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AP Us History Period 8 Flashcards

Period 8 key terms

6391160288	Peace with Honor	Nixon administration plan to focus bringing North Vietnam to the negotiating table	0
6391160289	William Calley	•charged with overseeing a massacre of more than 100 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in 1968 in the village of My Lai •attracted wide public attention to the dehumanizing impact of the war on those who fought it, and the consequences of those actions on the Vietnamese people	1
6391160290	The Election of 1952	•Eisenhower beats Stevenson. First republican to win election since Hoover-"I like Ike" campaign •Eisenhower-Nixon Ticket won in a landslide	2
6391160291	Dwight Eisenhower	•leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2 and leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion •Elected president and president during integration of Little Rock Central High School	3
6391160292	Iron Curtain	•Term used by Churchill to describe the barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII	4
6391160293	Marshall Plan	•A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe •This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	5
6391160294	Henry Kissinger	•Harvard professor whom Nixon appointed as his special assistant for national security affairs ~Introduced Real Politik	6
6391160295	Roe vs Wade	•1973 Supreme Court decision that invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the "first trimester."	7
6391160296	NATO	•1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved •first alliance made when there wasn't a war going on	8
6391160297	Richard Nixon	•He was a committee member of the House of Representatives and Committee on Un-American Activities • he was Eisenhower's Vice-President Won the presidency in 1968	9
6391160298	Nikita Khrushchev	•Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. •Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with him, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved	10
6391160299	Energy Crisis	•when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase	11
6391160300	Pentagon Papers	• 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War	12
6391160301	Jimmy Carter	•President who stressed human rights •Biggest success was the Camp David Accords	13
6391160302	Gerald Ford	•president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon •became president after Nixon resigned	14
6391160303	Ho Chi-Minh	•He was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	15
6391160304	Fidel Castro	•Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state	16
6391160305	U-2 Incident	•an American plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially •worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States	17
6391160306	Silent Majority	that group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov •Nixon wants their votes in 1968 and 1972	18
6391160307	38th Parallel	•This location in Korea was the line crossed when the North Korean Army invaded the South in 1950 •The North Koreans cut their way easily to the heart of the South. However, General MacArthur, an American, was able to push the North Koreans back across this line with a surprise landing of UN forces at Inchon, near the border of the two Koreas	19
6391160308	Bay of Pigs	•An invasion took place in April 1961 in this location in Cuba •With faulty intelligence, CIA operatives landed here and were immediately surrounded by unhappy Cubans. The invasion was a failure and an embarrassment for President Kennedy	20
6391160309	Berlin Airlift	•This program delivered supplies to a German city, day after day, for 11 months. •the city had been cut off from Western contact by Joseph Stalin	21
6391160310	The Great Society	•Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his presidency •Improved nation's moral and people's lives	22
6391160311	McCarthyism	•This term came from the name of a Republican senator who started raising suspicion that communist besides Alger Hiss were still working in the State Department •this became like a witch hunt for communists--although many of the accusations were false	23
6391160312	Sputnik	•This Russian satellite was launched in 1957- 1st satellite in space •When this happened, Americans were convinced that they had better get moving if they were to keep up with the Russian space programs	24
6391160313	Martin Luther King	•United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)	25
6391160314	Alger HIss	•This man, who had assisted President Franklin Roosevelt during the Yalta Conference, was accused of leaking secrets to the communists •He denied any connections to the communist party or any spy networks. Nonetheless, he was convicted and sent to prison for perjury; he had falsely testified under oath that he had never been a member of a communist party	26
6391160315	CIA	•This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. In 1953, this organization staged a coup that led to the return of the corrupt and ruthless Shah of Iran •Similarly, this organization aided in the overthrow of a left-leaning government in Guatemala in 1954	27
6391160316	WAACS	•Women in the army and WAVEs were women in the navy •Most female work was clerical	28
6391160317	Truman Doctrine	•In March 1947, Truman made this speech where he asked Congress for funding to assist Greece and Turkey in repelling a possible communist take-over •The president's speech explained that the United States had a duty to give financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. This policy passed its first test, as both Greece and Turkey successfully thwarted communism	29
