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Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition; Chapter 9; Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Key Concepts:

• Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels.
• Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate.
• After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules.
• During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis.
• Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
• Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways.

Terms : Hide Images

1783891553	Acetyl CoA	acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme	0
1783891554	Alcohol Fermentation	glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide	1
1785838549	ATP Synthase	a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP; ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes	2
1785838550	Bar Graph	a graph in which the independent variable represents groups or nonnumerical categories and the values of the dependent variable(s) are shown by bars	3
1785838551	Beta Oxidation	a metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA	4
1785838552	Cellular Respiration	the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP	5
1785838553	Chemiosmosis	an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP; under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis	6
1785838554	Citric Acid Cycle	a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration	7
1785838555	Cytochrome	an iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells	8
1785838556	Electron Transport Chain	a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP	9
1785838557	Facultative Anaerobe	an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present	10
1785838558	Fermentation	a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid	11
1785838559	Glycolysis	a series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate; glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration	12
1785838560	Lactic Acid Fermentation	glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide	13
1785838561	Medulla Oblongata	the lowest part of the vertebrate brain, commonly called the medulla; a swelling of the hindbrain anterior to the spinal cord that controls autonomic, homeostatic functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, digestion, and vomiting	14
1785838562	NAD+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier	15
1785838563	Obligate Anaerobe	an organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration; such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it	16
1785838564	Oxidation	the complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction	17
1785838565	Oxidative Phosphorylation	the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration	18
1785838566	Oxidizing Agent	the electron acceptor in a redox reaction	19
1785838567	Proton-Motive Force	the potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis	20
1785838568	Redox Reaction	a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction	21
1785838569	Reducing Agent	the electron donor in a redox reaction	22
1785838570	Reduction	the complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction	23
1785838571	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	the enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism	24
1801586846	A molecule becomes more oxidized when it __________. a. gains a hydrogen (H+) ion b. changes shape c. loses a hydrogen (H+) ion d. loses an electron e. gains an electron	loses an electron During oxidation, an electron is removed.	25
1801586847	In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced. a. glucose ... ATP b. oxygen ... ATP c. glucose ... oxygen d. carbon dioxide ... water e. ATP ... oxygen	glucose ... oxygen In cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen are removed from glucose and added to oxygen.	26
1801586848	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes? a. reduction of NADH b. substrate-level phosphorylation c. glycolysis d. the citric acid cycle e. oxidative phosphorylation	oxidative phosphorylation After hydrogen ions are pumped into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, they flow back through ATP synthase, which produces most of the ATP associated with cellular respiration.	27
1801586849	Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration in proper sequence? a. glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; citric acid cycle; oxidation of pyruvate b. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; reduction of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation c. oxidation of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidative phosphorylation d. glycolysis; reduction of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation e. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation	oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation This is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration.	28
1801586850	Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. The explanation for this is that __________. a. the oxygen atom is very electronegative b. oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere c. oxygen gas contains a double bond d. oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen e. oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration	the oxygen atom is very electronegative The high electronegativity of the oxygen atom is the reason that oxygen is such a strong oxidizing agent.	29
1801586851	The function of cellular respiration is to __________. a. reduce CO2 b. extract CO2 from the atmosphere c. produce carbohydrates d. extract usable energy from glucose e. synthesize macromolecules from monomers	extract usable energy from glucose The most efficient pathway for ATP generation is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).	30
