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AP biology chapter 8 photosynthesis Flashcards

8237897748	Photosynthesis	Process that converts solar energy into chemical energy	0
8237897749	Autotrophs	Consume energy from the sun	1
8237897750	Heterotrophs	Obtain their organic molecules from other organisms (You and I)	2
8237897751	are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source.	photoautotrauphs	3
8237897752	almost all heterotrophs depend on ______ for food and H2O	photoautotrophs	4
8237897753	Chlorohpyll is in the membrane of the _____	thylakoids	5
8237897754	Stroma	a dense interior fluid	6
8237897755	Granum/Grana	thylakoids are stacked into columns called grana/granum(plural)	7
8237897756	Reactants and products of photosynthesis	6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6 H2O	8
8237897757	chloroplasts split H2O into	hydrogen and oxygen and electrons	9
8237897758	photosynthesis is a redox process in which _____ is oxidized and ______ is reduced	H2O CO2	10
8237897759	wavelength	distance between crests of waves	11
8237897760	photosynthesis is an ________ process	endergonic	12
8237897761	what does the wavelength determine?	the type of electromagnetic energy	13
8237897762	electromagnetic spectrum	entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation	14
8237897763	visible light	consists of wavelengths (including those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we can see	15
8237897764	Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete particles called__________	photons	16
8237897765	pigments	substances that absorb light	17
8237897766	what happens to wavelengths that are not absorbed	they are reflected or transmitted	18
8237897769	absorption spectrum	is a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength	19
8237897773	absorbs excessive light that would damage chlorophyll	cartenoids	20
8237897774	Chlorophyll	-a molecule found in thylakoid membranes that catch light	21
8237897775	when a pigment absorbs light it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable, when the excited electrons fall back to the ground state, ______ are given off, an afterglow called _______	photons fluorescence	22
8237897776	photosystem consists of a _______________ which is a type of protein complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes	reaction-center complex	23
8237897777	light-harvesting complex (pigment molecules bound to proteins)	transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center	24
8237897778	primary electron acceptor	accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result	25
8237897779	two Photosystems	-photosystem II -photosystem I	26
8237897780	PSII	functions first and is best at absorbing wavelength of 680nm	27
8237897781	PSI	best at absorbing 700 nm wavelength	28
8237897782	linear electron flow	involves the flow of electrons through both photosystems to produce ATP and NADH using light energy	29
8237897783	Where are the photosystems located	In the thylakoids membrane	30
8237897785	What happens as the H+ ions are pumped across the thylakoid membrane	ATP is produced	31
8237897786	Place where hydrogen concentration is high	Thylakoid soace	32
8237897787	Place where hydrogen concentration is low	Stroma	33
8237897789	final electron accepor	NADP+	34
8237897790	Where do the NADPH and ATP created from PSII and PSI go	To the Calvin cycle	35
8237897791	for net synthesis of one G3P the calvin cycle must spin _______ times "fixing" ____ molecules of CO2	3 times 3 molecules	36
8237897792	what does the calvin cycle begin with	carbon fixation in which CO2 enters the cycle	37
8237897793	three phases of citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)	1) Carbon Fixation 2) Reduction 3) regeneration	38
8237897794	where is the citric acid cycle located	stroma	39
8237897795	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	the product of the calvin cycle	40
8237897796	carbon fixation	CO2 enters calvin cycle and combines with RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) using the enzyme rubisco	41
8237897797	reduction	reaction and phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P	42
8237897798	regeneration	involves the rearrangement of G3P to regenerate the initial CO2 receptor, RuBP	43
8237897799	how many G3P are produced..what happens	6 G3P molecules are produced, but only one leaves the calvin cycle, and the other 5 stay in order for the cycle to continue	44
8237897800	3 CO2 go in and how much G3P comes out	1 G3P	45
8237897807	plants store glucose as	starch	46
8237897808	the energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets stored as ________ energy in organic compounds	chemical	47
8237897809	in addition to food production, photosynthesis produces _____ into our atmosphere	O2	48

