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AP US History Political Parties Flashcards

7947777208	Democratic-Republicans	States' rights. • Strict interpretation of the Constitution. • Agriculture and rural life. • Strongest in South and West. • Sympathy with France. • Civil liberties and trust in the people.	0
7947777209	Federalists	• Strong central government. • Loose interpretation of the Constitution. • Commerce and manufacturing. • Strongest in Northeast. • Close ties with Britain. • Order and stability.	1
7947777210	Democrats	• Party of tradition. • Looked backward to the past. • Spoke to the fears of Americans. • Opposed banks and corporations. • Opposed state-legislated reforms. • Preferred individual freedom of choice. • Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms, rural independence, states' rights, and the right to own slaves. • Favored rapid territorial expansion. • Believed in progress through external growth.	2
7947777211	Whigs	• Party of modernization. • Looked forward to the future. • Spoke to the hopes of Americans. • Promoted economic growth, especially transportation and banks. • Advocated state-legislated reforms such as temperance, public schools, and prison reform. • Favored industry, urban growth, and federal government. • Favored gradual territorial expansion. • Believed in progress through internal growth.	3
7947777212	Liberty Party	• Abolitionist party that ran candidate James Birney for President in 1844. • Won only 2% of the vote but drew votes away from the Whigs, especially in New York.	4
7947777213	Free Soil Party	• Not abolitionist, but opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories. • Won 10% of the popular vote with Martin Van Buren as their candidate in 1848. • Lost 50% of their support in 1852, when they repudiated the Compromise of 1850.	5
7947777214	American Party	• The "Know Nothing" Party. • Nativist party based on opposition to immigration and a focus on temperance. • Ran Millard Fillmore in 1856 and won 21% of the popular vote. • Republican Party absorbed them in 1856.	6
7947777215	Whigs (Mid-19th century)	• Southern "Cotton" Whigs eventually drifted into the Democratic Party. • Northern "Conscience" Whigs moved to new parties such as the Free Soil Party, and later, the Republican Party	7
7947777216	Republican Party	• Formed in 1854 by a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. • Stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories. • Moderates like Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery on "moral" grounds, while admitting that slavery had a "right" to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist. • John C. Fremont was the first Republican candidate in the election of 1856	8
7947777217	Democrats (election of 1860)	• Split at the 1860 party convention, when a platform defending slavery was defeated and Deep South delegates walked out. • At a splinter convention, Stephen Douglas of Illinois was nominated as a candidate on a platform opposing any Congressional interference with slavery. • Deep South delegates met and nominated John Breckenridge of Kentucky as a candidate on a pro-slavery platform.	9
7947777218	Republicans (election of 1860)	• The Republicans, by this time decidedly opposed to slavery, drew in northerners with a platform favoring the Homestead Act, protective tariffs, and transportation improvements. • Opposed the extension of slavery but defended the right of states to control their own "domestic institutions." • Abraham Lincoln was nominated as the candidate on the third ballot.	10
7947777219	Republicans and Democrats	• The main parties blur during this period, with loyalties determined primarily by regional, religious, and ethnic differences as opposed to political platforms. • Voter turnout for elections averaged over 78 percent (60 to 80 percent in off years). • Both parties were pro-business, opposed to any type of economic radicalism or reform, and supportive of "sound currency" and the economic status quo. • Federal government and, to some extent, state governments tended to do very little. • Republicans dominated the Senate; Democrats dominated the House of Representatives. • Republican splinter groups include the Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps.	11
7947777220	Populist Party	• Formed in 1891 by remnants of the Farmers' Alliances. • Sported a long list of demands that included the free coinage of silver, government ownership of the railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines, a graduated income tax, the direct election of U.S. senators, and the use of initiative, referendum, and recall. • The party eventually faded because the farmers' situation improved in the late 1890s, and also because its political agenda was absorbed by the Republicans and Democrats.	12
7947777221	Progressive Era	• There were three "Progressive" Presidents - Theodore Roosevelt (Republican), William Howard Taft (Republican), and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat). • Believed that the laissez-faire system was obsolete, yet supported capitalism. • Applied the principles of science and efficiency to economics, social institutions, and politics. • Viewed government as a key player in creating an orderly, stable, and improved society. • Generally positive in outlook. Believed that the government had the power to combat special interests and work for the good of the community, state, and nation. • The political party system was singled out as corrupt, outmoded, inefficient, and undemocratic. • Believed corruption could be diminished by putting more power in the hands the people, as well as non-elected professional officials. • Adopted many Populist causes, including the referendum, the initiative, and the direct election of Senators. • Progressive Amendments to the U.S. Constitution = 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments.	13
7947777222	Republican Era	• Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. • Position of the government was decidedly pro-business. Though conservative, the government did experiment with new approaches to public policy. • Supported an American culture that was increasingly urban, industrial, and consumer-oriented. • Conflicts surfaced regarding immigration restriction, Prohibition, and race relations.	14
7947777223	The Democratic Political Legacy of the New Deal	• Democrats established a power base with the support of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor, blacks, and a broad section of the middle class. • Increased expectations and acceptance of government involvement in American life. • Made the federal government a protector of interest groups and a mediator of competition. • Regulated American business to protect it from the excesses and problems of the past. • Fair Deal of the post-war Truman administration continued the trend in governmental involvement with expanded Social Security benefits, an increase of the minimum wage, a full employment program, slum clearance, public housing, and government sponsorship of scientific research. • In 1948, the liberal Democratic coalition split into the two branches detailed below.	15
7947777224	Post-World War II Politics (Democrats)	Maintained their power base of organized labor, urban voters, and immigrants. • As the post-war period progressed, advocated larger roles for the federal government in regulating business. • By the 1960s, advocated extensive governmental involvement in social issues like education and urban renewal. • Became associated with the civil rights movement and championed the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.	16
7947777225	Post-World War II Politics (Republicans)	• The Republicans accused the Democrats of being "soft" on Communism. • Promised to end the Korean War. • Conservative Southern Democrats, the "Dixiecrats," increasingly associated themselves with Republican candidates opposing civil rights legislation.	17
7947777226	Nixon's New Federalism (Democrats)	• By the 1960s, was fragmented and seemingly incapable of dealing with the social and political turmoil caused by the Vietnam War. • In the post-Vietnam period, Democrats advocated the extension of civil rights, "reproductive rights" (birth control and abortion rights), fair housing legislation, etc.	18
7947777227	Nixon's New Federalism (Republican)	Opposition to the Vietnam War and growing federal social programs "converted" Democrats in increasing numbers. • Defended the supposed "silent majority." • Advocated a policy of cutting back federal power and returning that power to the states. This was known as the "New Federalism.	19
7947777228	Reagan and the New Right (Democrats)	• Supported environmental legislation, limits on economic development, and an end to the production of nuclear weapons and power plants. • The pro-choice movement emerged during the 1980s to defend a woman's right to choose. • Affirmative action - the use of racial quotas to "balance" the workforce - was supported by the Democrats.	20
7947777229	Reagan and the New Right (Republicans)	• Spurred on by the rise of Evangelical Christianity, the South began voting Republican. • Ethnic suburbanites and young conservatives formed a "New Right" supporting Reagan on a "law and order" platform. • Advocated stricter crime, drugs, and porn laws, opposed abortion, supported an increase in defense spending, and supported tax cuts. • Reagan curbed the government expansion but did not reduce its size or the scope of its powers.	21