1801586852	During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction? a. carbon dioxide b. glucose c. water d. oxygen e. both glucose and carbon dioxide	oxygen In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized (resulting in the production of carbon dioxide) and oxygen is reduced (resulting in the production of water).	31
1801586853	Which of the following statements is the best explanation of what happens to the temperature and carbon dioxide concentration during a 1-hour class period in a classroom of 300 students if the heating and air conditioning is turned off and all doors are kept closed? a. Temperature goes up and the level of carbon dioxide goes down. This is because cellular respiration is an exergonic process that is only about 38% efficient; the remaining energy is lost to the environment as heat. Also, carbon dioxide is being converted to organic molecules such as fats and sugars during cellular respiration. b. Temperature goes down and carbon dioxide levels remain constant. This is because cellular respiration, being an endergonic reaction, requires an input of heat energy from the environment to occur and because carbon dioxide is neither produced nor consumed by cellular respiration. c. Neither temperature nor carbon dioxide levels change because cellular respiration is 100% efficient and because carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration is just as rapidly consumed by cellular respiration. d. Temperature goes up but carbon dioxide levels remain constant because heat is a by-product of cellular respiration but carbon dioxide is converted to sugar during cellular respiration. e. Temperature and the level of carbon dioxide rise as heat and carbon dioxide are by-products of cellular respiration.	Temperature and the level of carbon dioxide rise as heat and carbon dioxide are by-products of cellular respiration. The oxidation of organic molecules produces carbon dioxide, and as the exergonic process of cellular respiration is not 100% efficient, some energy is lost to the environment as heat.	32
1801586854	A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes? a. attachment of a free inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to make ATP b. transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms to NAD+ c. transport of electrons through a series of carriers d. transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation e. harnessing energy from the sun	transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation Remember that glucose is phosphorylated at the beginning of glycolysis.	33
1801586855	Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? a. across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion b. the matrix of the mitochondrion c. the inner membrane of the mitochondrion d. in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion e. the cytosol	the cytosol Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.	34
1801586856	Which of the following is the process in which glucose is oxidized to generate two molecules of pyruvate, and in which ATP and NADH are produced? a. the citric acid cycle b. chemiosmosis c. the oxidation of pyruvate d. fermentation e. None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct. The name of the process that oxidizes glucose to pyruvate and produces ATP and NADH is glycolysis.	35
1801586857	A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because __________. a. human cells must also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them b. glycolysis produces so little ATP that the drug will have little effect c. this step in the pathway of glycolysis can be skipped in bacteria, but not in humans d. glycolysis can occur without the action of enzymes e. bacteria are prokaryotes; they usually do not need to perform glycolysis	human cells must also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them The chemist's drug could have a devastating effect on human cells.	36
1801586858	There is no production of carbon dioxide in glycolysis. Which of the following is the best explanation for this fact? a. There is very little ATP produced in glycolysis. b. The products of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material. c. Glucose contains more carbons than the number of carbons found in the pyruvate products that are produced by glycolysis. d. There are no oxidation or reduction reactions in glycolysis to produce CO2. e. The initial steps of glycolysis require an input of energy in the form of ATP (two per glucose).	he products of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material. All of the carbon in one glucose molecule is accounted for in the two molecules of pyruvate produced by glycolysis.	37
1801586859	Which of the following molecules in the process of glycolysis possesses the most chemical energy? a. fructose-6-phosphate b. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate c. glucose d. pyruvate e. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate	fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has received two phosphate groups from ATP, conserving some of the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP in the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate molecule.	38
1801586860	Which of the following processes generates most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain? a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. the citric acid cycle c. glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. anabolic pathways	the citric acid cycle Most of the NADH is produced during the citric acid cycle, along with some FADH2.	39
1801586861	In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________. a. ATP b. water c. NADH d. carbon dioxide e. oxygen gas	carbon dioxide One molecule of CO2 is formed when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, and two molecules of CO2 are produced in the citric acid cycle.	40