6391160318	Vietnamization	•This process was Nixon's plan to turn the war over to those who should be fighting it--the Vietnamese. This process involved the United States military instructing the South Vietnamese on how to go about fighting the war of their own •The number of U.S. troops in the country slowly decreased. Within the span of three years, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam decreased from 500,000 in 1969 t just under 30,000 in 1972	30
6391160319	John F. Kennedy	•The Democratic nomination for the 1960 presidential election •he won with just enough delegates behind him for the nomination. He was the first Catholic presidential candidate since Al Smith in 1928	31
6391160320	Camp David Accords	•occurred when President Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to meet at the presidential retreat in Maryland. Sadat and Begin discussed peace options while Carter acted as mediator •signed in September 1978. The treaty served as the first step toward peace in the Middle East since the founding of the states of Israel in 1948	32
6391160321	Warsaw Pact	•Joseph Stalin formed this alliance in 1955, which provided the military protection but at a cost •once a country was a member, it could never leave the alliance	33
6391160322	Robert F. Kennedy	•american politician •attorney general during brothers presidency and was assassinated during his bid for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination	34
6391160323	Rock 'N' Roll	•"crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country •featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of 1950s	35
6391160324	OPEC	•Cartel compromising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela first organized in 1960, it aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors •In the process, it gradually strengthened the hand of non-Western powers on the world stage	36
6391160325	Baby Boom	•A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity •These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility	37
6391160326	J. Robert Oppenhiemer	•lead the Manhattan Project •the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."	38
6391160327	NASA	• US government agency in charge of the space program	39
6391160328	Levittown	•In 1947, first mass-produced suburban neighborhood after WWII	40
6391160329	Domino Theory	•Made by President Eisenhower •if S Vietnam fell under Communist Control, one nation after another in SE Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire danger	41
6391160330	Beatniks	•A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals •They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against social standards	42
6391160331	Fair Deal	•Truman's policy of social improvement, which included support for increasing welfare, slum clearance, and civil rights •Most of his Fair Deal bills were shot down, save his initiative to expand unemployment benefits	43
6391160332	GI Bill 1944	provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation •It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses	44
6391160333	United Nations	•An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues •It was founded in 1945	45
6391160334	Cold War	•A constant nonviolent state of hostility between the Soviet Union and the US •began shortly after WWII with the rapid extension of Soviet influence over eastern Europe and North Korea; ended with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union	46
6391160335	World Bank	•an international bank established in 1944 to help member nations reconstruct and develop, esp. by guaranteeing loans: a specialized agency of the United Nations	47
6391160336	Joseph Stalin	•Soviet leader during WWII. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator	48
6391160337	Mao Zedong	•this mad led the Communist Party of China (CPC) against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, allowing the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949	49
6391160338	Arms Race	•competition between two or more parties for military supremacy •the most prominent instance of such a competition was the rapid development by the United States and the Soviet Union of more and better nuclear weapons during the Cold War	50
6391160339	Containment Policy	•Refers to the foreign policy strategy of the U.S. in the early years of the Cold War •it attempted to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based democracy •america in the world •cold war	51
6391160340	Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War.	52
6391160341	Rosenberg Case	•Americans who were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR	53
6391160342	Supply-side economics	Give tax breaks to the wealthy and the money will "trickle down" to the middle class and poor	54
6391160343	Great Migration	During and after WWI, large numbers of African Americans move North for job opportunities	55
6391160344	18th Amendment	Banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages	56
6391160345	Social Security	Part of FDR's New Deal. Provided retirement benefits for the elderly and disabled	57
6391160346	Emergency Banking Act	New Deal plan that restructured financial institutions and introduced the FDIC	58
6391160347	New Frontier	Name given to Kennedy's domestic policies that included aid to education, poverty relief, and civil rights	59

