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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

9870896149	United Nations	An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.	0
9870896150	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War	1
9870896151	Potsdam Conference	July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.	2
9870896152	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.	3
9870896153	Levittown	In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.	4
9870896154	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	5
9870896155	Truman Doctrine	1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey	6
9870896156	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	7
9870896157	Berlin Blockade	The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.	8
9870896158	Korean War	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.	9
9870896159	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.	10
9870896160	Brown v Board of Education, 1954	1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.	11
9870896161	Montgomery Bus Boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.	12
9870896162	Interstate Highway Act	1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway	13
9870896163	Little Rock Arkansas	Incident where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow nine black students into the high school (1957)	14
9870896164	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. Led the US to focus on Math & Science in American schools.	15
9870896165	Sit ins	Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.	16
9870896166	NASA	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.	17
9870896167	Berlin Wall	A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.	18
9870896168	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	19
9870896169	Freedom Rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses	20
9870896170	Cuban Missile Crisis	An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba	21
9870896171	Rachel Carson	United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) in her book Silent Spring. Considered the birth of environmentalism	22
9870896172	March on Washington	Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally	23
9870896173	JFK Assassinated	November 1963, President John F Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.	24
9870896174	Civil Rights Act of 1964	1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	25
9870896175	Voting Rights Act of 1965	1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap	26
9870896176	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam	27
9870896177	Cesar Chavez	1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.	28
9870896178	Malcolm X	1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Assassinated in 1965 by the Nation of Islam.	29
9870896179	Stonewall Riot	In New York City, 1969 - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement	30
9870896180	Woodstock	A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969	31
9870896181	Earth Day	A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970	32
9870896182	Kent State Massacre	Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building. Three students were killed, 1970.	33
9870896183	Nixon in China	February 21, 1972 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.	34
9870896184	SALT I Treaty	A five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.	35
9870896185	Roe v Wade	Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.	36
9870896186	Watergate	1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down	37
9870896187	Jimmy Carter	(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.	38
9870896188	Camp David Accords	(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.	39
9870896189	Iran Hostage Crisis	In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.	40
9870896190	Salt II Treaty	This treaty was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons.	41

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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9879688521	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
9879688522	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
9879688523	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
9879688524	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
9879688525	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
9879688526	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
9879688527	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
9879688528	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
9879688529	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
9879688530	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
9879688531	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
9879688532	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
9879688533	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
9879688534	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
9879688535	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
9879688536	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
9879688537	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
9879688538	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
9879688539	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
9879688540	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
9879688541	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
9879688542	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
9879688543	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
9879688544	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
9879688545	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
9879688546	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
9879688547	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
9879688548	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
9879688549	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	28
9879688550	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	29
9879688551	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	30
9879688552	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	31
9879688553	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	32
9879688554	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	33
9879688555	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	34
9879688556	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	35
9879688557	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	36
9879688558	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	37
9879688559	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	38
9879688560	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	39
9879688561	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	40
9879688562	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	41
9879688563	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	42
9879688564	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	43
9879688565	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	44
9879688566	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	45
9879688567	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	46
9879688568	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	47
9879688569	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	48
9879688570	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	49
9879688571	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	50
9879688572	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	51
9879688573	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	52
9879688574	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	53
9879688575	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	54
9879688576	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	55
9879688577	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	56
9879688578	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	57
9879688579	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	58
9879688580	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	59
9879688581	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	60
9879688582	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	61
9879688583	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	62
9879688584	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	63
9879688585	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	64
9879688586	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	65
9879688587	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	66
9879688588	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	67
9879688589	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	68
9879688590	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	69
9879688591	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	70
9879688592	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	71
9879688593	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	72
9879688594	constituents	The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.	73
9879688595	hard money	Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.	74
9879688596	deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.	75
9879688597	subversive	Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.	76
9879688598	puritanical	Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.	77
9879688599	usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.	78
9879688600	mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.	79
9879688601	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	80
9879688602	incumbent	The person currently holding an office.	81
9879688603	impost	A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.	82
9879688604	appeasement	The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.	83
9879688605	prejudice	Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.	84
9879688606	ritual	A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.	85
9879688607	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	86
9879688608	platform	A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.	87
9879688609	denominations	In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.	88
9879688610	prolific	Producing a large number of something.	89
9879688611	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	90
9879688612	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	91
9879688613	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	92
9879688614	liability	Legal responsibility for loss or damage.	93
9879688615	incorporation	The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.	94
9879688616	labor union	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	95
9879688617	strike	An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.	96
9879688618	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	97
9879688619	posterity	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	98
9879688620	productivity	In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.	99
9879688621	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	100
9879688622	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	101
9879688623	theocracy	Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.	102
9879688624	zealot	One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.	103
9879688625	communistic	Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.	104
9879688626	nonconformist	One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".	105
9879688627	providence (providencial)	Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.	106

