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AP Language Review Flashcards

9859936969	Anecdote	a story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point	0
9859941492	Antithesis	presentation of 2 contrasting images that are balanced by word, phrase, clause or paragraph	1
9859946838	Ad Hominem	an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's idea	2
9859958184	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone	3
9859959791	Didactic	writing that's purpose is to instruct or to teach	4
9859965274	Ellipsis	an indication by a series of 3 periods that some material has been omitted. It could obscure the real meaning of the piece of writing	5
9859991277	Invective	verbally abusive attack	6
9859993354	Metonymy	the use of something closely associated with the intended object	7
9859998659	Parable	a story that operates on more than one level and usually teaches a moral lesson	8
9860002378	Pedantic	writing that borders on lecturing. It is scholarly and academic and often overly difficult and distant	9
9860006919	Genre	a large classification of writing	10
9860079459	Rhetoric	the process of written communication and the strategies and tools used to form it	11
9860086178	Synecdoche	the use of a part of something to represent the whole	12
9860098645	Tone	the author's attitude toward his subject	13
9860128126	Purpose	reason for or intent in writing	14
9860139759	Synthesis essay	essay you must use at least 3 sources to complete	15
9860141860	Analysis essay	essay where you divide the passage into its basic components for the purpose of examining how the writer develops his or her subject	16
9860154028	Argument essay	essay where you present the issue, state your claim, support your claim, acknowledge the counter-claim, final comment to prove your claim with evidence	17
9860213307	Spatial organization	information in a passage is organized in order of space or location	18
9860219180	Chronological organization	information in a passage is organized in order of the timing of the events	19

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Period 3 AP World History Vocabulary(edited) Flashcards

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5401523192	Bushido	traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living	0
5401523193	American Web Caliphate	The network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas. Provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas	1
5401523194	Black Death	Name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the 14th century; epidemic of bubonic plague in Europe that wiped the population	2
5401523195	Bubonic Plague	A highly fatal disease spread by fleas, that devastated the Mediterranean world	3
5401523196	Silk Roads	Land based trade routes that linked the distant peoples of Eurasia	4
5401523197	Sand Roads	the routes of the trans-Saharan trade in Africa	5
5401523198	Third Wave Civilization	Civilizations that emerged between 500 and 1500 ce and were typified by intensifying trade networks	6
5401523199	Pochteca	Professional merchants among the Aztecs	7
5401523200	Chu nom	A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; logographic writing system	8
5401523201	Hangul	A phonetic alphabet created in Korea in the fifteenth century	9
5401523202	Jurchen	A nomadic people that established a state that included parts of northern China; a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until around 1630, at which point they were reformed and combined with their neighbors as the Manchus.	10
5401523203	Kami	Sacred spirits of Japan, whether ancestors or natural phenomenon; their worship later came to be called Shinto	11
5401523204	Khitan	A nomadic people who established a state that included parts of northern china (901-1125); originated from Mongolia, Northeast China, and the Russian far east;(Definition from merriam webster) a conquering Tatar people maintaining hegemony of northern China in the Liao dynasty from the 10th to the 12th centuries	12
5401523205	Tribute System	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute to the Chinese emperor; helped shape much of East Asian affairs	13
5401523206	Neo-Confucianism	term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism	14
5401523207	Samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	15
5401523208	Greek Fire	kind of napalm made by Byzantine empire, helped defeat Arab threat; used by the greeks to besiege constantinople	16
5401523209	Iconoclasm	The rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts; the destruction of figurines, paintings, etc.	17
5401523210	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule.	18
5401523211	Vikings	one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.	19
5401523212	Cyrillic	missionary sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic.	20
5401523213	Guild	n medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)	21
5401523214	Indulgence	The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act.	22
5401523215	Natural Philosophy	The use of natural senses to make logical conclusions in relation to philosophy and science.	23
5401523216	Abbasid	Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture.	24
5401523217	Casaeropapism	System in which the temporal ruler extends his own power to ecclesiastical and theological matters. Such emperors appointed bishops and the Eastern Patriarch, directed the development of liturgical practices, and even aided the recruitment of monks.;; The idea of combing the power of secular government with religious power	25
5401523218	Anatolia	a huge peninsula in modern-day Turkey that juts out into the Black and Meditteranean Seas;, modern-day western Turkey, has mountains that have served as a refuge for persecuted groups throughout history and that still do today	26
5401523219	Bedouins	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam;; a nomadic arab of the desert	27
5401523220	Dhimmis	A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society	28
5401523221	Hadiths	A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)	29
5401523222	Madrassas	Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world	30
5401523223	Muslim	An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )	31
5401523224	Quaran	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)	32
5401523225	Sharia	definition: the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Muhammed; Describes religious and secular duties; like dharma	33
5401523226	Hajj	definition: the fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca	34
5401523227	Hijra	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam	35
5401523228	Iman	Sheperd a place for cavs	36
5401523229	Jihad	The spiritual striving of each Muslim towards godly life and armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil	37
5401523230	Jizya	Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion	38
5401523231	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230); holy city of Islam	39
5401523232	Umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231); the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion	40
5401523233	Ulama	definition: Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; a body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology	41
5401523234	Sikhism	A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism. Founded by Guru Nanak; Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab	42

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AP Language and Composition: The Language of Composition General Terms Flashcards