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AP US History: Cold War Flashcards

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6913984641	Teheran Conference	December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.	0
6913984642	Containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world	1
6913984643	Marshall Plan	Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.	2
6913984644	National Security Act	Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.	3
6913984645	GI Bill	law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations	4
6913984646	"Fair Deal"	Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing	5
6913984647	Taft-Hartley Act	a 1947 law giving the president power to halt major strikes by seeking a court injunction and permitting states to forbid requirements in labor contracts that force workers to join a union.	6
6913984648	Dixiecrats	southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.	7
6913984649	Strom Thurmond	He was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator. He also ran for the presidency of the United States in 1948 under the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party banner. This group of "Dixiecrats" broke off from the democrats after Truman's acceptance speech at the 1948 democratic convention in which he asked for an end to segregation	8
6913984650	Inchon Landing	The landing of UN troops, by General Douglas MacArthur, behind enemy lines at Inchon in Korea. In order to push back the North Korean troops.	9
6913984651	38th Parallel	latitudinal line that divided North and South Korea at approximatly the midpoint of the peninsula	10
6913984652	Douglas MacArthur	(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.	11
6913984653	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War	12
6913984654	Cold War	The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.	13
6913984655	Iron Curtain	Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.	14
6913984656	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology	15
6913984657	Berlin Blockade/Airlift	In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.	16
6913984658	HUAC	The House Committee on Un-American Activities was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,	17
6913984659	Alger Hiss	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.	18
6913984660	Joseph McCarthy	1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists	19
6913984661	Julius & Ethel Rosenberg	an engineer and his wife who were accused, tried, and executed in the early 1950s for running an espionage ring in New York City that gave atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; long considered unjustly accused to victims of the Red Scare, recent evidence suggests that Julius was indeed a Soviet agent.	20
6913984662	McCarran Internal Security Act	1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.	21
6913984663	Army-McCarthy Hearings	1954 televised hearings on charges that Senator Joseph McCarthy was unfairly tarnishing the United States Army with charges of communist infiltration into the armed forces; hearings were the beginning of the end for McCarthy, whose bullying tactics were repeatedly demonstrated	22
6913984664	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.	23
6913984665	Warsaw Pact	treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania	24
6913984666	NSC-68	A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment	25
6913984667	Brinkmanship	A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests	26
6925479888	Detente	Arms Control, 1969-1979. Between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, there was a thawing of the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. This 'thawing" took several forms, including increased discussion on arms control.	27
6925622885	Cuban Missile Crisis	In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) remove the 42 missiles he had secretly inserted in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended.	28
6925626415	Bay of Pigs Invasion	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	29

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AP US History Period 5 Flashcards

From back of chapters 1-30 in Kaplan AP US History 2010

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5832574169	peculiar institution	..., southern euphemism for slavery	0
5832574170	John C. Calhoun	..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	1
5832574171	Harriet Tubman	..., United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	2
5832574173	Fredrick Douglas	..., former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star	3
5832574174	Nat Turner's Rebellion	...,slaves in Virginia, unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families	4
5832574175	Declaration of Sentiments	..., declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights	5
5832574176	Underground Railroad	..., abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves	6
5832574177	James K. Polk	..., president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.	7
5832574178	Wilmot Proviso	..., Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico	8
5832574181	Harriet Beecher Stowe	..., United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)	9
5832574182	John Brown	..., abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)	10
5832574183	apologists	..., Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs	11
5832574184	Free-soil party	..., Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	12
5832574186	Confederate States of America	..., a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States	13
5832574187	Gadsden Purchase	..., purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary	14
5832574188	Fugitive Slave Law	..., Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.	15
5832574189	The Compromise of 1850	..., Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.	16
5832574190	The Kansas-Nebraska Act	..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.	17
5832574191	Dred Scott v. Sanford	..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens	18
5832574192	Bleeding Kansas	..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	19
5832574193	Harper's Ferry	..., John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged	20
5832574194	popular sovereignty	..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.	21
5832574195	Robert E. Lee	..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force	22
5832574196	Ulysses S. Grant	..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	23
5832574197	Abraham Lincoln	..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	24
5832574198	John Wilkes Booth	..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.	25
5832574199	Copperheads	..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War	26
5832574200	New York Draft Riots	..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.	27
5832574201	Antietam	..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation	28
5832574202	Gettysburg	..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.	29
5832574203	Anaconda Plan	..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south	30
5832574204	Emancipation Proclamation	..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free	31
5832574205	Thirteenth Amendment	..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	32
5832574209	Freedmen's Bureau	..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	33
5832574210	carpetbaggers	..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction	34
5832574211	ku klux klan	..., a secret society of white Southerners in the United States	35
5832574212	redeemers	..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	36
5832574213	reconstruction	..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union	37
5832574214	proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction	..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation	38
5832574215	wade-davis bill	opposed 10% plan and called for more than 50%	39
5832574216	10 percent plan	..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)	40
5832574217	civil rights bill of 1866	..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto	41
5832574218	fourteenth amendment	..., made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country	42
5832574219	military reconstruction act	..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law	43
5832574220	tenure of office act	..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet	44
5832574221	fifteenth amendment	..., The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	45
5832574222	force acts	..., the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.	46
5832574223	the compromise of 1877	..., It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.	47
5832574224	black codes	..., Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves	48
5832574225	sharecroppers	..., people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop	49
5832588517	Seneca Falls Convention	..., a meeting drawing attention to the cause of women's rights in upstate New York, 1848. Women and men sympathetic to their cause called for equality under the law and suffrage for women.	50

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AP US History chapter 10 Flashcards