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AP US History Chapter 3 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 3 Colonial Society in the 18th Century

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5769712122	English cultural domination	In the 18th century, cultural life in the colonies was dominated by English culture. Architecture, painting, and literature were strongly influenced by the English. (p. 50)	0
5769712123	Benjamin West	Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)	1
5769712124	John Copley	Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)	2
5769712125	Benjamin Franklin	He was the most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century. (p. 51)	3
5769712126	Poor Richard's Almanack	Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 and annually revised, contained aphorisms and advice. (p. 51)	4
5769712127	Phillis Wheatley	Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse. (p. 51)	5
5769712128	John Bartram	Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia. (p. 51)	6
5769712129	professions; religion, medicine, law	Ministers, physicians, and lawyers were all respected careers in the 18th century colonies. (p. 52)	7
5769712130	religious toleration	The overwhelming majority of colonists were Protestants. Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from the most serious discrimination and even persecution. (p. 49)	8
5769712131	established church	Churches that were financed by the government. (p. 49)	9
5769712132	Great Awakening	This religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (p. 49)	10
5769712133	Jonathan Edwards	This reverend from Massachusetts argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. (p. 49)	11
5769712134	George Whitefield	He came to the colonies from England in 1739. He spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometime attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. He taught that ordinary people could understand scripture without depending on ministers to lead them. (p. 50)	12
5769712135	Cotton Mather	This minister from Massachusetts, was the author of several widely read religious tracts. (p. 51)	13
5769712136	sectarian	The first colonial colleges were sectarian, meaning they promoted the doctrines of a particular religion. The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636. (p. 51)	14
5769712137	nonsectarian	In the mid 18th century, one nonsectarian colleges was founded. The College of Philadelphia (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded, with no religious sponsors. (p. 52)	15
5769712138	subsistence farming	In the mid 18th century the colonies had little manufacturing and were devoted almost entirely to agriculture. In New England colonies, most farms were under 100 acres and farming was limited to subsistence levels that provided just enough for a farm family to survive. In the southern colonies, most people lived on small subsistence family farms with no slaves. (p. 48)	16
5769712139	J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur	In 1782, this Frenchman wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (p. 45)	17
5769712140	colonial families	In the mid 18th century, there was an abundance of fertile land and a dependable food supply in the colonies. This attracted thousands of European settlers each year and supported the raising of large families. (p. 45)	18
5769712141	Germans	This group of immigrants settled chiefly on the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia. By 1775, they comprised 6 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)	19
5769712142	Scotch-Irish	These English-speaking people emigrated from northern Ireland. They were known as Scotch-Irish because their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the colonial population. (p.46)	20
5769712143	Huguenots; Dutch; Swedes	The Huguenots (French Protestants), the Dutch, and the Swedes came to the colonies. By 1775, these groups comprised 5 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)	21
5769712144	Africans	The largest single group of non-English immigrants did not come to America by choice. By 1775, the African American population (slave and free) comprised 20 percent of the colonial population. About 90 percent were in the southern colonies. (p. 46)	22
5769712145	immigrants	Newcomers to the colonies, were mostly Protestant, and came from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and Western and Central Europe. Some left Europe to escape religious persecution and wars. Others sought economic opportunities in farming, or setting up shop as an artisan or merchant. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly. (p. 45)	23
5769712146	social mobility	Everyone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their standard of living and social status with hard work. (p. 47)	24
5769712147	hereditary aristocracy	There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top. Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the population. (p. 47)	25
5769712148	John Peter Zenger	In 1735, he published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. According to English common law at the time this was a criminal act, but he was acquitted by a jury. This encouraged newspapers in the colonies to take greater risks in criticising the government. (p. 52)	26
5769712149	Andrew Hamilton	In 1735, he was the lawyer for John Peter Zenger in the Zenger case. (p. 52)	27
5769712150	Enlightenment	In the 18th century, some colonists were attracted to this European movement in literature and philosophy. They believed that human reason could be used to solve most of humanity's problems. They reasoned that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural law based on the rights of individual. (p. 53)	28
5769712151	colonial governors	In 1750, there were 13 colonies. In the eight royal colonies the governors were appointed by the King, in the three proprietary colonies the governors were appointed by the proprietors, and in Rhode Island and Connecticut the governors were elected by popular vote. (p. 54)	29
5769712152	colonial legislatures	In every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. In every colony, the members of the lower house were elected by eligible voters. In the royal and proprietary colonies, the members of the upper house were appointed by the king or the proprietor. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut, the members of both houses were elected by eligible voters. (p. 54)	30
5769712153	town meetings	The dominant form of local government in the New England colonies, in which the people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues. (p. 54)	31
5769712154	county government	In the southern colonies, the local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a county. (p. 54)	32
5769712155	limited democracy	In the mid 18th century, colonial democracy was limited to mostly white men that owned land. Those barred from voting included white women, poor white men, all slaves, and most free blacks. (p. 54)	33

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AP US History Chapter 34 Flashcards

