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ap US history period 3 Flashcards

6597406618	Washington's farewell address	Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton	0
6597406620	Constitution	A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society	1
6597406621	federalism	A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.	2
6597406622	Republican Motherhood	Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women	3
6597406623	French Revolution	The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.	4
6597406624	republican government	System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare.	5
6597406625	legislative branch	Branch of government that makes the laws	6
6597406626	separation of powers	Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law	7
6597406627	ratification process	the ratification of the Constitution required only nine of the thirteen states (not unanimity, like the Articles of Confederation)	8
6597406628	French and Indian War	A war between New France and the British. The reason this war started was because New England wasn't allowed to cross the Allegheny mountains and this made them mad. Also there were small fights at the border but other than those two things there countries were supposed to be at peace.	9
6597406629	loyalist	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.	10
6597406630	George Washington	1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)	11
6597406631	natural rights	the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property	12
6597406632	American Revolution	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.	13
6597406633	Northwest Ordinance	Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states	14
6597406634	Albany Congress	A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.	15
6597406638	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	16
6597406640	Quartering Act, 1765	Was an act enforced by the British on their North American colonies. It required colonist to provide adequate housing and basic necessities like food and drink to British soldiers.	17
6597406641	Stamp Act, 1765	Direct tax imposed on the colonists by Parliament which increased the money colonists paid on printed goods. Purpose was to pay for British soldiers stationed in North America after the French and Indian War. Protests against this tax often turned violent, intimidating the tax collectors, so it was never efficiently collected.	18
6597406643	Sons/Daughter of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	19
6597406644	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."	20
6597406645	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans	21
6597406646	Committee Correspondence	shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution.	22
6597406647	Intolerable Acts	in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses	23
6597406648	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.	24
6597406650	Second Continental Congress	Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.	25
6597406651	Lexington and Concord	April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)	26
6597406652	Common Sense	1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	27
6597406658	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	28
6597406661	Shays' Rebellion	Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	29
6597406664	Great Compromise	1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.	30
6597406665	Three-fifths Compromise	Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)	31
6597406668	Cabinet	Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.	32
6597406669	Bill of Rights	Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.	33
6597406671	Bank of the United States	Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.	34
6597406674	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	35
6597406678	XYZ Affair	1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.	36

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1914) Flashcards

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6734502740	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
6734502741	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
6734502742	The Gilded Age	The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	2
6734502743	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	3
6734502744	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.	4
6734502745	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	5
6734502747	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	6
6734502748	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	7
6734502749	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	8
6734502750	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	9
6734502751	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	10
6734502752	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	11
6734502753	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	12
6734502754	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	13
6734502755	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	14
6734502756	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	15
6734502757	Dawes Act	land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	16
6734502758	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	17
6734502759	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	18
6734502760	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	19
6734502761	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	20
6734502762	Haymarket Riot	Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	21
6734502763	American Federation of Labor	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).	22
6734502764	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	23
6734502765	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	24
6734502766	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	25
6734502767	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	26
6734502768	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	27
6734502769	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	28
6734502770	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	29
6734502771	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	30
6734502772	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	31
6734502773	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	32
6734502774	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	33
6734502775	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	34
6734502776	transcontinental railroads	a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	35
6734502777	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	36
6734502778	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	37
6734502779	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	38
6734502780	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	39
6734502781	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	40

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 18 The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900

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5754094308	old immigrants	Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy.	0
5754094309	new immigrants	From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate.	1
5754094310	Statue of Liberty	Began in the 1870's, by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. It opened in New York Harbor, in 1886.	2
5754094311	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China.	3
5754094312	Immigration Act of 1882	In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent.	4
5754094314	American Protective Association	A nativist society that was prejudiced against Roman Catholics.	5
5754094315	Ellis Island 1892	An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor.	6
5754094316	melting pot vs. cultural diversity	The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society.	7
5754094318	streetcar cities	In these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars.	8
5754094319	steel-framed buildings	Skyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system.	9
5754094320	dumbbell tenements	A new form of housing that was developed in the early 1900's it was designed to have more apartments for more families and shared restrooms. These tenements were fire hazards and health hazards.	10
5754094323	political machines, boss	Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. 364)	11
5754094324	Tammany Hall	A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center.	12
5754094326	City Beautiful movement	In the 1890s, this movement included plans to remake America's cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions.	13
5754094327	Henry George	A San Francisco journalist who authored "Progress and Poverty" in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization.	14
5754094328	Edward Bellamy	In 1888, he wrote "Looking Backward", a popular book of social criticism that that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime.	15
5754094329	Jane Addams	In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants.	16
5754094330	settlement houses	They provide social services to new immigrants.	17
5754094331	Social Gospel	In the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles.	18
5754094334	Dwight Moody	He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life.	19
5754094335	Salvation Army	Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel.	20
5754094337	Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA	In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women.	21
5754094338	Francis Willard, WCTU	Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol.	22
5754094339	Anti-saloon League	In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars.	23
5754094340	Carrie Nation	She raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet.	24
5754094341	kindergarten	In the late 1800s, the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular.	25
5754094342	public high school	In the late 1800s, there was growing support for tax-supported public high schools.	26
5754094347	Oliver Wendell Holmes	He taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions.	27
5754094348	Clarence Darrow	A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse.	28
5754094349	W.E.B. Du Bois	A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education.	29
5754094351	Mark Twain	The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"	30
5754094354	Theodore Dreiser	The author of "Sister Carrie". Notable for its naturalism and controversy, as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of 1900.	31
5754094358	James Whistler	An American expat, he painted Arrangement in Grey and Black, popularly known as Whistler's Mother. It was a quintessential example of his study of color rather than subject.	32
5754094360	Ashcan School	Around 1900, they painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods.	33
5754094361	Armory Show	A New York painting exhibit in 1913 that featured abstract paintings.	34
5754094365	Louis Sullivan	He rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School.	35
5754094367	Frank Lloyd Wright	The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings	36
5754094369	Frederick Law Olmsted	The originator of landscape architecture, he designed Central Park and grounds of the U.S. Capitol.	37
5754094374	Scott Joplin	A black composer notable for his contribution to ragtime. He sold over one million copies of his song "Maple Leaf Rag".	38
5754094376	Joseph Pulitzer	He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster.	39
5754094377	William Randolph Hearst	A newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism.	40
5754094381	Buffalo Bill Wild West Show	William F. Cody brought this show to urban populations.	41

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AP US History: Chapter 29 Flashcards

