AP US History Chapter 4 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 4 Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774
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| 7410110928 | Patrick Henry | Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses. (p. 73) |  | 0 |
| 7410110929 | Stamp Act Congress | Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. (p. 73) |  | 1 |
| 7410110930 | Sons and Daughters of Liberty | Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (p. 73) |  | 2 |
| 7410110931 | John Dickinson; Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania | In 1767 and 1768, he argued that the idea of no taxation without representation, was an essential principle of English law. (p. 74) |  | 3 |
| 7410110932 | Samuel Adams | In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74) |  | 4 |
| 7410110933 | James Otis | In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74) |  | 5 |
| 7410110934 | Massachusetts Circular Letter | In 1768, this document was distributed to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74) |  | 6 |
| 7410110935 | Committees of Correspondence | Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, these letters spread news of suspicious or threatening acts by the British throughout the colonies. (p. 74) |  | 7 |
| 7410110936 | Intolerable Acts | Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 75) |  | 8 |
| 7410110937 | George III | In the 1760s, he was the King of England. (p. 71) |  | 9 |
| 7410110938 | Whigs | In the 1760s, this was the dominant political party in Parliament that wanted the American colonies to bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire. (p. 71) |  | 10 |
| 7410110939 | Parliament | The legislative house of Great Britain. (p. 71) |  | 11 |
| 7410110940 | salutary neglect | Great Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (p. 71) |  | 12 |
| 7410110941 | Lord Frederick North | New prime minister of Britain who convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts in 1770. (p. 74) |  | 13 |
| 7410110942 | Pontiac's Rebellion | In 1763, American Indian chief Pontiac led a major attack against the colonial settlements on the western frontier. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763. (p. 72) |  | 14 |
| 7410110943 | Proclamation Act of 1763 | This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the imaginary boundary in large numbers. (p. 72) |  | 15 |
| 7410110944 | Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) | War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70) |  | 16 |
| 7410110945 | Albany Plan of Union | The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. (p. 70) |  | 17 |
| 7410110946 | Edward Braddock | In 1755, this general led an army from colonial Virginia, to attack the French near Ft. Duquesne. More than 2,000 of his British and colonial troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and American Indians. (p. 70) |  | 18 |
| 7410110947 | George Washington | He led a small militia from the Virginia colony, to halt the completion of the French fort in the Ohio River Valley, Fort Duquesne. In July 1974, he was forced to surrender to a superior force of Frenchmen and their American Indian allies. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War. (p. 70) |  | 19 |
| 7410110948 | Peace of Paris | Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) in 1763. Great Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. (p. 71) | | 20 |
| 7410110949 | Sugar Act | A 1764 British act which placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries. Its primary purpose was to raise money for the English Crown. (p. 72) |  | 21 |
| 7410110950 | Quartering ACT | This 1765 act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers. (p. 72) |  | 22 |
| 7410110951 | Stamp Act | This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (p. 72) |  | 23 |
| 7410110952 | Declaratory Act | In 1766, Parliament declared that it had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (p. 73) |  | 24 |
| 7410110953 | Townshend Acts | In 1767, Parliament enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. It also created the writs of assistance, which was a general license to search for smuggled goods anywhere. (p. 73) |  | 25 |
| 7410110954 | Writs of Assistance | A general license to search anywhere. (p. 73) |  | 26 |
| 7410110955 | Tea Act | In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. The result was that British tea was even cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. (p. 75) |  | 27 |
| 7410110956 | Coercive Acts | In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Great Britain created four Coercive Acts to punish the people of Boston and Massachusetts. (p. 75) | | 28 |
| 7410110957 | Port Act | One of the Coercive Acts, which closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. (p. 75) |  | 29 |
| 7410110958 | Massachusetts Government Act | One of the Coercive Acts, which reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. (p. 75) |  | 30 |
| 7410110959 | Administration of Justice Act | One of the Coercive Acts, which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. (p. 75) |  | 31 |
| 7410110960 | Quebec Act | In 1774, this act organized the Canadian lands gained from France (Quebec). It established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, set up a government without a representative assembly, and set the Quebec border further south, at the Ohio River. (p. 75) |  | 32 |
| 7410110961 | Enlightenment | A European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems. (p. 76) |  | 33 |
| 7410110962 | Deism | Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. (p. 77) |  | 34 |
| 7410110963 | Rationalism | Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. (p. 77) |  | 35 |
| 7410110964 | John Locke | English philosopher who said that all people have rights, simply because they are human and that people have a right and a responsibility to revolt against any government that failed to protect their rights. (p. 77) |  | 36 |
| 7410110965 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s. (p. 77) |  | 37 |
AP US History Period 5 Flashcards
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| 5490657381 | peculiar institution | ..., southern euphemism for slavery | 0 | |
| 5490657382 | John C. Calhoun | ..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification | 1 | |
| 5490657383 | Harriet Tubman | ..., United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) | 2 | |
| 5490657384 | Sojourner Truth | ..., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) | 3 | |
| 5490657385 | Fredrick Douglas | ..., former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star | 4 | |
| 5490657386 | Sarah and Angelina Grimke | ..., Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition. | 5 | |
| 5490657387 | Nat Turner's Rebellion | ..., Rebellion in which a slave Preacher led a group of fellow slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families | 6 | |
| 5490657388 | Declaration of Sentiments | ..., declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights | 7 | |
| 5490657389 | Underground Railroad | ..., abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves | 8 | |
| 5490657390 | James K. Polk | ..., president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union. | 9 | |
| 5490657391 | Election of 1860 | Four way contest where Abraham Lincoln won both the popular and electoral vote, led to the secession of South Carolina and start of the Civil War | 10 | |
| 5490657392 | Wilmot Proviso | ..., Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico | 11 | |
| 5490657393 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | ..., Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | 12 | |
| 5490657394 | Oregon Trail | ..., pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country | 13 | |
| 5490657395 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | ..., United States writer of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896) | 14 | |
| 5490657397 | John Brown | ..., abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) | 15 | |
| 5490657398 | apologists | ..., Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs | 16 | |
| 5490657399 | Free-soil party | ..., Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. | 17 | |
| 5490657401 | Republican Party | ..., the younger of two major political parties in the United States | 18 | |
| 5490657402 | Confederate States of America | ..., a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States | 19 | |
