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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 6 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic, 1787-1800

5368492889	James Madison	"Father of the Constitution"; wanted a new document; took detailed notes during the convention. (p. 104)	0
5368492890	Framers of the Constitution	Rich, white, male, educated and most weree heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104)	1
5368492891	Alexander Hamilton	One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. (p. 106)	2
5368492892	Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson	Leaders who helped James Madison write the Constitution.	3
5368492893	Federalists	Favored a strong central government, favored a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. (p. 107)	4
5368492894	Anti-Federalist	Argued against the Constitution out of fear it created a central government that was too powerful. (p.. 107)	5
5368492895	Federalists Papers	Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106)	6
5368492896	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments added to protect the rights of individual citizens, adopted in 1781. (p. 108)	7
5368492897	Amendments	Changes to the Constitution	8
5368492898	economic sanctions	Efforts to boycott and other ways to protest the action of England in Intolerable Acts	9
5368492899	Washington's Farewell Address	George Washington's farewell address written in late 1796. It warned against: making permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115)	10
5368492900	permanent alliances	Washington warned against these as things that could obligate us to unnecessary alliances and actions. (p. 115)	11
5368492901	Alien and Sedition Acts	Acts by the Federalists which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president ofr Congress. (p. 117)	12
5368492902	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117)	13
5368492903	slave trade	International slave trade protected at Constitutional Convention for 20 years, after which Congress could vote to end it. (p. 105)	14
5368492904	infant industries	Term for new and developing industries which were supported by placing high tariffs on imported goods. This was part of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. (p. 110)	15
5368492905	National bank tariffs; excise tariffs	Favored by Federalists in North as way to fund government/protect businesses; opposed by South and farmers	16
5368492906	Battle of Fallen Timbers	In 1794 the US Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indians. (p. 113)	17
5368492907	Treaty of Greenville/Public Land Act	In this treaty the American Indians surrendered claims to the Ohio Valley and promised to open it to settlement. (p. 113)	18
5368492908	Mt. Vernon Conference	In 1785 George Washington Hosted a conference at his home, It led to the Annapolis Convention. (p. 104)	19
5368492909	Annapolis Convention	Only five states sent delegates, but led to Constitutional Convention in May 1787. (p. 104)	20
5368492910	Constitutional Convention	Delegates from all states but Rhode Island met in Philadelphia in May 1787	21
5368492911	Checks and balances	Designed to keep one branch of government from dominating the other	22
5368492912	Virginia Plan	"Large state" plan; wanted representation based on state population	23
5368492913	New Jersey Plan	"Small state" plan; called for representation to be equal regardless of size	24
5368492914	Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise	Est. a bicameral legislature that compromised for small and large states (House and Senate)	25
5368492915	House of Representatives	Representation in the House would be based on population of each state	26
5368492916	Senate	Two people per state, regardless of size	27
5368492917	Three Fifths Compromise	3/5's of a state's slave population would be counted for representation purposes	28
5368492918	Commercial Compromise	Allowed Congress to regulate interstate trade and foreign commerce	29
5368492919	Electoral college system	Process by which a President would be elected	30
5368492920	Legislative branch	This branch of government compromises Congress; it makes laws	31
5368492921	Congress	Legislative branch; House and Senate	32
5368492922	Executive department	Organized by Washington as part of the new departments of the executive branch	33
5368492923	Cabinet	Term for chiefs of departments appointed by Washington	34
5368492924	Henry Knox	Washington's Secretary of War	35
5368492925	Edmund Randolph	Washington's Attorney General	36
5368492926	Judiciary Act	Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices	37
5368492927	Federal courts	Courts created by the Judiciary Act	38
5368492928	Supreme Court	Ultimate court in the land	39
5368492929	National debt	Was very high at the revolution; Hamilton proposed paying it off at face value	40
5368492930	Whiskey Rebellion	First real test of the new government; put down when Washington called in forces	41
5368492931	Federalists Era	Period in early when Federalists dominated the government	42
5368492932	Democratic-Republican Party	Rival to Federalists; opposed strong central government; led by Jefferson	43
5368492933	political parties	Not anticipated by founders; Federalists and Democratic-Republicans	44
5368492934	two-term tradition	Set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt, of Presidents only staying in office for two terms	45
5368492935	John Adams	In 1796 he was a Federalist who was elected as the second president. In 1800 he lost the presidential election to Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. (p. 115, 117)	46
5368492936	Revolution of 1800	Election in which Democratic-Republicans peacefully took power from the Federalists.	47
5368492937	French Revolution	Democratic-Republican's felt we were obligated to support the French.	48
5368492938	Proclamation of Neutrality	In 1793 Washington announced us a neutral in the war between England and France	49
5368492939	"Citizen" Genet	Sought to gain American support for French; led to criticism of Washington in the US	50
5368492940	Jay Treaty	Treaty that embarrassed US because England did not respect us; US gained very few concession from England	51
5368492941	Pinckney Treaty	Better deal than Jay's Treaty; Spain agreed to open lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to US trade	52
5368492942	Right of deposit	US gained right to transfer cargoes in New Orleans without Spanish duties	53
5368492943	XYZ Affair	French demanded a bribe before we could speak with French leader; led many to call for war against England	54