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6373646800	London Economic Conference	A meeting in the summer of 1933 where delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression.	0
6373646801	Good Neighbor Policy	A policy focused on consultation and nonintervention that was put to the test when Mexico seized Yankee oil properties in 1938. Roosevelt successfully resisted the badgering and a settlement was threshed out in 1941.	1
6373646802	Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act	Designed to lift American export trade from the depression doldrums, aimed at both relief and recovery from the Depression.	2
6373646803	Rome-Berlin Axis	Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini joined forces for WWII.	3
6373646804	Johnson Debt Default Act	Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States.	4
6373646805	Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937	Acts that prevented the U.S. from entering any world conflicts. They said that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.	5
6373646806	Abraham Lincoln Brigade	Around 3,000 men and women headed to Spain to fight as volunteers against Francisco Franco.	6
6373646807	Quarantine Speech	A speech given by FDR in Chicago in 1937 calling for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" the aggressors by economic embargoes. Isolationists reacted with a cyclone of protest.	7
6373646808	Appeasement	An agreement between the western European democracies and Germany that gave the Sudetenland to the Nazis, in hopes that it would prevent Hitler from trying to invade other European nations.	8
6373646809	Hitler-Stalin pact	Gave Nazi Germany the "green light" to make war on Poland and the Western democracies without retaliation by the Soviet Union.	9
6373646810	Neutrality Act of 1939	Allowed European nations to buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry" basis. This meant that they would have to transport the munitions in their own ships after paying for them in cash.	10
6373646811	Kristallnacht	Also known as, "the night of broken glass," an attack against the Jewish people of Germany on November 9, 1938. Mobs ransacked more than 7,000 Jewish shops and nearly all of the country's synagogues.	11
6373646812	War Refugee Board	Saved thousands of Hungarian Jews from deportation to the notorious death camp at Auschwitz. 150,000 Jews found refuge in the United States.	12
6373646813	Lend-Lease Bill	"An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States." "Send guns, not sons." "Billions, not bodies." Sent money to countries fighting against Nazi Germany in order to keep the war on the east side of the Atlantic ocean.	13
6373646814	Atlantic Charter	Outlines the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at war's end. They argued for the rights of individuals rather than nations, laying the groundwork for universal human rights. It opposed imperialistic annexations, no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants, the right for the people to choose their own form of government, and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators. Declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a "permanent system of general security."	14
6373646815	Pearl Harbor	Japanese bombers who came from distant aircraft carries bombed Pearl Harbor of Hawaii on "Black Sunday," December 7, 1941. Around 3,000 American casualties and the demolition of many U.S. aircrafts.	15
6373646816	Benito Mussolini	Italy's facist dictator that formed an ally called the Rome-Berlin axis with Nazi Hitler.	16
6373646817	Adolf Hitler	A fanatic with a toothbrush mustache. Also led Nazi Germany and was the conductor of the Holocaust. Leader of the Rome-Berlin Axis. Created some mediocre (at best) paintings. Could be classified as a big jerk. May have committed suicide before being captured.	17
6373646818	Francisco Franco	Fascist leader of the Spanish rebels during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. Roosevelt decided after the Abraham Lincoln Brigade that he would apply an arms embargo to both sides of the civil war, the Loyalists and the rebels.	18
6373646819	Cordell Hull	Secretary of State under FDR. Convinced the president to turn away the Jewish refugees on the St. Louis.	19
6373646820	Wendell L. Willkie	A lawyer present at the Philadelphia Convention that ran against Roosevelt as a republican, although previously being democratic. He was an outspoken liberal and criticized the New Deal's inefficiencies. Branded "the rich man's Roosevelt" by Democrats who opposed him.	20

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US History (AP)-American Revolution Flashcards

Terms associated with American Revolution for AP US History students

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5214912736	French and Indian War	War fought by France and England on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763.	0
5214912737	Albany Plan of Union	Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes	1
5214912738	Navigation Acts	Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England.	2
5214912739	Proclamation of 1763	Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The law hoped to prevent future hostilities between colonists and Native Americans.	3
5214912740	Salutary Neglect	Unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies	4
5214912741	Sugar Act	Law passed in 1764 that modified the 1733 Molasses Act thus reducing the amount of taxes collected on molasses and sugar, but increasing the measures to enforce the act.	5
5214912742	George Grenville	British Prime Minister and architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament.	6
5214912745	Townshend Acts	Tax for the colonists on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea.	7
5214912748	Peace of Paris	This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies.	8
5214912750	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	9
5214912751	Currency Act	This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.	10
5214912752	Stamp Act	A law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards.	11
5214912753	Stamp Act Congress	A meeting of delegates from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act in 1765. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament; the first sign of colonial unity and organized resistance.	12
5214912755	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest	13
5214912757	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 right after the repeal of the Stamp Act; stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.	14
5214912759	Boston Massacre	A riot in Boston arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several people.	15
5214912760	Quartering Act	Required the colonists to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	16
5214912762	Tea Act	Act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants.	17
5214912763	Intolerable Act	Laws made to punish Massachusetts because of the Boston Tea Party and because the colonists were getting out of control; Boston Harbor was closed until Boston paid for the lost tea	18
5214912764	First Continental Congress	Convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III	19
5214912765	Olive Branch Petition	The colonists pledged loyalty to King George III but were still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation and British troops out of the colonies	20
5214912766	Common Sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain	21
5214912767	Declaration of Independence	This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain.	22

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AP US History Crash Course Flashcards

From the APUSH Crash Course review book. I have started combining this set with our second one with similar name, but I haven't finished yet.

