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AP Biology- Chapter 53 Flashcards

8644857880	population ecology	study of populations in relation to their enviornment	0
8644857881	population	group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area, all rely on same resources, influenced by similar environmental factors and usually breed and interact with one another, boundaries and size	1
8644857882	density	number of individuals per unit area or volume	2
8644857883	dispersion	pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population, there's uniform, random, and clumped	3
8644857884	mark-recapture method	tag individuals in 2 different sets to estimate population size	4
8644857885	immigration	new members of the same species coming IN to a population	5
8644857886	emigration	members of the same species going OUT of a population	6
8644857887	territoriality	defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by others	7
8644857888	demography	study of vital stats of a pop and how they change over time, birth and death rates	8
8644857889	life tables	age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population, used in insurance companies to find life expectancies	9
8644857890	cohort	group of individuals of same age	10
8644857891	survivorship curve	represents some data from life tables, plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age, 3 types	11
8644857892	type I curve	Low death rate in young and middle age, but exponentially increasing death rate as the organism becomes old.	12
8644857893	type II curve	Relatively linear death rate throughout entire life.	13
8644857894	type III curve	high death rate early in life, but flattens out as organism ages. Usually a product of semelparity.	14
8644857895	reproductive table	fertility schedule, age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population, sexual species tally the number of female offspring produced by each age-group	15
8644857896	zero population growth	when the birth rates and death rates equal rach other	16
8644857897	exponential population growth	pop increase in ideal conditions, per capita rate of increase may assume its max rate and is show as rmax	17
8644857898	per capita death rate	expected number of deaths per unit of time in a pop of any size, D=MN	18
8644857899	per capita birth rate	number of offspring produced per unit of time by an average member of the population B=bN	19
8644857900	carrying capacity	limit of resources, limit to the number of individuals that occupy a habitat, represented by K	20
8644857901	logistic population growth model	per capita rate of increase approaches zero as carrying capacity is reached,	21
8644857902	life history	made up of traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival	22
8644857903	semelparity	one shot at reproduction, "big bang reproduction", usually many	23
8644857904	iteroparity	repeated reproduction, produce large offspring in fewer quantities	24
8644857905	k-selection	Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density -- aka density-dependent selection.	25
8644857906	r-selection	selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments -- density independent selection	26
8644857907	density independent	birth or death rate that doesn't change with pop density	27
8644857908	density dependent	death rate that rises as pop density rises, birth rate that falls with rising density	28
8644857909	population dynamics	the branch of science that studies the size and age of populations and the biological and environmental processes driving them.	29
8644857910	metapopulations	group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration	30
8644857911	demographic transition	movement from high birth and death rates toward low birth and death rates, accompanies industrialization and improved living conditions	31
8644857912	age structure	relative number of individuals of each age in the pop, often graphed as pyramids	32
8644857913	ecological footprint	summarizes land and water required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates	33

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Campbell AP Biology--CHAPTER 4, Campbell AP Biology--CHAPTER 5 Flashcards