| 5490657403 | Gadsden Purchase | ..., purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary | 20 | |
| 5490657404 | Fugitive Slave Law | ..., Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. | 21 | |
| 5490657405 | The Compromise of 1850 | ..., Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed. | 22 | |
| 5490657406 | The Kansas-Nebraska Act | ..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. | 23 | |
| 5490657407 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | ..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens | 24 | |
| 5490657408 | Bleeding Kansas | ..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. | 25 | |
| 5490657409 | John Brown's Raid | plan to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged | 26 | |
| 5490657410 | popular sovereignty | ..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery. | 27 | |
| 5490657411 | Robert E. Lee | ..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force | 28 | |
| 5490657412 | Ulysses S. Grant | ..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | 29 | |
| 5490657413 | Abraham Lincoln | ..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) | 30 | |
| 5490657414 | John Wilkes Booth | ..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. | 31 | |
| 5490657415 | Copperheads | ..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War | 32 | |
| 5490657416 | New York Draft Riots | ..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. | 33 | |
| 5490657417 | Bull Run | ..., either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862) | 34 | |
| 5490657418 | Second Battle of Bull Run | ..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union | 35 | |
| 5490657419 | Antietam | ..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation | 36 | |
| 5490657420 | Gettysburg | ..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. | 37 | |
| 5490657421 | Anaconda Plan | ..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south | 38 | |
| 5490657422 | Emancipation Proclamation | ..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free once Union armies took over their territories | 39 | |
| 5490657423 | Thirteenth Amendment | ..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | 40 | |
| 5490657427 | Appomattox Court House | ..., famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant | 41 | |
| 5490657428 | writ of habeas corpus | ..., court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment | 42 | |
| 5490657429 | Freedmen's Bureau | ..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | 43 | |
| 5490657430 | carpetbaggers | ..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction | 44 | |
| 5490657431 | ku klux klan | ..., a secret society of white Southerners created during Reconstruction who advocated violence to rid the South of African Americans | 45 | |
| 5490657434 | rutherford B. hayes | ..., 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history | 46 | |
| 5490657435 | reconstruction | ..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | 47 | |
| 5490657436 | proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction | ..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation | 48 | |
| 5490657437 | wade-davis bill | opposed 10% plan and called for more that 50% | 49 | |
| 5490657438 | 10 percent plan | ..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln) | 50 | |
| 5490657440 | fourteenth amendment | ..., made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country, guaranteed due process under the law | 51 | |
| 5490657441 | military reconstruction act | ..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law | 52 | |
| 5490657442 | tenure of office act | ..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | 53 | |
| 5490657443 | fifteenth amendment | ..., The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. | 54 | |
| 5490657445 | the compromise of 1877 | ..., It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet. | 55 | |
| 5490657446 | black codes | ..., Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves | 56 | |
| 5490657447 | sharecroppers | system set up by Plantation owners that forced many freedman into a new cycle of slavery | 57 | |
| 5492065361 | William Lloyd Garrison | Radical Abolitionist, created the Liberator newspaper | 58 |
AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 5394240985 | neomercantilism | a system of government that assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation, especially in the Northeast. This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange Instead of mother country and country, it's government/big company and little company. | 0 | |
| 5394243694 | Panic of 1819 | first major economic crisis of the United States. Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agriculture prices, and as farmers' income declined, they could not pay debts owned to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt | 1 | |
| 5394243695 | Commonwealth System | the republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to provide businesses whose projects would improve the genera welfare | 2 | |
| 5394245945 | sentimentalism | a way of experiencing the world that emphasized emotions and a sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and people. Part of the romantic movement, it spread to the United States from Europe in the late 18th century young men and women chose to marry based on feeling rather than if interest | 3 | |
| 5394247898 | companionate marriage | a marriage based on the republican values of equality and mutual respect. Although husbands in these marriages retained significant legal power, they increasingly came to see their wives as loving partners rather than as inferiors or dependents | 4 | |
| 5394247899 | republican motherhood | the idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mild them into exemplary republican citizens and they shouldn't be concerned with voting and whatnot | 5 | |
| 5394249518 | manumission | Allowed owners to free slaves A law enacted by the VA assembly in 1782 that allowed individual owners to free their slaves (who had remained loyal during the revolutionary war and who had fought for the cause). Within the decade planters had released tens of thousands of slaves (C) | 6 | |
| 5394249519 | American Colonization Society | a society founded by Henry Clay and other prominent citizens in 1817. The society argued that slaves had to be freed and then resettled, in Africa or elsewhere Freed slaves, then shipped them to Africa | 7 | |
| 5394251830 | Missouri Compromise | Henry clay's series of political agreements to preserve the balance between the north and the south Created by Henry Clay. Allowed for the line of slavery to be set, with all states south of Missouri to be slave states, while northern states could ban slavery. Admitted Maine into the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. | 8 | |
| 5394251831 | established church | the church that is recognized as the official church of a nation a church given privileged legal status by the government. Historically, such established churches in Europe and America were supported by public taxes and were often the only legally permitted religious institution | 9 | |
| 5394253295 | voluntarism | the funding of churches by their members. It allowed the laity to control the clergy, while also supporting the republican principle of self government Hoover believed that individuals should help each other not rely on the gov't. There was alot of voluntarism but it wasn't enough to overcome the economic Depression | 10 | |
| 5394255710 | "unchurched" | irreligious americans, who probably constituted a majority of the population in 1800. evangelical methodist and baptist churches were by far the most successful institutions in attracting new members from the unchurched a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions | 11 | |
| 5394264818 | Second Great Awakening | unprecedented religious revival that swept the nation between 1790 and 1850; it also proved to be a major impetus for the reform movements of the era A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 12 | |
| 5394271152 | John Jacob Astor | American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company |  | 13 |
| 5394282746 | Benjamin Rush | A pioneering Philadelphia physician that warned that lack of adequate sanitation programs was the cause of the frequent disease and epidemics of the time period. He advocated for the new "scientific" techniques of bleeding and purging which led to the death of many of his patients |  | 14 |