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

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5369045993	Thomas Jefferson	A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality	0
5369045994	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.	1
5369045995	John C. Calhoun	The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.	2
5369045996	John Marshall	Federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review	3
5369045997	Judicial Review	the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional	4
5369045998	Marbury v. Madison	A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government.	5
5369045999	strict interpretation of Constitution	Strict and doctrinal interpretation of the Constitution and its justification. Thomas Jefferson favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which he interpreted as forbidding everything it did not expressly permit. In contrast, Hamilton favored a loose interpretation.	6
5369046000	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Approved Jefferson's purchase of French territory.	7
5369046001	Aaron Burr	An American politician and adventurer. He was a formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. Jefferson's vice-president for his first term; not voted into a second term because of radical ideas and ventures that threatened to break up the Union and resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.	8
5369046002	Quids	Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 (even though it was started by a Republican president) because it did not follow the traditional Republican idea of limited federal government.	9
5369046003	Toussaint I'Ouverture	He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses.	10
5369046004	Barbary Pirates	The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.	11
5369046005	Neutrality	a position of not taking sides in a conflict	12
5369046006	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.	13
5369046007	Chesapeake-Leopard Affair	incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed. Many angry and humiliated Americans called for war.	14
5369046008	Embargo Act (1807)	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	15
5369046009	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.	16
5369046010	Nonintercourse Act (1809)	Replaced the Embargo Act. Lifted the stop of trade to foreign countries EXCEPT France and England. Led to the war of 1812.	17
5369046011	Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)	When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided, however, that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation.	18
5369046012	Tecumseh and Prophet	These Shawnee brothers organized a large native confederacy to prevent the American advance westward. (p. 138)	19
5369046013	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, he fought against Tecumseh and Prophet at the Battle of Tippecanoe.	20
5369046014	Battle of Tippecanoe	Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.	21
5369046015	Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.	22
5369046016	War Hawks	These were mostly young Republicans who had been imbued with the ideals of the American Revolution as youths, who wanted to take Canada and Florida and deal with the Indian problem. They held a majority in Congress, and were responsible for declaring war in 1812	23
5369046017	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state	24
5369046018	War of 1812	A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.	25
5369046019	"Old Ironsides"	The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution who raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.	26
5369046020	Battle of Lake Erie	U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie.	27
5369046021	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.	28
5369046022	Battle of the Thames River	Battle led by Harrison; broke the British alliance with the Native Americans when Tecumseh was killed	29
5369046023	Thomas Macdonough	A commander of an American fleet on Lake Champlain that fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses; the Americans were nearly defeated, but his nifty techniques forced the British to retreat; this heroic naval battle saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution.	30
5369046024	Battle of Lake Champlain	A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England after being stoped by Thomas Macdonough. The British began to decide that the war was to costly.	31
5369046025	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	32
5369046026	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.	33
5369046027	Creek Nation	American Indians originally from the southeastern United States. They were one of the Five Civilized Tribes. They were an important British ally in the war of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson.	34
5369046028	Battle of New Orleans	Andrew Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.	35
5369046029	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.	36
5369046030	Hartford Convention (1814)	Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded:-Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos; -Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared; -The abolition of slavery; -a President could only serve 1 term; -the abolition of the 3/5 clause; -the prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.	37
5369046031	Francis Scott Key , "The Star Spangled Banner"	Francis Scott Key, who observed the Birtish attack on Fort McHenry, celebrated the American victory by writing a poem that is the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" today.	38

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AP US History Review Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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5171464000	Europe in the Middle (Dark) Ages	Limited exchange of ideas Curiosity and new learning de-emphasized Superstition predominated Travel limited	0
5171464001	Crusade effects	Products of Middle East/Far East interests (gold, spices, silver) Cheaper ways of getting products Transportation: water vs land	1
5171464002	Treaty of Tordesillas	Spain vs Portugal	2
5171464003	Materialism- personal wealth Glory- personal fame Religion- conversion of the "heathens" Nationalism- promoting wealth/power of a nation Scientific Curiosity	Age of Exploration Motivation	3
5171464004	New Products Loss of Land Loss of Liberty Diminishing of Culture Diminishing of Numbers (90% death rate) Disease	European colonization affecting Native Culture	4
5171464005	Industrial Revolution	More people wanting more goods (3 times more gold than in Europe) caused inflation because there was more money in people's hands	5
5171464006	Corn, tomatoes, peppers, chocolate, potatoes	Types of food from the New World	6
5171464007	Vitamins, anesthetics for surgery, muscle relaxants, poison treatment	Types of Medicine from the New World	7
5171464008	Joint-stock colony	Granted to private companies in the hopes of creating profits from colonization	8
5171464009	Proprietary colony	Land granted to individuals for the purpose of creating colonies; the individuals had the right then to grant land to whomever they chose	9
5171464010	Royal colony	Headed by the English crown/government itself	10
5171464011	Virginia	First successful English colony in the New World	11
5171464012	Joint stock	What type of colony was granted to the Virginia Company of London?	12
5171464013	Jamestown 1607	First settlement established on James River	13
5171464014	Climate and Environment Profit Dilemma Predominantly male	Disadvantages of Jamestown	14
5171464015	Commanded the colony after most settlers didn't survive the first winter	What did Captain John Smith do?	15
5171464016	Powhatan Indians	Original inhabitants of the James River area (taught settlers how to grow corn)	16
5171464017	The Starving Time	Time during winter 1609-1610 when population went from 450 to 60 and people were reduced to eating rats, leather and each other	17
5171464018	Bering Strait in Alaska (approximately 11,000 years ago)	During early migration humans used______	18
5171464019	Stone tools & spears	Used for hunting to persue large animals	19
5171464020	Lord de la Warr	In 1609 a man was made the leader of the VA colony and sent hundreds of new settlers and soldiers to the colonies with fresh supplies and also put a new policy plan for Natives to wipe them out of the James River area (Which was mostly achieved by 1624).	20
5171464021	John Rolfe	Around 1613 this man would develop a process for curing tobacco that would remove most of its bitterness, making it much more pleasant to smoke (Also would marry Pocahontas)	21
5171464022	Indentured servitude	Most common source of labor in the early VA colony	22
5171464023	Indentured servant	someone whose passage to the colonies was paid for in turn for an agreement to be a source of labor for an agreed period of time (usually 5-7 years)	23
5171464024	Headright System	for every person who paid for someone to come to VA (even if it was himself) that individual, the one that paid, would receive 50 acres of land	24
5171464025	Headright System	a great advantage for the wealthy as it allowed them to gain very large estates of land (they paid for a bunch of servants to come over); however, the small farmers were pushed to the worst lands while the large landowners had first dibs on the best lands	25
5171464026	the Virginian House of Burgesses 1619	With pressures being placed on the royal governors the VA settlers were granted a representative assembly and was used to work with the governor in running the colony	26
5171464027	- It would pass its own laws without consulting the governor and act as a sovereign power - It would withhold the governor's pay in order to force him to make the decisions that it wanted	The House of Burgesses would remain in constant conflict with the royal governor...	27
5171464028	it was dissolved and made into a royal colony	What happened to the Virginia Company of London in 1624?	28
5171464029	Maryland	In 1634 a large area of land just north of Virginia, headed by Lord Baltimore	29
5171464030	The Calvert family	Who did the king grant Maryland to?	30
5171464031	Lord Baltimore	a Catholic and had long dreamed of a place where English Catholics could worship without fear of prosecution from Protestants	31
5171464032	Catholic haven	What was Maryland supposed to be?	32
5171464033	granted large estates to wealthy English Catholic families, (but many of his settlers were Protestant freemen from Virginia and Protestant indentured servants from England and that caused tension between Catholics and Protestants)	How did Lord Baltimore get settlers to Maryland?	33
5171464034	Maryland Act of Toleration	To solve growing religious disputes, in 1649 this was passed in the Maryland Assembly	34
5171464035	Granted religious freedom to all Christians	What did the Maryland Act of Toleration do?	35
5171464036	tobacco	What did Maryland and Virginia depend on?	36
5171464037	as families	How did New England Puritans migrate to America?	37
5171464038	more dispersed population, purer water, & a cooler climate; people shared common values	Why did colonists in New England live longer? Why was marriage easy?	38
5171464039	fundamental family responsibility; towns began to create elementary schools funded with local taxes:	How did New England towns regard education?	39
5171464040	New England	Who had the highest literacy rate in America?	40
5171464041	Harvard	In 1638 what was America's first college?	41
5171464042	Patriarchal Society	the father was the boss of the family, and society in general and the female was a subservient obedient wife/loving mother	42
5171464043	endured a strict upbringing through corporal punishment, plentiful chores, and apprenticeships; public education	What were the lives of children like in New England?	43
5171464044	wives & mothers devout church members ran small-scale farms couldn't own/sell property divorce was difficult Did what God ordained	How did women contribute to society in the colonial era?	44
5171464045	religion and state were often one and the same	Since most New England colonies were founded on a belief that the colony existed through a 'covenant' with God...	45
5171464046	Puritan society	Local town governments ensured the good order of...	46
5171464047	one's membership in the local church	Suffrage rights and political opportunities commonly depended on what?	47
5171464048	Puritans	founders of the New England colonies with strict beliefs in predestination and 'visible sainthood'	48
5171464049	Subsequent generations began losing touch with the church	Growing education and secularization eroded Puritan beliefs and...	49
5171464050	Halfway Covenant	Members of the Puritan church who did not visibly attest to their salvation could become 'halfway saints'	50
5171464051	to become full saints in the Puritan church	The children of halfway saints would be allowed	51
5171464052	shipping manufactured rum other goods received from Southern colonies and the Indies, to Africa to be exchanged for slaves	What did New England colonies profit from in the Triangular Trade?	52
5171464053	Top: Local gentry of religiously devout families guided town meetings Middle: Large population of yeomen farmers loyal to the local community Bottom: Small population of landless laborers, servants, & poor	New England Churches	53
5171464054	a mixture of Southern and New England societies	The Middle Colonies were...	54
5171464055	Middle colonies	Where were immigrants most likely to find economic opportunities?	55
5171464056	Most became farmers, but many also found opportunities to become artisans in rapidly expanding cities such as Philadelphia and New York	Opportunities were not limited to ethnic background in the diverse Middle Colonies and...	56
5171464057	Young male indentured servants	70-85% of immigrants in the Chesapeake were...	57
5171464058	average age was 10-20 years lower than NE	There was a high death rate in the Chesapeake with an	58
5171464059	Scarcity of males; allowed some women to improve their social status	Why did some women have bargaining power for marriage in Chesapeake Society?	59
5171464060	sexual exploitation Childbearing was dangerous Chesapeake women died 20 years earlier than women in New England	How were women vulnerable in Chesapeake?	60
5171464061	these many marriages would allow them to gain large estates, social/legal rights and influence, and wealth	Due to the short life spans women were commonly able to marry many times due to the death of husbands	61
5171464062	Top: The plantation gentry dominated society & the House of Burgesses Second: Free farmers were largest class; Came as indentured servants; most lived on edge of poverty Third: Indentured servants were often mistreated & cheated out of land Bottom: African slaves	Social Hierarchy in Chesapeake	62
5171464063	the south	Education never became an important issue in...	63
5171464064	poor freed farmers (former indentured servants) and wealthy plantation owners	The head right system quickly created a society split between... in southern society	64
5171464065	indentured servants	Over half the settlers in southern colonies were...	65
5171464066	Falling tobacco prices due to overproduction Poor land High taxes	Small farmers were kept poor by...	66
5171464067	Anglican Church	What was established as the religion of the southern reason?	67
5171464068	North Carolina due to its open policy of granting lands and its open-minded, democratic society Georgia in the 1750's after the cheap lands of the tidewater regions were exhausted in Virginia and South Carolina	Scotch-Irish developed a strong presence in...	68
5171464069	a "need" for labor: -Indians decimated by disease -Indentured servant-pool waned after 1660	The importation of African slaves was based on...	69
5171464070	An estimated 11 million slaves (mostly males)	How many slaves were brought to the English American colonies?	70
5171464071	skin color	By 1700, slavery was based exclusively on...	71
5171464072	the growing black population in VA by 1672 prompted stricter slave laws:	Slaves were originally treated as indentured servants but...	72