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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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9879719170	The Great Depression	The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.	0
9879719171	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	1
9879719172	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	2
9879719173	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	3
9879719174	preservationists	Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.	4
9879719175	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	5
9879719176	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	6
9879719177	Liberalism	A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.	7
9879719178	mass media	Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.	8
9879719179	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	9
9879719180	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	10
9879719181	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	11
9879719182	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	12
9879719183	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	13
9879719184	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	14
9879719185	fascism	An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	15
9879719186	totalitarianism	A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.	16
9879719187	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.	17
9879719188	Allied Powers	U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.	18
9879719189	Nazi Concentration Camp	A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.	19
9879719190	Holocaust	A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II.	20
9879719191	Internment of Japanese Americans	Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.	21
9879719192	Pacific "Island Hopping"	A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.	22
9879719193	D-Day	The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.	23
9879719194	atomic bomb	A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.	24
9879719195	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	25
9879719196	sphere of influence	The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.	26
9879719197	partition	In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states.	27
9879719198	bellicose	Disposed to fight or go to war.	28
9879719199	banana republic	A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies.	29
9879719200	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	30
9879719201	exposé	A disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved.	31
9879719202	direct primary	In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.	32
9879719203	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	33
9879719204	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	34
9879719205	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	35
9879719206	insubordination	Deliberate disobedience to proper authority.	36
9879719207	entrepreneurship	The process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit.	37
9879719208	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	38
9879719209	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	39
9879719210	levy	A forcible tax or other imposition.	40
9879719211	enclave	A small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory. Enclaves were common among newly-arrived immigrant groups (e.g. "Chinatown" in San Francisco).	41
9879719212	censor	An official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive.	42
9879719213	Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)	Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.	43
9879719214	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	44
9879719215	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	45
9879719216	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	46
9879719217	belligerent	(adj.) given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war	47
9879719218	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	48
9879719219	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	49
9879719220	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	50
9879719221	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	51
9879719222	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	52
9879719223	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	53
9879719224	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	54
9879719225	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	55
9879719226	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	56
9879719227	segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s.	57
9879719228	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.	58
9879719229	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	59
9879719230	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States.	60
9879719231	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	61
9879719232	Emergency Quota Act	A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.	62
9879719233	Scopes Trial	Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States.	63
9879719234	Sacco and Vanzetti Trial	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	64
9879719235	Kellog-Briand Pact	Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.	65
9879719236	Herbert Hoover	Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states.	66
9879719237	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.	67
9879719238	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	68
9879719239	Indian Reorganization Act	Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.	69
9879719240	Zoot Suit Riots	A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.	70
9879719241	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.	71
9879719242	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	72
9879719243	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	73
9879719244	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	74
9879719245	communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	75
9879719246	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	76