| 5394284063 | Henry Clay | United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852) Senator from Kentucky called the Great Compromiser because he was credited the Missouri Compromise and other major political compromises between 1820 - 1850. |  | 15 |
| 5394284064 | Richard Allen | an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church |  | 16 |
| 5394284065 | Lyman Beecher | American clergyman, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the Great Awakening ministers. He served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education. Beecher believed people did have national tendancy to sin, however, he did not believe in predestination. |  | 17 |
| 5394286100 | Emma Willard | Emma Willard was the first American female advocate of higher education for women. Willard opened the Middlebury Female Seminary. She also founded schools in New York for girls designed to prepare women for college.. |  | 18 |
Flashcards
AP US History- Civil War Flashcards
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| 7556424293 | Richmond, Virginia | Capital of the Confederacy | 0 | |
| 7556424294 | Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri | 4 slave states that stayed in the Union; called border states | 1 | |
| 7556424295 | Why did West Virginia break away? | Because they were Appalachian whites that did not believe in slavery | 2 | |
| 7556424296 | The original goal of the war for the North? | preserving the Union | 3 | |
| 7556424297 | advantages of the North | population, industry, transportation & communication networks | 4 | |
| 7556424305 | Advantages of the South | Fighting a defensive war (fighting for their way of life), fighting in their own territory, military leadership, and their people were united | 5 | |
| 7556424306 | Disadvantages of the North | Fighting in the South (foreign territory), have to conquer a massive amount of territory, harder to define the war aims of the North, and the population wasn't as united as the South | 6 | |
| 7556424309 | Robert E. Lee | Most famous Confederate General | 7 | |
| 7556424311 | Ulysses S. Grant | Union general who broke the war stalemate and led the army until the end of the war | 8 | |
| 7556424313 | Confederate president | Jefferson Davis | 9 | |
| 7556424314 | Union president | Abraham Lincoln | 10 | |
| 7556424317 | Major cash crop of the South | Cotton (King Cotton) | 11 | |
| 7556424325 | Greenbacks | Type of paper money issued by the U.S. government and the price of these went up and down with the fortunes of war | 12 | |
| 7556424331 | Clara Barton & Dorothea Dix | Leaders of nurses in the Civil War | 13 | |
| 7556424332 | Women's job in North during war | Had to fill men's positions when they went to fight. Became factory workers, clerks, farmers, etc. | 14 | |
| 7556424333 | What did women in the South do during the war? | Had to manage farms and plantations when men went off to war | 15 | |
| 7556424335 | Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) | First battle of the Civil War | 16 | |
| 7556424337 | Stonewall Jackson | Gen. Lee's right hand man, shot by his own men accidentally, "There stands Jackson like a...." | 17 | |
| 7556424338 | Great skedaddle | The ragtag group of civilians and soldiers from the Union left Bull Run | 18 | |
| 7556424340 | Anaconda Plan | Blockade the Confederate coast; divide the Confederacy by controlling the Mississippi River | 19 | |
| 7556424341 | Goals of the South | The British/French will ally with the South; Keep fighting until Northerners are tired of fighting; Hold on until Lincoln loses the election of 1864 | 20 | |
| 7556424352 | Battle of Antietam | Convinced the British not to support the South | 21 | |
| 7556424353 | Battle of Shiloh | Convinced both sides that it would be a long and bloody war | 22 | |
| 7556424356 | Why was Lincoln upset with Gen. McClellan? | He didn't want to use or waste his troops so he was not aggressively waging war | 23 | |
| 7556424358 | In 1863, the purpose of the war for the Union changed, what was it? | The purpose was no longer about saving the Union, but about abolishing slavery | 24 | |
| 7556424360 | Emancipation Proclamation | Declared free the slaves in Confederate areas still in rebellion. (Did not free any slaves in border states) | 25 | |
| 7556424362 | Name of charge at Gettysburg | Pickett's charge | 26 | |
| 7556424363 | Vicksburg | When Gen. Grant captured this town, it gave the North control of the Mississippi River; early July 1863; turning point with the Battle of Gettysburg | 27 | |
| 7556424364 | Gettysburg Address | Name of speech Lincoln gave in 1863 and is considered one of the best speeches ever | 28 | |
| 7556424368 | Atlanta | Georgia town burned by Gen. Sherman | 29 | |
| 7556424369 | "March to the Sea" | When Sherman tried to make the civilians lose their will to fight. He went from Atlanta to Savannah and destroyed everything in his army's path. He did not burn Savannah, gave it to Lincoln as a Christmas present | 30 | |
| 7556424378 | Lincoln's assassin | John Wilkes Booth | 31 | |
| 7556424379 | 13th Amendment | Amendment that freed the slaves | 32 | |
| 7609606059 | Wilmot Proviso | Bill that proposed slavery not be allowed in the Mexican Cession | 33 | |
| 7609623766 | Compromise of 1850 | California is a free state, Fugitive Slave Act, popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession, no slave trade in Washington, DC, redrew borders of Texas | 34 | |
| 7609635665 | Fugitive Slave Law | Required Northern states to help in capturing and returning any escaped slaves | 35 | |
| 7609643032 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | Split territory into two parts, slavery issue would be decided by popular sovereignty | 36 | |
| 7609655285 | popular sovereignty | The people of an area decide what their government will be. "people rule" | 37 | |
| 7609663043 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | A best-selling novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed slavery as a great moral evil | 38 | |
| 7609669561 | Lincoln-Douglas debates | Debates held during Illinois Senate campaign, Lincoln lost the election but gained recognition outside of Illinois | 39 | |
| 7609682648 | Missouri Compromise | Maine is a free state, Missouri is a slave state, no slavery north of the 36*30' line | 40 | |
| 7609698967 | "Bleeding Kansas" | Term for the violent conflicts in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers | 41 | |
| 7609714807 | Pottawatomie massacre | John Brown and his followers killed five men by dismembering them because they were proslavery | 42 | |
| 7609721406 | Ostend Manifesto | Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out; looking to expand slavery | 43 | |
| 7609728045 | Republican Party | Political party formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery | 44 | |
| 7609732482 | Free-Soil Party | political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories | 45 | |
| 7609735410 | Liberty Party | Party that was completely opposed to slavery; wanted to end all slavery in the U.S. | 46 | |
| 7609742493 | Dred Scott ruling | Congress cannot ban slavery in the territories; blacks (free or slave) are not U.S. citizens and cannot sue in court | 47 | |
| 7609751622 | Freeport Doctrine | Idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it | 48 | |
| 7609757478 | Harper's Ferry | a attempt to steal weapons for a slave revolt led by John Brown | 49 | |
| 7609761233 | John Brown | a fervent abolitionist who believed God had chosen him to end slavery | 50 | |
| 7609765046 | Fort Sumter | first shots of the Civil War were fired here. | 51 | |
| 7609771528 | Battle of Gettysburg | Civil War battle in PA that was won by the Union and became the turning point of the war, July 1-3, 1863 | 52 | |
| 7609781298 | Homestead Act of 1862 | Any citizen could buy 160 acres of land for a small fee if they met certain conditions | 53 | |
| 7609785377 | Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 | Gave states federal land to sell; money for agricultural and mechanical colleges | 54 | |
| 7609795595 | Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad connecting the West and East coasts of the continental U.S.; started in 1862 & completed in 1869 | 55 | |
| 7609813463 | Sharecropping | farming someone else's land while paying a share of the crops raised for rent | 56 | |
| 7609817840 | Radical Republicans | Those in Congress who wanted to make South pay dearly for the Civil War | 57 | |
| 7609822095 | Black codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves | 58 | |
