US AP History Period 1 Flashcards
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| 6596962243 | Maize | This crop transformed nomadic hunter-gatherer societies into settled farm communities | 0 | |
| 6596962245 | God, Gold & Glory | 3 motives for Spanish Exploration | 1 | |
| 6596962246 | Hispaniola | The area in which Columbus landed | 2 | |
| 6596962250 | Northwest Indians | Lived in permanent longhouses that had a rich diet based on hunting & fishing | 3 | |
| 6596962251 | Great Plains Indians | Tribe that was nomadic OR farmers/traders; hunted buffalo, raised maize, beans & squash | 4 | |
| 6596962253 | Cortes | Conquered the Aztecs | 5 | |
| 6596962255 | Bartolome de las Casas | Man who stood up for the rights on the natives. | 6 | |
| 6596962259 | Christopher Columbus | Explorer who won the backing of Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain to sail west from Europe to the "Indies." | 7 | |
| 6596962262 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases (beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes & tobacco) between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus. | 8 | |
| 6596962263 | Corn, beans, potatoes | 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe? | 9 | |
| 6596962264 | Horses | Animal introduced by the Spanish that changed the lifestyle of the Native American | 10 | |
| 6596962265 | Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza | Diseases from the Old World and went to the New World | 11 | |
| 6596962266 | Syphillis | Disease from the New World to the Old World | 12 | |
| 6596962268 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; essentially set up slavery for Native Americans | 13 | |
| 6596962269 | Atlantic slave trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America. | 14 | |
| 6596962270 | Iroquois | A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests | 15 | |
| 6596962271 | Cherokee | Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. | 16 | |
| 6596962273 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 17 | |
| 6596962274 | Aztec | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. | 18 | |
| 6596962275 | Inca | Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun. | 19 | |
| 6596962277 | Nomad | Early, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge. | 20 | |
| 6596962282 | Mestizo | People with mixed Indian & European heritage | 21 | |
| 6596962283 | Mulatto | People of mixed white and black ancestry | 22 | |
| 6596962284 | Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt | 1680 conflict that lead to death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic churches in the area | 23 | |
| 6596962286 | Mercantilism | Economic system in which the colonies exist to enrich the Mother country; attempt to export to colonies more than they import | 24 |
AP US History Period 3 Flashcards
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| 5071797730 | 2nd Continental Congress | a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies which met from 1775 to 1781 | 0 | |
| 5071797732 | Common Sense | pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775 which advocated the argument for American independence from Britain | 1 | |
| 5071797733 | Declaration of Independence | document adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776; declared that the 13 Colonies were now its own sovereign entity separate from the British Empire | 2 | |
| 5071797739 | Articles of Confederation | document adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 which established a national government similar to the one in place before and during the Revolutionary War | 3 | |
| 5071797740 | George Washington | lived from 1732 to 1799; first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War | 4 | |
| 5071797741 | Treaty of Paris | treaty between the British Empire and the United States of America signed on September 3, 1783; ended the Revolutionary War, providing a clear recognition of American independence and ceding a large swath of territory to the United States (from Canada border south to the northern border of Florida and westward to the Mississippi River) | 5 | |
| 5071797742 | Northwest Ordinance | also known as the Ordinance of 1787; provided system for the surveying and selling of western lands, particularly the territory north of the Ohio River; created a single Northwest Territory; specified a minimum population of 60,000 as a minimum for statehood, guaranteed freedom of religion and the right to trial by jury, and prohibited slavery throughout the territory | 6 | |
| 5071797743 | Shays' Rebellion | rebellion led by Daniel Shays which lasted from 1786 to 1787; centered around farmers in Massachusetts, in which farmers were furious over heavy state taxation due to heavy post-war debts; Shays' and followers attempt to seize arms from an arsenal in Springfield, leading to a response by state militiamen which dispersed Shays' men | 7 | |
| 5071797745 | Abigail Adams | lived from 1744 to 181; wife of John Adams and mother of John Quincy Adams; advocate of married women's property rights and more economic opportunities for women | 8 | |
| 5071797746 | Alexander Hamilton | lived from 1755 to 1804; first US Secretary of the Treasury; founded the first political party, the Federalists; visioned a more industrial based nation with a strong federal government | 9 | |
| 5071797747 | James Madison | lived from 1751 to 1836; fourth President of the United States (1809-1817); "Father of the Constitution"; member of the Republican Party, which envisioned a more modest federal government and a more rural and agrarian society | 10 | |
| 5071797748 | Annapolis Convention | convention held in Annapolis, Maryland from September 11-14, 1786 to discuss the reversal of trade barriers; report from convention asked support for a broader constitutional convention | 11 | |
| 5071797749 | Constitutional Convention | took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The US Constitution was created during this gathering. | 12 | |
| 5071797750 | Virginia Plan | was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral (meaning the split of legistlative branch into two distinguishable houses or chambers; ie: the HOE and Senate) legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 | 13 | |
| 5071797751 | New Jersey Plan | was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population. Opposed by James Madison | 14 | |
| 5071797752 | Great Compromise | was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house. | 15 | |