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

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7338604853	First Continental Congress	In September 1774 all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	0
7338604854	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence.	1
7338604855	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. (p. 85)	2
7338604856	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre.	3
7338604857	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. He had a position of respect in Colonial army.	4
7338604858	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He write "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania".	5
7338604859	John Jay	Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress.	6
7338604860	Joseph Galloway	Conservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote.	7
7338604861	Suffolk Resolves	The First Continental Congress adopted it. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal; they also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts. (p. 86)	8
7338604862	Declaration for Rights and Grievances	The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)	9
7338604863	economic sanctions	a.k.a boycotts	10
7338604864	Lexington and Concord	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston were sent to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. The British then moved on to this second town. (p. 86)	11
7338604865	Paul Revere	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	12
7338604866	William Dawes	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	13
7338604867	Minutemen	The colonial militia. (p. 86)	14
7338604868	Battle of Bunker Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the war. (p. 87)	15
7338604869	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775 representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)	16
7338604870	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms	A letter to the world explaining why the colonies were rebelling and that it was necessary.	17
7338604871	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775 the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	18
7338604872	Common Sense	In January 1776 Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	19
7338604873	Prohibitory Act (1775)	In August 1775 King George III declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)	20
7338604874	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the revolution. It was ratified on July 4th 1776. (p. 88)	21
7338604875	Thomas Jefferson	Writer of the Declaration of Independence	22
7338604876	Patriots	Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)	23
7338604877	Tories	The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	24
7338604878	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	25
7338604879	Continentals	Paper money issued by Congress which was almost worthless due to inflation	26
7338604880	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777 General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	27
7338604881	George Rogers Clark	In 1778-1789 he lad the capture of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)	28
7338604882	absolute monarch	Although France had this kind of government; King Louis decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken the British.	29
7338604883	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781 the last battle of the Revolutionary War was fought. (p. 90)	30
7338604884	Treaty of Paris (1783)	In 1783 this treaty stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	31
7338604885	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers, and it was replaced by the Constitution in 1788. (p. 91)	32
7338604886	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	33
7338604887	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)	34
7338604888	Land Ordinance of 1785	A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. Part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)	35
7338604889	Unicameral Legislature	A legislature which consists of one chamber or house.	36
7338604890	Mary McCauley	Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)	37
7338604891	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)	38
7338604892	Deborah Sampson	At the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the war. (p. 94)	39