| 7609824228 | Jim Crow laws | Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites | 59 | |
| 7609826861 | 14th Amendment | Defines citizenship and grants equal protection under the law for all citizens. | 60 | |
| 7609830576 | 15th Amendment | States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. | 61 | |
| 7609836396 | Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan | A state could rejoin the Union once 10% of the 1860 voters took an oath of loyalty to the U.S. | 62 | |
| 7609843397 | Andrew Johnson | Lincoln's Vice President; became President after Lincoln's assassination | 63 | |
| 7609851490 | Tenure of Office Act | Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. | 64 | |
| 7609855091 | Impeachment process | House impeaches - Senate conducts trial - only removed from office if convicted in the Senate | 65 | |
| 7609875849 | Charles Sumner | Republican idealist who pushed for black rights and was nearly beaten to death with a cane by Rep. Preston. S Brooks | 66 | |
| 7609890574 | Assassination of Abraham Lincoln | Lincoln was shot at Ford's Theater, while watching a play three days after the war ends; part of a larger plot against government leaders | 67 | |
| 7609910262 | Radical Reconstruction | Divided the South into 5 military districts; made it much harder to rejoin the Union | 68 | |
| 7609918510 | Carpetbaggers | Northerner that traveled to the South to make a profit or run for political office after the Civil War | 69 | |
| 7609926050 | Scalawags | Southern whites who supported Radical Reconstruction. | 70 | |
| 7609929322 | Freedman's Bureau | a federal agency to help former slaves get their lives on track; education, help with contracts, etc. | 71 | |
| 7609938886 | Credit Mobilier | Railroad construction company was overcharging the government; paid bribes to Congressmen to avoid being stopped | 72 | |
| 7609955917 | Whiskey Ring | IRS agents took bribes from whiskey distillers weren't paying taxes | 73 | |
| 7609966530 | Election of 1876 | Close election - disputed electoral votes in reconstructed states - Tilden won popular vote but Hayes is awarded the presidency by a special commission | 74 | |
| 7609978192 | Compromise of 1877 | Hayes is president; military troops removed from South, Democrat appointed to Cabinet, $ spent on internal improvements in the South (roads, canals, RR) | 75 | |
| 7609984488 | Redeemers | Democratic supporters of white-controlled governments in the South in the 1870s | 76 | |
| 7609992072 | poll taxes | way of circumventing the 14th Amendment and denying civil rights to African Americans by taxing votes | 77 | |
| 7610001059 | literacy tests | Required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution to vote | 78 | |
| 7610007926 | grandfather clauses | only can vote if your grandfather could, no blacks can vote | 79 | |
| 7610013556 | Ku Klux Klan | White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties | 80 | |
| 7610016865 | Plessy v. Ferguson | ruled that the "separate but equal" law did not violate the 14th amendment | 81 | |
| 7610020712 | lynching | to put to death, especially by hanging, by mob action and without legal authority | 82 | |
| 7804425782 | Jim Crow | Segregation laws | 83 | |
| 7804428193 | Slaughterhouse cases | Supreme Court rules that the 14th Amendment refers to national government, not states | 84 | |
| 7804442809 | Civil Rights Act 1875 | Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations on the basis of race. In 1883 the Supreme Court overturned it and set the stage for legal discrimination | 85 | |
| 7804453429 | Thomas Nast | Father of the American political cartoon | 86 |
AP US History Unit 4 Flashcards
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| 5447815632 | Francis Scott Key | An American lawyer, author, and amateur poet from Georgetown who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner" | 0 | |
| 5447815633 | Andrew Jackson | An American statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and is considered the founder of the Democratic Party | 1 | |
| 5447815634 | Washington Irving | An American short story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He wrote the story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" | 2 | |
| 5447815635 | James Monroe | The fifth President of the United States, serving between 1817 and 1825. He was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States and the last president from the Virginian dynasty and the Republican Generation of that time | 3 | |
| 5447815636 | James Fennimore Cooper | A prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature. He wrote numerous sea related stories | 4 | |
| 5447815637 | John Marshall | The fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801-1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. | 5 | |
| 5447815638 | John C. Calhoun | An American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States | 6 | |
| 5447815639 | John Quincy Adams | An American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He also served as a diplomat, a Senator and member of the House of Representatives | 7 | |
| 5447815640 | Daniel Webster | American statesman who twice served in the United States House of Representatives, representing New Hampshire and Massachusetts, served as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and was twice the United States Secretary of State, under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler and Millard Fillmore | 8 | |
| 5447815641 | Henry Clay | An American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams. He also created the American System as an effort to boost American Economy | 9 | |
| 5447815642 | War of 1812 | Conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent. Neither side won and neither side lost the war | 10 | |
| 5447815643 | Treaty of Ghent | This treaty, signed on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom | 11 | |
| 5447815644 | Hartford Convention | A series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government. This would trigger the end of the Federalist Party seeing that they had no power to fix any of the issues they had | 12 | |
| 5447815645 | Nationalism | A feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries | 13 | |
| 5447815646 | Peculiar Institution | This was a euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the American South. In simpler terms, it was the system of black slavery in the southern states of the US | 14 | |
| 5447815647 | Protective Tariff | A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition. This type of tariff was first passed in 1816 | 15 | |
| 5447815648 | Sectionalism | A tendency to be more concerned with the interests of your particular group or region than with the problems and interests of the larger group, country, etc | 16 | |
| 5447815649 | Internal Improvements | A term used historically in the United States for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements | 17 | |
| 5447815650 | American System | This "System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture | 18 | |
| 5447815651 | Second Bank of the Untied States | This bank was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States during its 20-year charter from February 1816 to January 1836 | 19 | |
| 5447815652 | McCulloch v. Maryland | A landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government | 20 | |
| 5447815653 | Tariff of 1816 | This tariff is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government | 21 | |
| 5447815654 | Cohens v. Virginia | A United States Supreme Court decision most noted for the Court's assertion of its power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters when the defendant claims that their Constitutional rights have been violated | 22 | |
| 5447815655 | Gibbons v. Ogden | A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation | 23 | |
| 5447815656 | Bonus Bill of 1817 | Legislation proposed by John C. Calhoun to earmark the revenue "bonus", as well as future dividends, from the recently established Second Bank of the United States for an internal improvements fund | 24 | |
| 5447815657 | Flectcher v. Peck | A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional. The decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands | 25 | |
| 5447815658 | Virginia Dynasty | The fact that four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from Virginia | 26 | |
| 5447815659 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward | A landmark decision in United States corporate law from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations. The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation and the American free enterprise system | 27 | |