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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

all the vocab words and root words in chapter 1

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7614611184	archaea	one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria	0
7614611185	bacteria	one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being archaea	1
7614611186	bioinformatics	the use of comps, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological info from large data sets	2
7614611187	biology	the scientific study of life	3
7614611188	biosphere	the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planter's ecosystems	4
7614611189	cell	the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life	5
7614611190	community	all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enuf together for potential interactions	6
7614611191	consumer	relies upon the feeding of other organisms for survival	7
7614611192	controlled experiment	an experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that caries only in the factor being tested	8
7614611193	data	recorded observations	9
7614611194	deductive reasoning	a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise	10
7614611195	DNA	a double-streanded, helical nuvleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers w a deoxrubose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, T capable of replicating and determining the ingerited structure of a cell's proteins	11
7614611196	discovery science	the process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature	12
7614611197	domain	a taxonomic caregory above the kingdom level	13
7614611198	eukarya	the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms	14
7614611199	ecosystems	all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they intereact; one or more communities and the phusical environment around them.	15
7614611200	emergent properties	new properties that arise w each step upward in the heratchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexitly of life increases	16
7614611201	eukaryotic cell	a type of cell w a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.	17
7614611202	gene	a discrete unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	18
7614611203	genome	the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or citus's genes along with its nincoding nucleic acid sequence	19
7614611204	hypothesis	a tentative answer to a well framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing	20
7614611205	inductive reasoning	a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific obserations	21
7614611206	inquiry	the search for info and explanation, often focused by specific questions	22
7614611207	animalia	the kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest their food	23
7614611208	Fungi	eukaryotic kingdom that includes organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material	24
7614611209	Plantae	the kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis	25
7614611210	model	a rep of a theory or proces	26
7614611211	molecule	two or more atoms eld together by covalent bonds	27
7614611212	negative feedback	a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a phusiological variable truggers a response that counteracts the initial change	28
7614611213	organ	a specialized center of body function composed of several diff types of tissues	29
7614611214	organ system	a group of organs that work together in performing viral body functions	30
7614611215	organelle	any of several membreans enclosed structires w specialized functions, suspended in the cytosaol of eukaryotic cells	31
7614611216	population	a lockalized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring	32
7614611217	positive feedback	a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable truggers mechanisms that amplify the change	33
7614611218	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles	34
7614611219	reductionism	the whole is greater than the sum of its parts	35
7614611220	systems biology	an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems	36
7614611221	technology	the application of scientific knowlede for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research	37
7614611222	theory	an explanation that is broad on schope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence	38
7614611223	tissue	an integrated goup of cells w a common function, structure or both	39

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AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