| 5071797753 | Three-Fifths Compromise | compromise proposed at the Constitutional Convention; debate was over whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years. The effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored | 16 | |
| 5071797754 | Electoral College | the institution that elects the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. Voting U.S. citizens do not directly elect the President and Vice President; instead, these voters directly elect designated intermediaries called "electors," who almost always have pledged to vote for particular presidential and vice presidential candidates | 17 | |
| 5071797756 | Federalists | first American political party that supported ideas straight from the Constitution; called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France | 18 | |
| 5071797757 | Antifederalists | opposed the federalists; agreed in more power within the states, which exercised sectionalism | 19 | |
| 5071797758 | Federalist Papers | collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay (under the pseudonym Publius) promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. | 20 | |
| 5071797759 | National Bank | issued by the treasury and American government after the Revolution | 21 | |
| 5071797761 | Whisky Rebellion | a tax protest on this beverage from the newly formed federalist government under Washingtons presidency, taxes used to help pay off war debt | 22 | |
| 5071797762 | Washington's Farewell Address | a letter written by Washington towards the end of his presidency; a classic statement of republicanism, warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values. | 23 | |
| 5071797763 | Citizen Genet | a french ambassador who visited the US, in search of US support for the French in the revolution; caused controversy on foreign policy. | 24 | |
| 5071797764 | XYZ Affair | a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France | 25 | |
| 5071797765 | Quasi War | was an undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States of America and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800. After the toppling of the French crown during its revolutionary wars, the United States refused to continue repaying its debt to France on the grounds that it had been owed to a previous regime. | 26 |
AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 7449259218 | neomercantilism | a system of government that assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation, especially in the Northeast. This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange Instead of mother country and country, it's government/big company and little company. | 0 | |
| 7449259219 | Panic of 1819 | first major economic crisis of the United States. Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agriculture prices, and as farmers' income declined, they could not pay debts owned to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt | 1 | |
| 7449259220 | Commonwealth System | the republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to provide businesses whose projects would improve the genera welfare | 2 | |
| 7449259221 | sentimentalism | a way of experiencing the world that emphasized emotions and a sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and people. Part of the romantic movement, it spread to the United States from Europe in the late 18th century young men and women chose to marry based on feeling rather than if interest | 3 | |
| 7449259222 | companionate marriage | a marriage based on the republican values of equality and mutual respect. Although husbands in these marriages retained significant legal power, they increasingly came to see their wives as loving partners rather than as inferiors or dependents | 4 | |
| 7449259223 | republican motherhood | the idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mild them into exemplary republican citizens and they shouldn't be concerned with voting and whatnot | 5 | |
| 7449259224 | manumission | Allowed owners to free slaves A law enacted by the VA assembly in 1782 that allowed individual owners to free their slaves (who had remained loyal during the revolutionary war and who had fought for the cause). Within the decade planters had released tens of thousands of slaves (C) | 6 | |
| 7449259225 | American Colonization Society | a society founded by Henry Clay and other prominent citizens in 1817. The society argued that slaves had to be freed and then resettled, in Africa or elsewhere Freed slaves, then shipped them to Africa | 7 | |
| 7449259226 | Missouri Compromise | Henry clay's series of political agreements to preserve the balance between the north and the south Created by Henry Clay. Allowed for the line of slavery to be set, with all states south of Missouri to be slave states, while northern states could ban slavery. Admitted Maine into the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. | 8 | |
| 7449259227 | established church | a church given privileged legal status by the government. Historically, such established churches in Europe and America were supported by public taxes and were often the only legally permitted religious institution | 9 | |
| 7449259228 | voluntarism | the funding of churches by their members. It allowed the laity to control the clergy, while also supporting the republican principle of self government | 10 | |
| 7449259229 | "unchurched" | irreligious americans, who probably constituted a majority of the population in 1800. evangelical methodist and baptist churches were by far the most successful institutions in attracting new members from the unchurched a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions | 11 | |
| 7449259230 | Second Great Awakening | unprecedented religious revival that swept the nation between 1790 and 1850; it also proved to be a major impetus for the reform movements of the era A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 12 | |
| 7449259231 | John Jacob Astor | American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company |  | 13 |
| 7449259232 | Benjamin Rush | A pioneering Philadelphia physician that warned that lack of adequate sanitation programs was the cause of the frequent disease and epidemics of the time period. He advocated for the new "scientific" techniques of bleeding and purging which led to the death of many of his patients |  | 14 |
| 7449259233 | Henry Clay | United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852) Senator from Kentucky called the Great Compromiser because he was credited the Missouri Compromise and other major political compromises between 1820 - 1850. |  | 15 |