| 5447815660 | Era of Good Feelings | A period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System | 28 | |
| 5447815661 | Treaty of 1818 | An international treaty signed in 1818 between those parties. Signed during the presidency of James Monroe, it resolved standing boundary issues between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia | 29 | |
| 5447815662 | Panic of 1819 | In 1819, the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment | 30 | |
| 5447815663 | Florida Purchase Treaty | A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain | 31 | |
| 5447815664 | Land Act of 1820 | The United States federal law that ended the ability to purchase the United States' public domain lands on a credit or installment system over four years, as previously established | 32 | |
| 5447815665 | Monroe Doctrine | The best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the speech warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs | 33 | |
| 5447815666 | Tallmadge Amendment | A proposed amendment to a bill requesting the Territory of Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a free state | 34 | |
| 5447815667 | Missouri Compromise | A United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri | 35 | |
| 5447815668 | Battle of New Orleans | An engagement fought between January 8 and January 18, 1815, constituting the final major battle of the War of 1812, and the most one-sided battle of that war | 36 | |
| 5447815669 | Martin Van Buren | An American politician who served as the eighth President of the United States | 37 | |
| 5447815670 | Nicholas Biddle | An American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States | 38 | |
| 5447815671 | Stephen Austin | An American empresario born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri. Known as the "Father of Texas", and the founder of Texas, he led the second, and ultimately successful, colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825. In addition, he worked with the Mexican government to support emigration from the United States | 39 | |
| 5447815672 | William Henry Harrison | The ninth President of the United States, an American military officer and politician, and the last president born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office. | 40 | |
| 5447815673 | Sam Houston | An American politician and soldier, best known for his role in bringing Texas into the United States as a constituent state | 41 | |
| 5447815674 | John Tyler | The tenth President of the United States. He was also, briefly, the tenth Vice President, elected to that office on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison | 42 | |
| 5447815675 | Black Hawk | A band leader and warrior of the Sauk American Indian tribe in what is now the Midwest of the United States | 43 | |
| 5447815676 | Denmark Vesey | A literate, skilled carpenter and leader among African Americans in Charleston, South Carolina. He is notable as the accused and convicted ringleader of "the rising," a major potential slave revolt planned for the city in June 1822 | 44 | |
| 5447815677 | Nullification | In United States constitutional history, this is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional | 45 | |
| 5447815678 | Spoils System | The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters | 46 | |
| 5447815679 | Wildcat Banks | The practices of banks chartered under state law during the periods of non-federally regulated state banking between 1816 and 1863 in the United States, also known as the Free Banking Era | 47 | |
| 5447815680 | Speculation | Activity in which someone buys and sells things (such as stocks or pieces of property) in the hope of making a large profit but with the risk of a large loss | 48 | |
| 5447815681 | National Republicans | This party, also known as the Anti-Jacksonian Party, was a political party in the United States. During the administration of John Quincy Adams, the president's supporters were referred to as Adams Men or Anti-Jackson | 49 | |
| 5447815682 | Anti-Masonic Party | The first "third party" in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a single-issue party, and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues | 50 | |
| 5447815683 | Twelfth Amendment | The this Amendment to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President | 51 | |
| 5447815684 | King Mob | A nickname given to Andrew Jackson by conservatives as an insult after he allowed commons into the white house on the night of his inauguration; they created a mob, wrecking china and furniture and causing Jackson to have to sneak out for his safety | 52 | |
| 5447815685 | Corrupt Bargain | To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State | 53 | |
| 5447815686 | Tariff of Abominations | A protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. | 54 | |
| 5447815687 | Tariff of 1832 | Enacted on July 13, 1832, this was referred to as a protectionist tariff in the United States. The purpose of this tariff was to act as remedy for the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828. Mainly, the protective Tariff of 1828 was created in such a way that it intended to protect the industry in the north | 55 | |
| 5447815688 | Trail of Tears | In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. They made the journey on foot and thousands died as a result | 56 | |
| 5447815689 | Panic of 1837 | A financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. Pessimism abounded during the time. People credit the shutting down of the National Bank as the trigger for this crisis | 57 | |
| 5447815690 | Force Bill | An Act further to provide for the collection of duties on imports. Passed by Congress at the urging of President Andrew Jackson, the Force Bill consisted of eight sections expanding presidential power and was designed to compel the state of South Carolina's compliance with a series of federal tariffs, opposed by John C. Calhoun and other leaders from South Carolina | 58 | |
| 5447815691 | Seminole Indians | A Native American people originally of Florida. They comprise three federally recognized tribes and independent groups, most living in Oklahoma with a minority in Florida. | 59 | |
| 5447815692 | Whig Party | A political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four Presidents belonged to the Party while in office. It originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829-37) and his Democratic Party. In particular, this party supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing | 60 | |
| 5447815693 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | This act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy | 61 | |
| 5447815694 | Five Civilized Tribes | This term derives from the colonial and early federal period. It refers to five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muskogee), and Seminole | 62 | |
| 5447815695 | Annexation of Texas | The 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836 | 63 | |
| 5447815696 | Samuel Slater | An early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and the "Father of the American Factory System." In the UK, he was called "Slater the Traitor" because he brought British textile technology to America, modifying it for United States use | 64 | |
| 5447815697 | Cyrus McCormick | An American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of the International Harvester Company in 1901. Although he is credited as the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, he based his work on that of many others, including Roman, Scottish and American men, more than two decades of work by his father, and the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family | 65 | |
| 5447815698 | Eli Whitney | An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South | 66 | |
| 5447815699 | Robert Fulton | An American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Clermont | 67 | |
| 5447815700 | Samuel Morse | An American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age, he contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy | 68 | |
| 5447815701 | DeWitt Clinton | An American politician and naturalist who served as a United States Senator and was the sixth Governor of New York. In this last capacity, he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal | 69 | |
| 5447815702 | Catharine Beecher | An American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education | 70 | |