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6206957709	Woodrow Wilson	The Republic party was split betweeen Taft and Roosevelt so the Democrats had a chance of winning for the first time in 16 years. Woodrow Wilson was a once mild conservative who was now a militant progressive. He taught at princeton, was governer of new jersey and he attacked trusts and passed liberal means. Very strong minded and idealistic. When he thought he was right he would break before bending. He appointed some conservatives to the Federal Reserve and Treade commisions to satisy businesses. Most of his focus was on progressives however.	0
6206957710	New Freedom	Wilson's system. Supported NO trusts and supported small businesses, but he basically shunned social welfare programs. Included many progressive reforms. Specifically attacked the banks, trusts, and tarriffs	1
6206957715	New Nationalism	Roosevelts campaine which was inspired by Herbert Croly's book. Also campaigned for women's suffrage and a wide range of social wellfare programs, such as minimum wage laws and social insurance	2
6206957716	Herbert Croly	Wrote The Promise of the American Life which said that the good strusts should be left alone and the bad trusts should be punished.	3
6206957717	Eugene V Debbs	Socialist running against Taft, roosevelt, and Wilson. He racked up 900,000 votes.	4
6206957719	Triple Wall of Priveledges	Banks, trusts, and tariffs	5
6206957720	Underwood Tariff of 1913	Wilson's way of attacking trusts. It largely reduced import fees and it also enacted graduated income tax under the newly passed 16th ammendment.	6
6206957724	Louis D Brandeis	wrote the book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it. Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first jew in that position.	7
6206957725	Federal Reserve Act	This was the reform of the existing banking system. It created the Federal Reserve Board	8
6206957726	The Federal Reserve Board	watched over the the nationwide system of 12 regional banking districts each with its own central bank and had the power to issue paper money (Federal Reserve Notes)	9
6206957727	Federal Trade Comission Act	Commissioned a president appointed position which investigated the activities of trusts and stopeed unfair trade practices and bribery.	10
6206957728	Clayton Anti- Trust Act	Lengthened the Sherman Anti Trust Act list of acts that were objectionable. Such as the fact that labor Unions were not indeed trusts. Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor unions.	11
6206957729	Federal Farm Loan Act	offered credit for farmers at low rates of interest.	12
6206957730	Warehouse Act	permitted loans on the security of staple crops	13
6206957731	La Follette Seamen's Act	required good treatemnt of America's sailors buit it sent merchant freight rates soaring as a result the cost to maintain a sailor's health	14
6206957732	Workingmen's Compensation Act	granted the assistance of civil service workers during times of instablility but Supreme Court invalidated it.	15
6206957733	Adamson Act	established an eight hour workday with overitme pay.	16
6206957736	Jones Act	granted full terrirorial status to the Philipines and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be put in place.	17
6206957737	Haiti	The first time Wilson weakens his stance on his anti imperialistic beliefes. He sende marines to Haiti after the populace brutally tore apart their brutal president. He sent them there to protesct american intersts there. They remained there for the next 19 years making it a protectorate.	18
6206957738	Victariano Huerta	the US had exploited Mexico for years. The MExicans were tired of it. They revolted and had this guy in charge. This lead to the massive immigration of rebels to southerm US. The rebels threatened american lived but Wilson refused to intervene to protect americna lives. He also refused to accept Heurta's regime because of the bloody way he came to power. He did let minitions flow to Huerta's rivals Pancho Villa and Carranza	19
6206957739	Tampico	A small group of Americans were accidentally arrested. Wilson thretened to use force and ordered the navy to take over Vera Cruz both Huerta and Carranza were opposed to this. The ABC powers intervened and prevented them from going to war. Huerta los power but Carranza came to power and regretted the doings of wilsom.	20
6206957740	Pancho Villa	He was initially with carranza when Huerta was in rula and then once Carranza came to rule he became an enemy to Huerta as well. He killed 16 american engineers in Mexico and later killed 19 americans in new mexico.	21
6206957741	John J. Pershing	Sent to take care of Pancho Villa. He penerated deep into MExico clashed with carranza and villa;s forces but didn't take up Villa.	22
6206957742	Archduke Franz Ferdinanad	was shot by a nationalistic serb. Austria made an ultmatum and demanded the serbs to agree. The serbs did not agree enough so Austria declared war with germany on it's side. Serb's had the Russians on their side. France joined russia as well. Germany declared war on russia and France and invaded Belgium pulling Britain into war.	23
6206957744	Central Powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria	24
6206957748	Submarine Warfare	Germany was not going to sit back and watch the US and the Allies gand up against it. It declared it would be going using this around the British Isles. It told the US that it would try not to attack neutral ships but mistakes were bound to happen. Wilson warned that Germany would be put under strict accountability if anything did happen however.	25
6206957749	Lusitansa	A british passenger liner was sunk by german U-Boats. It took 1198 lives, 128 were american. .According to the Germans they had sent a note prior to this warning us that an American Ship may be torpedoed. Also the ship was found to contain ammunition. Wilson knew that bringing an ununited nation into war was a bad idea so he sent a series of stron notes to the German War lords.	26
6206957750	Arabic	Then the Arabic was sunk kiling two americans. After that the Germans agreed to not sinked unarmed ships without warning. After it broke that pledge by sinking the Sussex the Germans said that they would would not sink passenger or merchant vessels without warning so long as the americans get the British to stop the bLockade. The US couldn's do that and was prone to be pulled into war.	27
6206957751	Charles Evans Hughes	the republicans chose this guy as the new president. He made defferent pledges and promises depending on where he was. He was nicknamed Evasive. Wilson won over him telling the US he would keep us out of war. Ironically he lead us into war and he knew war was inevetible during the election. Many people felt cheated. He barely beat hughes by like 30 electoral votes.	28
