| CourseNotes

chapter 29 AP US History Flashcards

9224097638	Underwood Tariff	1913 Substantial reduction of rates enacted and unprecedented income tax used revenue for receipts	0
9224097639	Federal Reserve Act	1913, which created the central banking system of the United States. Established 12 regional banks and a board to regulate banking and create stability	1
9224097640	federal trade commission	1914 Oversaw industries engaged in inner state Commerce investigate the legal business practices in Commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and misleading goods	2
9224097641	Clayton Anti-Trust Act	Extended Sherman anti-trust act semi: exempted labor unions and agricultural organizations from anti monopoly constraints, conferred benefits on labor	3
9224097642	Holding companies	Companies that own part or all of other company's stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies. Clayton anti-trust act sought to clamp down on these companies when they obstructed competition	4
9224097643	Workingmen's Compensation Act	1916 Passed by Wilson, granted assistance to federal civil service employees during time of disability, pre cursor for labor friendly by legislation passed during new deal	5
9224097644	Adamson Act	1916 Established 8 hour work day for all employees on railroad trains and over time extra pay. 1st law to try To regulate work day	6
9224097645	Jones Act	1916 gave territorial status to Philippines - promised independence As soon as Stable government was established. Was not granted until July 4th 1946	7
9224097646	Tampico Incident	1915 But rest of us sailors by Mexican government that pushed Wilson to dispatch navy to Please the port of Vera Cruz in April of 1915. War was avoided but tensions between US and Mexico grew	8
9224097647	Central Powers	Germany and Austria-Hungary And later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria they were against Allies	9
9224097648	allies	Great Britain, Russia, France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the US. They were against the central powers	10
9224097649	U-boats	German subs proved deadly for allies played major role in World War I	11
9224097650	Lusitania	British passenger ship sunk in May of 1915 by a German torpedo. Killed 1198 people including 128 US citizens Pushed the US closer to war	12
9224097651	Zimmerman Note	Secret message written by German Arthur Zimmerman who proposed German Mexico alliance against the US Intercepted and published and cause us uproar and push to join war	13
9224097652	Fourteen Points	1918 Woodrow Wilson proposal to ensure peace after World War I, called and to secret alliances, widespread arms reduction, nation of self determination, and the new league of nations	14
9224097653	Committee on Public Information	1917 a government office during war known popularly as the Creel committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday American support for the war effort. It regularly distributed pro war propaganda and sent out an army of 4 minute men to rally crowds and deliver patriotic pep	15
9224097654	Espionage Act	1917 Prohibited interference with the draft and other acts of national disloyalty Together with the sedition act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties	16
9224097655	Schneck v. United States	1919 Supreme Court decision that upheld espionage and sedition acts reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when posed a clear and present danger to the nation	17
9224097656	War Industries Board	1917 headed by Bernard baruch, Federal agency coordinated industrial production during war, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Under that economic mobilization of the war industries board, industrial production in the US increased 20% during war	18
9224097657	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Union of radicals and socialists nicknamed the Wobblies Sought to build one big Union, advocated industrial sabotage in defense of goal, could claim a 100000 and support 300000 people, appeal to migratory workers and those who had harsh working conditions	19
9224097658	Great Migration	Movement of 6 million African Americans from the South to the North for jobs during war	20
9224097659	19th Amendment	1920; gave women the right to vote. (ALL citizens of the US can now vote) Came 70 years after the 1st organization called for women's suffrage at Seneca Falls	21
9224097660	shephard-towner maternity act	Attempt to appeal to new women voters Expanded government role in family life, provided federally financed instruction in maternity and infant health care	22
9224097661	American Expeditionary Force (AEF)	led by John J. Pershing Name given to United States army force deployed in Europe, Bought in many key battles in the last year of the war	23
9224097662	Battle of Chateau-Thierry	June 1918 1st significant engagement of US troops and World War I, the image of fresh young US troops for the French	24
9224097663	Meuse-Argonne Offensive	1918- last major offensive by allies; convinced Germany that victory was impossible Led by John pershing and the AEF In effort to cut German railroad lines which supplied the Western front.	25
9224097664	league of nations	1919 World organization of national government's proposed by Wilson, worked to facilitate peaceful cooperation of nations The US did not sign do to isolationists creating obstacles	26
9224097665	Treaty of Versailles	1919 treaty that ended WWI, Are many was blamed for the war and had to pay heavy reparations to the allies, the Germans thought it was too harsh the French thought it was too lenient and the US rejected it due to obligation to sign into the league of nations	27
9224097666	Irreconcilables	Leaders were William Borah and Hiram Johnson, Militant isolationists who opposed the league of nations and played a big role in preventing the US participation in the league	28
9224097667	Louis D Brandeis	Nominated to the Supreme Court by Wilson and was a believer in progressive reform, Was the 1st Jew on the court	29
9224097668	Francisco Pancho Villa	Attempted to provoke war between Mexico and US by killing US citizens	30
9224097669	Arthur Zimmermann	German minister who wrote the Zimmerman note trying to ally with Mexico against the US	31
9224097670	George Creel	Leader on City on public information who was supposed to sell the US on war and sell the world on Wilson's war goals	32
9224097671	Eugene V. Debs	Socialist who was convicted under espionage act cama sentenced to 10 years in federal prison	33
9224097672	William D "Big Bill" Haywood	Was the leader of the Industrial workers of the World Convicted under the espionage act	34
9224097673	Herbert Hoover	Quaker humanitarian who was the head of food and ministration he You Celt relying on voluntary compliance rather than compulsory edicts. He didn't major propaganda for food to help supply the army such as wheatless Wednesday and meatless Tuesday	35
9224097674	Alice Paul	leader of the National Woman's party, Protested the war	36
9224097675	Henry Cabot Lodge	Republican Senator who opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles And instead came up with the 14 reservations, he wanted to give the US more control in how it interacts with nations and how nations interact with us.	37