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AP US History Flashcards

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10333865420	Columbian Exchange	the transfer of plants, animals, and disease between the American and Europe, Asia and Africa	0
10333865421	John Rolfe	married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown	1
10333865422	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	2
10333865487	Peter Stuyvesant	leader of the Dutch colony New Netherland	3
10333865423	John Winthrop Jr.	First American member of the Royal Society of London	4
10333865424	Thomas Hooker	Founder of Connecticut	5
10333865425	Henry Hudson	Explored water around New York City, Hudson Bay & Hudson River.	6
10333865426	William Penn	Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)	7
10333865427	William Bradford	Governor of Plymouth Colony	8
10333865428	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)	9
10333865429	Dutch West India Company	Dutch investment company formed in 1621 to develop colonies for the Netherlands in North America	10
10333865430	Mayflower	The ship that brought the Pilgrims to America	11
10333865431	Voyageurs	An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.	12
10333865432	Lord Baltimore	Catholic owner of the colony of Maryland	13
10333865433	Quebec	First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain	14
10333865434	Huguenots	French Protestants influenced by John Calvin	15
10333865435	Conquistadors	Spanish conquerors	16
10333865436	Glorious Revolution	the overthrow of King James II of England	17
10333865437	Enclosure	the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers	18
10333865438	Proprietor	an owner of a store or other business	19
10333865439	Franchise	The right to vote	20
10333865440	Yeomen	Owners of small farms, that did not own slaves	21
10333865441	Massachusetts Bay Company	A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay	22
10333865442	Indentured Servitude	An agreement to exchange labor for travel expenses an/or job training for a certain amount of time	23
10333865443	joint-stock company	A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits	24
10333865444	Virginia Company	Joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in the Americas.	25
10333865445	Christopher Columbus	He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.	26
10333865446	John Smith	English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia	27
10333865447	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	28
10333865448	Lord Baltimore	Catholic owner of the colony of Maryland	29
10333865449	Walter Raleigh	Englishman who sponsored the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke.	30
10333865450	Bartolome de Las Casas	Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans	31
10333865451	James Oglethorpe	Founder of the Georgia Colony	32
10333865452	Acadians	French residents of Nova Scotia expelled by the British.	33
10333865453	squatter	someone who settles on land without right or title	34
10333865454	Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	35
10333865455	Great Puritan Migration	Mass flight by religious dissidents from the persecutions of Archbishop Laud and Charles I	36
10333865456	Middle Passage	the voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America	37
10333865457	Headright System	It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage	38
10333865458	Paxton Boys	A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.	39
10333865459	Separatists	sub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England	40
10333865460	John Calvin	Protestant reformer who believed in predestination	41
10333865461	Old Lights vs. New Lights	The Congregationalists split, the old who didn't want to reform and the new who did reform.	42
10333865462	the "elect"	Calvinist term that means those who had been destined for eternal bliss.	43
10333865463	Protestant Reformation	A split in the church caused by corruption in the church	44
10333865464	Halfway Covenant	Offered partial membership rights to people who have not yet converted.	45
10333865465	Anne Hutchinson	American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)	46
10333865466	John Cotton/John Winthrop	Puritan preachers in the Mass. Bay, believed in the calling to do God's work on Earth	47
10333865467	Visible Saints	according to Puritans, only these individuals should be admitted to church membership	48
10333865468	Covenant	An agreement	49
10333865469	Conversion	When your life is changed by giving yourself to God	50
10333865470	Predestination	Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.	51
10333865471	Antinomianism	The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation.	52
10333865472	Quakers	Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people	53
10333865473	Calvinism	Religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin	54
10333865474	Puritans	Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas	55
10333865475	Protestant Ethic	The work ethic the Puritans lived by, all work and no play.	56
10333865476	Institutes of the Christian Religion	This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin	57
10333865477	Jeremiads	New form of sermon at Puritan pulpit that scolded parishioners from their waning piety.	58
10333865478	The Great Awakening	A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s	59
10333865479	Johnathan Edwards	Helped start great awakening and wrote sinners in the hands of an angry god	60
10333865480	George Whitefield	Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."	61
10333865481	Phyllis Wheatley	first African american poet, sold into slavery, raised and educated in her family, household servant	62
10333865482	John Peter Zenger	New York publisher who was taken to court for criticizing the governor of New York	63
10333865483	Crevecoeur	The man who believed that "Americans" have risen out of an ethnically mixed breed.	64
10333865484	Dominion of New England	A huge colony formed by the King of England, which included land from southern Maine to New Jersey	65
10333865485	Royal Charter	used to establish colonies under the control of the crown	66
10333865486	Spanish Armada	Large fleet of ships sent to invade England and restore Catholicism	67
10335675788	King Phillip's War	1675-1676 Native American uprising against the Puritan colonies	68
10335675789	Queen Anne's War	American phase (1702-1713) of Europe's War of the Spanish Succession	69
10335675790	King William's War	(1689-1697) First conflict between French settlers and British (American) colonists.	70
10335675791	Primogeniture	A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land.	71
10335675792	Maryland Act of Toleration	A law mandating religious tolerance for all forms of Christianity in Maryland	72
10335675793	House of Burgesses	Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.	73
10335675794	Fundamental Orders	1639, constitution of Connecticut in which the regime was democratically controlled by citizens	74
10335675795	Navigation Laws	laws that restricted American trade with other countries	75
10335675796	Mayflower Compact	A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good	76
10335675797	Bible Commonwealth	name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints.	77
10335675798	New England Confederation	the first significant attempt at political unity among the colonies	78
10335675799	General Court	Representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay	79
10335675800	Bacon's Rebellion	colonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia	80
10335675801	Regulator Movement	Citizens of rural South Carolina organized to combat lawlessness in the Up Country	81
10335675802	Molasses Act	Attempt by British authorities to squelch colonial trade with French West Indies	82
10335675803	Edict of Nantes	document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots	83
10335675804	War of Jenkin's Ear	(1739) Small scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and Georgia.	84

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 25 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 25 Diplomacy and World War II, 1929-1945