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8052151221	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are the ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	0
8052151222	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.	1
8052151223	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	2
8052151224	concession (concede)	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	3
8052151225	refutation (refute)	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	4
8052151226	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	5
8052151227	connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations. Connotations are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.	6
8052151228	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	7
8052151229	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and the subject in determining a text.	8
8052151230	audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences	9
8052151231	context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	10
8052151232	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	11
8052151233	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	12
8052151234	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	13
8052151235	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	14
8052151236	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	15
8052151237	rhetoric	As Aristotle defined the term, "The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	16
8052151238	SOAPSTone	A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker, and Tone. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	17
8052151239	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	18
8052151240	subject	The topic of a text; what the text is about.	19
8052151241	text	While this terms generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read"-meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	20
8052151242	diction	The speaker's choice of words. Writers choose words to create and convey a typical mood, tone and atmosphere to their readers. Diction or choice of words separates good writing from bad writing. It depends on a number of factors. Firstly, the word has to be right and accurate. Secondly, words should be appropriate to the context in which they are used. Lastly, the choice of words should be such that the listener or readers understand easily. Besides, proper diction or proper choice of words is important to get the message across. On the contrary, the wrong choice of words can easily divert listeners or readers which results in misinterpretation of the message intended to be conveyed.	21
8052151243	syntax	How the words are arranged	22
8052151244	tone	The speaker's attitude toward's the subject as revealed by his or her choice of language	23
8052151245	mood	How the work makes the reader feel.	24
8052151246	metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as; says one thing IS another.	25
8052151247	similes	Figure of speech that compares two things using like or as.	26
8052151248	personification	Attribution of a human quality to an inanimate object or idea.	27
8052151249	hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken seriously	28
8052151250	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	29
8052151251	juxtaposition	Two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem, for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts. ie: Paradise lost	30
8052151252	antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	31
8052151253	compound sentence	A sentence with more than one subject or predicate	32
8052151254	complex sentence	A sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses	33
8052151255	periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	34
8052151256	cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	35
8052151257	imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	36
8052151258	pacing	How fast a story unfolds. Does the author reveal details quickly or slowly? How does he or she build suspense?	37
8052151259	figures of speech	A word or phrase used in a nonliteral sense to add rhetorical force to a spoken or written passage	38
8052151260	zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous meanings.	39
8052151261	satire	The use of irony or sarcasm to criticize	40
8052151263	hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	41
8052151265	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	42
8052151267	archaic diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words. You can use archaic language for many purposes, such as to sound more official, authoritative, or magical. Think Shakespeare, the Bible, classic literature, etc.	43
8052151268	asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	44
8052151269	inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order). Hyperbaton refers to any departure from normal word order (sometimes called inverted word order). The unexpected arrangement of words calls sharp attention to the word(s) that are out of their expected place, thus emphasizing them. Displacing words to the end or beginning of a sentence (areas ofgreatest emphasis) further stresses them. Think Yoda.... Examples: Disturb me not! Books they have demanded and books they will get. Normal word order: You should attend first those who need medicine. Inverted word order: Those who need medicine you should attend first. Normal word order: After all the pressure against it, the law prevailed. Hyperbatonic word order: The law, after all the pressure against it, prevailed.	45
8052151270	oxymoron	Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, such as "cruel kindness," or "living death". It is important to understand the difference between an oxymoron and a paradox. A paradox may consist of a sentence, or even a group of sentences. An oxymoron, on the other hand, is a combination of two contradictory or opposite words. A paradox seems contradictory to the general truth, but it does contain an implied truth. An oxymoron, however, may produce a dramatic effect, but does not make literal sense.	46
8052151271	rhetorical question	Figure of speech in form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	47
8052151272	synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole. May also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups, or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of, or it may refer to a thing in a container or packaging by the name of that container or packing. Example: The word "bread" refers to food or money, as in "Writing is my bread and butter," or "He is the sole breadwinner." The phrase "gray beard" refers to an old man. The word "sails" refers to a whole ship. The word "suit" refers to a businessman. The word "boots" usually refers to soldiers. The term "coke" is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks. "wheels" and "ride" are synecdoches for car The word "glasses" refers to spectacles.	48
8052151273	imagery	When a writer describes something using language that appeals to our five senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	49
8052151274	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from claim to conclusion.	50
8052151275	Rogerian Arguments	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, Rogerian arguments are based on the assumption that having a understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.	51
8052151276	claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	52
8052151277	claim of fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true.	53
8052151278	claim of value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	54
8052151279	claim of policy	A claim of policy proposes a change.	55
8052151280	closed thesis	A closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	56
8052151281	open thesis	An open thesis statement is one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	57
8052151282	counterargument thesis	a summary of the counterargument, usually qualified by although or but, precedes the writer's opinion	58
8052151283	logical fallacy (fallacy)	Logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	59
8052151284	red herring	When a speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion	60
8052151285	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of ad hominem.	61
8052151286	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people.	62
8052151287	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	63
8052151288	either/or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	64
8052151289	hasty generalization	A fallacy in which conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	65
8052151290	circular reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	66
8052151291	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something that the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	67
8052151292	second-hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	68
8052151293	post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a clause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not simply imply causation.	69
8052151294	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on a issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.	70
8052151295	quantitative evidence	Quantitative evidence includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers-for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	71
8052151296	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	72
8052151297	introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	73
8052151298	narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	74
8052151299	confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	75
8052151300	refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	76
8052151301	conclusion (peroratio)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	77
8052151304	syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	78
8052151302	induction	From the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called generalization.	79
8052151303	deduction	Deduction is a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principal or universal truth (a major premise). The process of deduction usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.	80
8052151305	Toulmin model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book The Uses of Argument (1985). The Toulmin model can be stated as a template: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).	81
8052151306	warrant	In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	82
8052151307	assumption	In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	83
8052151308	backing	In the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.	84
8052151309	qualifier	In the Toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	85
8052151310	reservation	In the Toulmin model, a reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	86
8052151311	rebuttal	In the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	87
8052151312	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	88
8052151313	the classical oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are: -introduction (exordium) -narration (narratio) -confirmation (confirmatio) -refutation (refutatio) -conclusion (peroratio)	89
8110342051	syndeton	a sentence style in which words, phrases, or clauses are joined by conjunctions (usually and).	90
8261786489	qualitative evidence	Descriptive information, which often comes from interviews, focus groups or artistic depictions such as photographs.	91
8295613734	bias	1. a prejudiced view (either for or against); a preference. 2. a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation	92
8349938382	Validity (or logically valid)	the fact that the truth of the premises logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion. Whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.	93
8378619748	scare tactics	using fear to sway people by exaggerating possible dangers well beyond their statistical likelihood	94
8378636702	slippery slope	Suggest dire consequences from relatively minor causes	95
8378660974	dogmatism	shuts down discussion by asserting that the writer's beliefs are the only acceptable ones	96
8378708892	equivocation	the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; it is a half truth	97
8378730704	non sequitur	a statement that does not follow logically from evidence	98
8400214762	undistributed middle	is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed in either the minor premise or the major premise. Pattern: All Z is B All Y is B Therefore, all Y is Z B is the common term between the two premises (the middle term) but is never distributed, so this syllogism is invalid. eg: All students carry backpacks. My grandfather carries a backpack. Therefore, my grandfather is a student.	99
8664385095	isocolon	a rhetorical device that involves a succession of sentences, phrases, and clauses of grammatically equal length. In this figure of speech, a sentence has a parallel structure that is made up of words, clauses, or phrases of equal length, sound, meter, and rhythm. Isocolon is the repetition of similar grammatical forms.	100
8665929736	chiasmus	a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect.	101
8665939151	antimetabole	a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order. For example: "You like it; it likes you." "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	102
8052151262	anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. This device produces a strong emotional effect, especially in speech. It also establishes a marked change in rhythm. a. "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island . . . we shall never surrender." (Winston Churchill, 1940) b. "Why should white people be running all the stores in our community? Why should white people be running the banks of our community? Why should the economy of our community be in the hands of the white man? Why?" (Malcolm X) c. "Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island." (Franklin Roosevelt, Pearl Harbor Address)	103
8853348948	epistrophe	repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive phrases. Like anaphora, epistrophe produces a strong rhythm and emphasis. a. "But to all of those who would be tempted by weakness, let us leave no doubt that we will be as strong as we need to be for as long as we need to be." (Richard Nixon, First Inaugural Address) b. "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address) c. "As long as the white man sent you to Korea, you bled. He sent you to Germany, you bled. He sent you to the South Pacific to fight the Japanese, you bled." (Speech by Malcolm X) d. "In a cake, nothing tastes like real butter, nothing moistens like real butter, nothing enriches like real butter, nothing satisfies like real butter." (Caption from a Pillsbury ad)	104
8853372002	epanalepsis	(eh-puh-nuh-LEAP-siss) — repetition of the same word or words at both beginning and ending of a phrase, clause, or sentence. Like other schemes of repetition, epanalepsis often produces or expresses strong emotion. a. Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows:/ Strength match'd with strength, and power confronted power. (William Shakespeare, King John) b. "Nothing is worse than doing nothing." c. "A minimum wage that is not a livable wage can never be a minimum wage." (Ralph Nader)	105
8853386947	anadiplosis	(an-uh-dih-PLO-sis) — repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. a. "The crime was common, common be the pain". (Alexander Pope, "Eloise to Abelard" b. "Aboard my ship, excellent performance is standard. Standard performance is sub-standard. Sub-standard performance is not permitted to exist." (Captain Queeg, Herman Wouk's The Caine Mutiny) c. "Somehow, with the benefit of little formal education, my grandparents recognized the inexorable downward spiral of conduct outside the guardrails: If you lie, you will cheat; if you cheat, you will steal; if you steal, you will kill." (Justice Clarence Thomas, 1993 Mercer Law School Address) d. "They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor. Striking story." (line delivered by Joaquin Phoenix, from the movie Gladiator)	106
8853421734	polyptoton	(po-lyp-TO-ton) — repetition of words derived from the same root. a. "But in this desert country they may see the land being rendered useless by overuse." (Joseph Wood Krutch, The Voice of the Desert) b. "We would like to contain the uncontainable future in a glass." (Loren Eiseley, from an article in Harper's, March 1964) c. "With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder." (Shakespeare's Richard II 2.1.37) d. "Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." (Franklin Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address, March 1933)	107
8052151264	alliteration	repetition in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series. Alliteration does not depend on letters but on sounds. So the phrase not knotty is alliterative, but cigarette chase is not. a. "The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free" Samuel Taylor Coolridge b. "It was the meanest moment of eternity". (Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God) c. "His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead." (James Joyce,The Dead) d. Names, logos, and ads are often alliterative because it helps you remember: Dunkin' Donuts PayPal; Best Buy;Coca-Cola; Lois Lane; Sammy Sosa; Ronald Reagan; Porky Pig; etc.	108
8853473693	assonance	the repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words. a. "Whales in the wake like capes and Alps/ Quaked the sick sea and snouted deep." (Dylan Thomas, "Ballad of the Long Legged Bait") b. "Refresh your zest for living." (advertisement for French Line Ships) c. "Strips of tinfoil winking like people." (Sylvia Plath) d. "The gloves didn't fit. If it doesn't fit, you must acquit." (Johnny Cochran, O.J.Simpson trial)	109
8853476454	consonance	The use of a series of consonants in quick succession - used more in poetry than in prose. a. "The pitter patter of perpetual precipitation put me in a petulant mood". While there is alliteration in this sentence with the letter p being repeated in the beginning of words, the repeated p and t are consonant. b. "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile Whether Jew or gentile, I rank top percentile Many styles, more powerful than gamma rays My grammar pays, like Carlos Santana plays."	110
8872967388	homoioptoton	The repetition of similar case endings in adjacent words or in words in parallel position. We commonly refer to this simply as "rhyme."	111
9190409056	ellipsis	Ellipsis is the omission of a word or series of words. There are two slightly different definitions of ellipsis which are pertinent to literature. The first definition of ellipsis is the commonly used series of three dots, which can be place at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence or clause. But more importantly, for AP purposes, the second is: a linguistically appropriate omission of words that are mutually understood and thus unnecessary. This type of ellipsis is usually used where the words omitted would be redundant. example: Gapping: I ordered the linguine, and he [ordered] the lobster. Stripping: I ordered the linguine, [I did] not [order] lobster. Verb phrase ellipsis: I'll order the linguine and you can [order the linguine], too. Answer ellipsis: Who ordered the linguine? I did [order the linguine]. Sluicing: I'll get something to drink, but I'm not sure what [I'll get to drink]. Nominal ellipsis: I ordered two drinks, and Bill [ordered] one.	112
9191716943	metonymy	a type of metaphor where the substitution of the name of an attribute for that of the thing meant. Examples: The pen is mightier than the sword. -Edward Bulwer-Lytton This land belongs to the crown. Flight simulators are valuable because you can die in software and still be around to fly another day. You cannot fight city hall. The orders came directly from the White House. After four years of reading and writing, I got my bachelor's degree and left college. After four years of filling in the bubbles on machine-scored answer sheets, I got my bachelor's degree and left college.	113
9191904819	parenthesis	a stylistic device that comes from the Greek word meaning "to place," or "alongside." Parenthesis is a qualifying or explanatory sentence, clause, or word that writers insert into a paragraph or passage. However, if they leave it out, even then it does not grammatically affect the text, which is correct without it. Parenthesis makes the statements more convincing, as it puts the readers in a right form from the very beginning where they read it as an explanation. However, its main function is to give more explanation and add emphasis, while its repeated use can cause focus and thus makes parenthetical insertions a dominant feature of a sentence. Parenthesis also offers readers an insight into true feelings and opinions of characters and narrators, while they might tend to evade parenthetical information as unimportant. Doing this, parenthesis could leave them clueless to the actual purpose of a sentence. In addition, it often creates humorous effect by using hyperbole and understatements.	114
9191945072	paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth. examples: Less is more You can save money by spending it. I know one thing; that I know nothing. This is the beginning of the end. Deep down, you're really shallow. I'm a compulsive liar. "Men work together whether they work together or apart." - Robert Frost "What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young." - George Bernard Shaw "I can resist anything but temptation." - Oscar Wilde Here are the rules: Ignore all rules. The second sentence is false. The first sentence is true.	115