| 5447815703 | Industrial Revolution | The name given the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, the people of England began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines | 71 | |
| 5447815704 | Transportation Revolution | The period where steam power, railroads, canals, roads, and bridges emerged as new forms of transportation | 72 | |
| 5447815705 | Erie Canal | A canal in New York that is part of the east-west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo, at Lake Erie | 73 | |
| 5447815706 | Nativism | The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants | 74 | |
| 5447815707 | Irish Immigration | In the middle half of the nineteenth century, more than one-half of the population of Ireland emigrated to the United States | 75 | |
| 5447815708 | German Immigration | The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants | 76 | |
| 5447815709 | Cult of Domesticity | Also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an opinion about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things they believed that women should be: More religious than men, pure in heart, mind, and body, submissive to their husbands and stays at home | 77 | |
| 5447815710 | Factory System | A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor. The main characteristic of this system is the use of machinery, originally powered by water or steam and later by electricity | 78 | |
| 5447815711 | Market Revolution | A term used by historians to describe the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth-century America, prompted mainly by the construction of new roads and canals to connect distant communities together for the first time | 79 | |
| 5447815712 | Interchangeable Parts | Parts (components) that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting (such as filing) | 80 | |
| 5447815713 | Cotton Gin | A machine for separating cotton from its seeds. This machine was invented by Eli Whitney | 81 | |
| 5447815714 | Know Nothing Party | Also known as the American Party, was a prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. The American Party originated in 1849. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church | 82 | |
| 5447815715 | Dorothea Dix | An American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums | 83 | |
| 5447815716 | Lucretia Mott | An American Quaker, abolitionist, a women's rights activist, and a social reformer. She helped write the Declaration of Sentiments during the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention | 84 | |
| 5447815717 | Horace Mann | An American politician and educational reformer. A Whig devoted to promoting speedy modernization, he served in the Massachusetts State legislature. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. He has been credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement" | 85 | |
| 5447815718 | Noah Webster | An American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education" | 86 | |
| 5447815719 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | An American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States. She was president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900 | 87 | |
| 5447815720 | Edgar Allen Poe | An American writer, editor, and literary critic. He is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. He is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career | 88 | |
| 5447815721 | Susan B. Anthony | An American social reformer and feminist activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17 | 89 | |
| 5447815722 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | An American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States | 90 | |
| 5447815723 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | An American novelist, Dark Romantic, and short story writer. Much of his writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity | 91 | |
| 5447815724 | Robert Owen | A Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of Utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland. | 92 | |
| 5447815725 | Henry David Thoreau | An American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian. A leading transcendentalist, he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state | 93 | |
| 5447815726 | Herman Melville | An American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. His best known works include Typee, a romantic account of his experiences in Polynesian life, and his whaling novel Moby-Dick | 94 | |
| 5447815727 | Charles G. Finney | An American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism | 95 | |
| 5447815728 | Joseph Smith | An American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon | 96 | |
| 5447815729 | John J. Audubon | An American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his extensive studies documenting all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats | 97 | |
| 5447815730 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | An American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline | 98 | |
| 5447815731 | Louisa May Alcott | An American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys | 99 | |
| 5447815732 | Gilbert Stuart | An American painter from Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart is widely considered one of America's foremost portraitists. His best known work is the unfinished portrait of George Washington that is sometimes referred to as The Athenaeum, begun in 1796 and never finished | 100 | |
| 5447815733 | Brigham Young | An American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 | 101 | |
| 5447815734 | Neal Dow | An American prohibition advocate and politician. Nicknamed the "Napoleon of Temperance" and the "Father of Prohibition" | 102 | |
| 5447815735 | Maine Law | 1851 law in Maine which prohibited the making and selling of liquor | 103 | |
| 5447815736 | Unitarianism | This is historically a Christian theological movement named for the affirmation that God is one entity, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism, which defines God as three persons in one being | 104 | |
| 5447815737 | Second Great Awakening | A Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. | 105 | |
| 5447815738 | Hudson River School | A mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and the White Mountains; eventually works by the second generation of artists associated with the school expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the American West, and South America | 106 | |
| 5447815739 | Declaration of Sentiments | Also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, this is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, 100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women | 107 | |
| 5447815740 | Transcendentalism | An idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures | 108 | |
| 5447815741 | Oneida Community | A religiously centered Utopian commune of about 250 whose members shared all aspects of their lives and work. They referred to their 93,000 square foot residence as their Mansion House. | 109 | |
| 5447815742 | Mormons | A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a religion founded in the US in 1830 by Joseph Smith | 110 |
AP US History Unit 7 Flashcards
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| 6242611240 | A. Mitchell Palmer | attorney general during the height of the Red Scare (1919-1920) who led raids against suspected radicals; reacting to terrorist bombings, fear of Bolshevism, and his own presidential aspirations, Palmer arrested 6,000 people and deported over 500. | 0 | |
| 6242611241 | Booker T. Washington | influential black leader; his "Atlanta Compromise" speech (1895) proposed blacks accept social and political segregation in return for economic opportunities in agriculture and vocational areas. He received money from whites and built Tuskegee Institute into a powerful educational and political machine. | 1 | |
| 6242611242 | Calvin Coolidge | taciturn, pro-business president (1923-1929) who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929. | 2 | |
| 6242611243 | Carrie Chapman Catt | president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; Catt led the organization when it achieved passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 and later organized the League of Women Voters. | 3 | |
| 6242611244 | Charles Lindbergh | mail service pilot who became a celebrity when he made the first flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927; a symbol of the vanishing individualistic hero of the frontier who was honest, modest, and self-reliant, he later became a leading isolationist. | 4 | |