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9205463484	Good Neighbor Policy	President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. (p. 523)	0
9205463485	Pan-American conferences	In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523)	1
9205463486	Manchuria	In September 1931, Japanese troops invaded this area on China's eastern seaboard. The League of Nations passed a resolution condemning the action but did not take action. (p. 521)	2
9205463487	Stimson Doctrine	In 1932, Secretary of State Henry Stimson said the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. (p. 522)	3
9205463488	fascism	A political system in which people glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force. Economic hardships led to the rise of military dictatorships, first in Italy, then in Japan and Germany. (p. 524)	4
9205463489	Fascists	In 1922, they seized power in Italy. They attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism. They marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power. (p. 524)	5
9205463490	Benito Mussolini	He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945, he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. (p. 524)	6
9205463491	Ethiopia	In 1935, fascist Italy invaded this African nation. (p. 526)	7
9205463492	Nazis	This party arose in 1920's Germany in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. By 1933, the party under leader Adolph Hitler, had gained control of the German legislature. (p. 524)	8
9205463493	Adolf Hitler	Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in the book Mein Kampf attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide in 1945, when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent. (p. 524)	9
9205463494	Axis Powers	Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.	10
9205463495	Spanish Civil War	In 1936, a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war, by 1939 Franco had established a military dictatorship. This war was essentially a testing ground for much of the technology used by Germany in World War II. (p. 525)	11
9205463496	Francisco Franco	In 1936, he plunged Spain into a Civil War. By 1939, Franco's Fascist had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)	12
9205463497	Rhineland	In 1936, Adolf Hitler invaded this region. This was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which had declared the area a demilitarized zone. (p. 526)	13
9205463498	Sudetenland	In 1938, Hitler insisted Germany had the right to take over an area in western Czechoslovakia. (p. 526)	14
9205463499	Munich	A 1938 conference, at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that he would not expand Germany's territory any further. (p. 526)	15
9205463500	appeasement	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of military actions by Fascist dictatorships made Britain, France, and the United States nervous, but they did nothing to stop the actions. * 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia * 1936 - German troops invade the Rhineland * 1937 - Japan invades China * 1938 - Germany takes the Sudetenland (p. 526)	16
9205463501	Poland	On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded this country using the blitzkrieg tactic. Britain and France then declared war against Germany. (p. 528)	17
9205463502	Blitzkrieg	Overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks; a term of warfare meaning lightning war. (p. 528)	18
9205463503	isolationism	A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations. A 1934 committee led by Senator Gerald Nye concluded the main reason for participation in World War I was because of the bankers and arm manufacturers greed. This caused the U.S. public to be against any involvement in the early stages of World War II. (p.. 525)	19
9205463504	Nye Committee	In 1934, a Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in World War I. They concluded that bankers and arm manufacturers pushed the U.S. into the war so they could profit from selling military arms. This committee's work pushed America toward isolationism for the following years. (p. 525)	20
9205463505	Neutrality Acts	Laws passed by isolationists in the late 1930s, that were designed to keep the United States out of international wars. (p. 525)	21
9205463506	America First Committee	In 1940, after World War II had begun in Asia and Europe, isolationists became alarmed by President Roosevelt's support for Britain. To mobilize American public opinion against the war, they formed this committee. Charles A. Lindbergh was one of it spokesmen. (p. 525)	22
9205463507	Charles Lindbergh	In 1927, this U.S. aviator thrilled the world, by making the first nonstop flight from Long Island to Paris. In 1940, he was a speaker for the isolationist America First Committee. (p. 480, 525)	23
9205463508	Quarantine speech	In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made this speech after Japan invaded China. He proposed that democracies act together to "quarantine" Japan. Public reaction to the speech by the American public was negative, and the idea was abandoned. (p. 526)	24
9205463509	cash and carry	Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality, while aiding Great Britain. Great Britain could buy U.S. military arms if it paid in full and used its own ships to transport them. (p. 528)	25
9205463510	Selective Training and Service Act	In 1940, Roosevelt passed this law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (p. 528)	26
9205463511	destroyers-for-bases deal	In September 1940, Roosevelt cleverly arranged a trade that would help Great Britain. The United States gave Britain fifty older but still serviceable US destroyers, in exchange the U.S. was given the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (p. 528)	27
9205463512	Four Freedoms speech	A speech by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941 that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. military weapons. He argued that the U.S. must help other nations defend "four freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear). (p. 529)	28
9205463513	Lend-Lease Act	In March 1941, this act permitted Britain to obtain all U.S. arms they needed on credit during World War II. (p. 529)	29
9205463514	Atlantic Charter	In August 1941, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill met aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. They created this agreement which outlined the principles for peace after the war. (p. 530)	30
9205463515	escort convoys	In July 1941, the U.S. began to provide protection for British ship carrying U.S. arms being transported to Britain. (p. 530)	31
9205463516	oil and steel embargo	In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530)	32
9205463517	Pearl Harbor	On December 7, 1941, a date that will live in infamy, this U.S. naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes. 2,400 Americans were killed and 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged. The next day, the United States declared war on Japan. (p. 531)	33
9205463518	War Production Board	During World War II, President Roosevelt established this agency to allocated scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers. (p. 531)	34
9205463519	Office of Price Administration	This World War II federal agency regulated most aspects of civilian lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing commodities in order to control inflation. (p. 532)	35
9205463520	Manhattan Project	Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II. (p. 532)	36
9205463521	Office of War Information	Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the World War II effort. (p. 533)	37
9205463522	the Good War	The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533)	38
9205463523	Great Migration	During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. This is a continuation of the migration patterns that began in World War I. (p. 533)	39
9205463524	Double V	During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the this slogan - one V for victory, one V for equality. (p 533)	40
9205463525	executive order 8802	During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533)	41
9205463526	Smith v. Allwright	This Supreme Court case in 1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. (p. 533)	42
9205463527	Braceros program	A program the American and Mexican governments agreed to, in which contract laborers would be admitted to the United States for a limited time as migrant farm workers (p. 533)	43
9205463528	Japanese internment	In 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the United States West coast were rounded up and put in internment camps. (p. 534)	44
9205463529	Korematsu v. U.S.	A 1944 Supreme Court case which upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay financial compensation to each survivor. (p. 534)	45
9205463530	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants during World War II. (p. 534)	46
9205463531	Harry S. Truman	He became president on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. In August 1945, he order an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki, to end the war with Japan. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. (p. 537, 538)	47
9205463532	Battle of the Atlantic	The protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. (p. 535)	48
9205463533	Dwight Eisenhower	The United States general who commanded the invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany. (p. 536)	49
9205463534	D-Day	On June 6, 1944 the Allies landed in northern France with the largest invasion by sea in history. By the end of August Paris was liberated from the Nazis, and by September Allied troops had crossed the German border. (p. 536)	50
9205463535	Holocaust	A methodical plan, orchestrated by Germany's Adolph Hitler to eliminate Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Six million Jews and several million non-Jews would be murdered by the Nazis. (p. 536)	51
9205463536	island-hopping	The United States strategy in the Pacific, which called for capturing Japanese-held islands in the Pacific and moving on to others to bring the American military closer and closer to Japan itself. (p. 536)	52
9205463537	Battle of Midway	On June 4-7, 1942, the U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet at Midway Island. The Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. The battle marked a turning point in the war in the Pacific. (p. 536)	53
9205463538	Douglas MacArthur	United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II. (p. 537)	54
9205463539	kamikaze attacks	Japanese pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves, but also inflicting severe damage to the ships. (p. 537)	55
9205463540	J. Robert Oppenheimer	American theoretical physicist and professor of physics. He led the top-secret Manhattan Project, which built the world's first atomic bomb. (p. 537)	56
9205463541	atomic bomb	A nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission. (p. 537)	57
9205463542	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Then on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. About 250,000 Japanese died as a result. Within a week after the second bomb was dropped, Japan agreed to surrender. (p. 537)	58
9205463543	Big Three	The leaders of the Allies during World War II included: Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin, Great Britain - Winston Churchill, United States - Franklin Roosevelt. (p. 537)	59
9205463544	Casablanca Conference	The conference attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in January 1943, to discuss the strategy to win World War II. The plan called for the invasion of Sicily and Italy by British and American troops. They resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. (p. 537)	60
9205463545	unconditional surrender	A surrender with any demands or requests. (p. 538)	61
9205463546	Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam	The three cities that held conferences for the leaders of the Allied powers, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union during World War II. (p. 538)	62
9205463547	United Nations	On October 24, 1945, this international organization formed after World War II to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. (p. 539)	63