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AP Literature: Style and Genre: Verse Flashcards

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9803652788	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply	0
9803652789	Connotation	What a word suggests beyond its basic definition; a word's overtones of meaning	1
9803656386	Denotation	The basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word	2
9803656387	Ekphrasis	The poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words	3
9803659228	Epigram	(1) A short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation. (2) A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement	4
9803664176	Extended figure	A figure of speech (usually metaphor, simile, personification, or apostrophe) sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem	5
9803664177	Figurative language	Language employing figures of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or only literally	6
9803666873	Figure of speech	Broadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another	7
9803666874	Juxtaposition	Positioning opposites next to each other to heighten the contrast	8
9803669625	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike	9
9803669626	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which some significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the whole experience	10
9803669627	Onomatopoeia	The use of words that supposedly mimic their meaning in their sound (for example, boom, click, plop)	11
9803672306	Personification	A figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal, an object, or a concept	12
9803677685	Rhythm	Any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound	13
9803677686	Sentimentality	Unmerited or contrived tender feeling; that quality in a story that elicits or seeks to elicit tears through an oversimplification or falsification of reality	14
9803684337	Simile	A figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The comparison is made explicit by the use of some such word or phrase as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems	15
9803687060	Syntax	Word organization and order	16
9803687061	Ballad	A narrative folk song.	17
9803691911	Elegy	A type of literature defined as a song or poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.	18
9803691912	Epic	A long poem in a lofty style about the exploits of heroic figures. These often come from an oral tradition of shared authorship or from a single, high-profile poet imitating the style.	19
9803691913	Lyric	a song-like poem written mainly to express the feelings of emotions or thought from a particular person, thus separating it from narrative poems. These poems are generally short, averaging roughly twelve to thirty lines, and rarely go beyond sixty lines. These poems express vivid imagination as well as emotion and all flow fairly concisely.	20
9803695843	Narrative poem	A poem that tells a story.	21
9803695844	Ode	Usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern.	22
9803698384	Sonnet	A fixed form of fourteen lines, normally iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types—the Italian or the English	23

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(AP Euro) Literature Flashcards