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6678993503	Proclamation of 1763	forbade British colonists to cross an imaginary boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. The primary purpose was to avoid conflict between the trans-Appalachian Indians and the British colonists seeking inexpensive land.	0
6678993504	Stamp act, 1763	raise revenue to support British troops in US. The colonists demonstrated their willingness to use violence rather than legal means to frustrate British policy. It was repealed because of the Boston Tea Party.	1
6678993505	Coercive acts	parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party. Port of Boston was closed	2
6678993506	Common Sense	political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, call for independence from GB, using biblical analogies.	3
6678993507	Enlightenment	stressed the idea of natural rights, representatives included Franklin and Jefferson.	4
6678993508	The Treaty of Paris	This treaty established America's new boundaries. The US stretched west to the Mississippi, north to the Great Lakes, and south to Spanish Florida. America agreed that loyalists would be further persecuted.	5
6678993509	The Articles of confederation	It didn't provide the government the authority to tax, or exercise control over the states. BUT, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 came out of it.	6
6678993510	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	creation of territorial governments and new states (Ohio being the 1st state admitted), also excluded slavery north of the Ohio River, and supported public education	7
6678993511	Shays Rebellion, 1786	Massachusetts farmers were losing their farms because they could not pay their debt in hard currency, so they wanted an increase in circulation of paper money. This helped convince MA that the Articles of Confederation were too weak.	8
6678993512	Constitution	separation of powers, authority of Congress to declare war, guarantee of the legality of slavery, electoral college, impeachment provisions, federalism, provisions for ratifying the constitution, bicameral legislature, 3/5 compromise.	9
6678993513	NOT in the constitution	2 term limit, universal male suffrage, idea of political parties	10
6678993514	Federalist's papers	Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote this to support the ratification of the Constitution	11
6678993515	Alexander Hamilton	wanted to promote economic growth by created a national bank, adopting a protective tariff, funding national debt, assume state debts, and tax liquor. Favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution	12
6678993516	Jefferson	strict interpretation of the Constitution, a democratic-republican who marked the end of the federalist decade. He believed in Jeffersonian democracy, which emphasized state rights and freedom of speech and press. He purchased Louisiana in 1803	13
6678993517	Marshall	proponent of strong national government and an opponent of states' rights.	14
6678993518	The War of 1812	caused by British impressment of US seamen, GB interference in US commerce and GB aid to NA on the frontier. The war contributed to the demise in the Federalist Party, intensified nationalistic feelings, promoted industrialization, and advanced the career of Jackson.	15
6678993519	Monroe	era of good feelings, henry clays American system	16
6678993520	Missouri Compromise of 1820	this settled the 1st major nineteenth century conflict over slavery. Maine entered the union as a free state and Missouri entered as a slave state. This closed the remaining territory of the Louisiana Purchase above the 36 30 line to slavery.	17
6678993521	Monroe Doctrine	unilateral declaration of principles that asserted that the political system in the western hemisphere is closed to settlement.	18
6678993522	Jackson	belief in the common man, expanded white male suffrage, supported patronage, bank war, removal of Cherokee Indians (Worcester vs Georgia) and the trail of tears	19
6678993523	The tariff of abominations	(1816-1828) primary purpose was protection. This forced Calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullification	20
6678993524	Bank War	Jackson vetoed the bill to re-charter the second back of the US. This caused an expansion of credit and speculation; another party (Whigs) opposed Jackson under the leadership of clay and his American System.	21
6678993525	Seneca Falls Convention	organized and led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, they demanded greater rights for women including suffrage, right to retain property after marriage, greater divorce and child custody rights, and educational opportunities, but NOT liberal abortion laws and equal pay for equal work	22
6678993526	Second Great Awakening	made America aware of the moral issues posed by slavery	23
6678993527	Sarah Moore Grimke	one of the first women to support abolition and women's rights	24
6678993528	The Mexican war (1846-1848)	Polk justified it by saying that Mexican troops crossed into US territory. Lincoln and transcendentalists opposed the war. The treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo ended the war.	25
6678993529	Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo	the US gained California, and New Mexico and recognition of the Rio Grande as the Southern boundary of Texas	26
6678993530	Wilmot Proviso	called for the prohibition of slavery in the lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican war; symbolized the polarizing issue of extending slavery into the territories	27
6678993531	The compromise of 1850	Douglas, Webster, Clay, and Calhoun all played a role. This included the admission of California as a free state, abolition of slave trade in the District of Columbia, passage of a stricter fugitive slave law, and establishment of territorial government s in New Mexico and Utah	28
6678993532	Kansas-Nebraska Act	status of free or slave state determined by popular sovereignty (Stephen A Douglas). This act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, permitted the expansion of slavery beyond the Southern states, split the Democratic Party, and sparked the formation of the Republican Party	29
6678993533	Election of 1860	Democratic Party split, Lincoln won, and 7 southern states seceded from the Union	30
6678993534	Civil war	(1861-1865) the border states were important because of their strategic location and important industrial and agricultural resources, they included Kentucky and Maryland	31
6678993535	Battle of Antietam	the union victory persuaded England and France to remain neutral; the Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation which freed the slaves in the confederate states in rebellion.	32
6678993536	The Compromise of 1877	the Democrats agreed that Hayes would take office, and the republicans agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South. Hayes promised to appoint at least one Southerner to his cabinet. The republicans agreed to support internal improvements in the South, and abandoned their commitment to racial equality. This ended congressional reconstruction.	33
6678993537	Booker T. Washington	called on African Americans to seek economic opportunities rather than political rights, he supported black economic self-help, accommodation to white society, vocational education, racial solidarity, and opposed public political agitation. Atlanta Compromise	34
6678993538	Web Dubois	against Washington, believed in the top tenth, advocated full political, economic, and social equality, founded NAACP (focused on using the courts), goal was integration, unlike Washington who believed in separatism	35
6678993539	Helen Hunt Jackson	wrote the "century of dishonor" which aroused public awareness of the federal governments long record of betraying and cheating the Native Americans	36
6678993540	Andrew Carnegie	used vertical integration to gain control of the steel industry, gospel of wealth	37
6678993541	Taylorism	scientific management, increased factory production and lowered labor costs	38
6678993542	The knights of labor	led by Terrence V. Powderly, had an open-membership policy (welcomed unskilled and semi-skilled workers including women, immigrants, and African Americans), associated with anarchists after the Haymarket square Riot. Strove for cooperative society	39
6678993543	Industrial workers of the world	led by Mother Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, and Big Bill Haywood. United all laborers including unskilled African Americans, endorsed violent tactics, embraced class conflict, collapsed during WWI	40
6678993544	American Federation of Labor	led by Samuel Gompers, the leader of the Cigar Makers Union. Alliance of skilled workers in craft unions, concentrated on higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions	41
6678993545	Pullman strike, 1894	this halted a substantial portion of American railroad commerce , the strike ended when Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago	42
6678993546	New Immigrants in the 1880s	prior to this most immigrants came from British isles and Western Europe, now immigrants came from small towns and village sin southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland, and Austria Hungary). These immigrants settled in large cities in the Northeast and Midwest	43
6678993547	Chinese Exclusion act	1882	44
6678993548	Nativist opposition to new immigrants	they opposed the new immigrants because they were Catholic and Jewish, they spoke different languages, they didn't understand American political tradition, and they threatened jobs	45
6678993549	Realism	late nineteenth century (1880-1900)	46
6678993550	Populists party	wanted to increase the money supply with the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold (16:1), use the interstate commerce act, organize cooperative marketing societies, and support Bryan in the '96 election	47
6678993551	Progressives	wanted direct election of senators, women's suffrage, initiative, recall, and referendum, nonpartisan local governments, and regulation of big business (did NOT fight for the passage of civil rights laws or the creation of the socialist commonwealth)	48
6678993552	Teddy Roosevelt	promoted a square deal for labor by using arbitration to settle the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, ran as the Progressive or Bull Moose candidate in 1912	49
6678993553	Woodrow Wilson	reformer who attacked high tariffs, banking problems, and trusts. He supported the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 (est. a system of district banks coordinated by a central board, made currency and credit more elastic)	50
6678993554	Women's suffrage	the only state with complete women's suffrage before 1900 was located west of the Mississippi. Wyoming (1869) was the 1st state to grant women the full right to vote. The 19th amendment granted women the right to vote	51
6678993555	Women's Christian temperance union	led by Carry nation, convinced women that they had a moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibition	52
6678993556	Spanish American War	USS Maine was sunk, and yellow journalism caused the war. As a result of war, Spain relinquished control of Puerto-Rico, Cuba (established a protectorate) , Guam, and the Philippines to the US	53
6678993557	Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine	wanted to forestall European intervention, it expanded the US's role in Central America by claiming that the US had a the right to assume the role of "an international police power"	54
6678993558	WWI	Wilson began by claiming neutrality, but Germany launched a submarine war on the US in 1917, then Arthur Zimmerman (German foreign secretary) sent a secret telegram to the German minister in Mexico, which was intercepted by the British who interpreted as asking the Mexicans to join the military alliance against the US. The committee on public information used propaganda to arouse public support for the war.	55
6678993559	Black migration	during WWI, wartime demand for labor attracted AA to cities in the North and west	56
6678993560	Treaty of Versailles	Wilson's 14 points included open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, organization to preserve peace, self-determination, did NOT include recognition of allied economic and territorial agreements made during the war or a provision to create the international monetary fund	57
6678993561	Red Scare	1919, the Bolsheviks overthrew the czar and seized power and Russia, confused and frightened American's. As a result, the palmer Raids were conducted against suspected communists and anarchists.	58
6678993562	National Origins Act of 1924	the purpose was to restrict the flow of newcomers from the Southern and Eastern Europe, Mexicans and Puerto Rican immigrants however increases	59
6678993563	Marcus Garvey	CRM activist in the '20s. He was the leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Garveyism includes black pride, black economic development, Black Nationalism, and pan-Africanism (he believed blacks should return to Africa)	60
6678993564	Causes of the great depression	Consequences of the 1929 stock market crash- a loss of confidence in the stock market, a reduction of the output of manufactured goods, and a decline in investments in capital goods Overproduction and under consumption Decline in farm prosperity International trade- Hawley smoot tariff act of 1930 raised tariffs, triggering a decline in trade	61
6678993565	Herbert Hoover	disbanded the bonus expeditionary force who demanded their bonus. Believed recovery depended on the business community, emphasized private charities, supported federal loans to private businesses and to state and local governments, established the reconstruction finance corporation	62
6678993566	FDR	relief, recovery, and reform. Created the new deal (did NOT propose legislation that would nationalize the bank) , and used deficit spending on public works programs to revive the economy	63
6678993567	New deal	did not directly help AA, didn't sponsor equal rights amendment, didn't nationalize bank industries, didn't provide legal recognition of unions for migrant workers	64
6678993568	Congress of industrial organization	john c lewis, organized skilled and semi-skilled factory workers	65
6678993569	Democratic coalition of FDR in 1936	white southerners, AA, ethnic minorities, union members	66
6678993570	Stimson doctrine	1932, Japanese invaded and conquered Manchuria, we declared that any territorial acquisition achieved by force we would not recognize	67
6678993571	1960 election	1st to be televised, Nixon looked bad	68
6678993572	Foreign Entanglements	In his Farewell Address, George Washington warned of this in particular.	69
6678993573	Revolution of 1800	The victory of Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans ended the Federalist Decade in this.	70
6678993574	Jeffersonian Democracy	A system of ideas. Included: the yeoman farmer best exemplifies virtue and independence, the federal government must not violate the rights of the states, the freedoms of speech and the press are essential, and the President should practice Republican simplicity.	71
6678993575	Marbury v. Madison	A case in 1803 which established the principle of judicial review, that the Supreme Court should determine whether a piece of legislation is constitutional or not.	72
6678993576	American System	Henry Clay's plan of internal improvements, developing infrastructure to increase trade and unity.	73
6678993577	Tariff of Abominations	A tariff passed in 1828, after several tariffs passed between 1816 and 1828, all of which were intended to protect. This tariff went too far and provoked John C. Calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullification.	74
6678993578	Worcester v. Georgia	A case in 1831 in which, unlike other Native American tribes, the Cherokees challenged the removal order in court. Cherokees won, but Jackson refused to recognize "John Marhall's" decision.	75
6678993579	Second Bank of the United States	President Jackson vigorously opposed this, claiming that it catered to special privileges. His war against this helped bring about the Whigs, a party which hated him.	76
6678993580	The Cult of Domesticity	Another term for the concept of Republican Motherhood, a concept which said women should only be concerned with domestic, family, and religious affairs.	77
6678993581	Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in 1848, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott, and issued the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions."	78
6678993582	Dorothea Dix	A woman not involved in the women's rights movement but in the reform of treatment of people with mental and emotional disabilities.	79
6678993583	The Liberator	A radical abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison. (Please note, Garrison was also a supporter of women's rights)	80
6678993584	Transcendentalism	A philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s which emphasized living a simple life while celebrating the truth in nature, emotion, and imagination. (Think Thoreau and Emerson)	81
6678993585	The Mexican War	A war which was strongly opposed by Abraham Lincoln and the Whigs. Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.	82