6206957754	Pro-Roosevelt Progressive convention	- 2k delegates from 40 states, symbolized the rising political status of women and support for social justice - Felt "as strong as a bull moose"	29
6206957755	The _________ virtually guaranteed a Democrat victory	Roosevelt/Taft dispute	30
6206957756	New Nationalism vs New Freedom - similarities	Both favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs	31
6206957757	Roosevelt's New Nationalism vs Wilson's New Freedom - differences	- TR believed in continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington, woman suffrage, as well as social welfare* (minimum wage and socialistic social insurance) - Wilson favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and non-monopolized markets. Shunned social-welfare proposals and pinned economic faith on competition. Fragmentation of the big industrial combines by vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws	32
6206957758	1912 election - events, significance, etc.	- Offered voters a choice of policies and political/economic philosophies — rare - Heat of the campaign cooled when TR was shot and suspended active campaigning for 2 weeks but went to his speech anyway - William Jennings Bryan sided with Wilson	33
6206957759	Progressive party's future	- Elected few candidates to state and local offices - No patronage → less supporters - Helped spur the enactment of many of their pet reforms by the Wilsonian Democrats	34
6206957760	Result of the 1912 election	- Wilson was a minority president - Republicans put into minority status in Congress for 6 years and out of the WH for 8 - Taft became chief justice of the SC in 1921	35
6206957761	________ was the 2nd Democratic president since 1861 and the first man from a seceded southern state to reach the White House since Zachary Taylor	Woodrow Wilson	36
6206957762	Characteristics of Woodrow Wilson	- Sympathized with the Confederacy's attempts to gain independence - Self-determination (Jeffersonian democracy) - Sincerity and moral appeal - President should play a dynamic role — Congress could not function unless the president got out in front and provided leadership - Idealism - Stubborn (would break before he would bend, unlike TR)	37
6206957765	Banking and currency problems	- Outgrown by the Republic's economic expansion - Financial structure under the Civil War National Banking Act revealed defects - Panic of 1907 - inelasticity of currency - Banking reserves concentrated in NY and other big cities — could not be mobilized in times of financial stress	38
6206957767	Arsene Pujo (Pujo Committee)	House committee traced the rich and went into the secrets of American banking and business	39
6206957778	La Follette Seaman's Act	(1915) Required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. Crippled America's merchant marine (freight rates spiraled upward with the crew's wages)	40
6206957783	1916 election for Wilson	- Needed to identify himself clearly as the candidate of progressivism - Appeased businesspeople by making conservative appointments to the FRB and the FTA, but most energy was devoted to cultivating progressive support	41
6206957788	1914-1915 in Haiti - assassination of Haitian president	In 1915, Wilson then reluctantly dispatched marines to protect American lives and property (remained for 19 years, made a protectorate)	42
6206957790	Purchase of the Virgin Islands	1917, US bought it from Denmark. Made the US a larger force in foreign involvement	43
6206957791	Revolution in Mexico	- Revolted in 1913, murdered the popular president and installed General Victoriano Huerta (Indian) in his position - Resulted in mass migration to the US — often worked on highways and RRs or as fruit harvesters - Often separated into Spanish-speaking enclaves that made a unique borderland culture	44
6206957792	Foreign intervention in Mexico	- Americans wanted intervention, but Wilson refused to practice dollar diplomacy - Wilson sent aggressive ambassador to Mexico (he refused to recognize Huerta as the govt leader) - Allowed American arms to flow to Huerta's principal rivals (Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Villa)	45
6206957796	Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria	1914 - Serb patriot Gavrilio Princip killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo while eating a sandwich (what a classy fellow) - Vienna govt backed by Germany -> Threat to Serbia	46
6206957797	European affairs after the assassination	- Serbia (backed by Russia) refused to bow down - Russia and France advanced on Germany - Germany attacked France through Belgium (neutral) - GB now involved	47
6206957799	Allies	France, Britain, and Russia (later Japan and Italy)	48
6206957800	Wilson's proclamation of neutrality — effect on European powers	Both wanted American involvement, not neutrality - British: Close economic, cultural, and linguistic ties - Germans and Austro-Hungarians: Natural sympathies with transplanted countrymen (many immigrants)	49
6206957801	Anti-German sentiment	- Kaiser Wilhelm II seemed to be the embodiment of arrogant autocracy (and the strike at neutral Belgium) - Tarnished the image of the Central Powers in American eyes when they went to violence in American ports and factories - 1915: German operative left briefcase on an NY elevated car, documents for sabotage discovered	50
6206957802	Most Americans wanted to ________ WWI	stay out of	51
6206957803	Financial Crisis of 1914	- American industry onto prosperity - Financed by American bankers (JP Morgan and Company) advanced to the Allies $2.3 billion during American neutrality	52
6206957804	Europe's reaction to American investment even during neutrality	- Great Powers protested even though it didn't violate neutrality laws - Germany couldn't trade because the British blocked them in the North Sea - Britain forced trade between US and Germany away, now only Britain	53
6206957805	Announcement of the U-boat Campaign	- Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles - Wilson warned that it would be held to "strict accountability" for any attacks on American vessels or citizens	54
6206957806	U-boats	German submarines (Unterseeboot) proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. U-boat attacked played an important role in drawing the US into WWI	55
6206957808	Wilson's actions of the Lusitania	- Refused to go into war with a disunited country (remembered the War of 1812) - Attempted to use diplomatic notes to punish the German warlords publically	56
6206957812	Republican platform	Condemned Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's feebleness in dealing with MX and Germany	57
6206957814	"He Kept Us Out of War"	Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916	58
6206957815	Wilson owed his votes to:	the Midwest and the West (progressive and anti-war policies)	59
6207027429	Venustiano Carranza	leader in Mexican Revolution	60