| 7449259234 | Richard Allen | an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church |  | 16 |
| 7449259235 | Lyman Beecher | American clergyman, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the Great Awakening ministers. He served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education. Beecher believed people did have national tendancy to sin, however, he did not believe in predestination. |  | 17 |
| 7449259236 | Emma Willard | first American female advocate of higher education for women. Willard opened the Middlebury Female Seminary. She also founded schools in New York for girls designed to prepare women for college.. |  | 18 |
| 7449267294 | demographic transition | the sharp decline in birthrate in the United States beginning in the 1790's that was caused by changes in cultural behavior, including the use of birth control. the migration of thousands of young men to the trans-Appalachian west was also a factor in this decline. | 19 | |
| 7449353813 | herrenvolk republic | a republic based on the principle of rule by a master race. to preserve their privileged social position, southern leaders restricted individual liberty and legal equality to whites | 20 |
AP US History: Period 6 Flashcards
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| 5156414596 | American Indians | tribes were being dispersed onto small reservations | 0 | |
| 5156414597 | Conspicuous consumption | the rich continued to bask in their wealth spending money on things such as museums while the poor continued to suffer | 1 | |
| 5156414598 | Holding companies | one company owns the majority of stock of a large number of companies | 2 | |
| 5156414599 | Laissez-faire | the theory that the government should not interfere in the operations of the free market | 3 | |
| 5156414600 | National parks | an area for the enjoyment of the public or the preservation of wildlife | 4 | |
| 5156414601 | New immigrants vs. Native-born | new immigrants migrated from southern and eastern Europe for economic opportunities while native-born a.k.a natural-born citizens were born on U.S. soil | 5 | |
| 5156414602 | People's Party (Populists) | represented mostly farmers and labors and they fought for political reform | 6 | |
| 5156414603 | Progressive Reformers | wanted to solve the problems left behind from the Gilded Age | 7 | |
| 5156414604 | Social Darwinism | the rich argued they were a result of natural selection to defend their unfair business practices | 8 | |
| 5156414605 | Telegraphs | allowed information to spread more quickly | 9 | |
| 5156414606 | Urban Middle Class | with the growth of industrialization, it created the need for more workers that formed a new group of middle class Americans. New technologies improved the middle-class quantity of life | 10 | |
| 5156414607 | Xenophobia | Fear of foreigners | 11 | |
| 5156414608 | Chinese Exclusion Act | prohibited Chinese immigration | 12 | |
| 5156414609 | Dawes Act | sought to assimilate Native Americans | 13 | |
| 5156414610 | Gospel of Wealth | According to Carnegie it was the duty of the wealthy to donate money to the poor to help with economic inequality (philanthropy) | 14 | |
| 5156414611 | Interstate Commerce Act | called for the regulation of the railroad industry and fair business practices | 15 | |
| 5156414612 | American Federation of Labor | consisted of skilled worker only and was lead by Samuel Gompers | 16 | |
| 5156414613 | Knights of Labor | consisted of skilled and unskilled workers and was lead by Terrance Powderly | 17 | |
| 5156414614 | National Woman Suffrage Association | advocated for the right to vote for women | 18 | |
| 5156414615 | Plessy v. Ferguson | upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the claim of "separate but equal" | 19 | |
| 5156414616 | Referendum | citizens could make a direct decision on laws | 20 | |
| 5156414617 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | sought to abolish saloons and alcohol (prohibition) | 21 | |
| 5156414618 | Gilded Age | a period in which there was social, political, and economic change during the expansion of the economy | 22 | |
| 5156414619 | Ida B. Wells | advocated for a federal anti-lynching law | 23 | |
| 5156414620 | Industrialization | the process in which a society transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society to manufacturing | 24 | |
| 5156414621 | Labor unions | a formation of workers that fought against unjust working conditions | 25 | |
| 5156414622 | Political machines | provided jobs, food, housing, and money in exchange for political support | 26 | |
| 5156414623 | Social Gospel | claimed it was Christians duty to take care of the poor | 27 | |
| 5156414624 | Settlement Houses | were created to help immigrants adjust to American life | 28 | |
| 5156414625 | The Grange Movement | sought to bring farmers together to promote their social and economic needs | 29 | |
| 5156414626 | Capitalism | a social system based on the principle of individual rights | 30 |
Flashcards
AP US History Chapter 14 Flashcards
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| 5499902767 | Crittenden Compromise | A plan proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed and for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the California border. |  | 0 |
| 5499902768 | total war | A form of warfare that mobilizes all of a societies resources-economic, political and cultural-in support of the military effort. | 1 | |
| 5499902769 | Draft (conscription) | The system for selecting individuals for compulsory military service, first implemented in the Civil War |  | 2 |
| 5499902770 | habeas corpus | A legal writ forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual. | 3 | |
| 5499902771 | King Cotton | The Confederate belief during the Civil War that their cotton was so important to the British and French economies that those governments would recognize the South as an independent nation and supply it with loans and arms. |  | 4 |
| 5499902772 | greenbacks | Paper money issued by the U. S. Treasury during Civil War to finance the war effort. | 5 | |
| 5499902773 | "contrabands" | Slaves who fled the plantations and sought protection behind Union lines during the Civil War. |  | 6 |
| 5499902774 | Radical Republicans | The members of the Republican Party who were bitterly opposed to slavery and to southern slaveholders since the mid-1850s. | 7 | |
| 5499902775 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by President Lincoln, legally abolished slavery that remained outside of the union. |  | 8 |