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AP US History Chapter 2 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754

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5769710864	Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore	In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)	0
5769710865	Act of Toleration	The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)	1
5769710866	Roger Williams	A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)	2
5769710867	Providence	This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)	3
5769710868	Anne Hutchinson	This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)	4
5769710869	antinomianism	The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)	5
5769710870	Rhode Island	In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)	6
5769710871	Halfway covenant	In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)	7
5769710872	Quakers	Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)	8
5769710873	William Penn	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)	9
5769710874	Holy Experiment	William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)	10
5769710875	Charter of Liberties	In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)	11
5769710876	rice plantations	These plantations required a loarge land area and many slaves. (p. 37)	12
5769710877	tobacco farms	As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37)	13
5769710878	John Cabot	First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25)	14
5769710879	Jamestown	In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)	15
5769710880	Captain John Smith	Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)	16
5769710881	John Rolfe	He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)	17
5769710882	Pocahontas	She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)	18
5769710883	Puritans	Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)	19
5769710884	Separatists	Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26)	20
5769710885	Pilgrims	They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26)	21
5769710886	Mayflower	In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)	22
5769710887	Plymouth Colony	This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)	23
5769710888	John Winthrop	In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)	24
5769710889	Great Migration	This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)	25
5769710890	Virginia	Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)	26
5769710891	Thomas Hooker	In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30)	27
5769710892	John Davenport	In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)	28
5769710893	Connecticut	In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)	29
5769710894	New Hampshire	Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)	30
5769710895	The Carolinas	In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)	31
5769710896	New York	In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)	32
5769710897	New Jersey	The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)	33
5769710898	Pennsylvania	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)	34
5769710899	Delaware	In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)	35
5769710900	Georgia	In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)	36
5769710901	James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)	37
5769710902	Wampanoags	An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31)	38
5769710903	Metacom	This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)	39
5769710904	King Philip's War	From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)	40
5769710905	Mayflower Compact	In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)	41
5769710906	Virginia House of Burgesses	In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)	42
5769710907	Sir William Berkeley	Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)	43
5769710908	Bacon's Rebellion	In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)	44
5769710909	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)	45
5769710910	New England Confederation	In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)	46
5769710911	Frame of Government (1682)	In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)	47
5769710912	corporate colonies	Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)	48
5769710913	royal colonies	Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)	49
5769710914	proprietary colonies	Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)	50
5769710915	Chesapeake Colonies	In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)	51
5769710916	joint-stock company	Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)	52
5769710917	Virginia Company	England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)	53
5769710918	mercantilism	An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)	54
5769710919	Navigation Acts	Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)	55
5769710920	Dominion of New England	James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36)	56
5769710921	Sir Edmund Andros	In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36)	57
5769710922	Glorious Revolution	In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37)	58
5769710923	indentured servants	Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28)	59
5769710924	headright system	A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28)	60
5769710925	slavery	The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28)	61
5769710926	triangular trade	Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37)	62
5769710927	Middle Passage	Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38)	63