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7802521944	organic chemistry	The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).	0
7802521945	carbon	this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms	1
7802521946	hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.	2
7802521947	isomer	One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.	3
7802521948	structural isomer	One or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE)	4
7802521949	geometric isomer	One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT)	5
7802521950	enantiomer	One or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE)	6
7802521951	estradiol	A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.	7
7802521952	testosterone	Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.	8
7802521953	functional groups	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	9
7802521954	hydroxyl group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	10
7802521955	ketone group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain)	11
7802521956	ester group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middler of chain)	12
7802521957	aldehyde group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain)	13
7802521958	carboxyl group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group	14
7802521959	ionized carboxyl group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen	15
7802521960	amino group	A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺	16
7802521961	sulfhydryl group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	17
7802521962	phosphate group	A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.	18
7802521963	Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids	Name the 4 types of macromolecules	19
7802521964	Metabolism	All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism	20
7802521965	Catabolism	Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds	21
7802521966	Anabolism	Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules	22
7802521967	Hydrolysis	Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.	23
7802521968	Dehydration synthesis	Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule	24
7802521969	Polymers	Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	25
7802521970	Glycosidic linkage	In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.	26
7802521971	Monosaccharides	Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.	27
7802521972	Monosaccharide	The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose	28
7802521973	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose	29
7802521974	Polysaccharide	Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.	30
7802521975	Glycosidic linkage	The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.	31
7802521976	Chitin; cellulose	Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.	32
7802521977	Cellulose	Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls	33
7802521978	Glycogen; starch	Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.	34
7802521979	α glucose	Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.	35
7802521980	Polymers	Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.	36
7802521981	Lipids	Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.	37
7802521982	Glycerol; fatty acid chains	Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.	38
7802521983	Unsaturated fats	Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.	39
7802521984	Phospholipid	Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.	40
7802521985	Steroid	Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.	41
7802521986	HDL	Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)	42
7802521987	LDL	The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)	43
7802521988	Ester linkage	In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.	44
7802521989	Amino acid	The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.	45
7802521990	Amino; carboxyl; R	Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.	46
7802521991	20	# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.	47
7802521992	Peptide	In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.	48
7802521993	Polypeptide	The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.	49
7802521994	3D structure	The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.	50
7802521995	Structure	A protein's _________ determines its function.	51
7802521996	Primary	At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.	52
7802521997	Secondary	At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.	53
7802521998	β Pleated Sheet	__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	54
7802521999	α Helix	___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	55
7802522000	Tertiary	At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.	56
7802522001	Quaternary	At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.	57
7802522002	Sickle cell anemia	In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.	58
7802522003	Hormonal	Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.	59
7802522004	Receptor	________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.	60
7802522005	Contractile/Movement	___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.	61
7802522006	Transport	_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.	62
7802522007	Defensive	_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.	63
7802522008	Denaturation	Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.	64
7802522009	Chaperonins	Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides	65
7802522010	Nucleotides	Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.	66
7802522011	Polynucleotide	The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.	67
7802522012	Phosphodiester bonds	Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.	68
7802522013	Ribose	The sugar in RNA is ______.	69
7802522014	deoxyribose	The sugar in DNA is ______.	70
7802522015	A, T, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.	71
7802522016	A, U, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.	72
7802522017	Hydrogen	Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.	73
7802522018	sugars; phosphate groups	The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.	74

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AP Biology - Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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8940787204	Acid	compound that donates a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution.	0
8940787205	Adhesion	force of attraction between different kinds of molecules	1
8940787206	Antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	2
8940787207	Archaea	Microorganisms that live in extreme environments. (resemble bacteria but are not bacteria)	3
8940787208	Atom	The smallest particle of an element	4
8940787209	Atomic Mass	Number of protons and neutrons	5
8940787210	Atomic Nucleus	An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.	6
8940787211	Atomic Number		7
8940787212	ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)	main energy source that cells use for most of their work, energy currency for life	8
8940787213	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	9
8940787214	Buffer	mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range	10
8940787215	Calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C	11
8940787216	Catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction	12