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4513394936	Decameron by Boccaccio	(vernacular) a story about ten friends trying to hide from the Black Death; everyday each person would share a story with their friends. Shockingly modern, scandalous	0
4513400853	Oration on the Dignity of Man by Mirandola	(Renaissance humanism) bible of Renaissance humanism; he compared ethical traditions of all over the known world to identify universal truths	1
4513404743	The Courtier by Castiglione	(Renaissance etiquette) he describes Renaissance manners; a Renaissance man. The Renaissance man has all the traits of a medieval knight, and is educated and artistic	2
4513410275	The Prince by Machiavelli	(civic humanism) first major work of political science; Better to be feared than loved. Ends justify the means	3
4513414048	The Republic by Bodin	(civic humanism) a political work in which he argued in favor of absolute monarchy as the best form of government	4
4513416875	In Praise of Human Folly by Erasmus	(Christian humanism) it is a satire in which he mocks certain church practices as silly	5
4513421993	On the Education of a Christian Knight by Erasmus	(Christian/civic humanism) a guide to rulers on how to be good leaders; ultimately, you must follow the example of Christ	6
4513425006	Utopia by More	(Christian humanism) he describes an ideal society, one where everyone is educated and treats each other with kindness	7
4513430547	Against the Monstrous Regiment in Women by Knox	(anti-women) in it, he used biblical scripture to argue that a woman should never hold power over a man; he cited Elizabeth of England and Mary Queen of Scots	8
4513438664	The Ninety-Five Theses by Luther	(Protestant Reformation) 95 arguments against the Catholic teachings on good works. He wrote it in Latin to start a conversation with brother clergy	9
4513443466	Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants by Luther	(social politics) an essay in which he condemns the peasant uprising; he used the Bible to justify it	10
4513448569	The Book of Common Prayer by no single author	(Anglican) a beautiful collection of English prayers and hymns used only by the Anglican Church	11
4513450315	The Institutes by Calvin	(Protestant Reformation) explain's Calvin's theology including predestination; Doctrine of the Elect	12
4513455730	Spiritual Exercises by St. Ignatius	(Catholic Reformation) a Catholic work that describes different activities one can do to grow stronger in their faith	13
4513459047	Othello by Shakespeare	(Elizabethan) a tragedy in which the lead character is a very complex man who happens to be black	14
4513462579	Essays by Montaigne	(skepticism) philosophical work in which he describes relativism; cultures do things differently from each other, but non are superior. These are the minority views	15
4513468317	On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies by Copernicus	(astronomy) the first work to argue in favor of the heliocentric theory; he published it on his deathbed	16
4513479597	New Astronomy by Kepler	(astronomy) scientific text using very complicated mathematics to prove the elliptical orbit of planets	17
4513484116	The Starry Messenger by Galileo	(astronomy) it includes Galileo's drawings and descriptions of his telescopic observations including lunar maps, canals of Mars, sunspots, and the moons of Jupiter	18
4513500742	Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems by Galileo	(astronomy) a side-by-side comparison of the heliocentric and geocentric theories	19
4513505106	Principia by Newton	(science) one of the most important science texts ever written; a compilation of some of Newton's most important work including the theory of gravity and universal science	20
4513508759	Optica by Newton	(study of light) a description of Newton's work with light including the idea that white light shown through a prism creates the spectrum of color	21
4513515671	On the Fabric of the Human Body by Vesalius	(anatomy) it contains accurate, beautiful drawings of human anatomy, based on dissection; used in medical schools for over 300 years	22
4513527655	On the Movement of Blood in Animals by Harvey	(medicine) a medical text which explains the circulatory systems; he maps the veins and arteries	23
4513539461	Inquiry into the Cause and Effect of Vaccine by Jenner	(medicine) a medical text that describes his research in finding a vaccine for smallpox; cowpox	24
4513542554	New Instrument by Bacon	(science) an explanation of the scientific method and the need for empirical knowledge; hypothesis-experimentation-new hypothesis	25
4513551626	Discourse on Method by Descartes	(science) an explanation of rationalism; it includes his famous exclamation; cogito ergo sum	26
4513569000	Don Quixote by Cervantes	(satire on medievalism) a masterpiece of Spanish literature; it mocks medieval values. The hero of the story wishes he were a knight. He fights a windmill	27
4513572284	The Leviathan by Hobbes	(political science) an important English political work; the first to describe the social contract. he said the contract could never be broken	28
4513576346	Of Civil Government by Locke	(political science) an important English political work; he agreed with Hobbes that there is a social contract but believed the contract could be broken; people possessed the "right to vote" and the "right to life, liberty, and property"	29
4513586391	True Laws of Free Monarchs by James I	(political science) an echo of Jean Bodin's The Republic; an English language argument in favor of absolute divine right monarchy	30
4513590300	Candide by Voltaire	(satire) a satirical work that mocked the optimistic views of the day and the belief in a loving God. Dr. Pangloss' comment that we "live in the best of all possible worlds at the best possible times" captures the theme	31
4513601470	Philosophical Letters on the English by Voltaire	(political comment) it is a love letter to England written during an exile from France. He compared the freedom of England to the repression of France. "England, where men think free and noble thoughts"	32
4513608807	The Spirit of the Laws by Montesquieu	(political science) influential political work that advocated the separation of political powers into different branches of government. It influenced Madison in the drafting of the US Constitution	33
4513624496	The Social Contract by Rousseau	(political science) revolutionary work that opposed hereditary monarchy and argued that man is the happiest in the "natural state" and that civilization is corrupting. He favored the "general will" or democracy. "Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains"	34
4513633011	Encyclopedia by Diderot	(educational) a compendium of all human knowledge to be at your quick access. 28 volumes and focused on philosophy and science	35
4513641027	The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Gibbon	(empirical history) the first modern history book based on empirical data, not simply legends or myths. Much of his research was based off the newly discovered ruins on Pompeii	36
4513644243	The Wealth of Nations by Smith	(classical economics) probably the single most important economics text ever written. He argued against mercantilism and in favor of supply and demand capitalism. He said that government should maintain "laissez-faire" attitude toward the economy	37
4513651070	The Laws of War and Peace by Grotius	(international relations) first major book of international law. In it, he argued that nations were governed by the same laws as people. 3 mile limit	38
4513656421	Gulliver's Travels by Swift	(satire) masterpiece of 18th century satire that mocked English society	39

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People of AP World History Flashcards

Here are some key people to remember for AP World History. They come from the back of the book "The Earth And Its Peoples."