| 6242611245 | Eighteenth Amendment 1919 | prohibited the sale, transportation, and manufacture of alcohol; part of rural America's attempt to blunt the societal influence of the cities, it was called the "Noble Experiment" until it was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment (1933). | 5 | |
| 6242611246 | Federal Reserve Act 1913 | established a national banking system for the first time since the 1830s; designed to combat the "money trust," it created 12 regional banks that regulated interest rates, money supply, and provided an elastic credit system throughout the country. | 6 | |
| 6242611247 | Great Migration | movement of southern, rural blacks to northern cities starting around 1915 and continuing through much of the twentieth century; blacks left the South as the cotton economy declined and Jim Crow persisted. Thousands came north for wartime jobs in large cities during World Wars I and 11. | 7 | |
| 6242611248 | Harlem Renaissance | black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes. | 8 | |
| 6242611249 | Ida Tarbell | crusading journalist who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company a critical expose that documented john D. Rockefeller's ruthlessness and questionable business tactics. | 9 | |
| 6242611250 | Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) | revolutionary industrial union founded in 1905 and led by "Big Bill" Haywood that worked to overthrow capitalism; during World War I, the government pressured the group, and by 1919, it was in serious decline. | 10 | |
| 6242611251 | Jane Addams | social worker and leader in the settlement house movement; she founded Hull House in 1889, which helped improve the lives of poor immigrants in Chicago, and in 1931 shared the Nobel Peace Prize. | 11 | |
| 6242611252 | Ku Klux Klan | Reconstruction-era organization that was revived in 1915 and rose to political power in the mid-1920s when membership reached 4 to 5 million; opposed to blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants, its membership was rural, white, native-born, and Protestant. | 12 | |
| 6242611253 | Langston Hughes | leading literary figure of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote verse, essays, and 32 books; he helped define tie black experience in America for over four decades. | 13 | |
| 6242611254 | Lincoln Steffens | a leading muckraking journalist who exposed political corruption in the cities; best known for IUs The Shame of Cities (1904), he was also a regular contributor to McClure's magazine. | 14 | |
| 6242611255 | Marcus Garvey | black leader in early 1920s who appealed to urban blacks with his program of racial self-sufficiency / separatism, black pride, and pan-Africanism; his Universal Negro Improvement Association ran into financial trouble, however. He was eventually arrested for mail fraud and deported to his native Jamaica in 1927. | 15 | |
| 6242611256 | New Nationalism | Theodore Roosevelt's progressive platform in the election of 1912; building on IUs presidential "Square Deal," he called for a strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social justice but to accept trusts as an economic fact of life. | 16 | |
| 6242611257 | Nineteenth Amendment 1920 | granted women the right to vote; its ratification capped a movement for women's rights that dated to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Although women were voting in state elections in 12 states when the amendment passed, it enabled 8 million women to vote in the presidential election of 1920. | 17 | |
| 6242611258 | Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 | law that regulated the food and patent medicine industries; some business leaders called it socialistic meddling by the government. | 18 | |
| 6242611259 | Red Scare | period of hysteria after World War I over the possible spread of Communism to the United States; aroused by the Russian Revolution (1917), the large number of Russian immigrants in the United States, and a series of terrorist bombings in 1919, it resulted in the denial of civil liberties, mass arrests and deportations, and passage of the restrictive Immigration Act of 1920. | 19 | |
| 6242611260 | Robert La Follette | progressive governor (1900-1904) and senator (1906-1925); he established the "Wisconsin idea" that reformed the state through direct primaries, tax reform, and anticorruption legislation. La Follette was the Progressive Party's presidential nominee in 1924. | 20 | |
| 6242611261 | Sacco and Vanzetti | Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried, and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs. | 21 | |
| 6242611262 | Scopes Trial 1925 | "Monkey Trial" over John Scopes's teaching of evolution in his biology classroom in violation of a Tennessee law; it pitted the Bible, fundamentalism, and William Jennings Bryan against evolution, modernism, and Clarence Darrow. Scopes was convicted, but fundamentalism was damaged and discouraged by the trial. | 22 | |
| 6242611263 | Social Gospel | movement that began in Protestant churches in the late nineteenth century to apply the teachings of the Bible to the problems of the industrial age; led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, it aroused the interest of many clergymen in securing social justice for the urban poor. The thinking of Jane Addams, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and other secular reformers was influenced by the movement as well. | 23 | |
| 6242611264 | Tea Pot Dome Scandal | biggest scandal of Harding's administration: Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932). | 24 | |
| 6242611265 | Upton Sinclair | socialist muckraker who wrote The Jungle (1906), in which he hoped to indict the capitalist system but instead helped convince Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act (1906), which cleaned up the meat industry. | 25 | |
| 6242611266 | W.E.B. DuBois | black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Color People (NAACP). | 26 | |
| 6242611267 | Warren Harding | weak but affable president (1921-1923) who allowed his appointees to loot and cheat the government; after his death, political and personal scandals tarnished his presidency. Harding is rated as a failure as president by most historians. | 27 | |
| 6242611268 | Woodrow Wilson (New Freedom) | successful Democratic presidential nominee in 1912 and his progressive program that viewed trusts as evil and called for their destruction rather than their regulation; his social and political philosophy drew heavily on the ideas of Louis Brandeis. As president (1931-1921). Wilson led the nation through World War I. | 28 | |
| 6242611269 | Treaty of Versailles (1919) | ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise to power in Germany in the 1930s. | 29 | |
| 6242611270 | Big Four | the leaders who constructed the Treaty of Versailles: Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy) | 30 | |
| 6242611271 | Fourteen Points 1918 | Woodrow Wilson's vision for the world after World War I; it called for free trade, self-determination for all peoples, freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, and a League of Nations. Wilson hoped his Fourteen Points would be the basis for a negotiated settlement to end the war. However, they were not harsh enough on Germany for the other Allies to accept. Only a few of them were incorporated into the treaty. | 31 | |
| 6242611272 | Henry Cabot Lodge | chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who accepted the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League but demanded reservations to the League to maintain congressional authority in foreign affairs; Wilson's unwillingness to accept these conditions caused the Senate to reject the treaty. | 32 | |
| 6242611273 | John Pershing | American commander in France during World War I; his nickname of "Black Jack" resulted from his command of black troops earlier in his career. Before being dispatched to France, Pershing led an American incursion into Mexico in 1916 in a failed attempt to capture Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. | 33 | |
| 6242611274 | Lusitania | British passenger liner sunk by a German submarine in May 1915; among the 1,200 deaths were 128 Americans. This was the first major crisis between the United States and Germany and a stepping-stone for American involvement in World War I. | 34 | |
| 6242611275 | William Borah | led a group of senators who were irreconcilably opposed to joining the League of Nations; he promoted ideals of traditional isolationism and believed the League was "an entangling foreign alliance." | 35 | |