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5550022279	franchise	The right to vote	0
5550022280	notables	Wealthy, northern landlords, slave-owning planters and seaport merchants. Where able to dominate the political system in the new republic. "Those who own the country are the most fit persons to participate in the government of it.	1
5550022281	political machines	nick name of new political parties because they efficiently wove together the interests of diverse social and economic groups	2
5550022282	spoils system	The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters	3
5550022283	caucus	A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.	4
5550022284	American System	Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.	5
5550022285	internal improvements	This included the construction of better roads and canals. It was a part of Clay's American System	6
5550022286	corrupt bargain	A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.	7
5550022287	consolidated government	In 1824, Martin Van Buren likewise declared his allegiance to constitutional "doctrines of the Jefferson school" and his opposition to this idea of a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration. Now a member of the U.S. Senate, Van Buren helped to defeat most of Adams' proposed subsidies for roads and canals.	8
5550022288	Tariff of Abominations	1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.	9
5550022289	nullification	a state attempting to declare federal laws unconsitutional if such laws were seen to overstep Congressional powers	10
5550022290	states' rights	the idea that a state convention could declare a law to be void within the state's border	11
5550022291	Second Bank of the United States	Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter, was privately managed and operated The purpose of the bank was to stabilize the nation's money supply. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.	12
5550022293	Trail of Tears	Forced westward journey of the Cherokees from land in Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838 under Jackson's Indian Removal Act on 1830. 3,000 died along the way.	13
5550022294	Indian Removal Act of 1830	Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration; this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.	14
5550022295	laissez-faire	The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy.	15
5550022296	Whigs	Second national party, against Jackson	16
5550022299	Mayor of New York v. Miln	State of New York could use its "police power" to inspect the health of arriving immigrants	17
5550022301	Panic of 1837	The second major economic crisis o the U. S. , 1837-1843 When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.	18
5550022303	ethnocultural politics	Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group.	19
5550022304	Martin Van Buren	(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. 8th President	20
5554875786	Worcester v georgia	Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it	21
5554904580	whigs	conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster	22
5554917434	working men party	Rise of unions	23
5554923510	John tyler	10th President (1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.	24
5554931001	2nd Great Awakening	Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans	25
5554934079	transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.	26
5554950430	American Lyceum movement	social movement to spread education through lectures	27
5554959979	walden, civil disobedience	Henry David Thoreau,	28
5554968599	shakers	1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy	29
5554971190	oneida	"Perfectionists"; John Humphrey Noyes; rejected traditional notions of family & marriage	30
5554973036	book of mormon	Joseph Smith	31
5554976425	minstrel shows	Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music	32
5554980046	Liberty party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848	33
5554982302	gag rule	1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress	34
5554985112	declaration of sentiments	declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights	35
5554987979	underground railroad	A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North	36
5554989885	Seneca falls	(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written	37
5555035156	walt whitman	Leaves of Grass	38
5555038654	Margaret fuller	Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 1845	39
5555091771	brigham young	led the Mormons to Utah	40

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AP US History Period 5 (1844-1877)--Barron Flashcards

