is referred to as the spindle. 2. The centrioles have migrated to opposite poles in the cell, riding along on the developing spindle	19
7687911705	Anaphase	1. Sister chromatids begin to separate, pulled apart by motor molecules interacting with kinetochore microtubules 2. The cell elongates, as the nonkinetochore microtubules ratchet apart with the help of motor molecules 3. By the end of anaphase, the opposite ends of the cell both contain complete and equal sets of chromosomes	20
7687916403	Telophase	1. The nuclear envelopes reform around the sets of chromosomes located at opposite ends of the cell 2. The chromatin fiber of the chromosomes become less condensed 3. Cytokinesis begins, during which the cytoplasm of the cell is divided. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms to divide the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a cell plate forms instead	21
7687958861	Cell cycle control system	The name given to what controls the steps of the cell cycle	22
7688096252	G1, G2, M	List the major cell cycle checkpoints in order	23
7688108063	Kinases	The protein enzymes that control the cell cycle. Some of them give the go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints	24
7688116664	Cyclin proteins	Kinases must be connected to _______ to remain active	25
7688128151	Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdk)	Because kinases must be connected to cyclin to remain active, they are considered _______	26
7688150277	MPF	Cyclin molecules combined with Cdk molecules	27
7688155281	MPF switches itself off	How does the cell stop cell division? During anaphase ________, a process that leads to the destruction of cyclin molecules begins. Without cyclin molecules, Cdk molecules become inactive, bringing mitosis to halt	28
7688174937	G1 phase checkpoint	During the ________, if the cell gets the go-ahead signal, it usually completes the whole cell cycle and divides.	29
7688210902	G0 phase	If it does not receive the go-ahead signal during the G1 phase checkpoint, it enters a nondividing phase called __________	30
7688229066	Density dependent inhibition	The process in which crowded cells stop dividing	31
7688235914	Anchorage dependency	Normal cells must be attached to a substratum, like the extracellular matrix of a tissue, to divide	32
7688244091	Transformation	The process that changes a normal cell to a cancer cell	33
7688247012	Tumor	A mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue	34
7688249151	Benign tumor	If the abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is called a _________	35
7688254284	Malignant tumor	If the abnormal cells become invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs, the lump is called a ________. A patient with this is said to have cancer	36
7688268686	Metastasis	The process in which malignant tumors may have cells that separate from the original tumor and spread by entering blood vessels of lymph vessels.	37

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AP Biology Principles of Life Chapter 3 Terms Flashcards

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5520391414	Amino Acid	An organic compound containing both NH2 and COOH groups.	0
5520391415	R Group	The distinguishing group of atoms of a particular amino acid (side chain)	1
5520391416	Peptide Linkage (bond)	The bond between amino acids in a protein; formed between a carboxyl group and amino group with the loss of water molecules	2
5520391417	Primary Structure	The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein	3
5520391418	Secondary Structure	Of a protein, localized regularities of structure, such as the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet	4
5520391419	Alpha Helix	A prevalent type of secondary protein structure; a right-handed spiral	5
5520391420	Beta Pleated Sheet	A type of protein secondary structure; results from hydrogen bonding between polypeptide regions running antiparallel to each other	6
5520391421	Tertiary Structure	In reference to a protein, the relative locations in three-dimensional space of all the atoms in the molecule. The overall shape of a protein	7
5520391422	Denaturation	Loss of activity of an enzyme or nucleic acid molecule as a result of structural changes induced by heat or other means	8
5520391423	Quaternary Structure	The specific three-dimensional arrangement of protein subunits	9
5520391425	Activation Energy	The energy barrier that blocks the tendency for a chemical reaction to occur	10
5520391426	Substrate	The molecule or molecules on which an enzyme exerts catalytic action	11
5520391427	Active Site	The region on the surface of an enzyme or ribozyme where the substrate binds, and where catalysis occurs	12
5520391428	Allosteric Regulation	Regulation of the activity of a protein, usually an enzyme, by the binding of an effector molecule to a site other than the active site	13
5520391430	Enzyme	A catalytic protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction	14
5520437164	Disulfide bridge	The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule.	15
5520445232	Cofactor	An inorganic ion that is weakly bound to an enzyme and required for its activity.	16
5520450757	Enzyme-substrate complex	An intermediate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.	17
5520459645	Transition state	In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactive condition of the substrate after there has been sufficient input of energy to initiate the reaction.	18
5520472496	Feedback inihibition	A mechanism for regulating a metabolic pathway in which the end product of the pathway can bind to and inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway.	19