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AP us history 9 Flashcards

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5062819178	Part 3 of declaration of independence	Jefferson lists 27 grievences against king george 3	0
5062819179	The breakoff	"To this endeavor we mutually pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor" 56 signers	1
5062819180	Slave issue hotly debated	Tabled for the future, "let's get the country started first then deal with slavery	2
5062819181	British advantages in war	1.well established government 2. Worlds greatest navy 3. Powerful army 4. Loyalist spies	3
5062819182	Us advantages in the war	1. Had a cause 2. Home terrain 3. Large land mass to conquer 4. George Washington	4
5062819183	The indispensable man	James Flexnwer, Biography about Washington	5
5062819184	British plan for victory	Take New York, split the colonies in two, divide and conquer- 3 pronged attack	6
5062819185	Battle of bunker hill	Boston 1775 British gage ordered a frontal assault to take American fort Breeds Hill, British take hill but loose 1200 men	7
5062819186	Fort Ticonderoga	1775, upstate NY taken by surprise by Ethan Allen and green mountain boys. British surrender the fort. Henry Knox led an expedition to carry artillery and ammunition to Boston. British evacuate Boston	8
5062819187	Battle of Long Island	1776 British invade NY city, Washington throughly beaten	9
5062819188	Battle of Trenton	Us needs morale-Washington needs a win boldly gambles-crosses the Delaware river and surprises a Hession Garrison at Trenton, NJ Christmas 1776	10
5062819189	Hessions	German troops hired by Britain to fight	11
5062819190	1777	British move on to New York	12
5062819191	October 1777	Us diplomats John Adams and and Ben Franklin in Paris trying to control financial aid. France is interested-but wants proof that America can win	13
5062819192	British General Burgoyne	Marches with 7000 British troops protected by Hession columns to his right and left	14
5062819193	Battle of Bennington	Burgoyne Hession flank to his left-defeated by US general Stark	15
5062819194	War certificates	Land promises	16
5062819195	Promissary notes	Cash promises	17
5062819196	Battle of Oriskany	US general Herkiner stops Hession flank on burgoyne's right	18
5062819197	Stop Burgoyne	General Horatio gates, Benedict Arnold	19
5062819198	Oct 1777	Burgoyne is surrounded by U.S troops-2000 troops	20
5062819199	Battle of Saratoga	1. British plan to take New York falls apart 2. Us acquires massive British supplies 3. French are convinced to aide America	21
5062819200	Treaty of mutual assistance	1778 Franklin and French minister Vergennes agree that French will aid America	22

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AP US History 2 Chapter 26 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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8057097673	Great American Desert	Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains.	0
8057097674	"Concentration" policy	The creation of Indian reservations that allowed the government to force tribes into scattered locations, often with land unfitted for agriculture	1
8057097675	Sand Creek Massacre (1864)	An incident in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred when a force of Colorado militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory.	2
8057097681	Battle of Little Big Horn	A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also know as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers.	3
8057097683	"Ghost Dance"	A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.	4
8057097684	Battle of Wounded Knee	A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.	5
8057097685	Dawes Severalty Act (1887)	An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers.	6
8057097686	Bureau of Indian Affairs	Was created (1824) in the U.S. War Dept. and transferred (1849) to the U.S. Dept. of the Interior. It had jurisdiction over trade with Native Americans, their removal to the West, their protection from exploitation, and their concentration on reservations.	7
8057097690	sod house	Homes made of chunks of grassy soil built by the pioneers of the Great Plains.	8
8057097691	genizaros	Detribalized Indians working as servants for the Spanish and Mexicans	9
8057097692	Californios	Settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent who populated California	10
8057097693	Tong Wars	Began as social groups for Chinese citizens but turned to criminal activity	11
8057097695	Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)	Bill passed by Congress in response to labor disputes that prohibited all immigration from China until 1943.	12
8057097696	Timber Culture Act (1873)	Act which allotted 160 acres to individuals in certain Western states if they agreed to plant one fourth of it with trees.	13
8057097697	Desert Land Act (1877)	Legislation allowing fed gov't to sell cheap arid land under the condition that purchaser would irrigate it within 3 yrs	14
8057097699	"Turner Frontier Thesis"	Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism.	15
8057097700	Comstock Lode	The first major U.S. discovery of silver ore, located under what is now Virginia City, Nevada.	16
8057097701	cow town	Areas where cattle were held in pens until they could be loaded into railroad cars and shipped into markets in the East.	17
8057097702	Chisholm Trail	The major long drive route north from Texas to Ablilene, Kansas, where cowboys drove herds of cattle to the railroads to be shipped back East for huge profits	18
8057097703	Exodusters	The African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South	19
8057097704	"Open" range	A vast area of grassland owned by the government where ranchers could graze their herds for free	20
8057097705	"Range" Wars	A type of (typically undeclared) conflict that occurs in agrarian or stock rearing societies. Typically fought over water rights or grazing rights to unfenced/unowned land, it could pit competing farmers or ranchers against each other	21
8057097709	Tombstone	A city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879 by Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It was one of the last wide-open frontier boom towns in the American Old West.	22
8057253838	Homestead Act	This law, passed in 1862, stated that a settler could acquire up to 160 acres of land and pay a minimal filing fee of $30.00, just for living on it for five years and improving it.	23
8057476501	Patrons of Husbandry	Was a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as The Grange. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers	24