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 9 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 9 Sectionalism, 1820-1860

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7789365590	Northeast	In the early 19th century, the area which included New England and the Middle Atlantic states. (p. 173) Rapid Economic growth	0
7789365591	Old Northwest	In the early 19th century, the territory which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota. (p. 173) Rapid Economic growth	1
7789365592	sectionalism	Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)	2
7789365593	Nativists	Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)	3
7789365594	American party	In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)	4
7789365595	Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	A secret anti-foreign society in the 1840s. In the 1850s the society turned to politics by forming the American party. (p. 176)	5
7789365596	Know-Nothing Party	Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)	6
7789365597	Free African Americans	By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)	7
7789365598	planters	The South's small wealthy elite that owned more than 100 slaves and more than 1000 acres. (p. 180)	8
7789365599	Codes of Chivalry	The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)	9
7789365600	poor whites	The term for the three-fourths of the South's white population who owned no slaves. (p. 180)	10
7789365601	hillbillies	Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)	11
7789365602	mountain men	In the 1820s, these were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. They trapped for furs and served as guides for settlers traveling to the West coast. (p. 181)	12
7789365603	the West	The term that referred to the new area that was being settled, the location changed as the white settlements moved westward. (p. 181)	13
7789365604	the frontier	The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time. (p. 181)	14
7789365605	Deep South	The cotton rich area of the lower Mississippi Valley. (p. 178)	15
7789365606	American Indian removal	By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)	16
7789365607	Great Plains	Native Americans in this area used the horse to hunt buffalo. Tribes such as the Cheyenne and the Sioux, became nomadic hunters following the buffalo herds. (p. 181)	17
7789365608	white settlers	In the 1840s and 1850s, they settled the Western frontier. They worked hard, lived in log cabins or sod huts. Disease and malnutrition were even greater dangers than attacks by American Indians. (p. 182)	18
7789365609	urbanization	Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)	19
7789365610	urban life	The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850. (p. 174)	20
7789365611	new cities	After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East. (p. 175)	21
7789365612	Irish potato famine	From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland. Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures. (p. 176)	22
7789365613	Roman Catholic	Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it. (p. 176)	23
7789365614	Tammany Hall	New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)	24
7789365615	Germans	In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered. (p. 176)	25
7789365616	immigration	From the 1830s to the 1850s, four million people came from northern Europe to the United States. (p. 175)	26
7789365617	King Cotton	By the 1850s, this agricultural product was by far the South's most important economic force. (p. 177)	27
7789365618	Eli Whitney	The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)	28
7789365619	peculiar institution	A term that referred to slavery because many southern whites were uneasy with the fact that slaves were human beings yet treated so unfairly. Some used historical and religious arguments to support their claim that it was good for both slave and master. (p. 178)	29
7789365620	Denmark Vesey	In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)	30
7789365621	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)	31
7789365622	slave codes	In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)	32
7789365623	Industrial Revolution	Originally this revolution was centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830's, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods - everything from farm implements to clocks and shoes. (p. 174)	33
7789365624	unions	For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)	34
7789365625	Commonwealth v. Hunt	In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)	35
7789365626	ten-hour workday	During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)	36
7789365627	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	37
7789365628	John Deere	United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	38
7789365629	Daniel Webster	A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)	39
7789365630	environmental damage	This term, described what occurred when settlers cleared forests and exhausted the soil. (p. 182)	40
7789365631	extinction	This term, described what trappers and hunters did to the beaver and buffalo populations. (p. 182)	41

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US History Review Flashcards