8940787217	Celsius	the metric temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.	13
8940787218	Chemical Bond	the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together	14
8940787219	Chemical Equilibrium	the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants	15
8940787220	Chemical Reaction	A change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.	16
8940787221	Chitin	Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.	17
8940787222	Cis/Trans Isomer	Cis-trans isomers are stereoisomers, that is, pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three-dimensional space.	18
8940787223	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	19
8940787224	Compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	20
8940787225	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.	21
8940787226	Covalent Bond		22
8940787227	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	(DNA) nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose	23
8940787228	Double Bond	a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms	24
8940787229	Double Helix	The shape of a DNA molecule	25
8940787230	Energy	the ability to do work the capacity to cause change	26
8940787231	Enzyme	protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions	27
8940787232	Essential Element	A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce	28
8940787233	Eukaryotic Cell	cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.	29
8940787234	Evaporative Cooling	A property of water whereby a body becomes cooler as water evaporates from it.	30
8940787235	Evolution	The process through which species change over time	31
8940787236	Fat	A class of energy-giving nutrients; also the main form of energy storage in the body	32
8940787237	Fatty Acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	33
8940787238	Functional Group	An atom or group of atoms that determine the functions or properties of the compound	34
8940787239	Genomics	study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions	35
8940787240	Geometric Isomer	isomer that differs in the placement of groups around a double bond; cis/trans isomerism	36
8940787241	Glycogen	animal starch Extremely branched polymer of glucose.	37
8940787242	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	38
8940787243	Heat	the transfer of thermal energy	39
8940787244	Homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	40
8940787245	Hydrocarbon	Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen	41
8940787246	Hydrogen Bond	a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom	42
8940787247	Hydrolysis	the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.	43
8940787248	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	44
8940787249	Inquiry	an official investigation or formal series of questions	45
8940787250	Ion	An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.	46
8940787251	Ionic Bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	47
8940787252	Isomer	Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different three-dimensional structures	48
8940787253	Isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	49
8940787254	Joule	SI unit of energy	50
8940787255	Kinetic Energy	the energy an object has due to its motion	51
8940787256	Law	a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work	52
8940787257	Lipid	macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes	53
8940787258	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	54
8940787259	Model Organism	Mice, fruit flies, worms - organisms we use to understand biology because they are easy to maintain and have short generation times	55
8940787260	Molarity	the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution	56
8940787261	Mole	6.02x10^23 The SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance	57
8940787262	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.	58
8940787263	Monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	59
8940787264	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	60
8940787265	Natural Selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	61
8940787266	Negative Feedback	A response to changing conditions that acts to dampen or stop a system's reaction.	62
8940787267	Neutron	A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom	63
8940787268	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	64
8940787269	Nucleic Acid	polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms.	65
8940787270	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)	66
8940787271	Orbital	A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.	67
8940787272	Organic Chemistry	the study of carbon compounds	68
8940787273	Peptide Bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	69
8940787274	Phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	70
8940787275	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	71
8940787276	Polymer	A covalent compound made up of many small, repeating units linked together in a chain.	72
8940787277	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	73
8940787278	Polysaccharide	A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions	74
8940787279	Positive Feedback	A control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus	75
8940787280	Potential Energy	energy that results from the position or shape of an object	76
8940787281	Prokaryotic Cell	cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles (bacteria and archeae)	77
8940787282	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	78
8940787283	Purine	double-ring nitrogenous base Adenine and Guanine	79
8940787284	Pyrimidine	single-ring nitrogenous base Cytosine and Thymine and Uracil	80
8940787285	Reactant	a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.	81
8940787286	Ribonucleic Acid	RNA Nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose	82
8940787287	Ribose	sugar in RNA	83
8940787288	Saturated Fatty Acid	Those where all carbons are filled with maximum number of hydrogen atoms	84
8940787289	Science	An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.	85
8940787290	Sickle-Cell Anemia	Condition where red blood cells assume an abnormal sickle shape	86
8940787291	Single Bond	a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons	87
8940787292	Solute	the substance that is dissolved	88
8940787293	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	89
8940787294	Solvent	In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.	90
8940787295	Specific Heat	the amount of heat necessary to increase the temperature of a substance	91
8940787296	Steroid	large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components	92
8940787297	Structural Isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms	93
8940787298	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a container of water	94
8940787299	Temperature	A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.	95
8940787300	Theory	a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations	96
8940787301	Trace Element	found in very small amounts in the body ex- calcium, iron, iodine	97
8940787302	Triacylglycerol	three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.	98
8940787303	Triple Bond	A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons	99
8940787304	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	a fatty acid that lacks some hydrogen atoms and has one or more points of unsaturation	100
8940787305	Valence Electron	Electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom	101