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AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

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5715889055	Fire-eaters	refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.	0
5715889056	Democratic party in 1848	- Polk pledged himself to one term - Democrat convention went to General Lewis Cass - Silent on slavery	1
5715889057	Lewis Cass	Democrat candidate who believed slavery should be decided based on popular sovereignty	2
5715889058	Popular sovereignty	People in the territory should determine the status of slavery	3
5715889059	Aspects of popular sovereignty	- Public liked it because it went along with democratic self-determination - Politicians liked it because it seemed to be a compromise - Advocates hoped to dissolve the issue - Could serve to spread slavery	4
5715889060	Whig party in 1848	- Nominated General Zachary Taylor, not Clay because enemies and issues with him - Avoided troubling issues, focused on the good	5
5715889061	General Zachary Taylor	Candidate for the Whigs, had slaves, didn't commit himself to the issue	6
5715889062	Free Soil Party	- Formed because of the avoidance by both parties of slavery - Wanted no slavery in the new land to the west - Keep West an opportunity for whites only - Not against slavery in the South - Homesteads for settlers, internal improvements - Not radical, disunited other than opposing extension of slavery	7
5715889063	Types of people in the Free Soil Party	- Industrialists against Polk's tariff - Democrats against Polk (all of TX but not OR) - Northerners against blacks and sharing land with them - Conscience Whigs - condemned slavery on moral grounds	8
5715889064	Why Free Soilers were against slavery	- Would take jobs from whites, meaning they couldn't own land - Only traditional American commitment would allow mobility to flourish	9
5715889065	Issues with the election of 1848	- Focused on personalities instead of slavery - Taylor won, free soilers diverted votes from Cass in NY	10
5715889066	Sutter's Mill	Discovery of gold in California starting the gold rush	11
5715889067	California gold rush	- Many were luckless, better off at home, ended up sick - People charged high rates for materials - 49ers kept chasing dream of gold - Australia 1851	12
5715889068	Results of the gold rush	- Attracted thousands of people to CA, overwhelming govt - Outburst of crime	13
5715889069	California on slavery	Drafted a constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery, applied to Congress → Alarmed Southerners wanting to block free soil	14
5715889070	Positives of the South in 1850	- Had a southern president, Taylor - Majority in cabinet and the SC - Equality in Senate (thus far) - Cotton fields expanding and became more profitable	15
5715889071	Worries in the South (1850)	- Initially, 15 free and 15 slaves, now with CA meant more free states - Texas had disputed area - Northern advocation for abolishment in DC - Underground Railroad	16
5715889072	Underground Railroad	Informal chain of anti-slavery homes through which white and black abolitionists assisted slaves in escaping from slave states to the North or Canada	17
5715889073	Harriet Tubman	Major conductor in the Railroad, 19 ventures south, saved 300+ slaves including her parents	18
5715889074	Southern defense of slavery	Said it was a violation of their Constitutional rights	19
5715889075	Clay's speech	Proposed a series of compromises, North should yield by allowing feasible slave law, seconded by Stephen Douglas	20
5715889076	Calhoun's speech	- Approved of Clay's purpose but not enough safeguards for the South. - Leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give South its rights, and political balance - Attempted to preserve union and stand on Constitution but undid it	21
5715889077	Seventh of March speech	Daniel Webster - Urged all reasonable concessions to the South, including a new FSL - God "passed" the Wilmot Proviso - why debate over it? - Poor geography didn't allow for a plantation economy to exist (he was wrong on this) - Only compromise, concessions, and reasonableness would provide solutions	22
5715889078	Results of the Seventh of March speech	- Helped turn the North to compromise - Strengthened Union sentiment - Pleasing for banking and commercial centers in the North because they would lose by secession - Made free soilers and abolitionists feel betrayed - he regarded slavery as evil but disunion as worse	23
5715889079	Young Guard	Purging and purifying the Union rather than preserving it	24
5715889080	William H. Seward	- Anti-slavery, against concessions for the South - Didn't realize compromise unified - Against slavery in the new territories because of a "higher law" than the Constitution	25
5715889081	Issue of Texas boundary	- Taylor was thought to march to TX and hang them for threatening to invade New Mexico - Didn't - Civil War could have occurred earlier because the South would have defended them	26
5715889082	Millard Fillmore	VP of Taylor; Taylor died, he became president and signed the Compromise of 1850	27
5715889083	Compromise of 1850	- California admitted as a free state - Mexican Cession land; Utah and New Mexico set up as territories and slavery determined by popular sovereignty - Ban slave trade in DC - New fugitive slave law for the South - Settled border dispute between NM and TX in NM favor	28
5715889084	Nashville Convention	- Southern extremists met in Nashville in 1850 - In favor of slavery but condemned the concessions - Met again in November - Southern opinion was reluctantly for concessions in Congress at the time	29
5715889085	Acceptance of the concessions of the Compromise	Strengthened by relief and prosperity of the CA gold rush as well as Union-savers like Clay, Webster, and Douglas	30
5715889086	2nd Era of Good Feelings	General peace because of the Compromise but the Fugitive Slave Law made tension	31
5715889087	The _____ got the better concessions	North	32
5715889088	Fugitive Slave Law of 1850	- Increase in sectional tension - Turned North into hunting ground for fugitive slaves - Northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested - Slaves could not testify in court, denied a jury trial	33