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6413106103	Emilio Aguinaldo	Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain in 1895-1898. He proclaimed the Philippines independent in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the US army in 1901.	0
6413106104	Akbar I	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of concilation with Hindus.	1
6413106105	Akhenaten	Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 BCE). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.	2
6413106106	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia in northern Greece, Between 334 and 323 BCE, he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	3
6413106107	Salvador Allende	Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.	4
6413106108	Richard Arkwright	English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame.	5
6413106109	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	6
6413106110	Atahualpa	Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.	7
6413106111	Octavian	Founder of the Roman Principate. After defeating all rivals between 31 BCE and 14 CE, he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. Also called Augustus.	8
6413106112	Emiliano Zapata	Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.	9
6413106113	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships though the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	10
6413106114	Faisal I	Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.	11
6413106115	Benjamin Franklin	American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution.	12
6413106116	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric lightbulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.	13
6413106117	Albert Einstein	German physicist who developed the theory of relativity.	14
6413106118	Yamagata Aritomo	One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.	15
6413106119	Yongle	He sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel.	16
6413106120	Yuan Shikai	Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of Sun Yat-sen's movement.	17
6413106121	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.	18
6413106122	Hipolito Irigoyen	Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916-1922 and 1928-1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer, but later became conservative.	19
6413106123	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicatd in 1914. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	20
6413106124	Nasir al-Din Tusi	Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernician model of the solar system.	21
6413106125	Jawaharlal Nehru	Indian statesman. He succeeded Gandhi as the leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).	22
6413106126	Alexander Nevskii	Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.	23
6413106127	Hammurabi	Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.	24
6413106128	Hatshepsut	Queen of Egypt (r. 1473-1458 BCE). She dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt, the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as a ruler, and after her death her name and image were frequently defaced.	25
6413106129	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	26
6413106130	Herodotus	Heir to the technique of historia ("investigation") developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents of and chronicled the Persian Wars, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing.	27
6413106131	Theodor Herzl	Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.	28
6413106132	Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla	Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.	29
6413106133	Adolf Hitler	Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the Nazi party in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.	30
6413106134	Saddam Hussein	President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980-1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991.	31
6413106135	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini	Shiite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic.	32
6413106136	Khubilai Khan	Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire.	33
6413106137	Getulio Vargas	Dictator of Brazil from 1930-1945 and 1951-1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created the Estado Novo (New State), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants.	34
6413106138	Pancho Villa	A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Zapata. He was assassinated in 1923.	35
6413106139	George Washington	Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).	36
6413106140	James Watt	Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.	37
6413106141	Josiah Wedgwood	English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.	38
6413106142	Woodrow Wilson	President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the US Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	39
6413106143	Wilbur and Orville Wright	American bicycle mechanics; the first to build and fly an airplace, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 7, 1903.	40
6413106144	Margaret Sanger	American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences and established birth control clinics.	41
6413106145	Haile Selassie	Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-19745) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as a traditional autocracy until he was overthrown in 1974.	42
6413106146	Shah Abbas I	The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran. He moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598.	43
6413106147	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (ca. 221-210 BCE). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks. His tomb, with its army of life-size terracotta soldiers, has been partially excavated.	44
6413106148	Socrates	Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 BCE) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investifation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state.	45
6413106149	Josef Stalin	Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.	46
6413106150	Henry Morton Stanley	British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.	47
6413106151	Suleiman the Magnificent	The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Kanuni ("Lawgiver"). He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.	48
6413106152	Sun Yat-sen	Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Kuomintang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal deemocratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.	49
6413106153	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in the War of 1812 and died in battle.	50
6413106154	Timur	Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate. He through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India.	51
6413106155	Tupac Amaru II	Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed along with his wife and other members of his family.	52
6413106156	Ramses II	A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 BCE). He reached an accomodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.	53
6413106157	Rashid al-Din	Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on his advice.	54
6413106158	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Zimbabwe and Zambia were originally named after him.	55
6413106159	Maximilien Robespierre	Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.	56
6413106160	Bartolome de Las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them.	57
6413106161	Vladimir Lenin	Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil wars that followed.	58
6413106162	Leopold II	King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).	59
6413106163	Li Shimin	One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia.	60
6413106164	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.	61
6413106165	Andrew Jackson	First president of the US to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832.	62
6413106166	Jesus	A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. Hailed as the Messiah and Son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death.	63
6413106167	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British and the Indian National Congress for Muslim participation in Indian politics. From 1940 on, he led the movement for the independence of India's Muslims in a separate state of Pakistan, founded in 1947.	64
6413106168	Benito Juarez	President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1863 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.	65
6413106169	Darius I	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 BCE). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece).	66
6413106170	Deng Xiaoping	Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao.	67
6413106171	Blaise Diagne	Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After the war, he led a movement to abolish forced labor in Africa.	68
6413106172	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.	69
6413106173	Osama bin Laden	Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.	70
6413106174	Otto von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia from 1862-1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871.	71
6413106175	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.	72
6413106176	Joseph Brant	Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.	73
6413106177	Siddhartha Gautama	An Indian prince alternately known as the Buddha, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia.	74
6413106178	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	75
6413106179	Mahatma Gandhi	Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became the leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence he was assassinated for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting.	76
6413106180	Giuseppe Garibaldi	Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860.	77
6413106181	Genghis Khan	The title of Temujin when the ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.	78
6413106182	Mikhail Gorbachev	Head of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe.	79
6413106183	Jose Antonio Paez	Venezuelan soldier who led Simon Bolivar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. He was unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolivar's government in distant Bogota and declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829.	80
6413106184	Paul	A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damasxua, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism.	81
6413106185	Pericles	Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war.	82
6413106186	Eva Duarte Peron	Wife of an Argentinian president. Champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.	83
6413106187	Juan Peron	President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. His wife played a major role in his 1946 election. He built up Argentinian industry, became very popular among the urban poor, but harmed the economy.	84
6413106188	Peter the Great	Russian tzar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	85
6413106189	Francisco Pizzarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.	86
6413106190	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	87
6413106191	Thomas Malthus	18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.	88
6413106192	Mansa Kankan Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	89
6413106193	Mao Zedong	Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After World War II, he led the Communists to victory over the Kuomintang. He ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966.	90
6413106194	Karl Marx	German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital."	91
6413106195	Menelik II	Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa.	92
6413106196	Moctezuma II	Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.	93
6413106197	Jose Maria Morelos	Mexican priest and former student of Hidalgo, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.	94
6413106198	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of the religion of Islam.	95
6413106199	Muhammad Ali	Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.	96
6413106200	Benito Mussolini	Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.	97
6413106201	Lazaro Cardenas	President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circle of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry.	98
6413106202	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.	99
6413106203	Chiang Kai-shek	Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Kuomintang in 1923; headed the Chinese government from 1928-1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan.	100
6413106204	Cixi	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.	101
6413106205	Christopher Columbus	Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.	102
6413106206	Confucius	Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.	103
6413106207	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion.	104
6413106208	Hernan Cortes	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.	105
6413106209	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 BCE, he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples.	106

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AP World History: China Flashcards