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AP US History Period 2 Flashcards

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5836453466	The Protestant Reformation	Protestant religions had... - more emphasis on the bible -All should be able to read bible -"Priesthood" of all believers Resulting religions include... -Lutherans -Quakers -Anglican -Calvin-Puritains-Congregational church	0
5836453467	Triangular trade	Econamic system that comes after the Columbian Exchange -Navigation laws where created to control this.	1
5836453468	Mercantilism, Navigation acts and Salutary Neglect	-Enforce of neglect Attempts to enforce mercantilism are navigation acts "trade laws" -Salutary Neglect-let countries run themselves why?- might make money anyway -too many problems on their own -costly Impact of this? used to note being taxed and then when the are they get upset.	2
5836453469	The great awakening	-1730's Jonathan Edward -"sinners in the hands of an angry god." -put fear of religion in people George Whitefield-Enlightment -Evangelicalism -Emotionalism -open air preaching Colonial unity in the way that all the colonies brought emotionalism in religion.	3
5836453470	The Zenger Trial	John Peter Zenger was put in jail for saying negative things about the government and his lawyer argued that what he said was okay because it was all true. Established the freedom of press and speech.	4
5836453471	Women in colonial America (differences between Northern and Southern colonies)	-A vast majority of woman worked at home doing housework and tending to the children. -Some also helped with farming -Some southern aristocrats had slaves	5
5836453472	American indian practices, colonial interactions with Indians	-When the Colonists started moving west they got closer to the Indians and killed them off with the new illnesses that they brought also with their European weapons.	6
5836453473	Role of disease	Killed most new settlers at Jamestown Killed Indians once colonists moved west	7
5836453474	Cash Crops	crops, such as tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit This was the #1 reason for slavery in the south.	8
5836453475	The Enlightenment	1650-1790 Scientific revolution -from Europe -Emphasis on reason and progress Religion -deism -skeptism Politics -More Republics and Democracy (Franklin, Jefferson)	9
5836453476	Early signs of colonial democracy(6)	House of Burgesses -Chesapeake -white landowning men can vote Town Hall -Mass. -white male members of church can vote Mayflower compact 1620 -ruled by majority -established first town meeting Fundamental orders of Conn. -first Constitution Maryland act of Toleration -1649 act of religious toleration to Christians only in MD Rhode Island and separation of church and state in 1644	10
5836453477	Early signs of colonial unity	-The New England Confederation (1643-) (Plymouth, MA bay, CT) not RI Created to deal with the Pequot war, King Philips war and the Anglo Dutch war -Emotionalism- part of great awakening	11
5836453478	Geography, economics and climate of NE colonies	-Rocky soil not fit for plantations -Short growing seasons -More trade and commerce	12
5836453479	Emphasis on shipbuilding	-Trade and commerce	13
5836453480	Mayflower compact	1620 -rule by majority -established first town meeting	14
5836453481	Mass. Bay Colony	Established 1620 by Puritans -1630 11 vesels -Winthrop's "city on a hill" -Religious -Goal: create a model community for christians to copy -"blue laws"-silly religious laws -"Freedmen" where free white men part of church elected representation and had right to vote -NE way: relationship btwn church and state -Emphasis on education-1636 Harvard College Established	15
5836453482	Puritans-congregational church	-self governing puritan without hierarchy of the anglican church -lead to democracy	16
5836453483	"City upon a hill"-Winthrop	Basically said that their society would be a model for all others in the future -shows how religious they where	17
5836453484	Salem Witch trials	1692 Salem part of Mass. Puritanical town (belief in God and devil) Droughts and floods common 150 imprisoned 19 hanged, 5 died in prison Ended because governor and his wife where accused.	18
5836453485	Pequot wars-King Philip's war, 1675	Issues with the Natives -Colonists win because of new illnesses and European weapons (The colonists increase of land lead to more conflict with natives.)	19
5836453486	The NE confederation	(1643-) (Plymouth, MA bay, CT) not RI Created to deal with the Pequot war, King Philips war and the Anglo Dutch war -First sign of colonial unity	20
5836453487	Boston	major city	21
5836453488	Middle colonies	-"bread basket" -Wheat -Corn -Diverse cities	22
5836453489	Philadelphia, NYC	Major cities	23
5836453490	William Penn and Pennsylvania	-Formed by quakers -Good relations with Indians	24
5836453491	Chesapeake Colonies	First indentured servants came here but that changed because of bacon's rebellion and there was a lot of money to be made in tobacco (1680's)	25
5836453492	Indentured servitude-Slavery	Indentured servitude- White males that did work for 1 to 7 years and in return they received a journey to America. -Ended because of Bacon's rebellion (1676) -So they needed a source of labor that wouldn't fight back they looked to Africa.	26
5836453493	Maryland Act of Toleration	(1649) Granted freedom of religion to all christians so no Jewish people ect.	27
5836453494	Virginia House of Burgesses	The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619	28
5836453495	Tobacco	Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown	29
5836453496	Anglo-Powhatan wars	Conflict with Indians	30
5836453497	Bacon's rebellion	(1676) Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants revolt against Governor William Berkley's refusal to defend them against Indian attacks. However it eventually became a boxer conflict between the impoverished and the planter elite. -basically rich V.S. poor	31
5836453498	rice, indigo	South's economy is based on these crops	32
5836453499	Southern colonies	-relation with West indies	33
5836453500	Institutional, Plantation slavery	Legalize slavery	34
5836453501	Barbados slave code	(1661)-racism -first thing that says what slave owners can do to slaves -children of slaves are your slaves too -brought to southern colonies by immigrants from west indies.	35
5836453502	Charleston	major city	36
5836453503	Slave culture	mixing of American and African cultures They tried to hold on to their old African culture -No major slave revlolts -Language: Gullah (spoke in SC) -Religion: Many adopted Christianity with African elements Music: The development of Jazz	37