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AP US HISTORY 17 Flashcards

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6366720801	Operation sea lion	British Royal Air Force and churchhills leadership helped Britain stop Hitler's attack	0
6366720802	Cash andcarry	US lent 50 old age naval destroyers in exchange for US bases in England	1
6366720803	Operation barbosa	Invasion of the USSR	2
6366720804	Lend lease act	Us provided aid to nations under attack by fascist aggressors	3
6366720805	Yamamoto-Hideki Tojo	Top Japanese military ordered by __ to plan Pearl Harbor attack	4
6366720806	Japanese invasion force	Lead by Admi Nagumo	5
6366720807	Hickman air base and US army wheeler field	Us air defenses	6
6366720808	$9 billion	1939 budget	7
6366720809	$100 billion	1945 budget	8
6366720810	War production board	Oversees conversion of factories from consumer to military	9
6366720811	Burke Wadsworth Act	Draft	10
6366720812	WOW-women ordinance workers	18 million workers in production-7 million are women	11
6366720813	Double V campaign	African Americans victory in battle and at home	12
6366720814	NISEI	Executive order-internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans	13
6366720815	Smith Connelly act	Called for a 30 day cooling off period before a strike	14

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US History World War 2 Flashcards

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6015048749	Benito Mussolini	Fascist dictator of Italy. He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia, and allied with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.	0
6015073217	Fascism	A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.	1
6015089075	Totalitarian	Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives.	2
6015106975	Joseph Stalin	Soviet Union dictator. He led with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition	3
6015125473	Collective Farms	A collection of private properties seized by the government to be used as large, government-owned farms.	4
6015179789	Adolf Hitler	Founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich. His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf, attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews.	5
6015273054	Nazism	An extreme form of fascism shaped by Hitler's fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority	6
6015299876	Hideki Tojo	Hideki Tojo was the Army general and prime minister who led Japan through much of World War II and was later executed as a war criminal. Led the invasion of occupied Manchuria and ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor.	7
6015343326	Emperor Hirohito	Emperor of Japan during World War 2. Leader in name only as the military began to take over the government at this time.	8
6015370127	Militarism	The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.	9
6015411193	Appeasement	Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict	10
6015451678	Lend-Lease Act	Allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S	11
6015529552	Holocaust	A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.	12
6046701571	Nuremberg Laws	Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.	13
6046719676	Kristallnacht	"Night of Broken Glass" -the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany	14
6046750009	SS St. Louis	Ship of Jewish refugees that arrived to Cuba, the government refused to let them in. The United States also refused. Eventually France, The United Kingdom, Belgium and Holland split the refugees up. Only the ones from the United Kingdom survived, the rest perished in concentration camps	15
6046837653	Final Solution	Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people	16
6075193441	FDR's 4 Freedoms Speech	Four kinds of freedom mentioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech in 1941 as worth fighting for: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. Roosevelt spoke of the Four Freedoms before the United States entered World War II.	17
6075198020	Pearl Harbor	A naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by the Japanese. The attack forced the U.S to go to war.	18

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AP US History: Reconstruction Flashcards