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7198523694	Covalent Bond	strong link between atoms in which electrons are shared.	0
7198525647	Ionic Bond	link between atoms in which valence electrons are transferred between positively and negatively charged atoms.	1
7275955753	Acid	pH below 7. High concentration of H+ ions	2
7275955754	Active site	location where the enzyme and the substrate bind	3
7275955755	Allosteric	enzyme is controlled by a molecule that binds away from the active site	4
7275955756	Alpha carbon	carbon at the center of an amino acid	5
7275955757	Alpha helix	secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that twists	6
7275955758	Amine	-NH2 group, basic	7
7275955759	Amino acid	monomer of protein, 20 different ones	8
7275955760	Asymmetric carbon	has 4 different functional groups attached to it	9
7275955761	Base	pH above 7. High concentration of OH- ions	10
7275955762	Beta sheet	secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that pleats	11
7275955763	Buffer	accepts H+ when it is in excess, donates H+ when it is needed	12
7275955764	Carbonyl	an =O group	13
7275955765	Carboxyl	-COOH group, acidic	14
7275955766	Cellulose	polysaccharide that builds cell walls in plants	15
7275955767	Charge	atoms or molecules are overall positive or negative	16
7275955768	Chitin	polysaccharide used for structural support in insects and fungi	17
7275955769	Cis double bond	hydrogen groups are on the same side of the double bond	18
7275955770	Cis trans isomer	arrangement of functional groups around a double bond differs	19
7275955771	Coenzyme	organic factor that activates an enzyme	20
7275955772	Cofactor	inorganic molecule that activates an enzyme	21
7275955773	Competitive inhibitor	molecule binds to active site so enzyme cannot	22
7275955774	Covalent	bond in which electrons are shared between two or more atoms	23
7275955775	Dehydration synthesis/condensation	process of synthesizing a polymer	24
7275955776	Denaturation	protein shape changes because of heat, acidity, salinity, or chemical	25
7275955777	Disaccharide	two sugar carbohydrate	26
7275955778	Disulfide bridge	bond between two sulfhydral groups	27
7275955779	Electron	negatively charged subatomic particle	28
7275955780	Enantiomer	two molecules are mirror images of one another	29
7275955781	Enzyme	specific, reusable protein catalyst that lowers activation energy of reactions	30
7275955782	Fatty acid	functional unit of fats, hydrocarbons	31
7275955783	Glycosidic linkage	bond between sugars	32
7275955784	Hexose	sugar with six carbons	33
7275955785	Hydrogen Bond	interaction between two polar molecules	34
7275955786	Hydrogen ion	presence makes liquids more acidic	35
7275955787	Hydrolysis	process of breaking down a polymer	36
7275955788	Hydrophilic	polar substances, soluble in water, hydrogen bond	37
7275955789	Hydrophobic	nonpolar substances, not soluble in water	38
7275955790	Hydroxide ion	presence makes liquids more basic	39
7275955791	Hydroxyl	-OH group	40
7275955792	Inhibitor	molecule that prevents an enzyme from binding its substrate	41
7275955793	Ion	Charged atom	42
7275955794	Isomer	molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures and functions	43
7275955795	Isotope	elements that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.	44
7275955796	Lipids	fats, waxes, oils, steroids, not true polymers	45
7275955797	Monomer	small building block of a polymer	46
7275955798	Monosaccharide	one sugar carbohydrate (glucose, galactose)	47
7275955799	Neutral	pH 7. Equal concentratoin of H+ and OH- ions	48
7275955800	Neutron	neutral subatomic particle	49
7275955801	Noncompetitive inhibitor	molecule binds away from the active site, changing shape of the enzyme	50
7275955802	Nonpolar	electrons shared equally between atoms	51
7275955803	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acid, contains a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group	52
7275955804	Partial Positive/Negative	occurs in polar covalent bonds, leads to hydrogen bonding, overall molecule is neutral	53
7275955805	Pentose	sugar with five carbons	54
7275955806	Peptide bond	bond between amino acids	55
7275955807	Polar	electrons are not shared evenly, results in a partial positive and partial negative	56
7275955808	Polymer	repeating chain of the same subunit, joined by dehydration reaction	57
7275955809	Polypeptide	many amino acids combined	58
7275955810	Polysaccharide	many sugar carbohydrate (starch, chitin, cellulose)	59
7275955811	Primary	one string of amino acids	60
7275955812	Proton	positively charged subatomic particle	61
7275955813	Prymidine	Thymine and cytosine, has one carbon/nitrogen ring	62
7275955814	Purine	Adenine and guanine, has two carbon/nitrogen ring	63
7275955815	Quaternary	multiple polypeptides interact to create a functional protein	64
7275955816	R-group	determines an amino acid's properties	65
7275955817	Renaturation	protein refolds	66
7275955818	Saturated	hydrocarbon with no double bonds, max amount of hydrogens	67
7275955819	Secondary	hydrogen bonds create helices or sheets	68
7275955820	Specific heat	the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of something by one degree	69
7275955821	Structural isomer	shape of carbon skeleton differs (eg: ring and straight forms)	70
7275955822	Substrate	molecule that is altered by the enzyme	71
7275955823	Sulfhydral	-SH group, forms disulfide bridges	72
7275955824	Tertiary	polypeptide's r-groups interact to create a unique 3D shape	73
7275955825	trans double bond	hydrogen groups are on opposite sides of the double bond (diagonal)	74
7275955826	Triacylglycerol	one glygerol and three fatty acids, structure of most fats	75
7275955827	Unsaturated	hydrocarbon with double or triple bonds	76
7275955828	Valence shell	outer shell of electrons which participates in bonding, wants 8 electrons	77
7276443859	organic	carbon containing molecule	78
7290695768	Phosphodiester Bond	bond between two nucleotides that forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.	79

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AP Biology--CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