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AP Biology Chapter 48 Flashcards

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9637798313	Nervous System	- Coordinates and controls bodily functions with nerves and electrical impulses - Composed of different types of nerve cells called neurons - Brain provides integrative power that underlies the complex behavior of vertebrates - The spinal cord integrates simple responses to certain kinds of stimuli and conveys information to and from the brain	0
9637798314	Information Processing	- Sensory input, integration, motor output	1
9637798315	Central Nervous System	- Integrates and processes information from the body	2
9637798316	Peripheral Nervous System	- Transmits information to and from the Central Nervous System - Contains sensory and motor division	3
9637798317	Sensory Nervous System	- Sends signals to the Central Nervous System from receptors	4
9637798318	Motor Nervous System	- Sends signals away from the Central Nervous System to the parts of the body - Can be separated into the Somatic Nervous system and the Autonomic Nervous System	5
9637798319	Somatic Nervous System	- Carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntarily controlled	6
9637798320	Autonomic Nervous System	: Involuntarily regulates the internal environment : Carries signals to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands : Divides into the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions	7
9637798321	Sympathetic Division	: "Fight or flight" response : Brings the body into a state of arousal	8
9637798322	Parasympathetic Division	: Promotes a return to self-maintenance functions and resting and digesting : Brings the body from a state of arousal back to normal	9
9637798323	Sensory Neurons	: Transmit information from sensory receptors to the Central Nervous System : Detects external stimuli and internal conditions	10
9637798324	Interneurons	: Integrate the information in the Central Nervous System : This can be in the spinal cord or connect up to the brain	11
9637798325	Motor Neurons	: Transmit information away from the Central Nervous System : Neurons communicate with effector organ (muscles and glands)	12
9637798326	Reflex Arc	: Body's automatic response to a stimuli : Pathway includes-receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ : Much faster response compared to the typical stimulus-response transmission pathways ->does not involve the integration of the brain ->does not require conscious control	13
9637798361	Neuron		14
9637798327	Cell Body	: Contains the organelles	15
9637798328	Dendrites	: Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons	16
9637798329	Axon	: Cytoplasmic extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses : May be covered with Schwann cells	17
9637798330	Schwann Cells	: A fatty cell wrapped around the axon to form the myelin sheath	18
9637798331	Myelin Sheath	: A fatty covering on the axon that insulates it and speeds up the conducting process	19
9637798332	Nodes of Ranvier	: Space between the Schwann cells on the axon	20
9637798333	Axon terminals	: Contains the vesicles of neurotransmitters	21
9637798334	Glia Cells	: Essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons	22
9637798335	Resting Membrane Potential	: The electrical potential difference that polarizes the membranes of neurons : The inside of the cell is negative (K+) relative to the outside, which is more positive (Na+) : When a neuron is not transmitting a signal : -70 mV : Depends on the ionic gradients that exist across the membrane ->Ion pumps and ion channels maintain this potential : The diffusion of potassium and sodium through these channels leads to a separation of charges across the membrane, producing the resting potential	23
9637798337	Action Potential	: Gated ion channels open or close in response to the binding of a specific ligand or a voltage change ->Changes the membrane potential : Two different responses, both graded potentials (because the change in potential varies with the strength of the stimulus) ->Hyperpolarization ->Depolarization	24
9637798338	Hyperpolarization	: An increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential (larger negative difference from inside to outside)	25
9637798339	Depolarization	: A reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential (move towards a positive difference from outside to inside) : A stimulus strong enough to produce a depolarization that reaches the threshold will trigger and action potential	26
9637798340	Threshold	: Membrane voltage amount needed to cause an action potential : -55 mV	27
9637798341	Action Potential Steps	: A brief all-or-none depolarization of a neuron's plasma membrane that carries information along axons : Depolarization, Action Potential, Repolarization	28
9637798342	Action Potential Steps: Depolarization	: Membrane sodium (Na+) channels open which allows sodium to diffuse into the cell : This causes the charge on the neuron membrane to change to positive inside and negative outside	29
9637798344	Action Potential Steps: Repolarization	: As the action potential subsides, K+ channels open, and potassium flows out of the cell whcih changes the charge again on the membrane : Na/K pump restores the ion concentration differences with the use of ATP ->Returns to the resting membrane potential : A refractory period follows the action potential during which a second action potential cannot be initiated	30
9637798346	Saltatory Conduction	: A process when action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier : Allows the signal to travel faster down the axon	31
9637798347	Synapse	: Electrical-electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via gap junction : Chemical-a presynaptic neuron releases chemical neurotransmitters, which are stored in the synaptic terminal ->Neurotransmitters will travel through the synaptic cleft to bind the post-synaptic neuron : Calcium forces the neurotransmitters across the gap	32
9637798348	Direct Synaptic Transmission	: Involves the binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated ion channels : Causes the ion channels to open, generating a postsynaptic potential (either excitatory or inhibitory) : After its release, the neurotransmitter diffuses out of the synaptic cleft (either taken backup or degraded by enzymes)	33
9637798349	Neurotransmitters	: Chemical messengers that act on cells to create a response : Can produce different effects in different types of cells : Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, GABA	34
9637798350	Acetylcholine	: Stimulates muscle contractions	35
9637798351	Epinephrine and Norepinephrine	: Fight or flight response	36
9637798352	Dopamine and Serotonin	: Excitatory responses	37
9637798353	GABA	: Represses neuron activity especially during fear or anxiety when neurons are overstimulated	38
9637798356	Brainstem	: Midbrain-contains centers for passing, ascending, and descending signals : Pons-controls breathing : Medulla oblongata-controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting	39
9637798357	Cerebellum	: Important for coordination and balance : Also involved in earning and rememebering motor skills	40
9637798358	Diencephalon	: Epithalamus-includes pineal gland (releases melatonin for sleep) : Thalamus-sends sensory and motor information to the cerebrum : Hypothalamus-regulates homeostasis (the four F's-feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing)	41
9637798359	Cerebrum	: Centers for planning and learning : Analyzes sensory information	42
9637798360	Limbic System	- Attach emotional "feelings" to survival-related functions	43

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AP Biology Big Idea #1 Flashcards

