| 8206935319 | laissez-faire economics and politics | The idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380) |  | 0 |
| 8206935320 | divided electorate | In the late 1800s, Republicans kept memories of the Civil War alive to remind war veterans of the pain caused by the Southern Democrats. Democrats could count on winning every former Confederate state. (p. 381) |  | 1 |
| 8206935321 | identity politics | Political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological goals. (p. 381) |  | 2 |
| 8206935322 | "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" | In the 1884 election, the Democratic party was labeled with this phrase. (p. 383) |  | 3 |
| 8206935323 | close elections | National elections between 1856 and 1912, were very evenly matched. The objective was to get out the vote and not alienate voters on the issues. (p. 381) |  | 4 |
| 8206935324 | divided government | Governance divided between the parties, as when one party holds the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress. (p. 381) |  | 5 |
| 8206935325 | weak presidents | The Gilded Age presidents were not memorable and only served one term. (p. 380) |  | 6 |
| 8206935326 | patronage politics | The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381) |  | 7 |
| 8206935327 | corrupt politicians | Party patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381) |  | 8 |
| 8206935328 | Union veterans, "bloody shirt" | A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War. (p. 381) |  | 9 |
| 8206935329 | Whig past, pro-business | Republicans followed the tradition of Hamilton and the Whigs, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (p. 381) |  | 10 |
| 8206935330 | Hamiltonian tradition | The Hamilton tradition supported a strong central government. (p. 381) |  | 11 |
| 8206935331 | social reformers, temperance | The core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381) |  | 12 |
| 8206935332 | Anglo-Saxon heritage | Most supported Republicans and temperance or prohibition. (p. 381) |  | 13 |
| 8206935333 | Protestant religion | These religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381) |  | 14 |
| 8206935334 | African Americans | Around 1890, a bill to protect voting rights of African Americans passed the House but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 386) |  | 15 |
| 8206935335 | former Confederacy, "Solid South" | From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381) |  | 16 |
| 8206935336 | states rights, limited government | Democrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas. (p. 381) |  | 17 |
| 8206935337 | Jeffersonian tradition | Democrats of the Gilded Age followed this tradition, which included states rights and limited government. (p. 381) |  | 18 |
| 8206935338 | big-city political machines | In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381) |  | 19 |
| 8206935339 | immigrant vote | In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381) | | 20 |
| 8206935340 | against prohibition | The Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews were generally against this policy. (p. 381) |  | 21 |
| 8206935341 | Catholics, Luterans, Jews | Democrats were usually from these religions and they were against temperance and prohibition campaigns. (p. 381) |  | 22 |
| 8206935342 | federal government jobs | During the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381) |  | 23 |
| 8206935343 | Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps | Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381) |  | 24 |
| 8206935344 | Election of 1880 | In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382) |  | 25 |
| 8206935345 | assassination of James Garfield | President James Garfield was shot while preparing to board a train. He died after an 11 week struggle. (p. 383) |  | 26 |
| 8206935346 | Chester A. Arthur | He became president after James Garfield died of a gun shot wound. (p. 383) |  | 27 |
| 8206935347 | Pendleton Act of 1881 | Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384) |  | 28 |
| 8206935348 | civil service reform | Public outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384) |  | 29 |
| 8206935349 | election of 1884 | Grover Cleveland won the 1884 presidential election. (p. 383) | | 30 |
| 8206935350 | Grover Cleveland | In 1884, he was elected president of the United States. He was the first Democratic president since 1856. (p. 383) |  | 31 |
| 8206935351 | high tariff | In the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385) |  | 32 |
| 8206935352 | business vs. consumers | Some people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385) |  | 33 |
| 8206935353 | Cleveland threatens lower tariff | Toward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385) |  | 34 |
| 8206935354 | McKinley Tariff of 1890 | In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386) |  | 35 |
| 8206935355 | Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 | This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388) |  | 36 |
| 8206935356 | Dingley Tariff of 1897 | Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390) |  | 37 |
| 8206935357 | "hard" money vs. "soft" money | Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384) |  | 38 |
| 8206935358 | banks, creditors vs. debtors | Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384) |  | 39 |
| 8206935359 | Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73" | Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385) |  | 40 |
| 8206935360 | Specie Resumption Act of 1875 | Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385) |  | 41 |
| 8206935361 | Greenback party | This political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384) |  | 42 |
| 8206935362 | James B. Weaver | In 1892, he was the Populist candidate for president. He is one of the few third party candidates in history to have ever won any electoral votes. (p. 387) |  | 43 |