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5919492960	facts surrounding Lincoln's assassinations	died 4/14/1865 --5 days after the end of the Civil War by John Wilkes Booth (famous actor) Bigger plot- to wipe out top U.S. govt (Pres, VP, Sec of State, Gen Grant	0
5919492961	significance of Lincoln's assassination	Union lost leader and south lost a man that was going to be nice to them (1st assassination of a US Pres)	1
5919492962	Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan	10% plan: of state population can join if 10% pledges oath Con. military officials will be pardoned Anyone who took loyalty pledge gets property back , no punishments	2
5919492963	Radical Republicans Reconstruction Plan	Wade Davis Bill-- wants 50% of of population to take oath wants to punish south-- STRICT non conf could vote conf voting rights taken away	3
5919492964	Leading two Radical Republicans In Congress	Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens	4
5919492965	Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plans	wants to punish wealthy south pardon those who took oath. state had to abolish slavery, accept 13th Confederate debt wiped out	5
5919492966	political party that controlled Congress	Republican Party	6
5919492967	Freedman's Bureau	welfare-- provided education, food, healthcare, clothing to anyone who suffered the war (mostly blacks) Johnson vetoes	7
5919492968	Civil Rights Act 1875	Equal accommodations in public places. Supreme court decided only applies to govt, not individual people.	8
5919492969	Explain relation between Congress and Johnson	Hates each other	9
5919492970	13th Amendment	abolishes slavery	10
5919492971	14th Amendment	Anyone born and naturalized are U.S citizens (women are citizens, not =) itizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed.	11
5919492972	15th Amendment	voting can not be denied due to race, color, and previous servitude	12
5919492973	Reasons for Andrew's Johnson impeachment	breaks Office of Tenure Act-- Pres chooses cabinet and congress approves, if fired, Congress has to approve Fires Sec of State, Edwin Stanton	13
5919492974	Identify the voting restriction used to discriminate against blacks	Literacy Test--read constitution and interpretation poll tax--former slaves can't afford Grandfather Clause-- any could vote if grandpa could vote	14
5919492975	Significances of the case of Plessy v Ferguson	Plessy considered black sat at white section of the train Plessy lost and legalized segregation (sep and = accomodations	15
5919492976	Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws	Racist laws, segregating blacks into their "rightful place"	16
5919492977	examples of Black Codes	outlawed interracial marriage, had to sign labor contracts, brought back to work and give up pay if escaped: sep but =	17
5919492978	Reasons and Tactics used by the KKK	To stop pro blacks from voting, tactics: terrorism, lynching, burning, whipping, burning of the cross, knock on door representing dead con	18
5919492979	Southern govts in post Civil War years	Graft-political corruption, bribes, payoffs, (people in govt- ex confederates)	19
5919492980	carpetbaggers	northerners travel to south to exploit and take advantage of poor situation PROFIT (political ambitions, businesses)	20
5919492981	scalawags	white southerners who supports Republicans (traitors to race)	21
5919492982	crop lien system	stores give workers supplies, in return get share of crop	22
5919492983	sharecropping	give plots of land to people, in return share crops w owner	23
5919492984	tenant farming	workers rent, grow crops and sells for money, gives money to owner	24
5919492985	industry of the south after the Civil War	Tobacco and cigarettes flourish in the south	25
5919492986	reason for the formation of black communities after the Civil War	whole towns and neighborhoods are black	26
5919492987	Union League	political/social organization , built black churches, schools, help w courts, if discriminated, support Republican party taught civics, how to register to vote, politics	27
5919492988	Roles of blacks in politics after the Civil War	some states gave black right to vote, had right to get elected 1st two blacks in Congress Sen Hiram Revels, Blanche Bruce	28
5919492989	Booker T. Washington's background	former slave born into slavery	29
5919492990	Booker T. Washington's advice	get a decent job, learn a trade/skill	30
5919492991	Booker T. Washington's accomplishments	founded Tuskegee Institute (vocational), autobiography UP FROM SLAVERY	31
5919492992	How whites viewed Booker T. Washington	don't see him as a threat - blacks won't take jobs such as lawyers, doctors	32
5919492993	Amnesty Act of 1872	Forgiveness of ex confederates no more punishments	33
5919492994	Election of 1876	contested election-- who gets the vote? miscounted votes need to be recounted	34
5919492995	Compromise of 1877	House of Representatives decide President makes deal- chooses Hayes (R) as President, In exchange military will get out of the south	35
5919492996	Results and impact of ending reconstruction	laws helping blacks ignored, south remains poor, southern industries doesnt take off	36

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AP US History Amendments Flashcards