AP Biology Big Idea #1

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6469554201	Fitness	The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals.	0
6469554202	Directional Selection	Most common when a population's environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a new habitat with different environmental conditions than their former one.	1
6469554203	Disruptive Selection	Occurs when conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes.	2
6469554204	Stabilizing Selection	Acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants.	3
6469554205	Heterozygote Advantage	Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. Ex. Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele are also immune from getting malaria.	4
6469554206	Sexual Selection	Natural selection for mating success	5
6469554207	Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation.	6
6469554208	Mutation	Introduces new alleles that may provide a selective advantage or disadvantage to a population.	7
6469554209	Gene Pool	The aggregate of genes in a population at any one time; consists of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals of the population.	8
6469554210	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	The condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium)., 1). No mutations. 2). Random mating. 3). No natural selection. 4). The population size must be extremely large, no genetic drift. 5). No gene flow. i.e. transfer of pollen.	9
6469554211	Gene Flow	Describes the movement of individuals between populations resulting in the removal of alleles from a population when they leave (emigration) or the introduction of alleles when they enter (immigration).	10
6469554212	Genetic Drift	Random increase and decrease of alleles.	11
6469554213	Allopatric speciation	Begins when a population is divided by a geographic barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented. Therefore, differential evolution creates reproductive barriers that prevent interbreeding and thus create new species.	12
6469554214	Adaptive radiation	Relatively rapid evolution, occurs when the ancestral species is introduced to an area where diverse geographic or ecological conditions are available for colonization	13
6469554215	Bottleneck	Occurs when a population undergoes a drastic decrease in size; severely vulnerable to genetic drift.	14
6469554216	Divergent Evolution	Describes two or more species that originate from a common ancestor and become increasingly different over time	15
6469554217	Sympatric speciation	Formation of a new species without the presence of a geographic barrier.	16
6469554218	Cladogram	A.k.a. phylogenetic tree; a "tree-like" graphical representation of the relatedness of species. Each branch represents the divergence of a species from a common ancestor.	17
6469554219	Ecological stress	Physical, chemical, and biological constraints on the productivity of species and on the development of ecosystems.	18
6469554220	Paleontology	Provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. As a result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied.	19
6469554221	Biogeography	Uses geography to describe the distribution of species.	20
6469554222	Embryology	Reveals similar stages in development (ontogeny) among related species. The similarities help establish evolutionary relationships (phylogeny).	21
6469554223	Comparative anatomy	Describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species. Homologous structures and Analagous structures.	22
6469554224	Molecular biology	Examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species	23
6469554240	Founder Effect	Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.	24
6469554241	Fossils	Preserved remains of once-living organisms	25
6469554242	Gradualism	A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.	26
6469554243	Artificial Selection	Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.	27
6469554244	Homology	Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.	28
6469554245	Taxonomy	SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION; IN BIOLOGY, THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS IN CATEGORIES	29
6469554246	Phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.	30
6469554247	Genotype	An organism's genetic makeup	31
6469554248	Homologous Structures	Body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor	32
6469554249	Analogous Structures	Body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because they evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptations	33
6469554250	Vestigial Structures	Homologous structures that no longer serve any functions	34
6469554251	Endosymbiotic theory	Describes how eukaryotic cells originated from a mutually beneficial association among various kinds of prokaryotes	35
6469554252	Autotrophs	Manufacture their own organic compounds using light energy of that from inorganic substances	36
6469554253	Heterotrophs	Living organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic substances	37
6469554254	Extinct	No longer existing or living.	38
6469554255	Sickle Cell Anemia	Sickle Cell disease is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage.	39
6469554256	Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.	40
6469554257	Systematics	The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct.	41
6469554258	Molecular Systematics	The comparison of nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer relatedness.	42
6469554259	Fossil Record	The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.	43
6469554260	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.	44
6469554261	Monophyletic	Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants; a clade. Made up of an ancestral species and all of its descendant species.	45
6469554262	Genetic Code	The sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and nearly universal in all organisms.	46
6469554263	Species	A group of individuals capable of interbreeding.	47
6469554264	Speciation	The formation of a new species.	48
6469554265	Polyploidy	The possession of more than the normal two sets of chromosomes found in diploid.	49
6469554266	Hybridization	Occurs when two distinctly different forms of a species mate and produce progeny along a geographic boundary called a hybrid zone.	50
6469554267	Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms	Consists of mechanisms that prevent fertilization.	51
6469554268	Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms	Consists of mechanisms that prevent the formation of fertile progeny.	52

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AP Biology Big Idea #1 Flashcards