1801586862	In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? a. Pyruvate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. The electrons removed in this process are used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. b. Pyruvate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. The electrons removed in this process are donated to NADH to produce NAD+. c. Pyruvate is reduced to acetyl-coA, which involves the reduction of pyruvate, the addition of a carbon dioxide from the environment, and its reduction by NADH. d. Pyruvate is reduced and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. The electrons removed in this process are used to oxidize NAD+ to NADH. e. Pyruvate is ionized directly to acetyl-coA.	Pyruvate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. The electrons removed in this process are used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. In addition to these events, a molecule of coenzyme A is attached to the resulting acetyl group.	41
1801586863	Why is the citric acid cycle called a "cycle"? a. NADH is cycled down the electron transport chain. b. The acetyl CoA that enters the cycle is regenerated in the last step of the pathway. c. All of the carbon from glucose is cycled back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. d. NAD+ and FAD are recycled. e. The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle.	The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle. The cycling referred to is that of the resynthesis of the four-carbon compound.	42
1801586864	In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? a. two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2 b. one ATP, three NADH, one FADH2 c. three ATP, three NADH, one FADH2 d. about 38 ATP e. four ATP, six NADH, two FADH2	two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2 Then the NADH and FADH2 go through the electron transport chain.	43
1801586865	Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells? a. across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion b. the cytosol c. the cristae of the mitochondrion d. the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion e. the matrix of the mitochondrion	the matrix of the mitochondrion The citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, completes the degradation of glucose.	44
1801586866	How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. about 16 ATP e. about 32 ATP	4 There is a net gain of two ATP from glycolysis and one from each molecule of acetyl CoA oxidized in the citric acid cycle for a total of four per glucose.	45
1801586867	Which of the following represents the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle? a. utilization of O2 b. completion of substrate-level phosphorylation c. formation of ATP d. formation of CO2 e. formation of NADH and FADH2	formation of NADH and FADH2 Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms one ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and passes electrons to three NAD+ and one FAD.	46
1801586868	After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of __________. a. CO2 b. ATP c. acetyl CoA d. FADH2 e. NADH	NADH The citric acid cycle produces three NADH per turn of the cycle.	47
1801586869	Which of the following events accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle? a. release of CO2 and release of coenzyme A b. regeneration of NAD+ c. removal of coenzyme A d. formation of CO2 and synthesis of ATP e. release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH	release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH The carboxyl group of pyruvate is removed as a carbon dioxide molecule. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to acetate and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.	48
1801586870	The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used in which of the following processes? a. the oxidation of water b. the production of CO2 c. pumping H+ across a membrane d. the production of NADH and FADH2 e. the breakdown of glucose	pumping H+ across a membrane Many of the electron transport molecules in the mitochondrion pump a hydrogen ion into the intermembrane space when they pass an electron along the chain.	49
1801586871	Energy for synthesizing ATP is obtained by ATP synthase directly from which of the following processes? a. the reduction of oxygen b. the flow of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme c. the movement of electrons through a series of carriers d. the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 e. the oxidation of glucose	the flow of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme Hydrogen ions flow along an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The gradient is the source of the energy for ATP production.	50
1801586872	When a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also eventually stop working. Which of the following is the best explanation for this? a. Electrons are no longer available from the electron transport chain to power glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. A high level of NADH is present in the cell. c. NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue. d. They run out of ADP. e. The uptake of oxygen stops because electron transport was inhibited.	NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue. Unless the electron transport molecules (NADH and FADH2) can recycle back to their oxidized states (NAD+ and FAD), they will be unable to receive electrons in the other steps of cellular respiration.	51
1801586873	Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes? a. reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle b. producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria c. driving substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis d. The first two choices are correct. e. The second and third answers are correct.	The first two choices are correct. Electrons from oxidation of glucose are used to reduce NAD+ and produce a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.	52