Ch2 Classical Civilization China World history

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5082847425	1. Describe the stages in Chinese dynastic cycle. (dynasty)	family that passed imperial title from generation to generation. When dynasty grew weaker & tax revenues declined>social divisions>internal rebellions &sometimes invasions. As ruling dynasty declined, another emerged, usually from family of a successful general, invader, or peasant rebel & pattern would repeat. Many Chinese view history in terms of cycles, in contrast to Western view of steady progress from past to present.	0
5082847426	2. Describe the political structure of the Zhou dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E.) that displaced the Shang rulers.	The Zhou didn't establish a powerful government; ruled through alliances with regional princes /noble families. Rulers couldn't control territories directly>gave regional estates to members of their families & other supporters who were to provide central government with troops & tax revenues. = China's feudal period:rulers depending on network of loyalties & obligations to & from their landlord-vassals.	1
5082847427	3. What caused the decline of the Zhou?	regional land-owning aristocrats increased their power base/disre¬garded central govt.	2
5082847428	4. Identify/significance: Middle Kingdom	Zhou extended territory of China- took Yangtze River valley from Huanghe R. to Yangtze R. =China's core— the "Middle Kingdom." >wheat-growing in north, rice-grow¬ing in south>pop. growth. Communication/transport from capital to out-lying regions difficult>>Zhou relied so heavily on loyalty of regional supporters.	3
5082847429	5. Identify/significance: Mandate of Heaven (Sons of Heaven)	Zhou rulers claimed direct links to Shang rulers & asserted heaven had transferred its mandate to rule China to Zhou emperors =key justification for Chinese imperial rule from Zhou onward. These "Sons of Heaven" lived in world of awe-inspiring pomp/ceremony.	4
5082847430	6. How did the Zhou provide greater cultural unity in their empire?	promoted linguistic unity>> standard spoken language (Mandarin Chinese) in Middle Kingdom =largest single group of people speaking same language in world at this time. Regional dialects/languages remained; educated officials began to rely on Mandarin. Oral epics/stories in Chi¬nese> gradually recorded in written form>development of common culture.	5
5082847431	7. Identify/significance: Confucius	During late 6th/early 5th centuries B.C.E., Confucius wrote statement on political ethics= core of China's distinctive philo¬sophical heritage. Other writers/religious leaders participated in this great period of cultural creativity>>which later =set of central beliefs throughout Middle Kingdom.	6
5082847432	8. Identify/significance: Era of the Warring States	Regional rulers formed independent armies reduc¬ing emperors to little more than figureheads. Between 402 -201 B.C.E. (Era of the Warring States) the Zhou system disintegrated.	7
5082847433	9. Identify/significance: Shih Huangdi (Qin)	regional ruler who deposed last Zhou emperor & made himself ruler of China. He took the title Qin Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor. The dynastic name, Qin >conferred on whole country=China.	8
5082847434	10. Describe the policies and achievements of Shih Huangdi in the Qin Dynasty. (Great Wall)	Shi Huangdi =brutal,effective ruler amid internal disorder. China's problem= regional power of aristocrats. He ordered nobles to leave their regions & appear at his court>he took control of their estates. China was organized into large provinces ruled by bureaucrats appointed by emperor Shi Huangdi. He chose officials from nonaristocratic groups so they would owe their power to & not develop independent bases. His power¬ful armies crushed regional resistance. To guard against barbarian invasions, Shi Huangdi built a Great Wall, extending over 3000 miles & wide enough for chariots= largest construction project in human history; built by forced labor from the peasantry.	9
5082847435	11. Describe the innovations in Chinese politics and culture during the Qin dynasty.	Shi Huangdi ordered national census= calculation of tax revenues/labor service. Govt. standardized coinage, weights, mea¬sures: length of cart axles regulated to=road planning. Made Chinese written script uniform=basic language for all educated Chinese. Qin sponsored new irrigation pro¬jects; promoted manufacturing, especially silk. Qin burned many books because thinking=subversive to Shi Huangdi's autocratic rule.	10
5082847436	12. Explain why the Qin dynasty ended.	Shi Huangdi's attacks on intellectuals, high taxes to support military expansion, construction of Great Wall, made him unpopular. On his death in 210 B.C.E. massive revolts organized by peasants broke out. One peasant leader defeated other opponents; in 202 B.C.E. established the Han dynasty.	11
5082847437	13. Describe the characteristics and achievements of Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.-202 C.E.)	Han rulers kept cen¬tralized administration of Qin but reduced brutal repression. Early Han rulers expanded Chinese territory, pushing into Korea, Indochina, central Asia. Expansion >direct contact with India & contact with Parthian Empire Middle East, through which trade with Roman Empire around Mediterranean was conducted.	12
5082847438	14. Identify/significance: Wu Ti	Han ruler, Wu Ti (140—87 B.C.E.), enforced peace throughout much of Asia, similar the peace Roman Empire would bring to Mediterranean region a hundred years later, but including even more terri¬tory & far larger population. Peace brought great prosperity to China.	13
5082847439	15. Describe the state bureaucracy and government under the Han Dynasty.	state bureaucracy improved & government linked to formal training that emphasized values of Confucian philosophy. Reversing Qin dynasty's policies, Wu Ti urged support for Confucianism= vital supplement to formal measures by government.	14
5082847440	16. Explain why Han rule declined.	Han rule declined after two centuries. Central control weakened, invasions from central Asia, led by a nomadic people called the Huns, who had long threatened China's northern borders, overturned dynasty entirely. Between 220-589 C.E., China=state of chaos. Order/stability finally restored, but classical/formative period of Chinese civilization had ended. Well before But, China had established distinctive political structures & cultural values that would allow it to survive three centuries of confusion.	15
5082847441	II. Political Institutions	...	16
5082847442	17. Describe the distinctive and successful kind of government established by the Qin and Han governments.	Qin stressed central authority; Han expanded bureaucracy. Structure of this govt.= how vast territory could be ruled ( largest polit¬ical system in classical world). This structure would change after classical period in terms of streamlining/expanding bureaucratic systems but it never required fun¬damental overhaul.	17
5082847443	18. Describe the key elements of the political framework that emerged in China's classical period.	One difference between classical civilizations & river-valley civilizations was that in classical civilizations political organizations were more complex, but strong local units never disap¬peared. China relied on tightly knit patriarchal fami¬lies linked to other relatives in extended family networks- brothers, uncles & any living grandparents. In wealthy land-owning groups, family authority enhanced by practice of ancestor worship; it was less common among ordinary peasants. Village authority surpassed family rule; village leaders helped farming families regulate property, coordinate planting/harvesting. During Zhou dynasty(& in later periods when dynasties weakened)regional power of great landlords played an important role at the village level; landed nobles pro¬vided courts of justice & organized military troops	18
5082847444	19. How did Shih Huangdi strengthen central government?	Shi Huangdi attacked local rulers & provided single law code & uni¬form tax system. He appointed governors to each district to exercise military & legal powers in name of emperor. They, in turn, named officials responsible for smaller regions=classic model of centralized government that other societies would copy in later times:establishment of centralized codes & appointment of officials directly by a central authority, rather than reliance on many existing local governments. Also appointed ministers to deal with finance, jus¬tice, military affair etc. .	19
5082847445	20. Explain how the Han Dynasty created a strong bureaucracy.	Rulers of Han also attacked local warrior-landlords; created large, skilled bureaucracy to carry out duties of state. By end of Han period, China = 130,000 bureaucrats=0.2% of pop. Wu Ti established examinations for bureaucrats=first example of civil service tests=covered classics of Chinese liter¬ature & law> model of scholar-bureaucrat that would later become important element of China's political tradition. Wu Ti established school to train men of tal-ent/ability for national examinations; most drawn from landed upper classes,who alone had time to learn complex system of Chinese characters; individu¬als from lower ranks of society were sometimes recruited under this system> slight check on complete upper-class rule; tended to limit arbitrary power by emperor. Trained /experienced bureaucrats could often control whims of single ruler. Chinese bureaucracy lasted from Han period until 20th century. .	20
5082847446	21. List the functions of government that emerged in the classical period in China.	Gov¬t.ran military & judicial systems. Mil¬itary activity fluctuated-China didn't depend on steady expansion. Judi¬cial matters commanded more attention by local government authorities. Govt. organized research in astronomy & mainte¬nance of historical records. Under Han rulers govt. played major role in promoting Confu¬cian philosophy as official statement of Chinese val¬ues & in encouraging worship of Confucius himself. The Han developed a sense of mission as primary keeper of Chinese beliefs. Imperial government also active in economy>directly organized production of iron & salt. Its standardization of currency, weights, measures facilitated trade throughout empire. The government sponsored public works: complex irrigation & canal sys¬tems. Han rulers tried to regulate agricultural supplies by storing grain/rice in good times to control price increases & potential popular unrest when harvests were bad.	21
5082847447	22. Explain how far the power of the Chinese government was able to reach.	Its system of courts was backed by strict law code; torture & execution widely used to supplement preaching of obedience & civic virtue. Cen¬tral government taxed its subjects & required annual labor on part of every male peas¬ant in building canals, roads, palaces. No other government had organization/staff to reach ordinary people so directly until modern times, except in much smaller political units such as city-states.	22
5082847448	23. Why was the structure of Chinese government able to endure?	power & authority it commanded in eyes of ordi¬nary Chinese people help explain why its structure survived decline, invasion & even rebellion for so many centuries. Invaders like Huns might topple a dynasty, but couldn't devise a better system to run the country, so the system & its bureau¬cratic administrators endured.	23
5082847449	III. Religion and Culture	...	24
5082847450	24. Describe the Chinese way of viewing the world that developed during the classical period.	Upper-class cultural values emphasized good life on earth & virtues of obedience to the state, more than speculations about God & mysteries of heaven. Chinese tolerated/ combined various beliefs, so long as they did not contradict basic political loyalties.	25
5082847451	25. What beliefs did the Zhou rulers stress?	maintained belief in a god/ gods, but little attentio given to nature of a deity. Leaders stressed a harmonious earthly life, which would maintain balance between earth & heaven.	26
5082847452	26. In what ways did the Chinese upper class seek and express harmony?	rituals to unify society & prevent individual excess. Upper class people trained in elaborate exercises & military skills;ceremonies venerating ancestors; use of chopsticks began at end of Zhou dynasty=encouraged politeness at meals. Soon, tea introduced, but most elaborate tea-drinking rituals developed later.	27