Unit one: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of life

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7300437440	Element	Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.	0
7300437441	Compound	Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements	1
7300437442	CHON	4 elements essential to life	2
7300437443	Trace Elements	Required by an organism only in minute quantities.	3
7300437444	Atom	Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.	4
7300437445	Subatomic particles	Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.	5
7300437446	Proton	One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.	6
7300437447	Electron	One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.	7
7300437448	Atomic Nucleus	Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.	8
7300437449	Neutrons	Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.	9
7300437458	Electron Shells	Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.	10
7300437459	Valence Electrons	Electrons in the outermost shell.	11
7300437463	Chemical Bonds	The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.	12
7300437464	Covalent Bond	Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	13
7300437465	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	14
7300437466	Single Bond	One pair of shared electrons.	15
7300437469	Double Bond	Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.	16
7300437471	Electronegativity	The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	17
7300437472	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.	18
7300437473	Polar Covalent Bond	Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.	19
7300437474	Ionic Bonds	The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.	20
7300437475	Ion	A charged atom.	21
7300437478	Ionic Compounds	Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.	22
7300437479	Hydrogen Bond	When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.	23
7300437482	Reactants	The starting materials of a chemical reaction.	24
7300437483	Products	The resulting material of a chemical reaction.	25
7300437484	Chemical Equilibrium	The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.	26

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AP Biology Cellular Respiration Vocabulary Flashcards

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6590183762	cellular respiration	∙the process of extracting energy from those carbohydrates, provide free energy ∙occurs in the mitochondria	0
6590183763	phosphorylation	-energy + P + ADP →ATP -Examples: substrate level & oxidative	1
6590183764	substrate level phosphorylation	∙a phosphate group and its associated energy are transferred to ADP to form ATP. ∙substrate molecule donates a high energy phosphate group Example: glycolysis (initial breakdown process of glucose)	2
6590183765	oxidative phosphorylation definition	∙combination of ETC and chemiosmosis that are the main energy production of ATP in Cellular Respiration	3
6590183766	ETC diagram		4
6590183767	aerobic respiration	When oxygen is available, cells generate ATP using this method 1) glycolysis 2) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) 3) oxidative phosphorylation	5
6590183768	anaerobic respiration	∙When oxygen is NOT available, cells will generate ATP using this method 1) alcohol fermentation 2) lactic acid fermentation	6
6590183769	catabolism of molecules	Macromolecules are broken down to release energy. Proteins-Lipids-Carbohydrates	7
6590183770	glycolysis	the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate (or pyruvate acid) 1 glucose → 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 net ATP molecules	8
6590183771	NADH	a coenzyme that is an electron carrier when NAD⁺ combines with 2 energy rich e⁻ and H⁺	9
6590183772	Krebs Cycle/CAC Citric Acid	∙details what happens to pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis -Occurs 2x since there are 2 pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis -Produced (after 2 cycles): 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂	10
6590183773	oxidative phosphorylation	∙process of producing ATP from NADH & FADH₂. that pass along the electron transport chain	11
6590183774	electron transport chain def+pic	∙consists of proteins that pass the electrons from NADH and FADH₂ from one carrier protein (i.e. cytochromes) to the next ∙Final e⁻ acceptor is oxygen	12
6590183775	cytochrome C	∙a carrier protein which is so common among living organisms that its amino acid sequence is compared among species to assess genetic relatedness	13
6590183776	mitochondria	∙cellular respiration takes place ∙inner membrane ∙matrix	14
6590183777	inner membrane	∙double phospholipid bilayer, has convolutions called cristae ∙oxidative phosphorylation occurs here ∙ETC removes e⁻ from NADH & FADH₂ and transports H⁺ ions from the patrix to intermediate space	15
6590183778	matrix	∙fluid material that fills the area inside the inner membrane. ∙Krebs cycle and conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur here	16
6590183779	ATP synthase	∙a channel protein in the inner membrane, allows protons in the intermembrane compartment to flow back into the matrix to generate ATP	17
6590183780	chemiosmosis	ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a proton concentrating gradient across a membrane using ATP synthase	18
6590183781	30-32	How many ATP molecules does cellular respiration produced? Write as __ -__	19
6590183782	alcohol fermentation	∙pyruvate to acetaldehyde to ethanol ∙occurs in: plans, fungi (yeast), and bacteria	20
6590183783	anaerobic respiration objective	∙replenish NAD⁺ so that glycolysis can proceed once again because in the absence of O₂, all the NAD⁺ is bottled up in NADH because oxidative phosphorylation cannot accept the e⁻ of NADH without oxygen.	21
6590183784	lactic acid fermentation	∙A pyruvate is converted to lactate (or lactic acid); in the process, NADH gives up its e⁻ to from NAD⁺	22