| 5499902776 | scorched-earth campaign | A campaign in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia by Union general Philip H. Sheridan's troops. The troops destroyed grain, barns, and other useful resources to punish farmers who had aided Confederate raiders. |  | 9 |
| 5499902777 | "War" and "Peace" Democrats | Members of the Democratic Party that split into two camps over war policy during the Civil War. War Democrats vowed to continue fighting until the rebellion ended, while Peace Democrats called for a constitutional convention to negotiate a peace settlement. | 10 | |
| 5499902778 | "hard war" | The philosophy and tactics used by General Sherman which treated civilians as combatants. |  | 11 |
| 5499902779 | March to the Sea | Military campaign from September to December 1864 in which Union forces under General Sherman marched from Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah, Georgia. Carved a path of destruction. | 12 | |
| 5499902780 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th president Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis.[1][2] In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. |  | 13 |
| 5499902781 | Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy during the Civil War |  | 14 |
| 5499902782 | Robert E. Lee | He was offered the command of the U.S. Army, but resigned to defend his home state of Virginia. |  | 15 |
| 5499902783 | General George McClellan | Union general who replaced McDowell after he lost at Bull Run. Overly cautious, had to retreat after losing 7 Days Battle and thrown out of command. Reinstated after John Pope lost the Second Battle of Bull Run, but removed after not pursuing Lee after winning at Antietam. Ran as Democratic candidate in 1864, but lost to Lincoln. |  | 16 |
| 5499902784 | Ulysses S. Grant | Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. |  | 17 |
| 5499902785 | William T. Sherman | -He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets. |  | 18 |
| 5499902786 | Albert G. Brown | Senator from Mississippi who wanted Cuba and Mexican states for spreading slavery | 19 | |
| 5499902787 | General Irvin McDowell | Union general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas |  | 20 |
| 5499902788 | General P. G. T. Beauregard | Confederate general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas and Shiloh. | 21 | |
| 5499902789 | General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson | Confederate General, Second Battle of Bull Run | 22 | |
| 5499902790 | General Ambrose E. Burnside | Union General who replaced McClellan, more aggressive, less competent. |  | 23 |
| 5499902791 | Joseph "Fighting Joe" Hooker | Union General who replaced General Burnside when he resigned. |  | 24 |
| 5499902792 | David G. Farragut | Union naval officer | 25 | |
| 5499902793 | Albert Sydney Johnson | Confederate General who died during the Battle of Shiloh. | 26 | |
| 5499902794 | John B. Hood | Confederate General who abandoned Atlanta | 27 |
AP US History Chapter 4 Flashcards
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| 5170021388 | Health issues in the Chesapeake Bay | - Cut off ten years for immigrants - Average lifespan was 20 years - Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid were major diseases - Death within seven years of marriage - Not common to have grandparent | 0 | |
| 5170021389 | Ratio of men to women in 1650 | 6:1 | 1 | |
| 5170021390 | Issues with tobacco as more was produced | - Ran out of land; more farmers went west (Native contact) - Failing prices planting more | 2 | |
| 5170021391 | Slave/servant problems in the Chesapeake Bay | - Natives died too quickly upon white man contact - Africans were too expensive - Whites were dying - Solution was indentured servants | 3 | |
| 5170021392 | Indentured servants | displaced farmers coming to the colonies to work for several years and "received" parcels of land and some money at the end (3/4 of the immigrants to the colonies were indentured servants) | 4 | |
| 5170021393 | Headright system and who got the benefits | those who paid for the passage of a laborer got 50 acres of land *land owners got benefits* | 5 | |
| 5170021394 | Issues with indentured servants that impacted themselves | - Masters became more strict as their term came to an end - Often had to go back to the previous master and work on low wages - Became an unreliable source | 6 | |
| 5170021395 | What type of people weren't able to marry or get land? | freemen | 7 | |
| 5170021396 | Governor of Virginia in 1676 | William Berkeley | 8 | |
| 5170021397 | Causes of Bacon's Rebellion | - Freemen unable to marry women or find land after term - Disliked friendly policy towards Natives - Nathaniel Bacon led them | 9 | |
| 5170021398 | Bacon's Rebellion (characteristics) | 1676 - Went on a Native killing spree - Chased Berkeley out of Jamestown - Set fire to Jamestown - Nathaniel Bacon died - Rebellion collapsed | 10 | |
| 5170021399 | Results of Bacon's Rebellion | - 20+ rebels hung by Berkeley - Tensions remained - Landowners went to African slavery because the indentured servants seemed to be an unreliable labor source | 11 | |
| 5170021400 | Reasons for transition to African slavery | - Indentured servants are seen as unreliable labor source - Rising wages in England led to deficit of indentured servants | 12 | |
| 5170021401 | African slavery (characteristics) | - Black slaves outnumbered white servants in plantation colonies by 1680s - Royal African Company - lost charter to monopolize carrying African slaves to the colonies - Rhode Island rushed to trading slave industry *- Slaves captured from West African tribes and traded to colonists* | 13 | |
| 5170021402 | Middle Passage | the passage from Africa to the West - The death rate was 20% - survivors sold in auctions in major port cities | 14 | |
| 5170021403 | Triangular trade and what was traded |  | 15 | |
| 5170021404 | Slave codes made... | blacks and their children property for life to their masters | 16 | |
| 5170021405 | chattels | "property" (that being African slaves) | 17 | |
| 5170021406 | Racism in the colonies | - some made illegal to teach slaves to read or write - not even Christianity would make them free - *originally economic reasons - now was racial discrimination* | 18 | |
| 5170021407 | Slave life in the *Deep South* | - Climate was hostile to health - Labor was life-draining - South Carolina rice and indigo plantations - male Africans worked then died - Only new slaves could sustain population | 19 | |