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8185108025	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.	0
8185108026	Fugitive Slave Law	Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.	1
8185108027	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolitions and escalated the sectional conflict.	2
8185108028	New York Draft Riots	Uprisings during the Civil War (1863), mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.	3
8185108029	Emancipation Proclamation	1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.	4
8185108030	Sherman's March to the Sea	1864-1865. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate War effort.	5
8185108031	Freedmans' Bureau	1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were never and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.	6
8185108032	Black Codes	1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Norhterners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.	7
8185108033	KKK (Ku Klux Klan)	An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.	8
8185108034	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation.	9
8185108035	Hayes-Tilden Election	The South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency because he agreed to pull out the troops.	10
8185108036	Compromise of 1850	Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.	11
8185108037	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.	12
8185108038	Homestead Act	1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.	13
8185108039	Gettysburg Address	1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.	14
8185108040	Appomattox Court House	Site (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".	15
8185108041	10% Reconstruction Plan	1863. Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation of slaves.	16
8185108042	13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)	13th: Abolished slavery except for criminal punishment. 14th: Gave equal rights and government protection to all men. 15th: Secured suffrage for men.	17
8185108043	Radical Republicans	Most liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War. Became much more powerful after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.	18
8185108044	Election of Lincoln	Angered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election.	19
8185108045	Abolitionist Movement	The movement to end the practice of slavery within the entirety of the United States.	20
8185108046	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south.	21
8185108047	The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)	(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.	22
8185108048	Wilmot Proviso	(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.	23
8185108049	Free-Soil Party	(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories.	24
8185108050	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.	25
8185108052	Gadsden Purchase	(1853) Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	26
8185108053	Ostend Manifesto	(1854) A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	27
8185108054	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	28
8185108055	Dred Scott v. Sanford	(1857) Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.	29
8185108056	John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry	(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.	30
8185108057	Election of 1860	(1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.	31
8185108059	Civil Rights Act of 1867	(1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation.	32
8185108060	Thirteenth Amendment	(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	33
8185108061	Fourteenth Amendment	(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.	34
8185108062	Fifteenth Amendment	(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	35
8185108063	Compromise of 1877	(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.	36
8185108064	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	37
8185108065	John Louis O'Sullivan	Coined the term Manifest Destiny in a newspaper article.	38
8185108066	Texas Annexation	1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.	39
8185108067	"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"	The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory. Polk's campaign used the phrase as a rallying cry for the United States to obtain all of Oregon Territory, including land claimed by the English, up through Northern Canada.	40
8185108068	Oregon Trail	2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.	41
8185108069	Mountain Men	Fur trappers of the northwest who paved the way for continuous settlement of the great west	42
8185108070	California Gold Rush	1849. Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	43
8185108071	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.	44
8185108072	Republican Party	1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	45
8185108073	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and was a leading voice in the debates over slavery and its expansion before the Civil War. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.	46
8185108075	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	47
8185108076	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	48
8185108077	habeas corpus	Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.	49
8185108078	sectionalism	Term used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.	50
8185108079	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.	51
8185108080	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.	52
8185108081	Battle of Antietam	A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. Prevented an Confederate invasion of Maryland.	53
8185108082	Battle of Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union effectively splitting the South in two.	54
8185108083	Battle of Gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army.	55
8185108084	Ulysses S. Grant	An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	56
8185108085	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics.	57
8185108086	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.	58
8185108087	martial law	Rule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act)	59
8185108088	emergency powers	Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time.	60
8185108089	Radical Reconstruction	Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.	61
8185108090	Military Reconstruction Act	1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	62
8185108091	Freedmen's Bureau	1865. Organization (turned government agency) run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, sometimes including settling them on confiscated confederate lands.	63
8185108092	Election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.	64
8185108093	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).	65
8185108094	scalawag	A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.	66
8185108098	Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton and soon dominated the economy.	67
8185108101	James K. Polk	Democratic president after John Tyler who was best known for policies that promoted Manifest Destiny and expansionism.	68
8185108105	John C. Calhoun	Senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	69
8185108106	William H. Seward	Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.	70
8185108107	Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.	71
8185108109	"Fire Eaters"	Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.	72
8185108110	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.	73
8185108111	Roger Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional, thereby legally preventing Congress from prohibiting slavery in new territories (and made Popular Sovereignty illegal).	74
8185108112	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.	75
8185108113	Pottawatomie Creek Massacre	In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence (Kansas) by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas.	76
8185108114	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state (and was a factor in spurring violence there).	77
8185108117	Border States	Southern states that never chose secession and joined the Confederacy during the Civil War (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Deleware).	78
8185108118	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.	79
8185108122	Copperheads	Nickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy.	80
8185108123	First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)	(July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence.	81
8185108124	Thaddeus Stevens	Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction and for the social equality of African Americans.	82
8185108125	Wade-Davis Bill	Bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.	83
8185108126	10 Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.	84
8185108127	Civil Rights Act (1866)	A Reconstruction bill which gave which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the poliferation of Black Codes in the South.	85
8185108128	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	86
8185108129	Ku Klux Klan	The "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks or their supporters to "keep them in their place".	87
8185108130	"Seward's Folly"	Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States.	88

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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Mr. Pyle Flashcards