1801586874	Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 32 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucose? a. It is used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen. b. It is converted to heat. c. It is released as carbon dioxide and water d. It is stored as fat. e. It is converted to starch.	It is converted to heat. The process is only about 38% efficient, with the rest of the energy lost as heat.	53
1801586875	During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes? a. at the end of the citric acid cycle to regenerate citric acid b. at the end of glycolysis to oxidize pyruvate c. as a source of O2 in every reaction that produces CO2 d. at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O e. between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate, producing CO2	at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O O2 is the final electron acceptor.	54
1801586876	Which of the following substances is/are involved in oxidative phosphorylation? a. ATP b. oxygen c. ADP d. None of the listed responses is correct. e. The first three listed substances are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.	The first three listed substances are involved in oxidative phosphorylation. ADP is converted to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation, and oxygen functions as the terminal electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.	55
1801586877	Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? a. Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. b. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport. c. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the citric acid cycle. d. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. e. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound.	Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain, which passes these electrons from one molecule to another, releasing a small amount of energy at each step.	56
1801586878	f a compound that allows protons to freely diffuse across membranes is added to cells that are actively metabolizing glucose via cellular respiration, which of the following processes would stop? a. ATP synthesis b. glycolysis c. electron transport d. All of the listed responses are correct. e. None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP would stop in the mitochondria, but substrate-level phosphorylation could continue.	57
1801586879	Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? a. the production of NADH b. an ATP-dependent proton pump c. ATP d. movement of electrons down the electron transport chain e. the components of the electron transport chain	movement of electrons down the electron transport chain Energy from the flow of electrons along the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating the chemiosmotic gradient.	58
1801586880	In eukaryotic cells, the components of the electron transport chain are located in or on __________. a. the inner membrane of the mitochondrion b. the matrix of the mitochondrion c. the cytosol d. the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion e. none of the listed locations	the inner membrane of the mitochondrion The electron transport chain is an energy converter that uses the exergonic flow of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane from matrix to intermembrane space.	59
1801586881	The overall efficiency of respiration (the percentage of the energy released that is saved in ATP) is approximately __________. a. 0.5% b. 2% c. 35% d. 94% e. 100%	35% The efficiency of respiration is 7.3 kcal per mole times 32 moles (maximum ATP yield per mole of glucose) divided by 686 kcal (the amount of energy contained in one mole of glucose), or about 35%.	60
1801586882	When solid tumors of animals reach a certain size, the center of the tumor begins to die. To prevent this, the tumor can recruit new blood vessels. What purpose does the recruitment of blood vessels to growing tumors serve? a. It supplies glucose to the rapidly dividing cells of the tumor. b. It supplies oxygen so that aerobic cellular respiration can occur instead of fermentation. c. It supplies a non-oxygen electron acceptor to cells so that the cells can respire anaerobically. d. It supplies a non-oxygen electron acceptor to cells so that the cells can respire anaerobically, and it supplies oxygen so that aerobic cellular respiration can occur instead of fermentation. e. It supplies oxygen so that aerobic cellular respiration can occur instead of fermentation, and it supplies glucose to the rapidly dividing cells of the tumor.	It supplies oxygen so that aerobic cellular respiration can occur instead of fermentation, and it supplies glucose to the rapidly dividing cells of the tumor. The new blood vessels provide the fuel for cellular respiration: oxygen and glucose. The new blood vessels also eliminate wastes such as carbon dioxide from the tumor. Some anti-cancer drugs attempt to block the process of recruitment of new blood vessels to tumors.	61
1801586883	Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________. a. prevents pyruvate from accumulating b. enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+ c. extracts a bit more energy from glucose d. enables the cell to make pyruvate into substances it can use e. removes poisonous oxygen from the environment	enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+ Normally, the reduced NADH delivers its electrons to the electron transport chain, enabling NAD+ to be recycled to glycolysis.	62
1801586884	Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds? a. lactate b. oxygen c. ATP d. ADP e. carbon dioxide	lactate In humans, muscle cells switch to lactate fermentation after becoming anaerobic.	63