| 8206935363 | Bland-Allison Act of 1878 | In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385) |  | 44 |
| 8206935364 | Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 | This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386) | | 45 |
| 8206935365 | run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out | A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387) |  | 46 |
| 8206935366 | repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act | A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387) |  | 47 |
| 8206935367 | election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress" | In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386) |  | 48 |
| 8206935368 | rise of the Populist Party | In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386) |  | 49 |
| 8206935369 | Farmers' Alliances in South and West | In 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386) |  | 50 |
| 8206935370 | Alliance of whites and blacks in South | The Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387) |  | 51 |
| 8206935371 | Thomas Watson | He was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387) |  | 52 |
| 8206935372 | reformers vs. rasism in South | In the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387) |  | 53 |
| 8206935373 | Omaha Platform | In 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386) | | 54 |
| 8206935374 | government regulation and ownership | The Populist movement attacked laissez-faire capitalism and attempted to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. (p. 387) |  | 55 |
| 8206935375 | election of 1892, Cleveland returns | The 1892 presidential election was between President Benjamin Harrison and former president Grover Cleveland. Cleveland became the only president to win a presidential election after having left the office. (p. 387) |  | 56 |
| 8206935376 | Panic of 1893 | In 1893, the stock market crashed as a result of speculation in railroad companies. One of the worst and longest depressions in U.S. history. (p. 387) |  | 57 |
| 8206935377 | Coxey's Army, March on Washington | In 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388) |  | 58 |
| 8206935378 | Coin's Financial School | In 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388) |  | 59 |
| 8206935379 | William Jennings Bryan | The 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388) |  | 60 |
| 8206935380 | "Cross of Gold" Speech | William Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389) |  | 61 |
| 8206935381 | fusion of Democrats and Populists | In the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389) |  | 62 |
| 8206935382 | unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1 | In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389) |  | 63 |
| 8206935383 | "Gold Bug" Demorats | Democrats who favored gold. (p. 389) |  | 64 |
| 8206935384 | Mark Hanna, Money and mass media | A master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390) |  | 65 |
| 8206935385 | McKinley victory | William McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389) |  | 66 |
| 8206935386 | gold standard and higher tariff | In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390) |  | 67 |
| 8206935387 | rise of modern urban industrial society | The 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390) |  | 68 |
| 8206935388 | decline of traditional rural-agricultual | The 1896 election marked the point of decline of rural America's power in national politics. (p. 390) |  | 69 |
| 8206935389 | start of the modern presidency | William McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390) |  | 70 |
| 8206935390 | era of Republican dominance | The election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390) |  | 71 |
| 8206935391 | nation's first big business | Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320) |  | 72 |
| 8206935392 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320) |  | 73 |
| 8206935393 | Eastern Trunk Lines | In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320) |  | 74 |
| 8206935394 | transcontinental railroads | During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321) |  | 75 |
| 8206935395 | Union Pacific and Central Pacific | Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321) |  | 76 |
| 8206935396 | American Railroad Association | In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320) |  | 77 |
| 8206935397 | railroads and time zones | The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320) | | 78 |
| 8206935398 | speculation and overbuilding | In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321) | | 79 |
| 8206935399 | Jay Gould, watering stock | Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321) |  | 80 |
| 8206935400 | rebates and pools | In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321) |  | 81 |
| 8206935401 | bankruptcy of railroads | A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321) |  | 82 |
| 8206935402 | Panic of 1893 | In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321) | | 83 |
| 8206935403 | causes of industrial growth | After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) |  | 84 |
| 8206935404 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323) |  | 85 |
| 8206935405 | vertical integration | A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323) |  | 86 |
| 8206935406 | U.S. Steel | In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323) |  | 87 |
| 8206935407 | John D. Rockefeller | He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323) |  | 88 |
| 8206935408 | horizontal integration | Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323) |  | 89 |
| 8206935409 | Standard Oil Trust | In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323) |  | 90 |