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AP US History Antebellum Reform Flashcards

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5488594022	Second Great Awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance.	0
5488594023	Mormons	church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT	1
5488594024	Joseph Smith	religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830	2
5488594025	Brigham Young	United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith. Led the Mormons to Utah	3
5488594026	Romanticism	a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization. Valued imagination and emotion over reality	4
5488594027	Transcendentalism	a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.	5
5488594028	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement. Wrote "self reliance", which was very popular.	6
5488594029	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.	7
5488594030	Brook Farm	An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts.Founded by George Ripley	8
5488594031	Shakers	utopian group that splintered from the Quakers, believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and neglectful of their afterlives; no sex	9
5488594032	Oneida Community	A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.	10
5488594034	Thomas Cole	Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings	11
5488594035	Frederick Church	an American landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters	12
5488594036	Hudson River School	First native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River	13
5488594039	Nathanial Hawthorne	wrote The Scarlet Letter about a puritan adulteress; he also wrote about the concepts of evil, sin and death	14
5488594040	Temperance	restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food	15
5488594041	Dorothea Dix	reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill	16
5488594042	Horace Mann	United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)	17
5488594043	McGuffey Reader	Written by influential Ohioan William McGuffey, a powerful teacher-preacher. McGuffey's Readers hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.	18
5488594044	Grimke Sisters	were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.	19
5488594045	Lucretia Mott	Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.	20
5488594046	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott	21
5488594047	Seneca Falls Convention(1848)	First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.	22
5488594048	Susan B. Anthony	social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation	23
5488594049	William Lloyd Garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.	24
5488594050	The Liberator	An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.	25
5488594051	Frederick Douglass	runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star	26
5488594052	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North	27
5488594053	Sojourner Truth	former slave who escaped and became an abolitionist and women's rights activist	28

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AP US History Chapter 29 Flashcards