5715889089	Results of the Fugitive Slave Law	- Caused moderates to join antislavery forces - Personal Liberty Laws - Vigilance Committees	34
5715889090	Personal Liberty Laws	Did not allow use of local jails for housing fugitive slaves	35
5715889091	Vigilance Committees	Goal to protect fugitive slaves from slave catchers	36
5715889092	Anthony Burns	1853 slave who escaped from slavery	37
5715889093	Benefits the North had in the 1850s	- North gaining population and wealth - Delay added to moral strength and gave time to accumulate materials - Moderates resisted secession at any cost - Fought for the Union	38
5715889094	Franklin Pierce	- Candidate for the Democrats - Indecisive, proslavery - Revived Democrat commitment to expansion	39
5715889095	Whigs in the election of 1852	Chose Winfield Scott, didn't boast about the Compromise of 1850 as much as the Democrats	40
5715889096	Whig party split	- South - doubted Scott's loyalty to the Compromise and Slave Law - North - deplored platform but accepted Scott	41
5715889097	Election of 1852	- Free soil party might have taken votes from the Whigs - Ended the whig disorganization and later death	42
5715889098	End of the Whigs	Disorganization because of the FSL and other sectional issues. They contributed to upholding the Union and providing valuable statesmen	43
5715889099	The ________ and the ________ reinvigorated the spirit of Manifest Destiny	MX War and CA gold rush	44
5715889100	Concerns about Central America	- Aroused because of the gold rush - Atlantic-to-Pacific transportation route → whoever took control of it would hold maritime supremacy	45
5715889101	Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty	- New Granada (Colombia) gave American right of transit across the isthmus - US would maintain perfect neutrality so free transit traffic wouldn't be interrupted	46
5715889102	Results of the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty	- Led to Panama Railway - Future for Panama Canal	47
5715889103	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	Neither US nor Britain would seek exclusive control of the isthmus waterway	48
5715889104	William Walker	Attempted to take control of Nicaragua to make it a slave state; failed because of an alliance of Central American countries (Mnemonic: William Walkeragua)	49
5715889105	Cuba	- Owned by Spain, held large population and could restore political balance in Senate - Two attempts of Southerners to take Cuba but failed	50
5715889106	Black Warrior	Steamship of the US, captured by Spain, could provoke war	51
5715889107	Ostend Manifesto	The proclamation that the US would pay $120 million for Cuba, and if Spain refused, the US would be justified in taking it if it threatened the US. Pierce dropped it. (Free-soilers?)	52
5715889108	Results of the Ostend Manifesto	Free soilers condemned it, led to Civil War by South attempting to gain more slave states	53
5715889109	_______ and _______ made the US a Pacific power	OR and CA	54
5715889110	Opium War	- War between Britain and China for traders' rights for opium - Britain got five treaty ports and Hong Kong	55
5715889111	Caleb Cushing	Sent by John Tyler to get equal ports in China	56
5715889112	Treaty of Wanghia	- First diplomatic agreement between the US and China - US became the "most favored nation" and "extraterritoriality" - Missionaries came to save the people	57
5715889113	Extraterritoriality	Would make Americans accused of crimes in China appear before a US court	58
5715889114	Result of the Treaty of Wanghia	Inspired mission to Japan	59
5715889115	Matthew C. Perry	- Brought American technology to Japan, dispatched by Fillmore - Asked for free trade and friendly relations - Left and came back a year later	60
5715889116	Treaty of Kanagawa	- Proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors - American coaling rights in Japan - Established diplomatic relations	61
5715889117	Meiji Restoration	Period began by the Kanagawa Treaty of restoration in Japan	62
5715889118	Transportation issues in the Americas	- Too long from the isthmus of Panama - Camels proposed, brought in, didn't work out - South wanted a railroad to gain economic momentum	63
5715889119	Gadsden Purchase	- SW part of the US from MX for $10 million - Opposed by the North, passed Senate to eliminate window on the Sea of Cortez	64
5715889120	James Gadsden	Sent by Jefferson Davis to negotiate with Santa Anna for the territory (Anna lacked $$)	65
5715889121	Why do the Gadsden Purchase	- Terrain was less mountainous - Didn't go through unorganized territory (NM had defense against Indians, but Nebraska didn't) - North argued that Nebraska should become organized	66
5715889122	Stephen Douglas	Creator of the KS-NE Act, made as a response to the Gadsden Purchase (also invested in real estate and railway stocks and didn't want to lose money)	67
5715889123	Kansas-Nebraska Act	- Territory of Nebraska would be split into Nebraska and Kansas - Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty - Likely that Kansas would be slave and Nebraska free (KS[lave], N[fre]E) - Southerners supported it in hopes of gaining a slave state	68
5715889124	Issues with the Kansas-Nebraska Act	- Free-soilers disliked it - Would have to repeal the MO Comp, which distinguished the two regions	69
5715889125	How Douglas provoked issues in the US	- Repeal of the MO Comp made the North feel breached of faith - Predicted a conflict but underestimated the scale	70
5715889126	Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act	- Led to War virtually directly - Antislavery northerners upset → would make more difficult to compromise with the South → conflict - Made Fugitive Slave Law invalid	71
5715889127	Republican Party	- Spontaneously occurred as protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act - Included Whigs, Democrats, free soilers, Know-Nothings, and others against the KS-NE Act - Spread eastward quickly, became 2nd major political party - Not allowed South of the Mason-Dixon Line...	72
5715889128	Why did Southerners want a stronger fugitive slave law?	The Underground Railroad assistance from northern abolitionists seem a moral judgment against slavery	73