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AP Biology: Chapter 15 (chromosomal inheritance) Flashcards

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8525510791	chromosome theory of inheritance	a basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns	0
8525510792	wild type	an individual with the phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the phenotype itself	1
8525510793	sex-linked gene	a gene located on a sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome), resulting in a distinctive pattern of inheritance	2
8525510794	duchenne muscular dystrophy	a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue	3
8525510795	hemophila	a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury	4
8525510796	linked genes	genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together	5
8525510797	genetic recombination	general term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent	6
8525510798	parental type	an offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself	7
8525510799	recombinant type (recombinant)	an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents; also refers to the phenotype itself	8
8525510800	crossing over	the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis	9
8525510801	genetic map	an ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome	10
8525510802	linkage map	a genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes	11
8525510803	map units	a unit of measurement of the distance between genes. one map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency	12
8525510804	cytogenic maps	a chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope	13
8525510805	nondisjunction	an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other	14
8525510806	aneuploidy	a chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or deficient in number	15
8525510807	monosomic	referring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two	16
8525510808	trisomic	referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two	17
8525510809	polyploidy	a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. it is the result of an accident of cell division	18
8525510810	deletion	a deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage; a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene	19
8525510811	duplication	an aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated	20
8525510812	inversion	an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated	21
8525510813	translocation	an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome	22
8525510814	down syndrome	a human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects	23
8525510815	klinefelter syndrome	XXY, people with this disorder have male sex organs, but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile	24
8525510816	turner syndrome	XO, people with this disorder are phenotypically female, they are sterile because their sex organs do not mature	25

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AP Biology (Campbell) Chapter 12 Flashcards

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5817112104	anaphase	fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell	0
5817112105	anchorage dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum	1
5817112106	aster	a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in a cell undergoing mitosis	2
5817112107	benign tumor	a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin	3
5817112108	binary fission	the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome	4
5817112109	cell cycle	an ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of M, G1, S, G2	5
5817112110	cell cycle control system	a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle	6
5817112111	cell division	reproduction of a cell	7
5817112112	cell plate	a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall form during cytokinesis	8
5817112113	centromere	the centralized region joining two chromatids	9
5817112114	centrosome	material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule organizing center	10
5817112115	checkpoint	a critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals regulate the cycle	11
5817112116	chromatin	complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome; when a cell is not diving chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	12
5817112117	chromosome	a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus; each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	13
5817112118	cleavage	the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. Also, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into ball of cells	14
5817112119	cleavage furrow	the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell;a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate	15
5817112120	cyclin	a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically	16
5817112121	cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)	a protein kinase that is only active when attached to a particular cyclin	17
5817112122	cytokinesis	the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately following mitosis	18
5817112123	density-dependent inhibition	the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another	19
5817112124	G0 phase	a nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle	20
5817112125	G1 phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	21
5817112126	G2 phase	the second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occur	22
5817112127	gamete	a haploid cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to form a diploid cell	23
5817112128	genome	the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.	24
5817112129	growth factor	a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for growth and normal development of certain types of cells; a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation	25
5817112130	interphase	the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. 90% of the cell cycle	26
5817112131	M phase	mitotic phase; the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	27
5817112132	malignant tumor	a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs	28
5817112133	meiosis	a two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell	29
5817112134	metaphase	the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to the microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate	30
5817112135	metastasis	the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site	31
5817112136	mitosis	a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei	32
5817112137	mitotic (M) phase	the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	33
5817112138	mitotic spindle	an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis	34
5817112139	MPF	maturation-promoting factor (M-phase promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase	35
5817112140	prophase	the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begin to form, but the nucleu and nucleolus are still intact	36
5817112141	S phase	the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated	37
5817112142	sister chromatids	replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and eventually separating during mitosis or meiosis II	38
5817112143	somatic cell	any cell in multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg cell	39
5817112144	telophase	the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter cells are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun	40