| 5170021408 | Slave life in the *Chesapeake Region* | - Tobacco was less demanding - Size and proximity allowed more contact with friends and relatives - 1720 - female population in Chesapeake bay rose to make family life possible - Procreation of fertility and new imports for population | 20 | |
| 5170021409 | Things leading growth of stable and distinctive slave culture | - Native-born African Americans - Language | 21 | |
| 5170021410 | Gullah | Blended English with African languages like Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa (remember yih) | 22 | |
| 5170021411 | Impacts of slave culture | - Words introduced like voodoo, goober, and gumbo - Ringshout (dancing in circle with preacher in middle) led to jazz - Banjo and bongo drum - Became artisans - Menial tasks were taken care of | 23 | |
| 5170021412 | NYC Slave revolt | 1712 - Death of 12 whites and 21 blacks - Some burned at stake over slow fire | 24 | |
| 5170021413 | Stono River Rebellion | 1739 - Tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by local militia - 50 Southern Carolina blacks | 25 | |
| 5170021414 | T/F: No slave uprising in US history matched the scale of Bacon's Rebellion | true | 26 | |
| 5170021415 | Southern colonies social class |  | 27 | |
| 5170021416 | Top of social group (characteristics) | Plantation owners - monopolized political power - Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons were major names in the social class - Possessed Virginia real estate - Dominated House of Burgesses - Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of VA legislature came from families in VA before the 1690s (FFVs) - Usually labored over plantation issues and worked extremely hard | 28 | |
| 5170021417 | FFVs | First Families of Virginia | 29 | |
| 5170021418 | Largest social group | Small farmers - Tilled modest plots - Owned maybe 1-2 slaves - Ragged existence | 30 | |
| 5170021419 | Lower social group than small farmers | Landless whites who were former indentured servants and never got their payment | 31 | |
| 5170021420 | Lower social group than landless whites | Indentured servants still serving, whose numbers diminished as African slaves replaced them | 32 | |
| 5170021421 | Issues with Southern cities | - Few cities, so water provided most transportation - Economy revolved around plantations - Professional class was slow to emerge - Family burial plots in the South occurred because the roads were bad for funeral parties | 33 | |
| 5170021422 | New England families - factors that contributed to better conditions | - Clean water and cooler temperatures (less disease) - Immigrants added 10 years when settling in New England - 70-year life expectancy for Puritan colonists - People reproduced - Migrated as families - *TIGHTLY-KNIT FAMILIES* | 34 | |
| 5170021423 | Characteristics of New England families | - Mothers had many kids - Strong social characteristics - Children received habits of obedience and guidance from their parents and grandparents - Family stability reflected in low premarital pregnancy rates | 35 | |
| 5170021424 | Southern vs. New England property rights | — *South* - men died young in South, leaving wife as a widow. The wife was allowed to retain separate title to her property and got her husband's property rights to herself when he died — *New England* - Puritan lawmakers feared that recognizing separate property rights acknowledged conflicting interests - women gave up property rights when married | 36 | |
| 5170021425 | Women's rights | - Believed women were weaker than men - Women kept house and men worked with their hands - New England would separate abusive spouses | 37 | |
| 5170021426 | Midwifery | *Assists with childbirths* - Fostered bonds - One midwife alone delivered 3000+ babies | 38 | |
| 5170021427 | Punishments and routine for divorce | - Divorce was rare but was allowed for abandonment and/or adultery - If adultery occurred, the offender would be whipped and public and would have the letter "A" stitched to their clothes forever | 39 | |
| 5170021428 | Life in the New England Towns | - Tight-knit communities - Puritans close together - New towns legally chartered by colonial authorities | 40 | |
| 5170021429 | New town-founding process | - Land distributed by proprietors after charter was issued from colonial authority - Moved to designated place with family and laid out the plan of the town - Each family got wood lot for fuel, a tract for growing crops, and another for pasturing animals | 41 | |
| 5170021430 | Who could vote in the meeting houses to elect leaders, schoolmasters, discuss issues, etc.? | Adult males | 42 | |
| 5170021431 | Jeremiad | - Scolded parishioners for their declining and weaker faith - Decline in conversions | 43 | |
| 5170021432 | Half-way Covenant | "allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights" - Weakened distinction between elect and others - Weaker spiritual purity | 44 | |
| 5170021433 | T/F: Women became minority of the congregation | false | 45 | |
| 5170021434 | Origin of Salem Witch Trials | Group of adolescents in Salem, MA were "bewitched" by certain older women | 46 | |
| 5170021435 | Results of Salem Witch Trials | - 19 hung, 1 pressed to death, and 2 dogs hung - *Most accused witches came from wealthy families* - *Most accusers came from subsistence farming families* - Showed tension between classes | 47 | |
| 5170021436 | Why was New England less ethnically mixed? | Because Europeans wouldn't want to come to a place with stony soil and angry preachers | 48 | |
| 5170021437 | Justification for expanding? | Improve land by clearing lands for urban usage | 49 | |
| 5170021438 | How did animals have an impact on the environment? | - Had a large appetite - Stomped on earth, which led to flooding - Changed local climates | 50 | |
| 5170021439 | Economy of New England | *Fishing* - cod off of coast of Newfoundland *Lumber* *Shipbuilding* - more exports of cod led to building better ships | 51 | |
| 5170021440 | Impacts of Puritans in America | - Scattered across the whole US - Town democracy - High idealism in national character | 52 | |
| 5170021441 | Leisler's Rebellion | Caused by animosity between landholders and merchants | 53 | |
| 5170021442 | T/F: Life expectancy among the 17th settlers of Maryland and Virginia was about 60 years | False. It was about 20 | 54 | |
| 5170021443 | T/F: Because men greatly outnumbered women in the Chesapeake region, a fierce competition arose among men for scarce females to marry | True. | 55 | |
| 5170021444 | T/F: Pregnancies among unmarried young women were common in the 17th century colonial south | True. | 56 | |