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6767265214	1st Amendment	Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition	0
6767265215	2nd Amendment	Right to bear arms	1
6767265216	3rd Amendment	The government can not force people to quarter troops in their homes	2
6767265217	4th Amendment	No unreasonable searches or seizures without a warrant	3
6767265218	5th Amendment	Rights of the accused- to remain silent, to plead the 5th, no double jeopardy	4
6767265219	6th Amendment	The right to a speedy public trial, a lawyer will be provided if you cannot afford one	5
6767265220	7th Amendment	Right to a Civil trial by jury over $20	6
6767265221	8th Amendment	No excessive bail, fines, or unusual punishment	7
6767265222	9th Amendment	Peoples rights are not limited to just those listed in the Constitution	8
6767265223	10th Amendment	States have all the powers not given to the federal government by the Constitution	9
6767265224	11th Amendment	States do not have the power to extend the time a trial takes. If you commit a crime you have a trial set in the state, you commit the crime.	10
6767265225	12th Amendment	President and Vice President on same ballot. There will be an Electoral College system in each state with the winner take all system	11
6767265226	13th Amendment	Slavery is abolished 1865	12
6767265227	14th Amendment	Anyone born in the U.S. or that is naturalized into the U.S. is a citizen. Citizens have rights that the government cannot take away. 1868	13
6767265228	15th Amendment	Government cannot deny a citizen's right to vote because of race, religion, nation of origin, or sexual preference. 1870	14
6767265229	16th Amendment	There is a national income tax 1913	15
6767265230	17th Amendment	Each state will have two Senators who will be directly elected by the voters every six years. 1913	16
6767265231	18th Amendment	Prohibition- no manufacturing, sale, or importing of alcoholic beverages into the U.S. 1919	17
6767265232	19th Amendment	Suffrage- women are granted the right to vote 1920	18
6767265233	20th Amendment	"Lame Duck Amendment" Now the Congress term begins January 3rd and the President is inaugurated on January 20th at noon by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	19
6767265234	21st Amendment	Repeal of the 18th Amendment "Prohibition" 1933	20
6767265235	22nd Amendment	No President can serve more than two terms of 4 years or 10 years total 1951	21
6767265236	23rd Amendment	District of Columbia receives 3 electoral votes for presidential elections 1961	22
6767265237	24th Amendment	No one can be denied the right to vote by a state by reasons of poll tax, or literacy test, or any other tax 1964	23
6767265238	25th Amendment	Presidential Succession - Vice President - Speaker of the House, Tempore of the Senate	24
6767265239	26th Amendment	18 year olds receive the right to vote - Vietnam War 1971	25
6767265240	27th Amendment	Pay raise for Congress (House or Senate) shall not take effect until after the next election 1992	26

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US History- Vietnam War & AP US History Civil Rights Flashcards