1801586885	In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? a. carbon dioxide b. ethanol c. glucose d. NAD+ e. lactate	NAD+ The NAD+ needs to be regenerated, which is why ethanol or lactate is formed.	64
1801586886	Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do which of the following? a. get rid of pyruvate produced by glycolysis b. produce additional CO2 c. utilize the energy in pyruvate d. speed up the rate of glycolysis e. regenerate NAD+	regenerate NAD+ Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce. This allows them to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.	65
1801586887	In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is __________. a. a sweetener b. the substrate for alcoholic fermentation c. the substrate for aerobic respiration d. one of the enzymes for alcoholic fermentation e. a substitute for pyruvate that cannot be made in yeast	the substrate for alcoholic fermentation In alcoholic fermentation, maltose is cleaved into two glucose molecules, which undergo glycolysis. The resulting pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one of which regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for continued glycolysis.	66
1801586888	If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result? a. The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. b. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. c. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate. d. Only the first two answers are correct. e. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct. Muscle cells would not be able to produce enough ATP to meet demands, oxidative phosphorylation would stop, and muscle cells would consume glucose at an increased rate.	67
1801586889	Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the only pathway found in all organisms? a. fermentation b. the citric acid cycle c. cellular respiration d. glycolysis e. the electron transport chain	glycolysis Ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway.	68
1801586890	When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, __________ are produced as waste. a. amino groups b. sugar molecules c. molecules of lactate d. ethanol and CO2 e. fatty acids	amino groups The amino group is a residual product of amino acid catabolism.	69
1801586891	A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which of the following best explains this observation? a. Fats do not form true macromolecules as sugars do. b. Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. c. Fats are closely related to lipid molecules, which are the basic building blocks of cellular membranes. d. Fats are produced when cells take in more food than they need. e. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars.	Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Fats contain more hydrogen and less oxygen than sugars—it is the transfer of electrons from good donors such as hydrogen atoms to good acceptors such as oxygen that provides the energy in respiration.	70
1801586892	If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? a. Less ATP will be produced by the cell. b. Less CO2 will be produced by the cell. c. The four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA will have to be made by some other process. d. The first two answers are correct. e. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct.	71
1802498774	The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the a. affinity of oxygen for electrons. b. H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase. c. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. d. transfer of phosphate to ADP. e. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds.	H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.	72
1802498775	Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? a. glycolysis b. the citric acid cycle c. the electron transport chain d. reduction of pyruvate to lactate e. synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate	glycolysis	73
1802498776	The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is a. water b. ADP c. oxygen d. NAD+ e. pyruvate	oxygen	74
1802498777	In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions a. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. b. reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. c. are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. d. are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to ender-gonic processes. e. are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation.	provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.	75
1802498778	What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+ a. NAD+ b. oxygen c. pyruvate d. NADH e. lactate	pyruvate	76
1802498779	When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? a. The electrons gain free energy. b. The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. c. NAD+ is oxidized. d. The pH of the matrix increases. e. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport.	The pH of the matrix increases.	77
1802498780	Most CO2 from catabolism is released during a. lactate fermentation. b. oxidative phosphorylation. c. glycolysis. d. electron transport. e. the citric acid cycle.	the citric acid cycle.	78
1813920806	Oxygen is a requirement for anaerobic respiration. a. True b. False	False	79
1813920807	If something is being reduced than it is giving up its electrons. a. True b. False	False Reduction means a substance gains electrons while oxidation is the loss of electrons.	80
1813920808	With regards to the chemical equation for cellular respiration and redox reactions...what reactant is reduced and what reactant is oxidized. a. Oxygen is oxidized and glucose is reduced b. Glucose is oxidized and CO2 is reduced c. Glucose is oxidized and Oxygen is reduced d. Water is reduced and oxygen is oxidize	Glucose is oxidized and Oxygen is reduced	81