| 5170021445 | T/F: Chesapeake Bay tobacco planters responded to falling prices by cutting back production | False. They made more of it and expanded West. | 57 | |
| 5170021446 | T/F: The headright system of land grants to those who brought laborers to America primarily benefited wealthy planters rather than the poor indentured servants | True. | 58 | |
| 5170021447 | T/F: Most of the European immigrants who came to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century were poor indentured servants | True. | 59 | |
| 5170021448 | T/F: Bacon's Rebellion involved an alliance of white indentured servants with Virginia's Indians in an attack on the elite planter class. | False. It involved an alliance of freemen. | 60 | |
| 5170021449 | T/F: African slaves began to outnumber white indentured servants as the primary labor supply in the plantation colonies by the 1680s. | True. | 61 | |
| 5170021450 | T/F: Slaves brought to North America developed a culture that mixed African and American speech, religion, and patterns of life. | True. | 62 | |
| 5170021451 | T/F: Directly beneath the wealthy slave-owning planters, in the southern social structure, were the white indentured servants. | False. The white indentured servants were under the landless whites, which were right under the small farmers, which were under the slave-owning planters. | 63 | |
| 5170021452 | T/F: New Englanders' long lives contributed to the general stability and order of their childrearing and family life. | True. | 64 | |
| 5170021453 | T/F: New England expansion was carried out primarily by independent pioneers and land speculators who bought up large plots and then sold them to individual farmers. | False. The colonial authorities gave a charter to the proprietors, who gave out land to each family. | 65 | |
| 5170021454 | T/F: The development of the Half-Way Covenant, in the 1660s, reflected both a decline in Puritan religious fervor and a broadening of religious participation. | True. | 66 | |
| 5170021455 | T/F: The Salem Witch Trials reflected the persecution of poor women by upper-class males and clergy | False. The upper-class women were accused by the poorer classes | 67 | |
| 5170021456 | T/F: New Englanders' Calvinist heritage and stern, self-reliant character created a legacy of high idealism and reform that greatly affected later American society | True. | 68 | |
| 5170021457 | For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia | contained far more men than women | 69 | |
| 5170021458 | The primary beneficiaries of the headright system were | well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants | 70 | |
| 5170021459 | The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was | the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land | 71 | |
| 5170021460 | African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when | Bacon's Rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force | 72 | |
| 5170021461 | Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally | captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants | 73 | |
| 5170021462 | Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by | extended families of wealthy planters | 74 | |
| 5170021463 | Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South... | a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop | 75 | |
| 5170021464 | The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to | experience about ten pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause | 76 | |
| 5170021465 | In New England, elementary education | was mandatory for any town with more than 50 families | 77 | |
| 5170021466 | The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to | the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting | 78 | |
| 5170021467 | In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England | enjoyed longer lives and more stable families | 79 | |
| 5170021468 | The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the | town | 80 | |
| 5170021469 | The Half-Way Covenant provided | baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience | 81 | |
| 5170021470 | Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally | from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy | 82 | |
| 5170021471 | English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by | their extensive introduction of livestock | 83 | |
| 5170021472 | Proprietors | "sober-minded town fathers" | 84 |
AP US History p.4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5495771572 | Monroe Doctrine | They should not attempt to create new colonies, or try to overthrow the newly independent republics in the hemisphere. The United States would consider such action "dangerous to our peace and safety." |  | 0 |
| 5495814128 | Louisiana purchase | Purchase of land between the US and France | 1 | |
| 5495829618 | 1800 Election | Election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson | 2 | |
| 5495909034 | Common wealth v Hunt | Supreme Court ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were "honorable & peaceful". ruled that unions were legal, allowed labor unions which helped with the industrial revolution | 3 | |
| 5495911303 | The Liberator | The anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words btw supporters of slavery and those opposed. | 4 | |
| 5495913034 | nullification | A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional | 5 | |
| 5495920688 | Missouri Compromise | "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. | 6 | |
| 5495926081 | Battle of New Orleans | Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. | 7 | |
| 5495933024 | War Hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to take over British land in North America and expand. | 8 | |
| 5495937596 | abolition movement | Campaign against slavery and the slave trade | 9 | |
| 5495993221 | Jefferson cutting costs | Reduce army and Navy | 10 | |
| 5496000390 | Results of the war of 1812 | U.S. gained national pride from victories at New Orleans and at sea. The British recognized U.S. boundaries and stayed out of the Northwest Territory. American industry prospered making more goods at home. The Federalist Party diminished. | 11 | |
| 5496005542 | Mexican American war | 1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land. | 12 | |
| 5496007856 | Trail of Tears | (AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | 13 | |