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9830934869	Cold War	A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.	0
9830934870	authoritarian	A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.	1
9830934871	containment	a foreign policy of collective security, in which economic security was recognized as a major component	2
9830934872	communist	A political system focused on creating a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Purists of the communist movement also advocated for a violent overthrow of the upper class by the lower classes in order to create such a society.	3
9830934873	free-market economy	A system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.	4
9830934874	collective security	A type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agrees not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.	5
9830934875	Détente	A French term often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.	6
9830934876	nuclear	U.S. policy following World War II, was one of maintaining a strong military and building up a ______________ arsenal.	7
9830934877	ICBM	Inter-continental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).	8
9830934878	civil liberties	During the quest to stop the spread of communism in the American ____________ were under threat.	9
9830934879	SALT Talks	Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.	10
9830934880	McCarthy	His investigative tactics found support among many Americans because there was widespread fear of communist infiltration in the United States.	11
9830934881	Tet Offensive	One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam	12
9830934882	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)	A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.	13
9830934883	Martin Luther King, Jr.	An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.	14
9830934884	communists	Joseph McCarthy used various methods to root out possible __________ within the United States	15
9830934885	nonviolent resistance	The practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. Common examples: Boycotts, Sit-ins	16
9830934886	boycott	To withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.	17
9830934887	WWI	The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with the attacks on radicals and immigrants following _________.	18
9830934888	sit-In	A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.	19
9830934889	Executive Order 9981	Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.	20
9830934890	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring the "separate but equal" clause of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling unconstitutional.	21
9830934891	Civil Rights Act of 1964	A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	22
9830934892	The Great Society	A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.	23
9830934893	containing	The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were similar in that they provided economic aid while ____________ Soviet influence.	24
9830934894	The Baby Boom	(1946-1964) The period of time when the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size) in the United States.	25
9830934895	social mobility	The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.	26
9830934896	suburb	A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.	27
9830934897	Sun Belt	A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.	28
9830934898	Counterculture	A subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Such opinions became more visible and popular, especially in the 1960s and early 1970s in response to the Vietnam War.	29
9830934899	Asia	The U.S. applied the policy of containment in _________ as well as in Europe.	30
9830934900	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.	31
9830934901	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.	32
9830934902	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.	33
9830934903	insubordination to Truman	Why was Douglas MacArthur removed from command during the Korean War?	34
9830934904	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.	35
9830934905	Dwight D. Eisenhower	A World War II hero and former supreme commander of NATO who became U.S. president in 1953 after easily defeating Democratic opponent Adlai E. Stevenson.	36
9830934906	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.	37
9830934907	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology; mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	38
9830934908	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe and encourage loyalty and friendliness to the United States and democracy (instead of influence from the Soviet Union). This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	39
9830934909	Joseph McCarthy	The senator of Wisconsin; he charged 205 State Department employees, and accused them of being communist party members, but they were never proven. Eventually he came across as a bully, and his popularity plunged.	40
9830934910	Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.	41
9830934911	Containment	A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.	42
9830934912	NSC-68	A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.	43
9830934913	Domino Theory	A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.	44
9830934914	Martin Luther King, Jr.	U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)	45
9830934915	Malcolm X	Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.	46
9830934916	Little Rock Nine	In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.	47
9830934917	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	48
9830934918	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	49
9830934919	John F. Kennedy	35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963	50
9830934920	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	51
9830934921	Kent State Shootings	Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.	52
9830934922	Golf of Tonkin Resolution	Bill passed in 1964 that gave President Johnson authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." after an alleged attack on a naval vessel off the coast of Vietnam. It gave Johnson the ability to send over a large amount of combat troops to Vietnam.	53
9830934923	War Powers Act	1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.	54
9830934924	Richard Nixon	Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.	55
9830934925	New Conservatism	This mostly republican political movement started as a reaction to the New Deal policies of the 1930's. Its goal was to reduce the role of government.	56
9830934926	Iron Curtain	A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.	57
9830934927	Fair Deal	An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.	58
9830934928	Rosenberg Trial	The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War.	59
9830934929	Rollback	A strategy that called for liberating countries that were under Soviet dominion.	60
9830934930	House Un-American Activities Committee	The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." Represented the political group associated with McCarthy's anti-communism.	61
9830934931	Post WWII	In reshaping the role of the U.S. in global affairs, the U.S. became the political and economic leader of the Western world.	62
9830934932	Interstate Act	The largest public works project in the US history in acted during the Eisenhower administration it was designed for military and economic purposes.	63
9830934933	Suez Crisis	Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.	64
9830934934	political and economic resistance to the spread of Soviet communism	Which broad U.S. policy goal of the mid-twentieth century was supported by George C. Marshall?	65
9830934935	Massive Retaliation	The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.	66
9830934936	U-2 Incident	The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.	67
9830934937	Levvitown	Post-WWII Suburban areas that were practically factory made and then put together which each house look the same.	68
9830934938	Operation Wetback	Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Braceros program started during WWII.	69
9830934939	Affluent Society	Term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans joined the middle class and became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs.	70
9830934940	Mortgages were at low rates, government-insured, and tax deductible.	The main reason for the dramatic increase in personal ownership of homes after World War II was	71
9830934941	Beats	Young people, many of whom were writers and artists, who discussed their dissatisfaction with the American society of the 1950s.	72
9830934942	Hippies	Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s; rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged conventional sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs.	73
9830934943	Betty Frieden	Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963) she spoke out against women seeking fulfillment solely as wives and mothers and wanted women to "establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity."	74
9830934944	William Levitt	Helped the expansion of the American suburbs by D. introducing mass-produced housing developments	75
9830934945	Warren Court	The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.	76
9830934946	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.	77
9830934947	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional.	78
9830934948	consumerism	The baby boom generation spurred ___________ as manufacturers produced age-specific products for "boomers."	79
9830934949	SCLC	The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.	80
9830934950	Freedom rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.	81
9830934951	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.	82
9830934952	March on Washington	In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.	83
9830934953	Black Power	A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.	84
9830934954	traditional	As the baby boom generation reached late adolescence in the early 1960s, they tended to challenge the ____________ views and values of the older generation.	85
9830934955	Black Panthers	A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.	86
9830934956	Cesar Chavez	Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.	87
9830934957	Elvis Presley	1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s.	88
9830934958	baby boom	The ______________ generation was sometimes referred to as a "pig in a python" because society had to adjust to baby boomers as they passed through various life stages	89
9830934959	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	90
9830934960	Silent Spring	A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.	91
9830934961	Berlin Airlift	the delivery of goods and necessities after a Soviet blockade of West Berlin	92