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4818626123	Joint Stock Company	Early settlements were funded by shareholders. These companies maintained the colonies well-being.	0
4818626124	New England	Rocky soils, ship-building, fishing. Zero religious tolerance. Puritan religion.	1
4818626125	Middle Colonies	Staple Crops grown here. Also home to Quakers and other religious groups who broke away from the Puritans	2
4818626126	Southern Colonies	Cash crops grown here (Not cotton yet) Religion was not a settling factor or motive.	3
4818626127	Puritans	Lived in New England colonies. Had zero tolerance for other religions	4
4818626128	Quaker	Found throughout the middle colonies. Led by William Penn.	5
4818626129	Salutary Neglect	Great Britain's way of telling the colonies they could govern themselves as long as they cooperated economically	6
4818626130	Articles of Confederation	Established a very weak central government because of their distrust in a strong central government.	7
4818626131	Virginia Plan	Idea that representatives in the government should be based on population	8
4818626132	New Jersey Plan	Idea that representatives in the governments should be based on equal representation	9
4818626133	Great Compromise	The house is represented by population and the senate is represented equally regardless of population	10
4818626134	Federalist	Stressed a strong national government and Constitution. (James Madison, Alexander Hamilton)	11
4818626135	Anti-federalist	Opposed Constitution. Favored state government over national government.	12
4818626136	Marbury v. Madison	Court case that established judicial review. This allows the courts to decide if a law is unconstitutional or not.	13
4818626137	Alien and Sedition Acts	During times of war, individual liberties may be hindered	14
4818626138	Nationalism	Having a strong sense of pride for your country.	15
4818626139	Louisiana Purchase	Land bought in 1803 for $15 million from France. It double our size and gave America access to the New Orleans port	16
4818626140	Suffrage	Voting rights	17
4818626141	Indian Removal Act	The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.	18
4818626142	Trail of tears	In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.	19
4818626143	Nullification	South Carolina's response to tariff prices. The Federal Government responded by threatening to send troops, but a they resolved the issue before that.	20
4818626144	Manifest Destiny	Belief that Americans had the natural right and God given right to settle the entire continental America. From Pacific to Atlantic.	21
4818626145	Monroe Doctrine	Document that told European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Anyone who came across the line would be seen as a military aggressor.	22
4818626146	"54-40 or fight"	Land dispute between US and Great Britain. Oregon territory.	23
4818626147	Annexation of Texas (1845)	Texas became a state of the United States.	24
4818626148	Mexican American War (Result)	James K. Polk's belief of manifest destiny ultimately led to war with Mexico	25
4818626149	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Agreement reached where slave states and non-slave states were divided with a line.	26
4818626150	Abolitionist	Someone who is against slavery	27
4818626151	Underground Railroad	Route taken by slaves with the aide of others to get them to freedom	28
4818626152	Mexican Cession		29
4818626153	Harper's Ferry	Raided by John Brown in an attempt to begin a slave revolt.	30
4818626154	Popular Sovereignty	The fact that people can vote and that majority rules	31
4818626155	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Repealed the Missouri Compromise. Allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether or not their state would be a free state or a slave state.	32
4818626156	Dred Scott Decision	Ruled that any African American free or slave could not be an American citizen. Also stated that US Congress had no right to ban slavery in "slave territories"	33
4818626157	Anaconda Plan	Northern military plan against the Confederates. The idea was to squeeze the resources and ports so that the Confederates would run out of supplies	34
4818626158	Emancipation Proclamation	Document stating slaves in Confederate territories were now free. (1863)	35
4818626159	Total War	General Sherman's march through the south destroying everything in his path.	36
4818626160	Appomattox Courthouse	Where Generals from both the South and North came to agree that the war was over and that the North won.	37
4818626161	Reconstruction	Era in time after the Civil War. Attempted to rebuild the south diplomatically and physically.	38
4818626162	Black Codes	Attempts to limit black participation in society.	39
4818626163	Freedman's Bureau	U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States	40
4818626164	Sharecropping	Process in which many former slaves would share land with land owners in order to have a place to live for them and their family.	41
4818626165	Plessy v. Ferguson	Established "Separate but equal"	42
4818626166	Jim Crow Laws	State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.	43
4818626167	Poll Taxes/Literacy Tests	Ways that tried to prevent African Americans from voting	44
4818626168	Vocational Education	Booker T. Washington established the vocational training school named Tuskegee. These schools were designed to educate with a more hands on approach.	45
4818626169	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)	The oldest civil rights organization in the United States, founded in 1909. Among their achievements was a lawsuit that resulted in the Supreme Court 's landmark decision in Brown versus Board of Education, in 1954, which declared the segregation of public schools unconstitutional.	46
4818626170	Transcontinental Railroad	Completed in 1868 at Promontory Point, Utah. This helped establish a National Market as it connected the East Coast to the West Coast.	47
4818626171	Assimilation	When one culture is made to transform into another culture. (Native American culture into "White man culture)	48
4818626172	Wounded Knee	Last battle between Native Americans and the United States military.	49
4818626173	Chinese Exclusion Act	It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.	50
4818626174	Vertical Integration	the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.	51
4818626175	Horizontal Integration	is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that good or service.	52
4818626176	Robber Barons	a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.	53
4818626177	Monopoly	the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.	54
4818626178	Social Darwinism	"Survival of the fittest"	55
4818626179	Laissez-faire capitalism	Hands off approach to the economy. No government regulations	56
4818626180	Granger Laws	Laws put in place to help famers from the abuses of the railroads and their high prices.	57
4818626181	Inflation	a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money	58
4818626182	Strike	a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.	59
4818626183	Nativists	a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants.	60
4818626184	Muckraker	one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders	61
4818626185	Prohibition	Illegal sale/distribution of alcohol	62
4818626186	Isolationism	process in which America remained isolated from foreign affairs	63
4818626187	Yellow Journalism	journalism that often exaggerated the truth (USS Maine and the Spanish American War)	64
4818626188	USS Maine	Blew up in the Havana Harbor. Yellow Journalists wrote that Spain had blown it up in order to get Americans to want to fight Spain.	65
4818626189	Sphere of Influence	a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.	66
4818626190	Boxer Rebellion	a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.	67
4818626191	Panama Canal	Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from 1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama.	68
4818626192	Neutrality	the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartiality.	69
4818626193	U-boats	Unrestricted submarine warfare	70
4818626194	Zimmerman Telegram	Message from Germany to Mexico asking for their support in attacking America and in return they would get their land back.	71
4818626195	14 points	President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace. These points were later taken as the basis for peace negotiations at the end of the war.	72
4818626196	League of Nations	An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like.	73
4818626197	Red Scare	is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism.	74
4818626198	Treaty of Versailles	It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	75
4818626199	Good Neighbor Policy	was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt towards Latin America.	76
4818626200	Depression	a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies. It is a more severe downturn than an economic recession, which is a slowdown in economic activity over the course of a normal business cycle.	77
4818626201	Flapper	a fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior.	78
4818626202	Great Migration	movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. (Job opportunities and escaping Jim Crow Laws)	79
4818626203	"Birth of a Nation"	Originally called "The Clansmen" this film gave rise to the KKK once again in 1915. Helped reaffirm segregation and white supremacy.	80
4818626204	Xenophobia	Fear of foreigners. This phobia struck at the hearts of nativists.	81
4818626205	Palmer Raids	Series of raids that deported hundreds of suspected communists in America.	82
4818626206	Temperance Movement	The abstinence from alcoholic drink.	83
4818626207	Hoovervilles	Shanty towns formed during the Great Depression.	84
4818626208	Dust Bowl	Natural disaster that swept across the Mid-west of America during the 1930s causing farms and everyone to suffer even more.	85
4818626209	Court Packing	FDR's attempt to add more judges to the Supreme Court hoping he could get more legislation passed.	86
4818626210	Scarce Resources	During WW2 people had to ration these resources so the troops could have what they needed.	87
4818626211	Cold War	the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990.	88
4818626212	D-Day	Largest amphibious assault in history. Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy, France in order to help establish a 3rd front in the European theater.	89
4818626213	Battle of the Bulge	The last major offensive for the German forces in WW2	90
4818626214	Island hopping	The US strategy of regaining territory lost to the Japanese in order to get closer to mainland Japan to set up an assault.	91
4818626215	Arms Race	The competition between America and Soviet Union to have the biggest and baddest weapons post WW2.	92
4818626216	Anti-semitism	is hostility, prejudice or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite.	93
4818626217	Nuremberg Trials	Trial held to hold German leaders accountable for their actions towards the Jews during the Holocaust.	94
4818626218	Final solution	Hitler's plan to eliminate all of the Jews through death and concentration camps.	95
4818626219	"Iron Curtain"	the "barrier" separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.	96
4818626220	Truman Doctrine	the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.	97
4818626221	Sputnik	The first satellite launched into orbit. (Russia)	98
4818626222	Baby Boom	a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.	99
4818626223	Brown v. Board of Education	Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. De-segregated schools and other public places such as restaurants and movie theaters.	100
4818626224	Montgomery Bus Boycott	seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.	101
4818626225	Sit-in	Non-violent protests to end racial discrimination in public places.	102
4818626226	Freedom Rides	a person who challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race.	103
4818626227	March on Washington	was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history and demanded civil and economic rights for African Americans.	104
4818626228	Selma March	triumphant civil rights demonstrators led by Martin Luther King, Jr. marched into Montgomery, Alabama. It was the culmination of a fifty-mile procession from Selma.	105
4818626229	Civil Rights Act of 1964	is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	106
4818626230	Voting Rights Act of 1968	popularly known as the Fair Housing Act-prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex.	107
4818626231	Dixiecrats	any of the Southern Democrats who seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights.	108
4818626232	Roe v. Wade	Court case that made it illegal to tell a woman that getting an abortion is illegal.	109
4818626233	Affirmative Action	state as a fact; assert strongly and publicly.	110
4818626234	War on Poverty	Lyndon Johnson's Great Society was focused on the...	111
4818626235	Hawks	Anyone in favor of Vietnam war and defense spending.	112
4818626236	Doves	Someone against military spending and the Vietnam War.	113
4818626237	The Pentagon Papers	name given to a secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. Would later be connected to the Watergate Scandal.	114
4818626238	War Powers Act	federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.	115
4818626239	Reaganomics	A popular term used to refer to the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, the 40th U.S. President (1981-1989), which called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets.	116
4818626240	Deregulation	is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry.	117
4818626241	Globalization	is the tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen. The global economy is sometimes referred to as a globality, characterized as a totally interconnected marketplace, unhampered by time zones or national boundaries.	118
4818626242	First Persian Gulf War	US invasion of Kuwait that kicked out Saddam Hussein and Iraqi forces. Hussein deliberately went against UN policy in his occupation of Kuwait.	119