| 5496011759 | Seneca falls convention | Took place in Upstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, tried to get women rights for women, especially the right to vote. | 14 | |
| 5496023381 | strict constructionist | A person who believes that the Constitution must be interpreted word by word. Thomas Jefferson believed in strict construction of the Constitution. | 15 | |
| 5496027651 | impressment | British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service | 16 | |
| 5496029640 | Judicial Review | Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison | 17 | |
| 5496033745 | Free Enterprise | an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control. | 18 | |
| 5496036631 | The 2nd Great awakening | The 2nd Great Awakening started many reform movements including public education, temperance (not drinking alcohol), women's suffrage (right to vote), prison reform, and better treatment for the mentally handicapped. Methodists and Baptists | 19 | |
| 5496110881 | McCulloch v Maryland | 1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constitution and of the authority of the federal and state govt. one side was opposed to the establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. the supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldn't interfere | 20 | |
| 5496134301 | Implied powers | Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution | 21 | |
| 5496404813 | Marbury v Madison | This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review | 22 | |
| 5496418891 | Gibbons v Ogden | Established a broad view of the commerce clause when a federal steamboat license trumped a state license | 23 | |
| 5496425587 | Cohens v Virginia | Supreme Court case, gave US Supreme Court the right to examine the decisions of state supreme courts. | 24 |
AP US History: Chapter 7 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5108941298 | Marbury v. Madison | Who: John Marshall, William Marbury, James Madison What: A court case in which William Marbury sued the Secretary of State, James Madison, for holding his Supreme Court position, which he received during the Midnight appointments. Why: John Marshal, the presiding judge, was also given his position during the Midnight appointments, and Marbury believed that he would side with him and grant him his position. Marshall sided with Madison. Significance: Henry ClayIn effect, granting the supreme court the final say over whether laws are constitutional. This is called Judicial Review and it greatly expanded the judicial branch's power. | 0 | |
| 5108941299 | Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional. Established in Marbury v. Madison (informal amendment to Constitution) | 1 | |
| 5108941300 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | A law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists. | 2 | |
| 5108941301 | Midnight appointments | After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch. | 3 | |
| 5108941302 | Henry Clay | The Great Compromiser Who: A Congressman from Kentucky, American lawyer, politician, skilled orator, and war hawk What: Supported the American system, which was adopted after the War of 1812. Why: The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market) | 4 | |
| 5108941303 | Essex Junto | Who: A group of Federalist lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts who supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. They offer Hamilton a place in the plot to secede the New England states and New York from the Union due to the policies of Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1807. He rejected their offer. Why: The group tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer. The first attempt by New England to break off from the Union. It failed since it was unable to gain support from the major power brokers in the state of New York. | 5 | |
| 5108941304 | Burr Conspiracy | Who: One of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, Aaron Burr What: After the duel, which led to the death of Hamilton, Burr fled New York and it was believed that his goal was to create an independent nation in the center of North America and/or present-day Southwest and parts of present-day Mexico. Why: Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr's punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr. | 6 | |
| 5108941305 | Impressment | What: British sailors often deserted the British Navy to join the American Merchant Marines, and so the British would board American ships to retrieve the deserters, but sailors had to prove they were American citizens. When: a major factor in the start War of 1812. Why: They would often seize any sailor who could not prove they were American. | 7 | |
| 5108941306 | Chesapeake/Leopard Incident | Who: American ship - Chesapeake British Ship - Leopard What: American ship that resisted impressment and was fired upon for doing so in 1807. Why: As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. It also led to Jefferson passing the Embargo Act | 8 | |
| 5108941307 | Embargo Act of 1807 | What: This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. Why: It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | 9 | |
| 5108941308 | Non-intercourse Act | Who: President Thomas Jefferson, Congress What: This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports, with the hopes of French and British recognition of American neutrality. When: 1807 Where: International trade with anyone but Britain and France Why: The intent was to damage the economies of the England and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States leading to Macon's Bill No. 2. | 10 | |
| 5108941309 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Who: Nathaniel Macon, US, France, Britain What: Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. When: 1810 Why: France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain. | 11 | |
| 5108941310 | William Henry Harrison | Who: was an American military leader, politician, and eventually the ninth President of the United States. Why: Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. his most notable action was in the Battle of the Thames in 1813, which brought an end to hostilities in his region. This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition. What: His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. | 12 | |