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AP US History 2 Chapter 31 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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8309576640	Bolshevik Revolution	A revolution lead by Vladimir Lenin to overthrow the Russian government; this gave rise to communism and inflicted fear in Americans	0
8309576642	Immigration Act of 1924	Established quotas for immigration to the United States.	1
8309576643	Eighteenth Amendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages	2
8309576644	racketeers	People who illegally obtained money by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence.	3
8309576645	Fundamentalism	A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science	4
8309576647	United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)	A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their African homeland	5
8309576648	"Lost Generation"	A creative circle of American artist and writers that found inspiration after WWI	6
8309576649	Harlem Renaissance	A creative outpouring among African Americans writers, jazz musicians and social thinkers that celebrated the black culture and advocated for a New Negro in American social, political and intellectual life	7
8309576660	flapper	Rebellious women known for dressing scandalously, listening to jazz music, and pushed the boundaries of gender norms during the 1920s	8
8309576661	speakeasy	An illegal bar where alcohol could be purchased despite it being illegal after the passage of the 18th amendment.	9
8310434827	Volstead Act	Implemented the 18th Amendment. It established alcohol as illegal at above .5% by volume.	10
8310462829	Red Scare	Erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the U.S. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessmen who used it to stop labor strikes	11
8310471913	Ku Klux Klan	In the 1920s, this group was very anti-foreign. It was against all groups which did not have an Anglo-Saxon, Protestant background. They were most prevalent in the Midwest and the South.	12
8310485089	Emergency Quota Act 1921	This law restricted immigration to 3% for each nationality that was in the United States in 1910	13

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AP US History "The American Pageant"- Chapter 12 Flashcards