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9642885128	Vietminh	Communists in North Vietnam. Originally were formed to win independence from France.	0
9642885129	Vietcong	Communist rebel forces made up of Vietnamese that were supplied by North Vietnam Blend with jungle, used Booby traps	1
9642885130	Ho Chi Minh	The communist leader of North Vietnam	2
9642885131	Ho Chi Minh Trail	Used by North Vietnam to send arms and supplies south by way of a network of jungle paths	3
9642885132	Ngo Dinh Diem	The highly unpopular leader of South Vietnam, who was initially supported by the US	4
9642885133	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	Gave Johnson a blank check to fight the war in Vietnam. Empowered President Lyndon Johnson to greatly increase U.S. military involvement in Vietnam	5
9642885134	American Tactics	bombing campaign against the north, called operation Rolling Thunder, massive search and destroy missions to find Vietnamese fighters, decreasing the moral of enemy through a war of attrition.	6
9642885135	Agent Orange	Used to clear forest vegetation that could hide Viet Cong soldiers.	7
9642885136	Vietnam Draft	person could avoid be drafted if they went to college, Minorities and low-income people were more likely to be sent to Vietnam, Some people refused to be drafted and fled the country or were arrested.	8
9642885137	Tet Offensive	New Years eve/day attack on South Vietnam /U.S. It increased the credibility gap between what President Lyndon Johnson said about the Vietnam War and what Americans saw on television	9
9642885138	My Lai	massacre of South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops	10
9642885139	Invasion of Cambodia	Nixon ordered ,American people angered results in multiple protests in America	11
9642885140	Vietnamization	Began in 1970. The removal of American troops while replacing them with South Vietnamese troops	12
9642885141	Domino Theory	If one Nation falls to Communism other countries in close proximity will fall.	13
9642885142	War Powers Act	America can promise troops to major military operations in foreign countries. Attempt to resolve the problem caused by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	14
9642885143	Credibility Gap	What America sees on TV and what was actually happening or they were being told what is going on in Vietnam.	15
9642885144	1968 Democratic Convention	Chicago Anti-war protesters clash/fight police	16
9642885146	Hippies	Part of the counterculture. Middle Class + White. upset with the way that society was run and how it was dealing with the problems of the time.	17
9642885147	Kent State	Protest here over the invasion of Cambodia. National Guard troops fired at protesters killing 4 of them.	18
9642885148	Pentagon Papers	Published in 1971. Exposed the deception that had led the United States into the Vietnam War.	19
9642885149	Results of Vietnam War	US reluctant to intervene countries problems, MIAs and POWs, Americans saw war as a defeat. , $150 billion spent on war	20
9642885150	April 1975	South Vietnam's government falls, ending the long years of the war.	21
9642885151	Outcome of the War	Strongly effected by public opinion.	22
9642885152	Battle of Dien Bien Phu	French lose French Indochina War and withdraw from Vietnam	23
9642885153	S Vietnam Monk purpose of Self-Immolation	Protest discrimination against Buddhists	24
9642885154	Treatment of Vietnam Veterans returning to USA	Shunned or ignored by the public	25
9642885155	Martin Luther King's issue with Vietnam War	He believed it was unfair that they were fighting for a country that threatened them unfairly at home.	26
9642885156	Impact of War on Voting	Lowered the voting age from 21-18 (since 18 yr olds can be drafted)	27
9642885157	Geneva Accords	Divided Vietnam into North and South at the 17th Parallel	28
9642885158	Media after Tet Offensive	Began to openly criticize the war	29
9642885159	Why did the US step in when the French left Vietnam?	To protect the Pro-Westerngovernment in the South	30
9642885160	Jim Crow Laws	segregation laws	31
9642885161	Sharecropping	economic slavery, endless cycle of debt and poverty	32
9642885162	Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, KS	1954, Unanimous decision to overturn; "separate, but equal"-"inherently unequal", "with all deliberate speed", Precedent, The Warren Court	33
9642885163	Thurgood Marshall	lawyer in the Brown vs Board of Education; first non-white man in the Supreme Court	34
9642885164	"White Flight"	whites flee to suburban area as minorities move into inner cities	35
9642885165	Emmett Till	14 year old boy visiting his cousins in MS from Chicago; beaten, mutilated, and shot for saying "Bye Baby" to white lady-murders found not guilty in a short trial; murders latter admitted guilt	36
9642885166	Impact of Television	a new consumer product broadened the impact of the civil rights movement	37
9642885167	Montgomery Bus Boycott	381 day bus boycott that started in Montgomery, AL and spread across the country	38
9642885168	Sit-In movement (Nashville)	College students would sit at the white only counters and nonviolently protest, started in Feb., 1960 in Greensboro, NC, movement spreads all across the country	39
9642885169	Freedom Rides	1961-tested their rights of non-segregated interstate travel, traveling from Washington DC through the deep South, nearly beaten to death/KKK fire bombed buses	40
9642885170	Ole Miss (James Meredith)	decorated US army veteran wanted to attend Ole Miss, riots in the streets, US Marshals came to protest James Meredith; bombs& mobs as he arrives in Oxford, 35 Marshals shot, 2 people died	41
9642885171	March on Washington	March For Jobs & Freedom Wed. Aug. 28th, 300 thousand people, MLK gives I had a dream speech	42
9642885172	24th Amendment	prohibited Congress & the states(TX, AL, VA, MS, AR) from instituting poll taxes	43
9642885173	Civil Rights Act of 1964	prohibited racial segregation/discrimination in public accommodations	44
9642885174	Voting Rights Act of 1965	prohibited use literacy test for voter registration	45
9642885175	poll taxes; literacy texts	used to prevent black people from being able to vote	46
9642885176	Freedom Summer	civil rights groups went down to Mississippi to register black voters; three activists murdered: James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner	47
9642885177	Malcolm X	"By any means necessary" promoted self defense, converted to the Islamic faith in prison assassinated in February, 1965	48
9642885178	March from Selma to Montgomery	for voting rights, register black voters, The Mississippi Summer Project; MS blackest state, but only 4% were registered	49
9642885179	Black Panthers	social movement group started in 1966; equality, self defense, community based, educated/feed children	50

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AP US History Chapter 16 Key People Flashcards

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8798958337	William Seward	Secretary of state from 1861 to 1869 under Lincoln and Johnson; believed that U.S. must increase its participation in world, including the Western Hemisphere, Hawaii, and the Philippines.	0
8798958338	Emmeline Wells	Women's right advocate. Served as president of Mormon church.	1
8798958339	John Wesley Powell	Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed in the West.	2
8798958340	Chief Joseph	Leader of the Nez Perce nation who tried to help them escape their homeland in Oregon for Canada in 1877.	3
8798958341	Sitting Bull	The leader of the Sioux, who, with Crazy Horse, killed General George A. Custer and his entire 250 man army. He was defending land in the Dakota Territory, which had been reserved for his people but was still being settled by whites.	4
8798958342	George Armstrong Custer	Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1.	5
8798958343	Geronimo	Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909).	6
8798958344	Ohiyesa	An Indian student who grew up to be a doctor and advocate for his people.	7
8798958345	Buffalo Bill Cody	Popular Wild West show traveling throughout US and Europe. Exploited fame and romanticized life of cowboy through reenactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship/riflery. Confirmed popular image of the west as romantic/glamourous (kept image alive)	8
8798958346	Frederick Jackson Turner	American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.	9