AP Biology Big Idea #1

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5621823064	Fitness	The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals.	0
5621823065	Directional Selection	Most common when a population's environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a new habitat with different environmental conditions than their former one.	1
5621823066	Disruptive Selection	Occurs when conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes.	2
5621823067	Stabilizing Selection	Acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants.	3
5621823068	Heterozygote Advantage	Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. Ex. Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele are also immune from getting malaria.	4
5621823069	Sexual Selection	Natural selection for mating success	5
5621823070	Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation.	6
5621823071	Mutation	Introduces new alleles that may provide a selective advantage or disadvantage to a population.	7
5621823072	Gene Pool	The aggregate of genes in a population at any one time; consists of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals of the population.	8
5621823073	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	The condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium)., 1). No mutations. 2). Random mating. 3). No natural selection. 4). The population size must be extremely large, no genetic drift. 5). No gene flow. i.e. transfer of pollen.	9
5621823074	Gene Flow	Describes the movement of individuals between populations resulting in the removal of alleles from a population when they leave (emigration) or the introduction of alleles when they enter (immigration).	10
5621823075	Genetic Drift	Random increase and decrease of alleles.	11
5621823076	Allopatric speciation	Begins when a population is divided by a geographic barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented. Therefore, differential evolution creates reproductive barriers that prevent interbreeding and thus create new species.	12
5621823077	Adaptive radiation	Relatively rapid evolution, occurs when the ancestral species is introduced to an area where diverse geographic or ecological conditions are available for colonization	13
5621823078	Bottleneck	Occurs when a population undergoes a drastic decrease in size; severely vulnerable to genetic drift.	14
5621823079	Divergent Evolution	Describes two or more species that originate from a common ancestor and become increasingly different over time	15
5621823080	Sympatric speciation	Formation of a new species without the presence of a geographic barrier.	16
5621823081	Cladogram	A.k.a. phylogenetic tree; a "tree-like" graphical representation of the relatedness of species. Each branch represents the divergence of a species from a common ancestor.	17
5621823082	Ecological stress	Physical, chemical, and biological constraints on the productivity of species and on the development of ecosystems.	18
5621823083	Paleontology	Provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. As a result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied.	19
5621823084	Biogeography	Uses geography to describe the distribution of species.	20
5621823085	Embryology	Reveals similar stages in development (ontogeny) among related species. The similarities help establish evolutionary relationships (phylogeny).	21
5621823086	Comparative anatomy	Describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species. Homologous structures and Analagous structures.	22
5621823087	Molecular biology	Examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species	23
5621823088	Cytoskeleton	The internal structure of the cytoplasm	24
5621823089	Cytoplasm	A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended	25
5621823090	Membrane-bound organelles	nucleus, Mitochondria, nucleolus, lysosomes, vacuoles, golgi apparatus, peroxisome, chloroplasts, plastids, Endoplasmic Reticulum.	26
5621823091	Endomembrane systems	The system that consists of the organelles of a cell.	27
5621823092	Organelles	A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.	28
5621823093	Macromolecule	any very large complex molecule.Biological macromolecules include Nucleic acids, Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates	29
5621823094	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	30
5621823095	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	31
5621823096	Functional Group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	32
5621823097	Amino Acid	Polymers of Amino Acids are proteins	33
5621823098	Peptide Bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	34
5621823099	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	35
5621823100	Disulfate Bonds	Chemical-based side bonds that are formed when two sulfer-type chains are joined together are:	36
5621823101	DNA	(biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	37
5621823102	Nucleotides	Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases	38
5621823103	Founder Effect	Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.	39
5621823104	Fossils	Preserved remains of once-living organisms	40
5621823105	Gradualism	A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.	41
5621823106	Artificial Selection	Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.	42
5621823107	Homology	Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.	43
5621823108	Taxonomy	SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION; IN BIOLOGY, THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS IN CATEGORIES	44
5621823109	Phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.	45
5621823110	Genotype	An organism's genetic makeup	46
5621823111	Homologous Structures	Body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor	47
5621823112	Analogous Structures	Body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because they evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptations	48
5621823113	Vestigial Structures	Homologous structures that no longer serve any functions	49
5621823114	Endosymbiotic theory	Describes how eukaryotic cells originated from a mutually beneficial association among various kinds of prokaryotes	50
5621823115	Autotrophs	Manufacture their own organic compounds using light energy of that from inorganic substances	51
5621823116	Heterotrophs	Living organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic substances	52
5621823117	Extinct	No longer existing or living.	53
5621823118	Sickle Cell Anemia	Sickle Cell disease is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage.	54
5621823119	Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.	55
5621823120	Systematics	The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct.	56
5621823121	Molecular Systematics	The comparison of nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer relatedness.	57
5621823122	Fossil Record	The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.	58
5621823123	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.	59
5621823124	Monophyletic	Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants; a clade. Made up of an ancestral species and all of its descendant species.	60
5621823125	Genetic Code	The sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and nearly universal in all organisms.	61
5621823126	Species	A group of individuals capable of interbreeding.	62
5621823127	Speciation	The formation of a new species.	63
5621823128	Polyploidy	The possession of more than the normal two sets of chromosomes found in diploid.	64
5621823129	Hybridization	Occurs when two distinctly different forms of a species mate and produce progeny along a geographic boundary called a hybrid zone.	65
5621823130	Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms	Consists of mechanisms that prevent fertilization.	66
5621823131	Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms	Consists of mechanisms that prevent the formation of fertile progeny.	67