| 8206935410 | interlocking directorates | The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322) |  | 91 |
| 8206935411 | J. P. Morgan | A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323) |  | 92 |
| 8206935412 | leading industrial power | By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319) |  | 93 |
| 8206935413 | Second Industrial Revolution | The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) |  | 94 |
| 8206935414 | Bessemer process | In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323) |  | 95 |
| 8206935415 | transatlantic cable | In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325) |  | 96 |
| 8206935416 | Alexander Graham Bell | In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325) |  | 97 |
| 8206935417 | Thomas Edison | Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326) |  | 98 |
| 8206935418 | Menlo Park Research Lab | The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326) |  | 99 |
| 8206935419 | electric power, lighting | In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326) |  | 100 |
| 8206935420 | George Westinghouse | He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326) |  | 101 |
| 8206935421 | Eastman's Kodak camera | In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325) |  | 102 |
| 8206935422 | large department stores | R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326) |  | 103 |
| 8206935423 | R.H. Macy | He created a New York department store. (p. 326) |  | 104 |
| 8206935424 | mail-order companies | Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326) |  | 105 |
| 8206935425 | Sears-Roebuck | Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326) |  | 106 |
| 8206935426 | packaged foods | Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326) |  | 107 |
| 8206935427 | refrigeration; canning | These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326) |  | 108 |
| 8206935428 | Gustavus Swift | He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326) |  | 109 |
| 8206935429 | advertising | This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326) |  | 110 |
| 8206935430 | consumer economy | Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326) |  | 111 |
| 8206935431 | federal land grants and loans | The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320) |  | 112 |
| 8206935432 | fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier | Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321) |  | 113 |
| 8206935433 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1886 | This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322) |  | 114 |
| 8206935434 | anti-trust movement | Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324) |  | 115 |
| 8206935435 | Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 | In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324) |  | 116 |
| 8206935436 | federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight | In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324) |  | 117 |
| 8206935437 | causes of labor discontent | Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328) |  | 118 |
| 8206935438 | iron law of wages | David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327) |  | 119 |
| 8206935439 | anti-union tactics | Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329) |  | 120 |
| 8206935440 | railroad strike of 1877 | In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329) |  | 121 |
| 8206935441 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330) |  | 122 |
| 8206935442 | Haymarket bombing | On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330) |  | 123 |
| 8206935443 | American Federation of Labor | The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330) |  | 124 |
| 8206935444 | Samuel Gompers | He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330) |  | 125 |
| 8206935445 | Pullman Stike | In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331) |  | 126 |
| 8206935446 | Eugene Debs | The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331) |  | 127 |
| 8206935447 | railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans | In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321) |  | 128 |
| 8206935448 | old rich vs. new rich | The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324) |  | 129 |
| 8206935449 | white-collar workers | The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327) |  | 130 |
| 8206935450 | expanding middle class | Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327) |  | 131 |
| 8206935451 | factory wage earners | By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327) |  | 132 |
| 8206935452 | women and children factory workers | By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327) |  | 133 |
| 8206935453 | women clerical workers | As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328) |  | 134 |
| 8206935454 | Protestant work ethic | The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325) |  | 135 |
| 8206935455 | Adam Smith | In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324) |  | 136 |
| 8206935456 | laissez-faire Capitalism | In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324) |  | 137 |
| 8206935457 | concentration of wealth | By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326) |  | 138 |
| 8206935458 | Social Darwinism | The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324) |  | 139 |
| 8206935459 | William Graham Sumner | An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324) |  | 140 |
| 8206935460 | survival of the fittest | The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324) |  | 141 |
| 8206935461 | Gospel of Wealth | Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325) |  | 142 |
| 8206935462 | Horatio Alger Stories self-made man | His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327) |  | 143 |