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AP US Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards

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4960659513	Proclamation Line of 1763	Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset	0
4960659514	Pontiac's Rebellion	1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.	1
4960659515	Sugar Act, 1764	The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties.	2
4960659516	Stamp Act, 1765	Parliaments put a tax on all printed material. ex. newspapers, legal documents, playing cards.	3
4960659517	Stamp Act Congress	A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.	4
4960659518	Quartering Act	1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	5
4960659519	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans	6
4960659520	Phillis Wheatley	(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope	7
4960659521	Tea Act	1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.	8
4960659522	Boston Tea Party	A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.	9
4960659523	Intolerable Acts	A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British	10
4960659524	Battle of Lexington	First battle of the American Revolution when General Gage was determined to end stockpiling of weapons by farmers outside of Boston who had begun militia training.	11
4960659525	Common Sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. He claimed that monarchy was bad government, no island should rule a continent, and that economic self-interest of Britain was not in economic interest of the colonists.	12
4960659526	Thomas Paine	Author of Common Sense	13
4960659527	Declaration of Independence	1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.	14
4960659528	Thomas Jefferson	3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.	15
4960659529	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	16
4960659530	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and mal-nutrition, Baron von Steuben along with Marquis de Lafayette comes and train troops and turn the rag tag army into a professionally trained army.	17
4960659531	Yorktown	1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered	18
4960659532	Treaty of Paris, 1783	This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River	19
4960659533	Shays' Rebellion	Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	20
4960659534	Constitutional Convention	A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution	21
4960659535	Annapolis Convention	A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention. Led by George Washington and Alexander Hamilton.	22
4960659536	Great Compromise	1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.	23
4960659537	Three-Fifths Compromise	Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)	24
4960659538	Northwest Ordinances	Bills passed in 1784, 1785, and 1787 that authorized the sale of lands in the Northwest Territory to raise money for the federal government; these bills also carefully laid out the procedures for eventual statehood for parts of these territories.	25
4960659539	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	26
4960659540	Hamilton's Financial Plan	The government would take the debt of the nations and the states debt, make a national bank, and tax higher (which was the only one that did not pass thru congress)	27
4960659541	Bill of Rights	Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.	28
4960659542	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	29
4960659543	John Adams	(1797-1801) The 11th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1798. Washington D.C. becomes America's official capitol in 1800., He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself	30
4960659544	Quasi War with France	Adams was angry as a result of XYZ Affair, trade was cut off with French treaties of 1778 were repudiated and impressment of French sailors was ordered; 1798 - Navy was being funded - captured 35 French ships; Britain - ally; Finally France reconciled and new treaty allied with French; undeclared war	31
4960659545	XYZ Affair	1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.	32
4960659546	Alien & Sedition Acts	Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government passed by Adams in response to Democratic-Republican criticism of his policies, who were led by Thomas Jefferson.	33
4960659547	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition to the Alien and Sedition acts. Maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional	34
4960659548	Albany Plan of Union 1754	Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.	35
4960659549	Virtual representation	British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members	36
4960659550	Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer	-John Dickenson claimed that Parliament did not have the power to tax the colonists for the purpose of raising revenue (taxation without representation)	37
4960659551	Marquis de Lafayette	French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.	38
4960659552	Baron von Steuben	A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.	39
4960659553	Treaty of Paris, 1763	Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain	40
4960659554	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	41
4960659555	Baron Montesquieu	Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers in his treatise "Spirit of Laws".	42
4960659556	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. Political application of the philosophy led to ideas of philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.	43
4960659557	Committees of Correspondence	Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.	44
4960659558	Saratoga	A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.	45
4960659559	Franco-American Alliance of 1778	Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies to the tune of $54 million dollars. The French were keen on seeing the British lose territory as they had in the French and Indian War.	46
4960659560	Ben Franklin	Ambassador to France, convinces the French to enter the Revolutionary War in the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 through his wit and charm.	47
4960659561	Benedict Arnold	American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.	48
4960659562	Nathan Hale	A young 22 year old who was killed (hanged) without trial as spy by British in the revolution. He said, "I regret I have but one life to give to my country".	49
4960659563	Culper Spy Ring	A group of spies that pretend to be normal people and collect information for George Washington, commander of the Continental Army who proved capable of using many different tactics to win the war.	50

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AP US History 'Isms' Flashcards