1813920809	In order to produce ATP (ATP synthesis) the members of the electron transport chain are oxidized. a. True b. False	False The reduction reactions of the electron transport chain is what powers the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP synthesis.	82
1813920810	Which of the following vitamins is the coenzyme NAD derived from? a. Riboflavin b. Niacin c. Sulfer d. Vitamin C e. Vitamin B12	Niacin	83
1813920811	What is the net gain of ATP at the end of glycolysis? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 8 e. 12	2	84
1813920812	All of the NADH's and FADH2's transport their electrons to the... a. cytosol b. matrix of mitochondria c. intermembrane space of the mitochondria d. protiens of the electron transport chain e. Choices 1 and 3 are correct f. Choices 2 and 3 and correct g. Choices 2 and 4 are correct	Choices 2 and 4 are correct	85
1813920813	Which type of fermentation would be found to take place in human muscle cells? a. alcoholic fermentation b. lactic acid fermentation	lactic acid fermentation	86
1813920814	Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? a. chloroplast b. mitochondrial matrix c. Mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane) d. cytosol (cytoplasm) e. lumen of the golgi	cytosol (cytoplasm)	87
1813920815	A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces more than twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. a. True b. False	True	88
1844237882	Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration? a. 2 b. 4 c. 15 d. 38 e. 76	76	89
1844237883	Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration? a. 2% b. 4% c. 10% d. 25% e. 40%	40%	90
1844237884	When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the a. formation of ATP b. reduction of NAD+ c. restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane d. creation of a proton gradient e. lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix	creation of a proton gradient	91
1844237885	In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP? a. energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system b. energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation c. energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix d. energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase e. No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic.	energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase	92
1844237886	A molecule that is phosphorylated a. has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. b. has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. c. has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate. d. has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work. e. has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.	has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.	93
1844237887	In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve? a. It allows for increased rate of glycolysis. b. It allows for increased rate of the citric acid cycle. c. It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation. d. It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. e. It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria.	It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation.	94
1844237888	What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? a. anabolic pathways b. catabolic pathways c. fermentation pathways d. thermodynamic pathways e. bioenergetic pathways	catabolic pathways	95
1844237889	In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of a. ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). b. ATP, CO2, and lactate. c. ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. d. ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. e. ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA.	ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)	96
1844237890	Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present? a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA d. citric acid cycle e. oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)	glycolysis	97
1844237891	The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? a. the electron transport chain b. substrate-level phosphorylation c. chemiosmosis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. aerobic respiration	substrate-level phosphorylation	98
1844237892	During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix	mitochondrial matrix	99
1844237893	Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements describes a function of phosphofructokinase? a. It is activated by AMP (derived from ADP) b. It is activated by ATP. c. It is inhibited by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. d. It catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, an early step of glycolysis. e. It is an allosteric enzyme.	It is an allosteric enzyme	100
1844237894	Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? a. pyruvate b. malate or fumarate c. acetyl CoA d. -ketoglutarate e. succinyl CoA	acetyl CoA	101
1844237896	How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle? a. 1 FADH2 and 4 NADH b. 2 FADH2 and 8 NADH c. 4 FADH2 and 12 NADH d. 1 FAD and 4 NAD+ e. 4 FAD+ and 12 NAD+	4 FADH2 and 12 NADH	102
1844237895	Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? a. glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle c. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation d. oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation e. fermentation and glycolysis	oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle	103

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Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections chapter 8 Flashcards

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1393153760	All cells have to duplicate their DNA, it is all controlled by what?	Enzymes	0
1393153761	Binary fission happens in prokaryotes or eukaryotes?	Prokaryotes	1