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6198925758	New Jersey	- NJ bosses offered Wilson the nomination - Superb powers of leadership and eloquence made NJ look like one of the more liberal states	0
6198925759	New Freedom program (definition)	Stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Took action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts	1
6198925760	Pro-Roosevelt Progressive convention	- 2k delegates from 40 states, symbolized the rising political status of women and support for social justice - Felt "as strong as a bull moose"	2
6198925761	The _________ virtually guaranteed a Democrat victory	Roosevelt/Taft dispute	3
6198925762	New Nationalism vs New Freedom - similarities	Both favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs	4
6198925763	Roosevelt's New Nationalism vs Wilson's New Freedom - differences	- TR believed in continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington, woman suffrage, as well as social welfare* (minimum wage and socialistic social insurance) - Wilson favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and non-monopolized markets. Shunned social-welfare proposals and pinned economic faith on competition. Fragmentation of the big industrial combines by vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws	5
6198925764	1912 election - events, significance, etc.	- Offered voters a choice of policies and political/economic philosophies — rare - Heat of the campaign cooled when TR was shot and suspended active campaigning for 2 weeks but went to his speech anyway - William Jennings Bryan sided with Wilson	6
6198925765	Progressive party's future	- Elected few candidates to state and local offices - No patronage → less supporters - Helped spur the enactment of many of their pet reforms by the Wilsonian Democrats	7
6198925766	Result of the 1912 election	- Wilson was a minority president - Republicans put into minority status in Congress for 6 years and out of the WH for 8 - Taft became chief justice of the SC in 1921	8
6198925767	________ was the 2nd Democratic president since 1861 and the first man from a seceded southern state to reach the White House since Zachary Taylor	Woodrow Wilson	9
6198925768	Characteristics of Woodrow Wilson	- Sympathized with the Confederacy's attempts to gain independence - Self-determination (Jeffersonian democracy) - Sincerity and moral appeal - President should play a dynamic role — Congress could not function unless the president got out in front and provided leadership - Idealism - Stubborn (would break before he would bend, unlike TR)	10
6198925769	Triple wall of privilege	What Wilson referred to as the tariff, the banks, and the trusts	11
6198925770	Underwood Tariff	Substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented federal income tax. By 1917, the revenue from the income tax surpassed recipients from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. -- Went in front of Congress to present his idea instead of having a clerk do it	12
6198925771	Banking and currency problems	- Outgrown by the Republic's economic expansion - Financial structure under the Civil War National Banking Act revealed defects - Panic of 1907 - inelasticity of currency - Banking reserves concentrated in NY and other big cities — could not be mobilized in times of financial stress	13
6198925772	Republican senator Aldrich	Congress authorized investigation headed by him — special commission recommended a gigantic bank with numerous branches (3rd Bank of US)	14
6198925773	Arsene Pujo (Pujo Committee)	House committee traced the rich and went into the secrets of American banking and business	15
6198925774	Louis D. Brandeis	Wrote Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it (1914) - fanned the flames of reform	16
6198925775	Federal Reserve Act (IMPORTANT!)	- Wilson went to Congress again and wanted a decentralized bank in government hands as opposed to Republican demands for a huge private bank with 15 branches -- Definition: Act establishing 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the unpredictable banking sector (carried the nation through the financial crises of WWI) - Board also issued "Federal Reserve Notes" backed by commercial paper (amount in circulation could be increased as needed)	17
6198925776	Federal Trade Commission Act	(1914) Empowered a presidentially appointed commission to search for industries engaged in interstate commerce (meat-packers). Commissioners expected to crush the monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices (unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery)	18
6198925777	Clayton Antitrust Act	(1914) Lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable (price discrimination and interlocking directorates). Also sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Was not unintentionally used against labor -- Clamped down on Holding companies	19
6198925778	Holding companies	Company that owns part or all of the company's stock to extend monopoly control. Often doesn't exist to produce goods but to control other companies (CATA clamped down on these companies when they obstructed competition)	20
6198925779	Danbury Hatters Case	Striking hat-makers were assessed triple damages of more than $250k that resulted in the loss of their savings and home	21
6198925780	__________, the leader of the __________, praised the CAA	Samuel Gompers, AFL	22
6198925781	Federal Farm Loan Act	(1916) Made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest (Populists!!)	23
6198925782	Warehouse Act	(1916) Authorized loans on the security of staple crops (Populists!!)	24
6198925783	__________ and ___________ were also among the reforms of Wilsonian Progressivism	Highway construction and establishment of agricultural extension work in state colleges	25
6198925784	La Follette Seaman's Act	(1915) Required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. Crippled America's merchant marine (freight rates spiraled upward with the crew's wages)	26
6198925785	Workingmen's Compensation Act	(1916) Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability	27
6198925786	Keating-Owen Act (Wick's Bill)	Short-lived act restricting child labor on products flowing into interstate commerce (SC invalidated it in Hammer v. Dagenhart)	28
6198925787	Adamson Act	Established an 8-hour workday for all employees on trains in interstate commerce with extra pay for overtime	29
6198925788	Limitations of Wilsonian Progressivism	- Enmity from businesspeople but became endeared to Progressives when he nominated Louis D. Brandeis - Didn't pass for reforms for better treatment of blacks; presided over accelerated segregation in federal bureaucracy Ex: Delegation of black leaders protested to him, so he froze them out of his office	30
6198925789	1916 election for Wilson	- Needed to identify himself clearly as the candidate of progressivism - Appeased businesspeople by making conservative appointments to the FRB and the FTA, but most energy was devoted to cultivating progressive support	31
6198925790	Wilson's actions against dollar diplomacy	- In office a week so far, said the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in LA and China - American bankers pulled out the next day	32
6198925791	Repeal of the Panama Canal Tolls Act	(1912) Exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls and provoked sharp protests from Britain	33
6198925792	Jones Act (1916)	Granted to the PHL the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established	34
6198925793	California Alien Land Law of 1913 and Fortress Corregidor	1913 - CA legislature prohibited Japanese settlers from owning land - Tokyo protested - Fortress Corregidor (PHL), American gunners were put on high alert - Wilson dispatched SoS WJB to plead with the CA legislature -> less tension	35
6198925794	1914-1915 in Haiti - assassination of Haitian president	In 1915, Wilson then reluctantly dispatched marines to protect American lives and property (remained for 19 years, made a protectorate)	36
6198925795	Haitian-American Convention	Concluded a treaty with Haiti providing for US supervision of finances and the policy	37
6198925796	Purchase of the Virgin Islands	1917, US bought it from Denmark. Made the US a larger force in foreign involvement	38
6198925797	Revolution in Mexico	- Revolted in 1913, murdered the popular president and installed General Victoriano Huerta (Indian) in his position - Resulted in mass migration to the US — often worked on highways and RRs or as fruit harvesters - Often separated into Spanish-speaking enclaves that made a unique borderland culture	39
6198925798	Foreign intervention in Mexico	- Americans wanted intervention, but Wilson refused to practice dollar diplomacy - Wilson sent aggressive ambassador to Mexico (he refused to recognize Huerta as the govt leader) - Allowed American arms to flow to Huerta's principal rivals (Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Villa)	40
6198925799	Tampico Incident	(1914) An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. War was avoided (ABC powers mediated), and Huerta was put out of power (Venustiano Carranza in) - Tensions grew between US and MX	41
6198925800	Francisco Villa ("Pancho" Villa)	- Chief rival to Venustiano Carranza (Wilson now reluctantly supported) - Hauled 16 young American mining engineers off a train and killed them - A month later, into Columbus, NM, and murdered 19 more Americans	42
6198925801	General John J. Pershing ("Black Jack")	- Ordered to break up the band - Organized thousands of troops and penetrated into Mexico - Clashed with Carranza's forces and mauled the Villistas (didn't capture Villa) - Withdrawn in Jan 1917 (War with Germany)	43
6198925802	Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria	1914 - Serb patriot Gavrilio Princip killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo while eating a sandwich (what a classy fellow) - Vienna govt backed by Germany -> Threat to Serbia	44
6198925803	European affairs after the assassination	- Serbia (backed by Russia) refused to bow down - Russia and France advanced on Germany - Germany attacked France through Belgium (neutral) - GB now involved	45
6198925804	Central Powers	Germany and Austria-Hungary (later Turkey and Bulgaria)	46
6198925805	Allies	France, Britain, and Russia (later Japan and Italy)	47
6198925806	Wilson's proclamation of neutrality — effect on European powers	Both wanted American involvement, not neutrality - British: Close economic, cultural, and linguistic ties - Germans and Austro-Hungarians: Natural sympathies with transplanted countrymen (many immigrants)	48
6198925807	Anti-German sentiment	- Kaiser Wilhelm II seemed to be the embodiment of arrogant autocracy (and the strike at neutral Belgium) - Tarnished the image of the Central Powers in American eyes when they went to violence in American ports and factories - 1915: German operative left briefcase on an NY elevated car, documents for sabotage discovered	49
6198925808	Most Americans wanted to ________ WWI	stay out of	50
6198925809	Financial Crisis of 1914	- American industry onto prosperity - Financed by American bankers (JP Morgan and Company) advanced to the Allies $2.3 billion during American neutrality	51
6198925810	Europe's reaction to American investment even during neutrality	- Great Powers protested even though it didn't violate neutrality laws - Germany couldn't trade because the British blocked them in the North Sea - Britain forced trade between US and Germany away, now only Britain	52
6198925811	Announcement of the U-boat Campaign	- Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles - Wilson warned that it would be held to "strict accountability" for any attacks on American vessels or citizens	53
6198925812	U-boats	German submarines (Unterseeboot) proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. U-boat attacked played an important role in drawing the US into WWI	54
6198925813	Lusitania	British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germans on 7 May 1915. Killed 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the US closer to war	55
6198925814	Wilson's actions of the Lusitania	- Refused to go into war with a disunited country (remembered the War of 1812) - Attempted to use diplomatic notes to punish the German warlords publically	56
6198925815	Arabic British liner	Berlin reluctantly agreed to not sink unarmed passenger ships without warning	57
6198925816	Aftermath of the Arabic liner	- Appeared violated when Germans torpedoed the Sussex - Wilson said unless they stopped sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations - Agreed with a string: US would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Berlin regarded as their illegal blockade (which they could not do) - Wilson accepted the pledge without the string - Temporary victory (Germany could pul the string whenever it chose*	58
6198925817	TR refused to split the Republican party again. Explain the effects of it	- Progressives and Republican admirers wanted Teddy, but the Old Guard detested him since he split the party - Drafted SC Justice Charles Evans Hughes (liberal record when governor of NY)	59
6198925818	Republican platform	Condemned Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's feebleness in dealing with MX and Germany	60
6198925819	Charles Evan Hughes	Went to campaigning for the Republican party, condemned Wilson for not standing up to the kaiser in anti-German areas but softer appeals in isolationist areas (became known as ("Charles Evasive Hughes")	61
6198925820	"He Kept Us Out of War"	Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916	62
6198925821	Wilson owed his votes to:	the Midwest and the West (progressive and anti-war policies)	63
6198925822	Supporters of Wilson	Working class and renegade bull moosers	64
6198925823	Wilson's lame-duck worry	Hughes, if victorious, would be appointed to secretary of state, Wilson and the VP would resign, and Hughes would thus succeed immediately to the presidency due to a time of great international tensions	65