All the 'isms' of AP US History that our teacher wanted us to know.
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6096476756	Anarchism	a political theory favoring the abolition of governments ex.	0
6096476757	Communism	a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. ex. Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto,	1
6096476758	Capitalism	an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations ex. used by all the rich people (Rockefeller, Vanderbilt etc.)	2
6096476759	Socialism	an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. ex. Eugene V. Debs, American Federation of Labor, the Knights of Labor	3
6096476760	Nationalism	the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other or a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country ex.	4
6096476761	Jingoism	extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy ex.	5
6096476762	Nativism	a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones ex. 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.	6
6096476763	Sectionalism	a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole ex. political struggle over slavery, The Missouri Compromise of 1820	7
6096476764	Transcendentalism	a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience. ex. Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson	8
6096476765	Deism	Religious belief that says God created the world and lets it run itself by natural law ex. Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and Paine were deists, Frank Lloyd Wright	9
6096476766	Federalism	A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments ex. the 50 states have their own governments etc. but there is also a national power	10
6096476767	Revivalism	Second Great Awakening led to it. Revived a great faith in Christianity with more Americans belonging to the church. HS: Led to more people advocating equal rights such as blacks and women. ex.	11
6096476768	Protestantism	The theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation ex.	12
6096476769	Rationalism	the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth ex.	13
6096476770	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. ex. particularly used in economics, Herbert Spencer/William Sumner applied idea	14
6096476771	Mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by exporting more than importing ex. US and Great Britain	15
6096476772	Catholicism	The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church. ex. Doesn't really need examples, does it?	16
6096476773	Populism	Farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892. ex. James Weaver, Thomas Watson, wanted 8 hour work days, regulation of railroads, increased coinage of silver	17
6096476774	Progressivism	The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution. ex. supported by urban mid. class, doctors, lawyers, white collar office workers, ministers, storekeepers	18
6096476775	Pragmatism	(philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value ex. William James, John Dewey	19
6096476776	Consumerism	the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial ex.	20
6096476777	Realism	A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be ex. brought on by societal changes such as the aftermath of the Civil War in the United States and the emergence of Darwin's Theory of Evolution	21
6096476778	Naturalism	a nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was. ex.	22
6096476779	Liberalism	A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. ex.	23
6096476780	Conservatism	This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners ex.	24
6096476781	Congregationalism	form of Protestant church government in which the local congregation is independent and self-governing ex. Puritans	25
6096476782	New Imperialism	Period of colonial expansion undertaken by European nations, and subsequently by Japan and the US, during the last quarter of the nineteenth century ex. US and the Philippines, Europe's Scramble for Africa, US and Cuba and the Cuban revolt, Suez Canal	26
6096476783	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. ex.	27
6096476784	International Darwinism	Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest applied to competition among nations. In the international arena, the US had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. ex. Again,US and Philippines and US and Cuba, think Pan-Americanism	28
6096476785	Racism	the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races ex. against Chinese, immigrants	29
6096476786	Utilitarianism	idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people ex.	30
6096476787	Militarism	the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war ex. Spanish-American War	31

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Period 5 (1844-1877) AP US History Flashcards