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AP US History Chapter 14 Flashcards

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5927969991	Crittenden Compromise	A plan proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed and for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the California border.	0
5927969992	total war	A form of warfare that mobilizes all of a societies resources-economic, political and cultural-in support of the military effort.	1
5927969993	Draft (conscription)	The system for selecting individuals for compulsory military service, first implemented in the Civil War	2
5927969994	habeas corpus	A legal writ forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual.	3
5927969995	King Cotton	The Confederate belief during the Civil War that their cotton was so important to the British and French economies that those governments would recognize the South as an independent nation and supply it with loans and arms.	4
5927969996	greenbacks	Paper money issued by the U. S. Treasury during Civil War to finance the war effort.	5
5927969997	"contrabands"	Slaves who fled the plantations and sought protection behind Union lines during the Civil War.	6
5927969998	Radical Republicans	The members of the Republican Party who were bitterly opposed to slavery and to southern slaveholders since the mid-1850s.	7
5927969999	Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by President Lincoln, legally abolished slavery that remained outside of the union.	8
5927970000	scorched-earth campaign	A campaign in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia by Union general Philip H. Sheridan's troops. The troops destroyed grain, barns, and other useful resources to punish farmers who had aided Confederate raiders.	9
5927970001	"War" and "Peace" Democrats	Members of the Democratic Party that split into two camps over war policy during the Civil War. War Democrats vowed to continue fighting until the rebellion ended, while Peace Democrats called for a constitutional convention to negotiate a peace settlement.	10
5927970002	"hard war"	The philosophy and tactics used by General Sherman which treated civilians as combatants.	11
5927970003	March to the Sea	Military campaign from September to December 1864 in which Union forces under General Sherman marched from Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah, Georgia. Carved a path of destruction.	12
5927970004	Abraham Lincoln	16th president Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis.[1][2] In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.	13
5927970005	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy during the Civil War	14
5927970006	Robert E. Lee	He was offered the command of the U.S. Army, but resigned to defend his home state of Virginia.	15
5927970007	General George McClellan	Union general who replaced McDowell after he lost at Bull Run. Overly cautious, had to retreat after losing 7 Days Battle and thrown out of command. Reinstated after John Pope lost the Second Battle of Bull Run, but removed after not pursuing Lee after winning at Antietam. Ran as Democratic candidate in 1864, but lost to Lincoln.	16
5927970008	Ulysses S. Grant	Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.	17
5927970009	William T. Sherman	-He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets.	18
5927970010	Albert G. Brown	Senator from Mississippi who wanted Cuba and Mexican states for spreading slavery	19
5927970011	General Irvin McDowell	Union general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas	20
5927970012	General P. G. T. Beauregard	Confederate general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas and Shiloh.	21
5927970013	General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson	Confederate General, Second Battle of Bull Run	22
5927970014	General Ambrose E. Burnside	Union General who replaced McClellan, more aggressive, less competent.	23
5927970015	Joseph "Fighting Joe" Hooker	Union General who replaced General Burnside when he resigned.	24
5927970016	David G. Farragut	Union naval officer	25
5927970017	Albert Sydney Johnson	Confederate General who died during the Battle of Shiloh.	26
5927970018	John B. Hood	Confederate General who abandoned Atlanta	27
5927970019	Jefferson Davis	He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270)	28
5927970020	Alexander H. Stephens	He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270)	29
5927970021	greenbacks	Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280)	30
5927970022	Morrill Tariff Act	In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281)	31
5927970023	Morrill Land Grant Act	In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281)	32
5927970024	Pacific Railway Act	In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281)	33
5927970025	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281)	34
5927970026	Fort Sumter	A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269)	35
5927970027	Bull Run	In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271)	36
5927970028	Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson	In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271)	37
5927970029	Winfield Scott	He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271)	38
5927970030	Anaconda Plan	The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271)	39
5927970031	George McClellan	The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271)	40
5927970032	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278)	41
5927970033	Antietam	This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273)	42
5927970034	Monitor vs. Merrimac	First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)	43
5927970035	Ulysses S. Grant	In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278)	44
5927970036	Shiloh	Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274)	45
5927970037	David Farragut	He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274)	46
5927970038	Gettysburg	On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277)	47
5927970039	Vicksburg	In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277)	48
5927970040	Sherman's March	Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277)	49
5927970041	Appomattox Court House	Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278)	50
5927970042	habeas corpus	This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279)	51
5927970043	Emancipation Proclamation	After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276)	52
5927970044	13th Amendment	This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276)	53
5927970045	Ex Parte Milligan	In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279)	54
5927970046	draft riots	In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280)	55
5927970047	Copperheads	Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279)	56
5927970048	Trent Affair	In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274)	57
5927970049	CSS Alabama	A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274)	58
5927970050	John Wilkes Booth	An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278)	59
5927970051	Massachusetts 54th Regiment	An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)	60
5927970052	border states	During the Civil War the term for the the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Keeping these states in the Union was a primary political and military goal of President Lincoln. They were slave states, but did not secede. (p. 269)	61
5927970053	Confederate States of America	In February 1861, representatives of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama to form this new country. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution, except that it provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto (power to veto part of a bill). (p. 269, 270)	62
5927970054	Jefferson Davis	He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270)	63
5927970055	Alexander H. Stephens	He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270)	64
5927970056	Second American Revolution	A term sometimes used for the Civil War. (p. 282)	65
5927970057	greenbacks	Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280)	66
5927970058	Morrill Tariff Act	In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281)	67
5927970059	Morrill Land Grant Act	In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281)	68
5927970060	Pacific Railway Act	In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281)	69
5927970061	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281)	70
5927970062	Fort Sumter	A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269)	71
5927970063	Bull Run	In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271)	72
5927970064	Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson	In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271)	73
5927970065	Winfield Scott	He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271)	74
5927970066	Anaconda Plan	The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271)	75
5927970067	George McClellan	The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271)	76
5927970068	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278)	77
5927970069	Antietam	This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273)	78
5927970070	Fredericksburg	On December 13, 1862, General Ambrose Burnside launched a frontal attack on General Lee's strong position at this Virginia city. The Union army suffered 12,000 casualties (dead or wounded), while the Confederates only 5,000 casualties. (p. 273)	79
5927970071	Monitor vs. Merrimac	First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)	80
5927970072	Ulysses S. Grant	In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278)	81
5927970073	Shiloh	Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274)	82
5927970074	David Farragut	He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274)	83
5927970075	Gettysburg	On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277)	84
5927970076	Vicksburg	In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277)	85
5927970077	Sherman's March	Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277)	86
5927970078	Appomattox Court House	Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278)	87
5927970079	executive power	During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, often without the approval of Congress. He called for 75,000 volunteers to stop the Confederacy, authorized spending for the war, and suspended habeas corpus. (p. 270)	88
5927970080	habeas corpus	This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279)	89
5927970081	insurrection	A term President Lincoln used, to describe the Confederacy actions at the start of the Civil War. (p. 269)	90
5927970082	Confiscation acts	Series of acts passed by the Union government, designed to liberate slaves in Confederate states. The second act in July 1862, freed slaves from anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States (Union). (p. 275)	91
5927970083	Emancipation Proclamation	After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276)	92
5927970084	13th Amendment	This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276)	93
5927970085	Ex Parte Milligan	In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279)	94
5927970086	draft riots	In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280)	95
5927970087	Copperheads	Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279)	96
5927970088	election of 1864	In this presidential election, the Democrats nominated the popular General George McClellan. The Republicans renamed to the Unionist party, nominated President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, however McClellan did win 45 percent of the popular vote. (p. 278)	97
5927970089	Trent Affair	In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274)	98
5927970090	Alabama	A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274)	99
5927970091	Laird rams	These ships with iron rams could have been used against the Union's naval blockade. However, the Union persuaded the British government to cancel the sale of these ships to the Confederacy, rather than risk war with the Union. (p. 274)	100
5927970092	John Wilkes Booth	An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278)	101
5927970093	segregated black troops	Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276)	102
5927970094	Massachusetts 54th Regiment	An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)	103
5927970095	women in the workplace	As men went off to battle in the Civil War, women stepped into the labor vacuum, operated farms and took factory jobs customarily held by men. (p. 282)	104
5927970096	women in nursing	During the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282)	105
5927970097	war's long term effects	The Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282)	106
5927970098	4 million freedmen	With the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282)	107