5082847453	27. Describe the ideas and teachings of Confucius. (Analects)	If people could be taught to emphasize personal virtue (including reverence for tradi¬tion) a solid political life would naturally result. Confucian virtues stressed respect for one's social superiors— fathers/husbands as leaders of family; emphasis on proper hierar¬chy balanced by insistence that society's leaders behave modestly & shun abusive powers & treat people who were in their charge courteousl. Moderation in behavior, veneration of custom/ritual, love of wisdom should characterize leaders of society at all levels."In an age of good government, men in high stations give preference to men of ability and give opportunity to those who are below them..."	28
5082847454	28. According to Confucius, how should rulers and subordinates act?	emphasized virtuous behavior by ruler & ruled. Only a man who demonstrated proper family virtues, including respect for parents & compassion for children should be considered for political service. He emphasized personal restraint & socialization of children. Subordinates show obedience & respect; people should know their place, even under bad rulers. He urged political system to make education accessible to all tal¬ented/intelligent people. Rulers should be humble/sincere; people will grow rebellious under hypocrisy/arrogance. He warned against greed in leadership.	29
5082847455	29. Describe Legalism.	rejected Confu¬cian virtues in favor of authoritarian state that ruled by force. Human nature =evil & required restraint /discipline. The army should control & people should labor. Legalism never won widespread approval, but it entered political tradi¬tions of China, where a Confucian veneer was often combined with strong-arm tactics.	30
5082847456	30. Explain the effects of Confucianism on peasants.	Most peasants needed more than civic virtue to understand/survive their harsh life. During most of the classical period, polytheistic beliefs, focusing on spirits of nature, persisted. Many tried to attract blessing of spirits by creating statues, emblems, household decorations honoring spirits,& holding parades/ family ceremonies. A belief in symbolic power of dragons came from a popular religion= combined fear of these creatures with more playful sense of their activities in its courtship of divine forces of nature. Gradually, ongoing rites among ordinary masses integrated Confucian values urged by upper classes.	31
5082847457	31. Describe Daoism. (Laozi)	It embraced tradi¬tional Chinese beliefs in nature's harmony & added sense of nature's mystery=spiritual alternative to Confucianism. Daoism= vital for Chinese civilization but not exported. 5th century B.C.E. Laozi said nature contains divine impulse that directs all life. Human understanding comes in withdrawing from world & contemplating life force. Dao= "the way of nature" Along with secret rituals, Daoism promoted its own set of ethics. Daoist harmony with nature best resulted through humility/frugal living. Political activity& learning were irrelevant to a good life, & general conditions in world=little importance.	32
5082847458	32. Why was Daoism able to co-exist with Confucianism?	Daoism would join with strong Bud¬dhist influence from India during chaos that fol¬lowed collapse of Han dynasty; guaranteed China's people would not be united by a single religious or philosophical system. Individuals embraced elements from both Daoism &Confucianism; many emperors favored Daoism& accepted its spread because some found solace in Daoist belief & because its otherworldly emphasis posed no real political threat. Confucian scholars disagreed vigorously with Daoist thinking (myster¬ies/magic), but saw little reason to challenge its influence. Daoism provided many Chinese with ceremonies to promote harmony with mysterious life force. Chinese govt from Han dynasty onward was able to persuade Daoist priests to include expressions of loyalty to emperor in temple services>heightened Daoism's political compatibility with Confucianism	33
5082847459	33. Identify/significance: Five Classics	written in early Zhou dynasty; edited in time of Confucius= important tradition; used as basis for civil ser¬vice examinations; included historical treatises, speeches, discussion of etiquette/ceremonies. The Classic of Songs =300 poems dealing with love, joy, politics, fam¬ily life. Chinese literary tradition devel¬oped on basis of mastering these early works, plus Confucian writing; each generation of writers found new meanings in the classical literature= expressed new ideas in a familiar framework.	34
5082847460	34. Describe the characteristics of Chinese literature in the classical period.	Poetry=particular attention because Chinese language featured melodic speech & vari¬ant pronunciations of the same basic soun. From classical period onward, ability to learn/recite poetry= mark of educated Chinese. Literary tradition in classical China reinforced Confucian emphasis on human life, but subjects included romance& sorrow as well as political values.	35
5082847461	35. Describe the characteristics of Chinese art in the classical period.	stressed careful detail/craftsmanship;reflected precision of symbols of Chinese writing. Calligraphy >art form. Artists painted, worked in bronze & pottery, carved jade & ivory & wove silk screens. Classical China=no monumental buildings-except for Great Wall & imperial palaces/tombs- because of absence of a single reli-gion; & entire tone of upper-class Confu¬cianism discouraged notion of temples soaring to heavens.	36
5082847462	36. Describe Chinese achievements in science and math during the classical period.	science stressed the practical not theoretical. Astronomers developed accurate calendar by 444 B.C.E., based on a year of 365.5 days. Later astronomers calculated movement Saturn&Jupiter; observed sunspots—more than 1500 years before Europe. Purpose of Chinese astronomy=make celestial events pre-dictable as part of ensuring har¬mony between heaven /earth. Scientists invented seismograph to register earthquakes in Han dynasty. Medical research> anatomical knowledge &studying principles of hygiene. Mathematics stressed practical. Daoism encouraged exploration of orderly processes of nature but more research focused on how things worked. This focus for science and mathematics contrasted with more abstract definition of science in clas¬sical Greece.	37
5082847463	IV. Economy and Society	...	38
5082847464	37. Describe the social structure in classical China.	By time of Zhou, main social division was between land-owning gentry (2% of pop.) & peasants, who provided dues/service to these lords while also controlling some of their own land. About the only thing the Chinses nobleman and peasant had in common was dependence on land as the basic economic resource. Chinese peas¬antry depended on intensive cooperation, in southern rice region; property usually owned/regulated by village or extended family. Beneath peasantry social structure included "mean" people who performed unskilled jobs & suffered from lowest status. Social sta¬tus passed from one generation to next through inheritance, but talented person from peasant background might be given access to education & rise in bureaucracy. Officially-3 main social groups:1. landowning aristocracy/educated bureau¬crats 2. laboring masses of peasants/urban artisans=much poorer & condemned to life of hard manual labor, sometimes worked directly on large estates but in other cases had some economic independence. 3. The "mean people"-those without meaningful skills. (Performing artists in this group despite upper classes enjoyment of plays/entertainment). Mean people punished for crime more harshly & required to wear green scarves. Household slaves also in class structure, but relatively few&China did not depend on slaves fo production.	39
5082847465	38. Explain why trade became increasingly important during the Zhou and particularly the Han dynasties.	Much trade focused on luxury items for upper class, produced by skilled artisans in cities—silks, jewelry, leather goods, furniture; food exchange between wheat&rice regions. Copper coins facilitated trade; merchants sponsored commercial visits to India. Trade/merchant class didn't =focal points of Chinese society;Confucian emphasis on learning/ political service= scorn for lives devoted to moneymaking. Gap between real importance & wealth of merchants & their officially low prestige= enduring legacy in Confucian China.	40
5082847466	39. Describe Chinese technological advances during the classical period.	Agricultural implements improved. Ox-drawn plows introduced 300 B.C.E.>greatly increased productivity. Under Han, new collar >draft animals pull plows/ wagons without chok¬ing (available to other parts of world many centuries later). Chinese iron mining=pulleys/winding gears. Iron tools & lamps widely used. Production methods in textiles&pottery =highly developed. Under Han 1st water-pow¬ered mills > gains in manufacturing. During Han, paper invented= boon to a system of gov¬ernment that emphasized bureaucracy. Classical China= far higher levels of technical expertise than Europe or western Asia in same period, a lead that it would long maintain.	41
5082847467	40. Explain the role of agriculture in classical China.	Farming technology> increase size of pop¬. in countryside; smaller land>support more families. China's agricultural base also >expansion of cities/manufacturing. Goods produced by arti¬sans in small shops/homes. Only minority of workforce involved manual methods>>output of tools, porcelain, textiles increased considerably, aided by interest in improving techniques.	42
5082847468	41. Describe the structure of family life in Chinese society.	resembled families in other agricultural civi¬lizations = importance of unity/ power of husbands/fathers. Stressed authority to unusual extremes: law courts didn't prosecute parents who injured/killed disobedient son; would severely punish child who scolded/attacked a parent. Emphasis on obedience to parents& wives' obedience to hus¬bands didn't>great friction. Pop¬ular culture stressed control of one's emotions; family seen as center of orderly hierarchy. Family= training ground for principles of author¬ity/restraint applied to larger social/ political world. Women=clearly defined roles&could sometimes gain power through sons & as mothers-in-law of younger women brought into household. Mother of Confucian philosopher, Mencius, said she had exerted considerable influence over him. Hier¬archical order for children: boys superior to girls & oldest son= most enviable position. Inheritance=pri¬mogeniture:oldest male child> inherit property & position.	43
5082847469	V. How Chinese Civilization Fits Together	...	44
5082847470	42. Why did Classical Chinese technology, religion, philosophy, and political structure evolve with very little outside contact?	Trade routes led to India & Middle East; most Chinese saw China as island of civilization sur¬rounded by barbarians with nothing to offer except threat of invasion. Proud of cul¬ture & its durability, Chinese had no need /desire to learn from other societies. Spread of Buddhism from India during/after Han decline= notable instance of cultural diffusion that altered China's religious map & artistic styles; but theme of unusual isolation developed in formative period of Chinese civilization>persistent in later world history.	45
5082847471	43. In what ways were the systems of government, belief, economy, and social structure closely meshed in classical China?	Centralized government/bureaucracy=clearest unity/focus to Chinese society; Confucianism=vital sup¬plement>> bureaucracy =trained corps with common ideals. Appreciation of distinctive artistic styles, poetry & literary tradition added to common culture. Political stability aided eco. growth & govt.= direct role in encouraging agriculture&industry> strong eco.> tax revenues. Eco. interests related to pragmatic Chinese view of science. Social relationships reinforced all; vision of stable hierar¬chy & tight family structure +strong impulse toward orderly politics instilled virtues of obedience/respect important to larger political system.	46
5082847472	VI. Global Connections	...	47
5082847473	44. Describe the Silk Roads and explain how it connected China and other regions.	China's silk >>valued in India, Middle East & Mediterranean. Trade in silk/luxury products> road network through central Asia =Silk Roads. During Han, Chinese govt. encouraged trade. Improved roads in China & Middle East, >>trade. Chinese emissary Zhang Qian traveled to western India. Most trade on Silk Roads carried by nomadic merchants; until well after the classical period no one trav¬eled all way between China & Mediterranean, but trade lively>attention to sea routes in Indian Ocean. Volume of Silk Road trade unknown, but gained attention in upper-class/government circles; it= initial framework on which global trad¬ing patterns would later elaborate.	48