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9792278883	California Gold Rush	(1849) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	0
9792278884	Mormons	Church of Latter-Day Saints; Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Sought religious refuge in the West -- Salt Lake City, Utah.	1
9792278885	Kansas Nebraska Act	(1854) Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	2
9792278886	Republican Party	(Formed 1854) Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories	3
9792278887	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States; Saved the Union during and emancipated the slaves; assassinated by Booth	4
9792278888	Henry David Thoreau	New England transcendentalist; Author of "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience".	5
9792278889	Homestead Acts	Several federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land at no cost; an expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men.	6
9792278890	nativism	A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones.	7
9792278891	Know Nothing movement	AKA American Party; Anti-Catholic movements responded to influx of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 1850s that were aimed at limiting the new immigrants' political power and cultural influence.	8
9792278892	Free-soil party	Formed in 1847 - 1848; People who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men.	9
9792278893	abolitionism	a movement to end slavery	10
9792278894	William Lloyd Garrison	Prominent abolitionist who published the anti-slavery journal The Liberator (1805-1879)	11
9792278895	American Antislavery Society	Formed 1833; Northern abolitionist group that sought immediate abolition of slavery with no compensation to slave owners; Garrison was founder and Frederick Douglass was a key leader.	12
9792278896	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853; A novel promoting abolition.	13
9792278897	sectionalism	Strong identification with a particular region; Extends to culture, politics, and economics.	14
9792278898	gag rule	formal resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in 1836 to prevent the legislature from discussing abolitionism; Opposed by John Quincy Adams and repealed in 1844.	15
9792278899	Mexican cession	1848 Lands sold to the US following war; Later became the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado.	16
9792278900	The Compromise of 1850	Drafted by Clay and Douglas; Slavery outlawed in Washington D.C.; California is admitted as a free state; Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty; the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.	17
9792278901	Lecompton Constitution	The second constitution drafted for Kansas Territory, written by proslavery supporters.	18
9792278902	Election of 1860	Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes; After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.	19
9792278903	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	20
9792278904	Radical Republicans	Extreme faction that opposed to slavery during the war, and after the war supported equal rights for freedmen; E.g. John C. Frémont, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Ulysses S. Grant	21
9792278905	Robert E. Lee	Distinguished soldier (Mexican War); Commander of the Confederate States Army.	22
9792278906	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	23
9792278907	Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.	24
9792278908	Appomattox Courthouse	The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War	25
9792278909	Ulysses S Grant	Commanding General of the Union Army; 18th President of the United States (1869-1877).	26
9792278910	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war	27
9792278911	habeas corpus	Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment	28
9792278912	Presidential Reconstruction	President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.	29
9792278913	Radical Reconstruction	Congressional Republican plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War.	30
9792278914	Black Codes	Laws denying civil rights to newly freed slaves; Passed by southern states following the Civil War	31
9792278915	Military Reconstruction Act	1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	32
9792278916	Reconstruction Amendments	13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race	33
9792278917	Compromise of 1877	Commonly cited as an end to reconstruction; Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river	34
9792278918	Ku Klux Klan	One of the "redeemers" groups that was formed after the Civil War. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people.	35
9792278919	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states	36
9792278920	scalawag	A derogatory term for Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction	37
9792278921	sharecropper	A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.	38
9792278922	"peculiar institution"	southern euphemism for slavery	39
9792278923	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator; advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	40
9792278924	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	41
9792278925	Fredrick Douglas	Former slave, abolitionist, and social reformer; Fought for freedom and civil rights for blacks and women	42
9792278926	Nat Turner's Rebellion	1831 slaves in Virginia; Unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families	43
9792278927	Underground Railroad	abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves	44
9792278928	James K. Polk	11th president (1845-1849) Advocate of territorial expansion.	45
9792278929	Wilmot Proviso	Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico	46
9792278930	Harriet Beecher Stowe	(1811-1896) Abolitionist and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin	47
9792278931	John Brown	abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)	48
9792278932	apologists	Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs	49
9792278933	Confederate States of America	a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States	50
9792278934	Gadsden Purchase	purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary	51
9792278935	Fugitive Slave Law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.	52
9792278936	The Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas; repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed for popular sovereignty in new territories.	53
9792278937	Dred Scott v. Sanford	1857 Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process.	54
9792278938	"Bleeding Kansas"	A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	55
9792278939	Harper's Ferry	Setting of John Brown's failed 1859 revolt intended to invade the South with armed slaves.	56
9792278940	popular sovereignty	The doctrine advocated by Stephen Douglas that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.	57
9792278941	John Wilkes Booth	American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.	58
9792278942	Copperheads	northern democrat who during the Civil War advocated making peace with the Confederacy	59
9792278943	New York Draft Riots	July 1863; Irish working-class men and women violently resist Federal army draft	60
9792278944	Antietam	the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation	61
9792278945	Gettysburg	a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.	62
9792278946	Emancipation Proclamation	Executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; Reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers; Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.	63
9792278947	Massachusetts 54th Regiment	An all black regiment in Civil War; Authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation.	64
9792278948	Thirteenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	65
9792278949	Freedmen's Bureau	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	66
9792278950	Redeemer Governments	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments.	67
9792278951	Reconstruction	the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were rebuilt, reorganized, and reintegrated into the Union; Opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve.	68
9792278952	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	(Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation	69
9792278953	Civil Rights Bill of 1866	first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto	70
9792278954	Fourteenth Amendment	made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country	71
9792278955	Fifteenth Amendment	The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	72
9792278956	impeachment of President Johnson	1868 attempt by the House to remove Johnson from office	73
9792278957	Enforcement Acts	1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote	74
9792278958	black codes	Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves	75
9792278959	sharecroppers	People who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop	76
9792278960	Battle of the Little Bighorn	AKA Custer's Last Stand; 1876 battle in which Sioux and Cheyenne killed an entire force of U.S. troops	77
9792278961	National Woman Suffrage Association	(F. 1869) Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women; Founded after being emboldened by the Reconstruction Amendments.	78
9792278962	"Lost Cause"	A movement that describes the Confederate cause as a heroic one against great or impossible odds; The belief that the war was fought over states' rights and not slavery, slavery was a benevolent institution that offered Christianity to African "savages", and the war was a just cause in the eyes of God.	79