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AP US History Unit 1 Flashcards

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5478976122	Landbrige (Bering)	route where humans from Asia and Europe came over to the Americas	0
5478975686	Amerigo Vespucci	explorer America named after	1
5478977652	Anasazi	in Chaco Canyon, roads, irrigation system	2
5478978710	Adena and Hopewell	(Ohio Valley): Large ceremonial grounds, trade network	3
5479041822	Iroquois	new york	4
5479042278	Powhattan	Virginina (Pocahontas)	5
5478981146	Cortes	Aztecs	6
5478981805	PIzarro	Incas	7
5478982736	Fr. Junipero Serra	led Catholic Mission system of Spainsh	8
5478984581	Reasons for Spanish successful conquest	The Native people already were experiencing division and conflict. → Spanish able to use deliberate strategy to provoke anger from different groups and get them to fight each other. Also, Native have less experience in warfare than Europeans.	9
5478980086	Cahokia	Mississippi valley): Larger ceremonial mounds, trade network	10
5478987993	- Tupac Amaru(1572):	last Inca king "Mother Earth, witness how my enemies shed my blood."	11
5478986868	Pope's rebellion	1680 Pueblo People (New Mexico): INitally successful, Spanish we able to retake the area 12 years later	12
5479039392	Richard Hakluyt	writer who promoted colonization in America	13
5478989644	Commercial Reasons for colonization:	Investments: Joint stock companies, sold shares of stock to pay for the colonies and organize them as businesses. -Mercantilism: Seeking gold and resources from colonies and make own goods - Raw Materials: not available in England - New Markets to sell stuff - Land-ownership: people seeking better life	14
5478968586	Mercantilism	economic theory, colonies exist for benefit of mother country, collect gold and silver, buy more goods that you sell	15
5478968544	Elizabeth I	English Queen during golden age. Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.	16
5478990420	Religious Reasons:	- Puritans: A group of protestants who felt the Anglican (Church of England) was too similar to Catholic Rhuch - Wanted to purify what they viewed as corrupt and excessive in the Church of England - Persecuted for their religious view in England, went to America to establish own societies - Did not like symbols	17
5478990896	Social/Political:	- The enclosure movement: Land in England was converted from farming to pasture (to raise sheep). This led to many unemployed farm workers. Also, England was not at war so many unemployed upper class young men who would normally be in military o Financially beneficial for landowners to convert farm to pasture because uses less land and need lesser workers - Adventure: Thrill seekers, the unknown - People wanting more freedom from the English government/monarchy - English government wanted to weaken Spain by building presence in Americas	18
5478991756	John Cabot	Cabot commissioned to find a Northern route to reach the Indies - Cabot claims land in New England, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland for the English	19
5478968543	Walter Raleigh	Founder of England's first American colony. (Roanoke, it failed)	20
5479040698	Samuel de Champlain	Father of "New France" founded in Quebec (1608) - fur trade, friendly rel' with Indians	21
5478968545	Treaty of Tordesillas	a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	22
5478968550	Jamestown	Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London. commercial interest. elected Captain John Smith as their leader.	23
5478968549	john smith	Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter (Starvation) .	24
5478968546	Pocahontas	a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown. Marriage to John Rolfe = first interracial union in america= Peace settlement ending the Anglo-Powhatan War - served as diplomat and even traveled Europe	25
5478968547	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.	26
5478968551	Thomas Dale	Made governor of Jamestown after John Smith, stern, didn't believe in laziness, created daily schedule	27
5478968552	John Calvin	INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION: emphasized predestination and he rejected the medieval Church. he believed that the church and state should be united under the Calvinist faith	28
5479008676	Wiliam Bradford	founder of Massachusetts and governor of Pilgrims	29
5478968553	John Winthrop	Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill" (covenant theology)	30
5479009434	Thomas Hooker	Founder of Connecticut	31
5479011615	Pequot War	War between pequots and Connecticut	32
5478968557	Roger Williams	He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.	33
5478968555	Anne Hutchinson	A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Rode Island, killed by indians	34
5479011210	Captain John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges	founder of New H	35
5479003295	George Calvert (Lord baltimore)	founder of Maryland	36
5479007094	Peter Minuit	Swedish founder of Delaware --> in English possession	37
5479004429	James Oglethorpe	founder of Georgia	38
5478968554	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (netherland?), hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	39
5479006397	George Carteret	founder of new Jersey, receive land from James, founder of New York	40
5482486281	Maryland Toleration Act of 1649	Protect Christians (Catholics and Protestants)	41
5479005323	Wiliam Penn	Pennsylvania, inherited Father's land and gained royal charter, Quaker	42
5478968556	King Phillips War	Started over land ownership disagreements. The War Between the Puritans and the Pequot, Narragansett,Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians. armed indians in raiding NE towns, eng & allies won, survivors fled N, increase indian hate	43
5478968570	headright system	Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	44
5478968558	Dominion of New england	1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros) Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system.	45
5478968569	half way covenant	response to decline of puritanism. The puritan practice where by parents who had been baptized but had not yet experienced conversion could bring their children before the church and have them baptized.weakend distinction between "elect" and others- dramatizied the difficulty of maintainignreligious devotion	46
5479045436	Dissenters	Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, and Unitarians	47
5478968559	New England Confederation	New England colonists (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth) formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.	48
5478968560	Patroonships	Vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.	49
5478968562	Jeremiads	Puritan preachers Taking their cue from the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety.Scared people off, decline of puritanism	50
5478968563	Glorious Revolution 1688	Bloodless overthrow of King James II. established William and Mary as the new leaders.	51
5478968564	Great Puritan Migration	Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Eg 1630 group of puritans led by john winthrop found MA Bay Colony	52
5478968566	Bacon's Rebellion	Indentured servants in Virginia revolt against gov and landowners (origionally over lack of protection from indians on frontier). burn Jamestown. look to african slaves as less troublesome source of labor. against Berkley's autocratic rule o Continuous struggle between boundary of white and Native o Show how unwilling English settlers were to abide to earlier agreements with Natives o Show how unwilling Natives were to tolerate white intrusion o Reveal bitterness between Western and Eastern landowners o !!Potential for instability in land of free, landless men in colonies o !!!Although it was Bacon's rebellion, most of rebels were landless, former indentured servants eager for land. Movement was representing animosity of landless toward landowners o to avoid instability in lower class, import African slaves o further dehumanize African slaves so that there is difference between indentured and African slaves	53
5478968572	Triangular Trade	Illegal trade created to generate money to buy english goods.The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.	54
5478968567	Middle passage	the middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas	55
5479021589	Marron colonies	fugitive slaves formed own colonies: - Florida: join Spanish militia, Seminole Natives - New Orleans - Great Dismal Swamp	56
5479026015	Stono Rebellion	1739 - largest African slave revolt, over 250 revolts took place afterwards	57
5478968568	Salem witch trials	Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Terrible mistake, shows social tensions, decline of puritanism.	58
5478968573	First Great Awakening	1st grassroots american social movement.series of revivals making church more emotional. Old lights (against) new lights (for). results: democratic, new denominations (meth and bapt), more choice, colleges, old clergy looses prestige	59
5478968574	George Whitefield	Most influentian new light speaker during first great awakening	60
5478968575	Jonathon edwards	New light preatcher who started the first Great awakening	61
5479036910	Old lights vs New lights	- Division between "New Light" revivalists and "Old Light" traditionalists	62
5479030831	Enlightenment: Lock and Hobbes	Thomas Hobbes: humans are inherently selfish and barbaric → need an absolute ruler who would stabilize the uncivilized society and impose order John Lock:humans are inherently logical and good → do not need an absolute ruler but should be granted freedom and natural rights + - Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, James Madison made their own vital contributions to the Enlightenment tradition	63
5479033955	Bradstreet	first prominent woman poet	64
5478968578	Phyllis Wheatley	1st important African american writer. Abolitionists later point to her as proof that they are intellectually equal	65
5478968565	Treaty of Utrecht	1713, ended Queen Ann's War, transferred large areas of French territory in North America to English including Nova Scotia and Newfoundland	66
5478968577	Paxton Revolt	They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.	67

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AP US History: Period 7 Flashcards

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6368361427	American Expeditionary Force	Troops sent to Europe under General John J. Pershing to help fight World War l.	0
6368361429	Atomic Bomb	Manhattan Project was the name given to this weapon's development.	1
6368361430	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan	2
6368361431	Harlem Renaissance	A rebirth of Black cultural expression	3
6368361433	League of Nations	An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.	4
6368361434	New Deal	A group of government programs and policies established under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to help end the Great Depression.	5
6368361435	Pearl Harbor	A major United States naval base in Hawaii.	6
6368361436	Religious Fundamentalism	Strict adherence to some belief or ideology, especially in a religious context.	7
6368361437	Franklin D. Roosevelt	He guided America through one of the greatest crisis in American history since the Civil War.	8
6368361438	Spanish-American War	A war between Spain and the United States that begun after the sinking of the Maine.	9
6368361439	Woodrow Wilson	During World War l, he believed in neutrality and making the world "safe for democracy."	10
6368361441	Clayton Anti-Trust Act	A law passed by Congress that attempted to prohibit monopolies from buying out the competition.	11
6368361443	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	Preserved the public's confidence in the banking system by insuring deposits.	12
6368361444	Neutrality Acts	Laws passed from 1935-1939 to limit U.S. involvement in any future wars.	13
6368361447	Social Security Act	A law enacted by FDR to create a system to transfer payments in which younger, working people would help support retired people.	14
6368361451	Communism	An economic and social system in which all property and resources are collectively owned.	15
6368361453	Booker T. Washington	Founder of the Tuskegee Institute.	16
6368361454	Women's Christian Temperance Union	Sought to abolish saloons and alcohol.	17
6368361458	First Red Scare	Fear of communism after communist took over Russia.	18