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AP US History People to Know Chapter 22 Flashcards

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6172338343	Oliver O. Howard (1830-1909)	Union General put in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau during Reconstruction. He later founded and served as president of Howard University, an institution aimed at educating African American students.	0
6172338344	Andrew Johnson (1808-1875)	Seventeenth president of the United States, North Carolina-born He assumed the presidency after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Much to the disgust of Radical Republicans in Congress, He, a Democrat, took a conciliatory approach to the South during Reconstruction, granting sweeping pardons to former Confederates and supporting Southern Black Codes against freedmen. In 1868, He was impeached by the House of Representatives for breaching the Tenure of Office Act. Acquitted by the Senate, he remained in office to serve out his term.	1
6172338345	Hiram Revels (c. 1827-1901)	First African-American Senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, He worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.	2
6172338346	William Seward (1801-1872)	U.S. Senator and Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln. An avid opponent of slavery, He was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination in both 1856 and 1860. Later, as one of Lincoln's closest advisers, he helped handle the difficult tasks of keeping European nations out of the Civil War. He is best known, however, for negotiating the purchase of Alaska, dubbed "Seward's Folly" by expansion-weary opponents of the deal.	3
6172338347	Edwin M. Stanton (1814-1869)	Secretary of War under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, He advocated for stronger measures against the South during Reconstruction, particularly after widespread violence against African Americans erupted in the region. In 1868, Johnson removed him in violation of the 1867 Tenure of Office Act, giving pretence for Radical Republicans in the House to impeach him.	4
6172338348	Thaddeus Stevens (1792-1868)	Pennsylvania congressman who led the Radical Republican faction in the House of Representatives during and after the Civil War, advocating for abolition and later, the extension of civil rights to freed blacks. He also called for land redistribution as a means to break the power of the planter elite and provide African Americans with the economic means to sustain their newfound independence.	5
6172338349	Benjamin Wade (1800-1878)	A founder of the Republican Party and Senator from Ohio from 1851 to 1869. A passionate abolitionist, he pressured President Lincoln throughout the Civil War to pursue harsher policies toward the South. He co-sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864, which required 50 percent of the registered voters of a southern state to take a loyalty oath as a precondition for restoration to the Union, rather than the 10 percent proposed by Lincoln. As President Pro Tem of the Senate in 1868, he was next in line for the presidency should Andrew Johnson be impeached, and the prospect that someone of such radical views might become president may have contributed to the failure of the effort to impeach Johnson.	6

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AP US History Period 5 (1844-1877) selected Flashcards

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5896902911	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.	0
5896902914	Emancipation Proclamation	1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.	1
5896902915	Freedmans' Bureau	1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were never and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.	2
5896902916	Black Codes	1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Norhterners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.	3
5896902917	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation.	4
5896902918	Compromise of 1850	Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.	5
5896902919	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.	6
5896902921	Gettysburg Address	1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.	7
5896902922	Appomattox Court House	Site (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".	8
5896902926	Wilmot Proviso	(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.	9
5896902928	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.	10
5896902929	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	11
5896902931	John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry	(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.	12
5896902932	Election of 1860	(1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.	13
5896902933	Thirteenth Amendment	(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	14
5896902934	Fourteenth Amendment	(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.	15
5896902936	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	16
5896902939	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.	17
5896902940	Republican Party	1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	18
5896902943	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	19
5896902944	sectionalism	Term used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.	20
5896902945	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.	21
5896902950	Radical Reconstruction	Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.	22
5896902954	scalawag	A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.	23
5896902955	Nat Turner	A black preacher who in 1831 led a slave revolt Virginia that killed 60 whites. 100+ blacks were executed as a result. The rebellion was significant as it worried southern whites that larger slave rebellions were possible and therefore stricter rules were needed.	24
5896902957	Frederick Douglass	An escaped slave who spoke publicly for the abolitionist cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery.	25
5896902960	John C. Calhoun	Senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	26
5896902961	Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.	27
5896902963	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.	28
5896902965	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.	29
5896902966	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.	30