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AP World History: Packet B, Module 4 Flashcards

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4924633040	The Agricultural Revolution is also known as the?	Neolithic Revolution	0
4924656597	The Agricultural Revolution was not a single event because...	it occurred at different times in different parts of the world and spread to some areas but independent in others.	1
4924667802	Did the Neolithic Revolution independently or dependently?	Independently	2
4924694676	Where did the Neolithic Revolution happen and over what span of time?	In different places over a large span of time	3
4924702727	What does neolithic means?	New stone	4
4924709186	What is slash and burn agriculture also known as?	Shifting cultivation	5
4924718128	What is swidden agriculture also known as?	Slash and burn agriculture	6
4924725963	What is fallow?	Land abandoned to natural vegetation	7
4924734917	The Holocene Period is the _______________ era since the end of the what age?	Geological; the Great Ice Age	8
4924754751	Some believed the warm climate drove people to favor what?	Agriculture and patoralism	9
4924762552	The Holocene period is the current _______________ period.	warm	10
4924767774	What is the end of result of plowing?	More land is cultivated	11
4924769538	The greater productivity of plowing led to what?	The growth of towns into cities	12
4924785668	Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that led to vast improvements in what?	Equipment and tools	13
4924793005	What does mesopotamia mean?	The land between two rivers	14
4924798409	Mesopotamia is the region in the eastern mediterranean between what two rivers?	Tigris and Euphrates	15
4924809799	Where is the Tigris and Euphrates rivers located? (present day country)	Iraq	16
4924816425	When did civilization in Mesopotamia begin?	5000 BCE	17
4924821061	Mesopotamia is known as the cradle of what?	Culture	18
4924824045	Where is the Nile River located?	North Africa	19
4924831260	The Nile River played a role in ancient _______________ history.	Egyptian	20
4924835310	Where is the Indus River located?	South Asia	21
4924841817	Civilization near the Indus River started when?	2500 BCE	22
4924845487	The Huang He River is also known as what?	The Yellow River	23
4924852346	Where (specific country) is the Huang He River (Yellow River)?	China	24
4924868514	The Huang He River is the earliest _______________ civilization.	Chinese	25
4924878227	When did the Chinese civilization near the Yellow River start?	4500 BCE	26
4924893761	What is the definition of deforestation?	Destruction of forests in order to make land available for other use	27
4924900974	Give 2 reasons as to why deforestation is bad.	Bad for environment (ecosystems) and can cause pollution	28
4924908856	What is desertification?	Process by which fertile land becomes desert	29
4924911496	During desertification, the land becomes more...	arid	30
4924919585	Human activities can cause...	Desertification	31
4924924147	What is soil erosion?	The wearing away of topsoil by natural forces	32
4924933809	Does soil erosion occur naturally?	Yes	33
4924937969	Deforestation and overgrazing can cause...	Soil erosion	34
4924941594	What is overgrazing?	Animals graze too much in an area, plants are eaten faster than they can regrow or recover	35
4924948080	Overgrazing can cause what?	Soil erosion	36
4924961639	What is salinization?	The process by which a non-saline soil becomes saline	37
4924969316	What does salinization refer to?	A buildup of salts in soil	38
4924974564	True or False: Deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and overgrazing are all linked.	True	39
4925011340	The term civilization is used by anthropologists to describe...	A group of people sharing cultural traits	40
4925030543	Certain political, social, economic, and technological traits are indicators of civilizations. Name 3 of these.	-Cities are administrative centers -Monumental building -Long-distance trade	41
4925053077	What are megaliths?	Big stones	42
4925055936	Megaliths seem to relate to?	Religious beliefs	43
4925061206	Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for what kind of purposes in Neolithic times?	Ceremonial and religious	44
4925067523	Where is Göbekli Tepe located?	Southern Turkey	45
4925075451	What is the world's oldest assemblage of stone buildings?	Göbekli Tepe	46
4925081249	Göbekli Tepe was used for what?	Ceremonies	47
4925092840	What was the first craft industry to develop?	Pottery	48
4925098790	Knives, axes, hoes, weapons made of?	Copper	49
4925103159	Earliest textiles documented about...	6000 BCE	50
4925111750	Textile jobs done primarily by _______________ at home.	Women	51
4925116669	What is cultural diffusion?	The spreading and sharing of cultural characteristics	52
4925121034	Long-distance trade led to what?	Cultural diffusion	53
4925124570	Material culture consist of objects such as?	Pottery, tools, textiles	54
4925136190	Nonmaterial culture consists of what?	Beliefs, customs, and values	55
4925141123	How is nonmaterial culture spread?	Through long-distance trade	56
4925145747	What is theocracy?	A form of government where a God or deity is the supreme ruler	57
4925150123	What is meritocracy?	A political philosophy that power should be given to certain people based on ability and talent	58
4925153247	What is an oligarchy?	A form of government where a small group of people has control over a country	59
4925159293	What is an artisan?	A worker in a skilled trade; a craftsperson	60
4925163709	Who is a scribe?	A person who writes books or documents by hand in hieratics, cuneiform or other scripts	61
4925168122	A scribe may keep track of records for who?	Priests and the government	62
4925178355	What and where is Catal Huyuk?	Neolithic village found in southern Turkey	63
4925182512	When was Catal Huyuk founded?	Around 7000 BCE	64
4925186846	How many acres does Catal Huyuk cover?	32	65
4925192026	Define patriarchal system.	Men held power in the family, the economy, and the government	66
4925195824	Anatolia is known as what?	Asia Minor, Asian Turkey, Anatolian peninsula, or Anatolian plateau	67
4925199763	Anatolia is the westernmost protrusion of?	Asia	68
4925206184	Anatolia makes up the majority of what modern day country?	Turkey	69
4925208439	What is Jericho?	A Palestinian city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank	70
4925212607	What is Skara Brae?	A stone-built Neolithic settlement	71
4925216073	Where is Skara Brae located?	On the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland	72
4925218115	Skara Brae is the largest island in the _______________ archipelago of Scotland.	Orkney	73
4925230005	Specialization of labor includes...	Priests, traders, and builders	74
4925233262	What is the barter system?	Trading of one type of good for another	75
4925239191	Long-distance trade made what impractical?	The barter system	76
4925244081	Define nuclear family size.	Consists of a pair of adults and their children	77
4925248054	What is a kinship group?	A small family, clan, or other group based on family	78
4925253261	Define patrilineal.	Based on the relationship to the father or descent through the male line	79
4925256067	Define matrilineal.	Based on the relationship to the mother or descent through the female line	80
4925262960	What is skilled labor?	Part of the labor force with advanced education	81
4925265877	What does unskilled labor refer to?	Refers to jobs like farming that doesn't require special skills	82
4925272432	What is coerced labor?	One person is owned as property by another	83
4925278915	What is an Agrarian society?	A society whose economy is based on producing crops on farmland	84

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