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AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 12 Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860

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5769730553	manifest destiny	The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)	0
5769730554	industrial technology	After 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, ﬁrearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)	1
5769730555	Elias Howe	The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)	2
5769730556	Samuel F. B. Morse	In 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)	3
5769730557	railroads	In the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)	4
5769730558	Panic of 1857	Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)	5
5769730559	Great American Desert	In the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)	6
5769730560	mountain men	The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)	7
5769730561	Far West	In the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)	8
5769730562	overland trails	The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)	9
5769730563	mining frontier	The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)	10
5769730564	gold rush	California's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)	11
5769730565	silver rush	The discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)	12
5769730566	farming frontier	In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)	13
5769730567	urban frontier	Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)	14
5769730568	federal land grants	In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)	15
5769730569	John Tyler	He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)	16
5769730570	Oregon territory	This was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)	17
5769730571	Fifty-four Forty or Fight	The slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)	18
5769730572	James K. Polk	The eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)	19
5769730573	Wilmot Proviso	In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)	20
5769730574	Franklin Pierce	In 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)	21
5769730575	Ostend Manifesto	The United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)	22
5769730576	Texas	In 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)	23
5769730577	Stephen Austin	In the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)	24
5769730578	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	In 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)	25
5769730579	Sam Houston	In March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)	26
5769730580	Alamo	The mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)	27
5769730581	Aroostook War	In the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)	28
5769730582	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)	29
5769730583	Rio Grande; Nueces River	In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)	30
5769730584	Mexican War (1846-1847)	A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)	31
5769730585	Zachary Taylor	In 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)	32
5769730586	Winfield Scott	This U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)	33
5769730587	Stephen Kearney	This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)	34
5769730588	John C. Fremont	In June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)	35
5769730589	California; Bear Flag Republic	In June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)	36
5769730590	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)	37
5769730591	Mexican Cession	Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)	38
5769730592	Walker Expedition	An expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)	39
5769730593	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)	40
5769730594	Gadsden Purchase	In 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)	41
5769730595	foreign commerce	In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)	42
5769730596	exports and imports	In the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)	43
5769730597	Matthew C. Perry; Japan	Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)	44

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AP US History Period 9 Flashcards

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6704094985	Moral Majority	Political action committee founded by evangelical Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1979 to promote traditional Christian values and oppose feminism, abortion, and gay rights. A major linchpin in the resurgent religious right of the 1980s.	0
6704094986	Supply-side economics (Reaganomics)	Economic theory beneath Ronald Reagan's tax and spending cuts. Said that government policy should aim to increase the supply of goods and services, instead of demand for them. Held that lower taxes and decreased regulation would increase productivity and the tax base by providing more incentive to work.	1
6704094987	Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)	Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack. Derided as "Star Wars" by critics, the plan typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters.	2
6704094988	Iran - Contra Affair	Major political scandal of Reagan's 2nd term revealed in 1986. An illicit arrangement of selling "arms for hostages" with Iran and using money to support contras in Nicaragua, it deeply damaged Reagan's credibility.	3
6704094990	Mikhail Gorbachev	Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. He tried to liberate USSR in order to improve relations with the West. Lost his power after his reforms resulted in Communist governments in eastern Europe collapsing.	4
6704094991	1)glasnost and 2) perestroika	1) Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. The policy was instituted by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s and began the democratization of the Soviet Union. 2) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, it was originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning	5
6704094992	Berlin Wall falls (1989)	represents an end of communism in eastern europe	6
6704094993	Panama Invasion (1989)	Bush ordered this to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega; the alleged purpose of this was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the US. Part of the war on drugs.	7
6704094994	Saddam Hussein	President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.	8
6704094995	Persian Gulf War (1991)	Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. US emerged the winners, very patriotic time for Americans.	9
6704094996	Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)	Landmark law signed by President George H.W. Bush that prohibited discrimination against people with physical/mental handicaps. It was a legislative triumph for champions of equal protections to all.	10
6704094997	"don't ask, don't tell" (1993-2010)	Policy affecting homosexuals in the military. Emerged as a compromise between standing prohibition against homosexuals in armed forces and Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. Repealed by Congress at urging of Obama in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform.	11
6704094998	Brady Bill	Act enacted in 1993 by President Clinton that mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States, and imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until the NICS system was implemented in 1998.	12
6704095000	Newt Gringrich	·Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.	13
6704095001	Contract with America	Multipoint program offered by Republican candidates/sitting politicians in 1994 midterm election. The platform proposed smaller government, congressional ethics reform, term limits, greater emphasis on personal responsibility, and general repudiation of Democratic Party. A significant blow to Clinton administration and led to Republican party's takeover of both houses of Congress for 1st time in half a century. Pushed Heavily by Gingrich.	14
6704095003	Religious Fundamentalism	A Religious movement where the followers are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy where every word of the bible is interpreted literally. Huge revival in the 1980s.	15
6704095004	Televangelist	preachers spread the gospel on TVs across America	16
6704095005	Roe v. Wade	Supreme court case ruled in 1973 that recognized that the constitutional right to privacy extends to a woman's right to make her own personal medical decisions — including the decision to have an abortion without interference from politicians. However it was faced with backlash and limits during the conservative resurgence.	17
6704095006	Reverse Discrimination	Conservative belief that whites can be discriminated based on their race. Gained popularity as more and more minorities gained rights or "privileges" such as affirmative action.	18
6704095007	Supply side economics	Also called Reaganomics or Trickle Down economics. Belief that economy was stagnant because of too many regulations, Reagan proposed a phased 30% tax cut for the first three years of his Presidency. The bulk of the cut would be concentrated at the upper income levels. Idea was that Tax relief for the rich would enable them to spend and invest more. This new spending would stimulate the economy and create new jobs.	19
6704095008	No Child left Behind act	Holds states, schools, and school districts more accountable for their standardized tests scores. The wanted outcome was better tests scores all around and overall a smarter and better population of young people that would positively contribute to a growing America. Enacted by George Bush, has some negative effect on students due to increased testing.	20
6704095009	Economy Recovery Tax Act (1981)	Passed by Congress, it included a 25 percent decrease in personal income taxes over three years. Part of Reaganomics.	21
6704095012	Welfare Reform	Clinton takes a conservative stance on welfare. Cut funding on food stamps and shortened the period you could rely on them	22
6704095013	Clinton impeachment	clinton impeached on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in 1998.	23
6704095014	Globalization	increasing interactions between countries	24

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