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5347814673	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe	0
5347814674	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote "The Star Spangled Banner"	1
5347814675	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	2
5347814676	Washington Irving	Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer	3
5347814677	James Monroe	He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars	4
5347814678	James Fenimore Cooper	American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).	5
5347814679	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison	6
5347814680	John C. Calhoun	(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.	7
5347814681	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.	8
5347814682	Daniel Webster	a senator from Massachusettes and the most powerful speaker of his time who was involved in the Webster-Hayne debate	9
5347814683	McCulloch v. Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	10
5347814684	Cohens v. Virginia	Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.	11
5347814685	Gibbons v. Ogden	steamboat case that gave broad interpretation to "interstate commerce"	12
5347814686	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.	13
5347814687	Fletcher v. Peck	Supreme Court has the power to declare state laws unconstitutional (Yazoo Land Act)	14
5347814688	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	(1819)(New hamp. tried to take over a college by revising a charter)charters are protected under the contract clause of the U.S. constitution(marshall)	15
5347814689	Era of Good Feeling	An political era when the Federalist party faded away and there were almost no divisions; James Monroe was President	16
5347814690	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories	17
5347814691	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence	18
5347814692	Battle of Plattsburgh	Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North	19
5347814693	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions	20
5347814694	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. User-contributed	21
5347814695	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.	22
5347814696	Land Act of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money	23
5347814697	Battle of the Thames	Battle at which Tecumseh died in, which ended the Indian confederation	24
5347814698	Constitution	a written plan of government	25
5347814699	Florida Purchase Treaty	1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain	26
5347814700	panic of 1819	A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank	27
5347814701	Treaty of 1819	This treaty between the Spanish and the Americans ceded Spanish-claimed Florida to America in return for the cession of Texas to the Spanish	28
5347814702	Virginia dynasty	Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from virginia.	29
5347814703	Bonus Bill of 1817	would have parceled out $1.5 M to the states for internal improvements	30
5347814704	Tariff of 1816	A protective tariff designed to help American industries	31
5347814705	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.	32
5347814706	Ohio fever	European immigrants bought large amounts of cheap west American land.	33
5347814707	isolationism	a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations	34

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 17 copy Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 17 The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900

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5821836386	The Great American Desert	Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. (p. 339)	0
5821836387	boomtowns	A town that grew in mining areas where there were rushes. These usually didn't last because the gold usually ran out, or there was no gold at all. (p. 340)	1
5821836388	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341)	2
5821836389	cattle (long) drives	Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. (p. 342)	3
5821836390	Joseph Glidden	He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. (p. 342)	4
5821836391	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342)	5
5821836392	The Indian Appropriation Act	ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)	6
5821836393	Little Big Horn	In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345)	7
5821836394	assimilationists	The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. (p. 345)	8
5821836395	Carlisle School	run by Richard Pratt who believed Native Americans could assimilate to US life, brought native children far from homeland and gave them English names and immersed them in American sports, clothes, and church, they were taught farming and carpentry	9
5821836396	"Kill the Indian, save the man."	Famous quote by Richard Pratt, who sought to assimilate the Native Americans into American culture.	10
5821836397	Helen Hunt Jackson	The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. (p. 345)	11
5821836398	Dawes Act of 1887	This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345)	12
5821836399	Ghost Dance movement	This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. (p. 345)	13
5821836400	Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. (p. 346)	14
5821836401	Forest Reserve Act of 1891	Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves. This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	15
5821836402	Forest Management Act of 1897	allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves,harvesting of timber, mining of mineral resources, and use of water on forest reservations.	16
5821836403	John Muir	fought for conservation of resources by writing articles that led Teddy Roosevelt to expand national parks (347)	17
5821836404	"New South"	After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. (p. 347)	18
5821836405	George Washington Carver	An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. (p. 348)	19
5821836406	Tuskegee Institute	An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. (p. 348)	20
5821836407	Civil Rights Cases of 1883	the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses...essentially legalized segregation with regard to private property. 349	21
5821836408	Plessy v. Ferguson	An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349)	22
5821836409	Jim Crow laws	In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349)	23
5821836410	literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses	After Reconstruction, these various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.	24
5821836411	lynch mobs	In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were hung by a mob without trial by these Southern groups.	25
5821836412	Ida B. Wells	She was the editor of a black newspaper, campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws, activist for anti-lynching laws and co-founder of the NAACP with W.E.B. Dubois.	26
5821836413	Booker T. Washington	Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. (p. 350)	27
5821836414	National Grange Movement	In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. (p. 351)	28
5821836415	cooperatives	Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. (p. 351)	29
5821836416	Munn v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. (p. 352)	30
5821836417	Wabash v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. (p. 352)	31
5821836418	Interstate Commerce Commission	independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states; had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. (p. 352)	32
5821836419	Populist Movement	Movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America; movement wanted to expand the money supply and regulate Big Business.	33