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Campbell AP Biology: CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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7697259342	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
7697259343	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
7697259344	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
7697259345	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
7697259346	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
7697259347	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
7697259348	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
7697259349	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
7697259350	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
7697259352	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	9
7697259353	chromatin	loosely coiled genetic material(DNA) that makes up chromosomes	10
7697259354	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	11
7697259355	ribosomes	makes proteins	12
7697259356	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	13
7697259357	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	14
7697259358	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	15
7697259359	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	16
7697259360	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	17
7697259361	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	18
7697259362	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	19
7697259363	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest/recycle materials	20
7697259364	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	21
7697259366	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	22
7697259367	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	23
7697259368	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	24
7697259369	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	25
7697259370	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	26
7697259377	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	27
7697259378	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	28
7697259379	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	29
7697259380	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	30
7697259381	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	31
7697259382	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	32
7697259383	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	33
7697259385	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	34
7697259386	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	35
7697259387	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	36
7697259388	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	37
7697259392	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	38
7697259393	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	39
7697259394	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	40
7697259395	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	41
7697259396	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	42
7697259397	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	43

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AP Biology: Gene Expression Flashcards

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7954630050	Operon	a group of related genes found in a prokaryote that are controlled by one regulator	0
7954630051	Operator	location in DNA where the repressor protein attaches	1
7954630052	Repressor	the regulatory protein that turns the operon off by bing to the operator	2
7954630053	On	A lac operon that is producing lactase	3
7954630054	Tryptophan operon	sequence of genes that controls the production of tryptophan	4
7954630055	Regulatory Gene	codes for a repressor protein	5
7954630056	Repressor Protein	Binds to the operator to inhibit transcription	6
7954630057	Inducible	operon that can be turned ON default is turned OFF ex: lac operon	7
7954630058	Repressible	operon that can be turned OFF default is turned ON ex: trp operon	8
7954630059	Inducer	molecule that attaches to the repressor protein, changes its shape and removes it from the operator	9
7954630060	Gene Expression	turning on and off of genes	10
7954630061	Promoter	location in DNA where RNA polymerase attaches	11
7954630062	lactose	sugar metabolized by cells	12
7954630063	lactase	enzyme that metabolizes a particular sugar	13
7954630064	RNA Polymerase	enzyme that adds nucleotides during the transcription of mRNA	14
7954630065	lac operon	sequence of genes that control the production of lactase	15
7954630068	Structural Genes	genes found sequentially in an operon that share a common function	16
7954630069	Eukaryotes	Do NOT contain operons	17
7954630070	Transcription	DNA --> mRNA	18

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10 Cell Division (AP Biology) Flashcards