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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945)-Mahan Flashcards

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8827414950	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	0
8827414951	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	1
8827414952	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	2
8827414953	preservationists	Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.	3
8827414954	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	4
8827414955	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	5
8827414958	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	6
8827414959	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	7
8827414960	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	8
8827414961	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	9
8827414962	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	10
8827414963	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	11
8827414974	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	12
8827414975	sphere of influence	The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.	13
8827414979	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	14
8827414981	direct primary	In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.	15
8827414982	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	16
8827414983	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	17
8827414984	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	18
8827414987	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	19
8827414988	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	20
8827414993	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	21
8827414994	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	22
8827414997	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	23
8827414998	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	24
8827414999	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	25
8827415000	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	26
8827415001	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	27
8827415002	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	28
8827415003	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	29
8827415004	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	30
8827415005	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	31
8827415008	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	32
8827415010	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	33
8827415017	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	34
8827415021	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	35
8827415022	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	36
9047467420	muckraker	1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business	37
9047468922	18th Amendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages	38
9047468923	19th Amendment	Women's suffrage	39
9047471876	National Parks	land set aside by the government for conservation	40
9047471877	American Expeditionary Force	The name given to the American military force that fought in World War I	41

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AP US History: US Presidents Flashcards

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7876198717	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
7876198718	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
7876198719	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
7876198720	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
7876198721	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
7876198722	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
7876198723	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
7876198724	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
7876198725	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
7876198726	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
7876198727	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
7876198728	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
7876198729	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
7876198730	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
7876198731	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
7876198732	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
7876198733	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
7876198734	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
7876198735	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
7876198736	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
7876198737	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
7876198738	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
7876198739	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
7876198740	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
7876198741	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
7876198742	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
7876198743	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
7876198744	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
7876198745	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
7876198746	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
7876198747	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
7876198748	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
7876198749	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
7876198750	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
7876198751	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
7876198752	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
7876198753	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
7876198754	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
7876198755	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
7876198756	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
7876198757	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
7876198758	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
7876198759	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
7876198760	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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ap US history period 3 Flashcards