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AP US History chapter 5 Flashcards

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5123941390	Olive Branch Petition (1775)	Passed by Second Constitutional Congress, conciliatory appeal to the king, will be loyal if Britain addressed their grievances	0
5123941391	Common Sense	by Thomas Paine, pamphlet that changed outlook on war, people should not blame their problems on Parliament but on the king and the system that allowed him to rule. Britain dragged us into wars and it was unfit to rule us.	1
5123941392	Declaration of Independence 1776	By second continental congress, Thomas Jefferson with help from John Adams and Benjamin Franklin writes it. expressed beliefs already expressed not much that was new, enlightenment ideals. Sovereign and independent nation.	2
5123941393	Loyalists(Tories)	Those who had only supported the war as long as its aims did not conflict with basic loyalties to the king, a substantial minority	3
5123941395	Articles of Confederation 1777	confirmed continental congress which was weak and decentralized but chief coordinating agency of the war effort. Gave congress limited powers and did not really state that they would be a real government.	4
5123941396	George Washington	Virginia plant aristocrat, Built fort necessity in french and Indian war, led continental army, low wage and short rations with employers who interfered too much, he was still a good leader	5
5123941397	General Howe	British side on battle of bunker hill, attacked in Boston and wins but severe casualty rate. commands huge army in New York but fails to impress, he abandons strategy to split America in 2 and goes to Philadelphia,	6
5123941398	Bunker Hill	American forces attack general Thomas Gage(Britain) in Boston and lose, retreating but inflict greater casualties to British. In 1776 led to eventual evacuation of British because of geography (narrow neck of land) and it was rebel capital	7
5123941399	Battle of saratoga	In bennington, vermont, militiamen under bunker hill veteran John Stark, destroy a British detachment Burgoyne sent to get supplies. This cut off Bygones supplies, and withdrew to Saratoga when Gates surrounded him and forced a surrender. Huge, turning point in war leading to US and France allaince	8
5123941400	Joseph and Mary Brant	wanted to expand native american role in the war not stay passive. Seneca, Cayuga and their tribe caused Burygones unsuccessful campaigns in the north. They supported the British	9
5123941401	Benedict Arnold	a general during the American Revolutionary War. He originally fought for the American Continental Army but then betrayed America by turning to the British Army when he felt the Continental Army was hopeless he conspired to betray the Patriot stronghold at west point	10
5123941402	General Cornwallis	Clinton's choice as British commander in the South crushed Horatio Gates patriot army he loses at kings mountain where 1,100 Tories he was using as auxiliaries were defeated. Abandons Carolina campaign and waits between york and james rivers. and surrenders	11
5123941403	Nathanael Greene	replaces Horatio Gates as Southern command of patriot forces, quaker and former blacksmith from rhode island. Arrives at Kings mountain and divides forces that attack in small groups avoiding a showdown, then with reinforcements he combines all forces and fights British head on at Guildford in north Carolina. He lost but made Cornwallis abandon his campaign.	12
5123941404	Yorktown	George Washington, Rochambeau, Francois Joseph Paul trap Cornwallis at Yorktown between land and sea. Washington and Rochambeau join with French in Virginia, while Grasse sailed with additional troops to the York river and Chesapeake bay. Last major battle and Cornwallis is defeated.	13
5123941405	Treaty of Paris 1783	Spain and France agree to end hostilities, US gets recognition of independence, and territory from northern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Cornwallis's defeat provoked outcries from England from continuing the war	14
5123941406	Thomas Jeremiah	Charleston, South Carolina, a free black executed in 1775 for smuggling British guns to South Carolina slaves(accused by patriot leaders), example of how African Americans were exposed to revolution concept and rebelled themselves	15
5123941407	Molly Pitcher	She carried pitchers of water to the soldiers on the battlefield, shows how women were not restricted to women's tasks. She watched her husband fall and took his place as field gun.	16
5123941408	Abigail Adams	wife of John Adams (soon to be president) asks her husband not to forget the women who helped in the revolution when setting up the new rights, she wanted protection from abusive men for women. Modest expansion of rights. Women had no legal authority	17
5123941409	Judith Sargent Murray	leading essayists of the late 18th century, women's minds are equal to men's and deserve a equal education	18
5123941410	Ordinances 1784 and 1785	based on proposal of Thomas Jefferson dividing the western territory into ten self-governing sections who with enough people could petition for statehood. The other ordinance established a system for selling and surveying this land. North of Ohio river would be surveyed and marked into rectangular townships with 36 sections where 4 are for US revenue and 1 is for a school, 1$ an acre	19
5123941411	The Grid	result of the ordinance of 1785 division of land into carefully measured and evenly distributed squares or rectangles instead of based on natural boundaries or landlord claims	20
5123941412	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	problem:created because it was favorable to land speculators ordinary settlers could not afford the land. This sold the best land to the Ohio and Scioto companies, then to anyone else. Ordinance: abandoned the ten districts and created 1 northwest territory out of north Ohio lands, then into 5 sections where there was no slavery.	21
5123941413	Battle of Fallen Timbers	Northwest frontier, 1790&1791 group of tribes led by little turtle defeated US in two battles near west Ohio. In one battle Americans died fighting at the Wabash river, then General Anthony Wayne defeated Indians at battle of fallen timbers(US WINS) forcing negotiations	22
5123941414	Anthony Wayne	defeated little turtle at battle of fallen timbers	23
5123941415	Treaty of Greenville	in result of battle of fallen timbers, the Miami(led by little turtle) cede large amounts of land in promise that the US would recognize their territory they retained, the US in this way affirmed lands could only be ceded by tribes	24
5123941416	Daniel Shays	farmers believe the state is taxing only to enrich wealthy bondholders, they can not pay taxes. In the Connecticut valley and Massachusetts , revolutionary veterans(who were not paid) rally behind a former captain in the Continental army. Prevented collection of debts and demanded money be printed, no prison for debt and relocation of Boston. go to Springfield but minutemen stop and end rebellion	25

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