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AP Biology: Chapter 53 (Population ecology) Flashcards

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9818431041	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	0
9818431042	density	the number of individuals per unit area or volume	1
9818431043	dispersion	the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population	2
9818431044	mark-recapture method	a sampling technique used to estimate the size of animal populations	3
9818431045	immigration	the influx of new individuals into a population from other areas	4
9818431046	emigration	the movement of individuals out of a population	5
9818431047	territoriality	a behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species	6
9818431048	demography	the study of changes over time in the vital statistics of populations, especially birth rates and death rates	7
9818431049	life tables	an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population	8
9818431050	cohort	a group of individuals of the same age in a population	9
9818431051	survivorship curve	a plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality	10
9818431052	reproductive table	an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population	11
9818431053	exponential population growth	growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time	12
9818431054	carrying capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K	13
9818431055	logistic population growth model	population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity	14
9818431056	life history	the traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival	15
9818431057	semelparity	reproduction in which an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event; also known as big-bang reproduction	16
9818431058	iteroparity	reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction	17
9818431059	K-selection	selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density	18
9818431060	r-selection	selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments; also called density-independent selection	19
9818431061	density dependent	referring to any characteristic that varies with population density	20
9818431062	density independent	referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density	21
9818431063	population dynamics	the study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size	22
9818431064	metapopulation	a group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration	23
9818431065	age structure	the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	24
9818431066	ecological footprint	the aggregate land and water area required by a person, city, or nation to produce all of the resources it consumes and to absorb all of the wastes it generates	25

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Ultimate AP Biology Vocabulary Review for Quiz!! Flashcards

A review of all of the Campbell 7th Edition terms for the new 2013 AP Biology Curriculum

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9881908783	cohesion	Water molecules sticking to each other.	0
9881908794	starch	Storage polysaccharide of plants.	1
9881908797	-ose	Suffix of a sugar.	2
9881908801	peptide bond	Bonds that connect amino acids.	3
9881908818	natural selection	A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.	4
9881908820	artificial selection	Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding.	5
9881908832	population genetics	Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.	6
9881908835	Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	Helps measure changes in allele frequencies over time. Provides an "ideal" population to use as a basis of comparison.	7
9881908836	mutation	Changes in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.	8
9881908884	bionomial nomenclature	Scientific name.	9
9881908888	cladogram	Diagram that shows patterns of shared characteristics.	10
9881908929	plasmids	Small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial cells in addition to the main bacterial chromosome. Can contain genes for antibiotic resistance, or other "contingency" functions.	11
9881908954	population density	The size of the population within a particular unit of space.	12
9881908963	demography	Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time.	13
9881908981	exponential growth	Population increase under ideal conditions, when r > 0. Forms a J-shaped curve.	14
9881908982	logistic growth	When limiting factors restrict size of population to the carrying capacity of the environment. Forms an S-shaped curve.	15
9881908983	carrying capacity (K)	Maximum population size that a particular environment can support.	16
9881908990	age structure	Relative number of individuals at each age.	17
9881909038	ecological succession	Gradual recolonization of a disturbed area; species replaced by other species which are replaced by other species.	18
9881909077	eukaryotic cells	Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.	19
9881909113	plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.	20
9881909117	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	21
9881909203	endothermic	Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.	22
9881909208	homeostasis	"Steady state" or "constant internal milieu".	23
9881909235	free energy	Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.	24
9881909242	enzyme	A catalytic protein.	25
9881909243	activation energy	The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier.	26
9881909254	fermentation	A partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen.	27
9881909275	acquired immunity	Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.	28
9881909299	immunization	The deliberate exposure of a pathogen to produce memory cells.	29
9881909310	endocrine system	The system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity.	30
9881909359	neuron	Structural and functional unit of nervous system.	31
9881909425	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size.	32
9881909452	MPF	A cyclin-Cdk complex that causes the cell to move from interphase into mitosis.	33
9881909455	allele	One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color.	34
9881909530	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	35
9881909532	linkage map	A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.	36
9881909606	frameshift mutation	Mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in improper grouping of nucleotides into codons.	37
9881909650	biotechnology	The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.	38
9881909757	apoptosis	Programmed cell death.	39