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8546474455	cell division	The process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells.	0
8546475781	genome	all the DNA in one cell of an organism	1
8546477512	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size.	2
8546478469	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	3
8546480209	germ cell	Reproductive cell that gives rise to sperm and egg	4
8546481907	chromosome	one long continuous molecule of DNA (consists of numerous genes and regulatory information)	5
8546485073	chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.	6
8546490984	sister chromatids	One half of a duplicated chromosome (identical); full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.	7
8546493337	centromere	The region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis.	8
8546494041	centriole	In animal cells, a cytoplasmic organelle that organizes the mitotic spindle fibers during cell reproductions.	9
8546494961	centrosome	A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.	10
8546495844	cell cycle	Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.	11
8546496570	mitosis	Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes.	12
8546497470	cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.	13
8546499140	S phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	14
8546499904	G1 phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	15
8546500348	G2 phase	The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	16
8546500883	interphase	Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.	17
8546501485	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.	18
8546502682	kinetochore microtubules	Connects the centrosome with the kinetochore in the centromere region of the chromosome.	19
8546503213	kinetochore	proteins that attach to the centromere of a chromosome during mitosis	20
8546506904	asters	Microtubules and fibers that radiate out from the centrioles.	21
8546507348	metaphase plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase. (aka equator)	22
8546508042	cleavage furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	23
8546508700	cell plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	24
8546512092	density dependent inhibition	dependent inhibition The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another.	25
8546512442	growth factors	Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate.	26
8546513974	restriction point	G1 checkpoint; most important checkpoint; a go-ahead here usually leads to completing the cell cycle (through mitosis); a stop leads to the G0 phase	27
8546514333	Cdk (cyclin dependent kinases)	an enzyme that activates or inactivates other proteins by phosphorylating them (important at G1 and G2 checkpoints); to be active, these kinases must be joined to cyclin (cyclin fluctuates throughout the cell cycle)	28
8546514797	MPF	A cyclin-Cdk complex that causes the cell to move from interphase into mitosis. (think of it as 'mitosis promoting factor')	29
8546830526	tumor	a mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue (may be benign or malignant)	30
8546515303	cancer	Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.	31
8546515784	malignant tumor	mass of cells that is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues	32
8546519129	benign tumor	mass of cells that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body the way cancer can	33
8546521904	cleavage	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane	34
8546523374	allele	One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color.	35
8546523799	alteration of generations	The alteration of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal (e.g. gametophyte and sporophyte)	36
8546528877	gametophyte	Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism; makes haploid gametes by mitosis	37
8546529601	sporophyte	Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism; Makes haploid spores by meiosis.	38
8546532542	haploid	an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (1n)	39
8546533235	diploid	an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (2n)	40
8546533824	triploid	A chromosomal mutation where an organism has three sets of chromosomes (3n) instead of two (2n)	41
8546534244	trisomy	3 copies of a chromosome	42
8546535488	asexual reproduction	One parent produces a genetically identical offspring by mitosis or binary fission	43
8546535968	sexual reproduction	process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism (offspring are diverse)	44
8546537286	autosomes	Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual.	45
8546537926	sex chromosomes	X and Y chromosomes (for people)	46
8546538421	chiasmata	X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred.	47
8546538714	clone	An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced	48
8546541309	crossing over	Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments. (increases genetic variation)	49
8546542412	independent assortment	random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis	50
8546543272	fertilization	Union of gametes.	51
8546543273	zygote	fertilized egg	52
8546545166	gamete	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm that unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	53
8546546973	gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait	54
8546548115	homologous chromosomes	Pair of chromosomes that are the same size/appearance and have the same genes (but have different variations or alleles for many genes); you get one of each from mom, the other from dad.	55
8546552811	karyotype	Photograph of chromosomes grouped in order and in pairs.	56
8546552812	life cycle	the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next	57
8546554831	locus	The specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome.	58
8546555590	nonsister chromatids	the chromatids of the homologous chromosome (they may contain different alleles).	59
8546568622	recombinant chromosome	A chromosome that carries genes from each parent (crossing over has occurred).	60
8546573451	spore	in plants/algae - a haploid cell that can grow into a multi-cellular haploid individual (gametophyte); in fungi - a haploid cell that produces a mycelium	61
8546595041	synapsis	Homologous chromosomes pair up, aligned gene by gene; allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them.	62
8546596961	tetrad	structure containing 4 chromatids (homologous chromosome pair) that forms during meiosis	63
8546600290	variation	Any difference between individuals of the same species.	64
8546674568	G0 phase (the '0' should be a subscript)	a nondividing state (not really in the cell cycle anymore)	65
8546793786	metastasis	the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site	66

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AP Biology: Behavioral Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 51: Behavioral Biology Vocabulary

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4756748302	Ethology	the study of animal behavior in natural conditions.	0
4756748303	Fixed action pattern (FAP)	a sequence of behavioral acts that is especially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated.	1
4756748304	Sign stimulus	a FAP that is triggered by an external sensory stimulus.	2
4756748308	Learning	the modification of behavior (behavioral change) resulting from specific experiences.	3
4756748311	Imprinting	learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and is generally irreversible; a learned behavior with a significant innate component, aired during a critical period.	4
4756748312	Sensitive period	a limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place.	5
4756748313	Associative learning	the ability of animals to associate one stimuli with another. ex.: classical conditioning and operant conditioning.	6
4756748314	Classical conditioning	type of associative learning where the animal learns to associate an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment.	7
4756748315	Operant conditioning	type of associative learning where the animal learns to associate one of it's own behaviors with a reward or punishment.	8
4756748316	Play	behavior that has no apparent external goal but involves movements closely associated with goal-directed behaviors.	9
4756748317	Cognition	the ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors. Consciousness, or awareness.	10
4756748319	Kinesis	a simple change in activity or turning rate in response to stimuli.	11
4756748320	Taxis	movement toward or away from a stimulus.	12
4756748323	Migration	regular movement over relatively long distances.	13
4756748326	Agonistic behavior	a type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.	14
4756748329	Dominance hierarchy	a linier "pecking order" of animals, where positions dictate characteristic social behaviors.	15
4756748338	Signal	a behavior that causes a change in behavior in another animal.	16
4756748341	Altruism	behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.	17
4756748342	Inclusive fitness	the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring.	18

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