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5097715662	Washington's farewell address	Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton	0
5097715663	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)	1
5097715665	Constitution	A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society	2
5097715666	federalism	A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.	3
5097715669	Republican Motherhood	Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women	4
5097715672	French Revolution	The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.	5
5097715673	republican government	System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare.	6
5097715675	legislative branch	Branch of government that makes the laws	7
5097715676	separation of powers	Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law	8
5097715677	ratification process	the ratification of the Constitution required only nine of the thirteen states (not unanimity, like the Articles of Confederation)	9
5097715681	Seven Year' War	A war between New France and the British. The reason this war started was because New England wasn't allowed to cross the Allegheny mountains and this made them mad. Also there were small fights at the border but other than those two things there countries were supposed to be at peace.	10
5097715682	loyalist	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.	11
5097715683	George Washington	1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)	12
5097715684	natural rights	the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property	13
5097715688	American Revolution	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.	14
5097715690	Northwest Ordinance	Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states	15
5097715696	Albany Congress	A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.	16
5097715697	William Pitt	The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.	17
5097715699	Paris Peace, 1763	ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there	18
5097715700	Pontiac	1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.	19
5097715701	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	20
5097715705	mercantilism	Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.	21
5097715708	Quartering Act, 1765	Was an act enforced by the British on their North American colonies. It required colonist to provide adequate housing and basic necessities like food and drink to British soldiers.	22
5097715709	Stamp Act, 1765	Direct tax imposed on the colonists by Parliament which increased the money colonists paid on printed goods. Purpose was to pay for British soldiers stationed in North America after the French and Indian War. Protests against this tax often turned violent, intimidating the tax collectors, so it was never efficiently collected.	23
5097715710	Admiralty Courts	British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.	24
5097715712	Sons/Daughter of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	25
5097715713	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."	26
5097715716	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans	27
5097715717	Committee Correspondence	shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution.	28
5097715718	Intolerable Acts	in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses	29
5097715719	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.	30
5097715720	Hessians	German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.	31
5097715721	Second Continental Congress	Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.	32
5097715722	Lexington and Concord	April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)	33
5097715723	Common Sense	1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	34
5097715725	Loyalist and patriots	loyalist: American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. Patriots: American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won	35
5097715729	Saratoga	A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.	36
5097715734	Treaty of Paris, 1783	agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country	37
5097715736	Republican Motherhood	Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women	38
5097715738	state constitutions	States wrote a new constitution to replace their colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor (usually one year term for elected officials). You had to own property or pay a certain amount of tax to vote. Individual liberties protected people (including freedom of religion), but did not separate church and state.	39
5097715739	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	40
5097715740	Land Ordinance 1785	A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.	41
5097715741	Northwest Ordinance 1787	A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood	42
5097715742	Shays' Rebellion	Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	43
5097715744	Virginia Plan	"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.	44
5097715745	New Jersey Plan	New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress	45
5097715746	Great Compromise	1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.	46
5097715747	Three-fifths Compromise	Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)	47
5097715748	"The federalist Number 10"	Madison state that one of the strongest arguments in favor of the Constitution is the fact that it establishes a government capable of controlling the violence and damage caused by factions.	48
5097715750	Electoral College	A certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state.	49
5097715751	Cabinet	Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.	50
5097715752	Bill of Rights	Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.	51
5097715753	1st, 5th, 8th, 9th, 10th Amendments	1st Amendment: Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition 5th Amendment: restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes. It prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law. 8th Amendment: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 9th Amendment: Give rights to states and individuals that are not specifically listed in the Bill of Rights 10th Amendment: the balance of power between the federal government and the states	52
5097715757	Bank of the United States	Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.	53
5097715758	strict/loose interpretation	strict interpretation: whatever is not mentioned specifically in the Constitution cannot be done loose interpretation: A broad way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the Federal Government to take actions that the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking. Favored by Alexander Hamilton as a way of creating the National Bank.	54
5097715759	implied powers	Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution	55
5097715760	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	56
5097715764	Jay's Treaty, 1794	Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory	57
5097715765	Pinckney's Treaty, 1795	Gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans	58
5097715766	Farewell Address, 1796	1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations	59
5097715767	XYZ Affair	1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.	60

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AP US History Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

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5108110363	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	0
5108110364	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	1
5108110365	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	2
5108110366	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	3
5108110367	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	4
5108110368	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers	5
5108110369	Stamp Act / Stamp Congress	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	6
5108110370	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy	7
5108110371	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years	8
5108110372	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"	9
5108110373	Articles of Confederation	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	10
5108110374	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government	11
5108110375	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	12
5108110376	Shays' Rebellion	- farmers revolt 1786-1787 - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts	13
5108110377	XYZ affair	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	14
5108110378	Marbury v. Madison	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	15
5108110379	Louisiana Purchase	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port	16
5108110380	Hartford Convention	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	17
5108110381	Eli Whitney	- 1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	18
5108110382	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States	19
5108110383	Monroe Doctrine	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	20
5108110384	Andrew Jackson	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	21
5108110385	Trail of Tears	- 1838 removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)	22
5108110386	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of 1828 (Abominations) harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them	23
5108110387	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	24
5108110388	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	25
5108110389	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	26
5108110390	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	27
5108110391	Dred Scott v. Sanford	- 1857 Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court	28
5108110392	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	29
5108110393	Kansas-Nebraska Act	- 1854 legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise	30
5108110394	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	31
5108110395	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery	32
5108110396	Emancipation Proclamation	- 1863 decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war	33
5108110397	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	34
5108110398	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction	35
5108110399	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	36
5108110400	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	37
5108110401	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	38
5108110402	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	39
5108110403	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	40
5108110404	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	41
5108110405	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	42
5108110406	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	43
5108110407	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	44
5108110408	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	45
5108110409	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	46
5108110410	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	47
5108110411	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	48
5108110412	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	49
5108110413	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	50
5108110414	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	51
5108110415	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	52
5108110416	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	53
5108110417	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	54
5108110418	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	55
5108110419	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	56
5108110420	Watergate	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	57
5108110421	Tet Offensive	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	58
5108110422	Camp David Accords	- 1978 meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	59

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