| 6242611276 | Zimmermann Note 1917 | a secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the United States; Germany offered to help Mexico get back territories it lost to the United States in 1848. Britain alerted the Wilson administration to the plan, and Mexico refused the idea. | 36 |
Flashcards
AP US History: Chapter 24 Flashcards
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| 5848168794 | Pacific Railroad Act, 1862 | Land grants; commissioned a transcontinental rail line. | 0 | |
| 5848173760 | Union Pacific Railroad | This railroad company was commissioned to build the transcontinental railroad from the east. Insiders of the Credit Mobilier reaped $23 million in profits; Indians attacked while trying to save their land. | 1 | |
| 5848173761 | Central Pacific Railroad | Backed by the Big Four, it used Chinese Workers and received the same incentives as the Union Pacific, but it had to drill through the hard rock of Sierra Nevada. | 2 | |
| 5848176200 | The Wedding of the rails | Representing the completion of transcontinental rail line in 1869 | 3 | |
| 5848176201 | The Big Four | In California, the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of extending the railroad eastward, backed the Central Pacific Railroad. | 4 | |
| 5848176202 | James J. Hill | He created the railroad: the Great Northern. Was probably the greatest railroad builder of all. | 5 | |
| 5848179180 | The Great Northern | This railroad ran from Duluth to Seattle, created by genius architect James J. Hill | 6 | |
| 5848179181 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | Leader of old eastern railroad New York Central. | 7 | |
| 5848181539 | Time zones | Instead of each city having its own time zone, to not confuse railroad operators, four national time zones was created. | 8 | |
| 5848181540 | Stocking watering | A method of cheap moneymaking; railroad companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits. | 9 | |
| 5848181541 | Jay Gould | Made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad companies. | 10 | |
| 5848225815 | "Pool" | A group of supposed competitors who agreed to work together, usually to set prices. | 11 | |
| 5848247482 | Wabash case (Wabash v. Illinois) 1886 | issued by Supreme Court, stopped the Grange (the Grange's purpose is to stop the railroad monopoly occurred). States could not regulate interstate commerce. | 12 | |
| 5852224786 | Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 | This act banned rebates and pools; required the railroads to publish their rates openly. | 13 | |
| 5852224787 | Interstate Commerce Commission | It was set up to enforce Interstate Commerce Act. | 14 | |
| 5852229313 | Alexander Graham Bell, 1876 | Invented the telephone. | 15 | |
| 5852231179 | Thomas A. Edison, 1879 | Perfecto of the incandescent light bulb; invented phonograph, moving pictures, mimeograph, etc. Backed by | 16 | |
| 5852231180 | Andrew Carnegie | Steel tycoon. Master of "vertical integration." Turned to philanthropy and gave huge sums to libraries and arts in his late years. | 17 | |
| 5852233825 | Vertical Integration | A business method where a corporation bought out other businesses (though not competitors) along its line of production. Example: Andrew Carnegie |  | 18 |
| 5852233826 | Bessemer process | A cheaper way to make steel, boost U.S.'s steel industry. Discovered by an American, William Kelly first, but named after a British person. | 19 | |
| 5852235970 | Horizontal integration | A business method where the company bought out its competitors. Example: Rockefeller's Standard Oil |  | 20 |
| 5852238086 | John D. Rockefeller | Oil tycoon. Ruthless and merciless, owned Standard Oil Company which eventually controlled at least 90% of American oil. Was a master of "horizontal integration" where he ruthlessly drove others out of business. | 21 | |
| 5852238087 | Standard Oil | owned by John D. Rockefeller | 22 | |
| 5852242045 | "Trust" | a business that essentially is a monopoly, could drive smaller businesses to the wall. | 23 | |
| 5852244003 | J. P. Morgan | Banker and financier. Orchestrated several blockbuster deals in railroads, insurance, and banking. Bought Andrew Carnegie's steel operation for $400 million to start the U.S. Steel Company. Greed, power, arrogance, and snobbery of the Gilded Age business. | 24 | |
| 5852244004 | U. S. Steel | Company owned by J.P. Morgan, started from buying Andrew Carnegie's steel operation for $400 million. | 25 | |
| 5852246397 | Gustavus F. Swift | leader of meat industry, trusts which made better products at cheaper prices. (G) | 26 | |
| 5852246398 | Philip Armour | leader of meat industry, trusts which made better products at cheaper prices. (P) | 27 | |
| 5852246399 | Gospel of Wealth | Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth; thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich; help society with their money. | 28 | |
| 5852247897 | Social Darwinism | Applied Charles Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest theories to business. Implied the reason that Carnegie was at the top of the steel industry. | 29 | |
| 5852247898 | William Graham Sumner | Yale professor, survival of the fittest, natural law, etc. | 30 | |
| 5852249993 | Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 | This act forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint of trade. It was ineffective since it couldn't be enforced. | 31 | |
| 5852253056 | James Buchanan Duke and the American Tobacco Company | He was one who, when the south remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances, developed a huge cigarette industry, and made donations to a college (it is now named after him). | 32 | |
| 5852254110 | Henry W. Grady and the New South | Editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper, urged the South to industrialize. | 33 | |
| 5852254111 | Southern textile mills | In 1880s, there were only few industries in the South. But by the 1920s, the South had eclipsed New England in terms of yarn and cloth production. | 34 | |
| 5852255842 | Gibson Girl | created by Charles Dana Gibson, became the romantic ideal of the age: young, athletic, attractive, and outdoorsy. | 35 | |
| 5852255843 | Lockout | Employers could lock their doors against rebellious workers and then starve them into submission. | 36 | |
| 5852257747 | Yellow-dog contracts | Contracts that the workers had to sign, which banned them from joining unions. | 37 | |
| 5852257748 | National Labor Union | This union represented a giant boot stride; only lasted 6 years. Excluded Chinese; didn't welcome Blacks or women. Aim for eight-hour workday. | 38 | |
| 5852259882 | Colored National Labor Union | Excluded workers such as Chinese or Blacks established this union. | 39 | |
| 5852261967 | Knights of Labor | It is a labor union similar to National Labor Union, but only bared liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. Campaigned for economic and social reform. | 40 | |
| 5852261968 | Mother Jones | Joined Knights of Labor, was an Irish-born American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent labor and community organizer. She helped coordinate major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the World. | 41 | |
| 5852261969 | Terence Powderly | Leader of Knights of Labor; led the Knights won a number of strikes for the eight-hour day; staged a successful strike against Jay Gould's Wabash Railroad in 1885. | 42 | |
| 5852264501 | Haymarket Square bombing, 1886 | It was an explosion in Chicago during labor disorders, killed several people including police officers. | 43 | |
| 5852264502 | Gov. John P. Altgeld | German-born Democrat, elected governor of Illinois; pardoned the three survivors after studying the Haymarket Square Bombing extensively. | 44 | |
| 5852266510 | Samuel Gompers | Founder of AF of L, demanded a fairer share for labor; sought better wages, hours, and working conditions. | 45 | |
| 5852266511 | The American Federation of Labor | The AF of L united many independent small unions and worked out overall strategies. It focused only on skilled labor. Their success was only mild. | 46 | |
| 5852268825 | Railroad Strike of 1877 | This strike's failure exposed the weakness of the labor movement. Racist and ethnic fissures among workers everywhere fractured labor unity. | 47 | |
| 5852272662 | Labor Day, 1894 | Was made a legal holiday as the public started to concede the rights of workers. | 48 |
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