| 5108941311 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Who: William Henry Harrison, Tecumseh What: In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. When: November 7, 1811 Why: While camping at the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, outside Prophetstown, awaiting a meeting with tribal leaders, Harrison's army was attacked in the early morning hours by forces from the town. Although the tribal forces took the army by surprise, their assault was ultimately driven back and defeated as the attackers' ammunition ran low. | 13 | |
| 5108941312 | War Hawks | Who: originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812 (Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun) What: The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being pro aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization. | 14 | |
| 5108941313 | Hartford Convention | Who: New England Federalists What: a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, What: December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. When: 1814 Where: New England Why: news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in the downfall of the party. | 15 | |
| 5108941314 | Treaty of Ghent | Who: America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland signed in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland When: Dec. 24, 1814 Where: modern day Belgium Why: The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo antebellum. Because of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed. | 16 | |
| 5108941315 | Battle of New Orleans | Who: American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson What: defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase When: January 8, 1815 - 2 weeks after the end of the War of 1812 Why: was the final major battle of the War of 1812 | 17 | |
| 5108941316 | War of 1812 | A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Effects: Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. | 18 | |
| 5108941317 | Barbary pirates | The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute. | 19 | |
| 5108941318 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories (Louisiana territory) of the United States ; led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806 | 20 | |
| 5108941319 | Cane Ridge | Summer of 1801 a group of evangelical ministers presided over the nations first "camp meeting", a revival that lasted several days and some 25,000 people attended. Had a lasting influence as one of the landmark events of the Second Great Awakening | 21 | |
| 5108941320 | Eli Whitney | A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves. | 22 | |
| 5108941321 | Handsome Lake | An Iroquois prophet that lead his people through a religious renewal and cultural revitalization as a strategy of resistance against white attempts of assimilation. He tried to encourage tribe to forsake alcohol and affirm family values. His teachings survived in the form of longhouse religion. | 23 | |
| 5108941322 | Judith Sargent Murray | In her work On the Equality of Sexes (1779) she argued that men and women had the same mental capacity and that women had superior imaginations. She conceded that most women were inferior to men in judgement and reasoning. but only from a lack of training. Women, therefore, should have the same educational opportunities as men, to earn their own livings and to establish roles for themeselves in society apart from their husbands and families. Her ideas attracted relatively little support | 24 | |
| 5108941323 | Noah Webster | "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use to promote patriotism. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America. | 25 | |
| 5108941324 | Robert Fulton | A painter/ engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine (Clermont). Skeptics called it ''Fulton's Folly''. But in 1807 the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours. Within a few years Fulton changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries and forever changed the way the West and the South could transport their goods. | 26 | |
| 5108941325 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 27 | |
| 5108941326 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the French and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. His military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into the independent state of Haiti. The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World | 28 | |
| 5108941327 | Samuel Slater | Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and "Father of the American Factory System"; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; oversaw construction of the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill. | 29 | |
| 5108941328 | New Light Dissenter | religious skeptics; rejected predestination, abstained from the Second Great Awakening | 30 | |
| 5108953312 | Deist | One who believes in God, but denies supernatural revelation. | 31 | |
| 5108971148 | Sacajawea | A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest. | 32 | |
| 5108974022 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | 33 | |
| 5108977525 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 34 | |
| 5108982422 | Camp Meetings | A tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches. | 35 | |
| 5108995031 | Aaron Burr | Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. | 36 | |
| 5108997124 | American Shipping | Great Britian set up a blacked along the German coast to keep goods from getting through. | 37 | |
| 5109012111 | Industrialism | an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship | 38 | |
| 5109020897 | John Marshall | American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. | 39 | |
| 5109024241 | Lousiana Purchase | The selling of Louisiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn't believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S. | 40 | |
| 5109030499 | Mercy Otis Warren | Massachusetts colonist who wrote poems and plays supporting the patriot cause | 41 | |
| 5109034019 | Neolin | A western Delaware Indian. In 1761 had a vision in which God commanded Indians to resume their ancestral ways. Called for the end of Indian dependence on Anglo-Americans because God was punishing Indians for accepting European ways. The result of this was Pontiac's War. | 42 | |
| 5109037946 | New Light Dissenters | People who changed their religious views to make them more compatible with the world of scientific rationalism. | 43 | |
| 5109089716 | The Embargo | Which act was intended to ban all American exports, thereby crippling the British and French economies? | 44 | |
| 5109101403 | Washington Irving | Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer | 45 |
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