1393153762	Single strand of DNA is held together by what?/	Polar Covalent bonds	2
1393153763	What are the polar covalent bonds between?	phosphate and sugar	3
1393153764	What is the three part structure of a nucleotide?	dioxyribose,phosphate group, & nitrogenous base	4
1393153765	Step 5 in binary fission?	Hydrogen bonds	5
1393153766	What are the hydrogen bonds between?	The bases (A.T.C.G)	6
1393153767	A's & T's can only bond how many times?	2	7
1393153768	G's & C's can bond how many times?	3	8
1393153769	First step of DNA Replication?	Uncoiled- the molecules have to be exposef to the enzymes	9
1393153770	Second step of DNA Replication?	Unzipped- hydrogen bonds get dissolved	10
1393153771	Who dissolves the hydrogen bonds in the DNA Replication?	DNA Helacies	11
1393153772	Third step of DNA Replication?	DNA Polimerazes- the cell is then ready to split	12
1393153773	Prokaryotes reproduces how?	asexually	13
1393153774	Binary fission occurs in what?	Prokaryotes	14
1393153775	How long is prokaryotes life?	1 hour	15
1393153776	What shape in DNA	Circular	16
1393153777	Step one in binary fission?	Circular DNA attaches to membrane	17
1393153778	Step two in binary fission?	Cell is expanding.	18
1393153779	In what step of binary fission how dna been replicated?	Step two	19
1393153780	Step three in binary fission?	puts more phospholipids into membrane	20
1393153781	Step 4 in binary fission?	Plasma membrane gets so big b/c of all of the phospholipids that it encloses around each set of DNA	21
1393153782	Step 5 in binary fission?	Membrane pinches the 2 cells apart, the parent-cell completes the division	22
1393153783	cells in the what go through meiosis to produce gamates?	Asexually	23
1393153784	cells in the what go through meiosis to produce gamates?	Ovaries and testies	24
1393153785	Steps of meiosis I?	Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, m2, a2,t2	25
1393153786	What is the spindle made up of?	Spindle shows up, nucleus disappears	26
1393153787	What happens in metaphase 1?	chromosome pushed to the equator	27
1393153788	what happens in anaphase 1?	Chromosomes are pushed apart	28
1393153789	What happens in telophase 1?	Cytokinesis happens here (split)	29
1393153790	what happens in prophase 2?	spindle reforms & attach to the sister chromotids	30
1393153791	what happens in metaphase 2?	sisters pushed to the equator	31
1393153792	what happens in anaphase 2?	sister chromotids are separated	32
1393153793	what happens in telophase 2?	cells start splitting stages, nucleus reappears	33
1393153794	cytokinesis results in how many haploid cells?	4	34
1393153795	a scar/bump on the chromosome when they cross over is called what?	chiasma	35
1393153796	Where does genetic variability happen at?	in prophase 1 & metaphase 1	36
1393153797	what is it called when sisters fail to split?	nondisjunction	37
1393153798	what are white blood cells called?	karotyping	38
1393153799	what are chromosomes?	long, thing pieces of DNA	39
1393153800	In mitosis....Interphase. name the steps	G1, S phase, G2	40
1393153801	What happens in G1?	Cell grows	41
1393153804	What happens in S Phase?	replicates DNA	42
1393153805	What happens in G2?	stock piling nutrients.. ready to split	43
1393153806	How many chromosomes do we get from mom and dad?	23 from each parent	44
1393153807	What are all cells in our body called except egg & sperm?	Diploid cells	45
1393153808	What happens in prophase in mitosis?	spindle shows up	46
1393153809	What is the spindle made up of?	centrioles & microtubles	47
1393153810	When the sisters are joined the chromosomes are called what?	chromotids	48
1393153811	all sisters are held together at a point called what?	centromere	49
1393153812	When the spindle is hooked to the chromosome it is called what?	kinetochore	50
1393153813	What do all cells start out as?	Stem cells	51
1393153814	Binary fission.. Step 1?	Circular DNA attaches to membrane	52
1393153815	Step 2 in binary fission?	DNA Replicates	53

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Campbell, Biology: Concepts & Connections - Ch. 9 Flashcards

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616819630	achondroplasia	a form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele	0
709265294	alleles	an alternative version of a gene	1
570920662	amniocentesis	a technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a fetus is in the uterus	2
11246227	carrier	individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder but who may pass on the recessive allele to offspring	3
126943020	character	heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population	4
570920663	chorionic villus sampling	a technique for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in an early development stage within the uterus	5
464965098	codominant	inheritance pattern in which a heterozygous expresses the distinct trait of both alleles	6
570920664	complete dominance	a type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable	7
191873991	cross	mating of two sexually reproducing individuals	8
740744577	cross-fertilization	the fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals	9
616819629	cystic fibrosis	a genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele characterized by excessive secretion of mucus and vulnerability to infection	10
284923419	dihybrid cross	an experimental mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci	11
934881970	dominant allele	the allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene	12
808823150	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	human genetic disease caused by sex-linked recessive allele characterized by progressive weakening and loss of muscle tissue	13
962431516	F1 generation	the offspring of two parental individuals	14
962431517	F2 generation	the offspring of the F1 generation	15
340050212	genetics	the science of heredity	16
391110492	genotype	the genetic makeup of an organism	17
229948486	hemophilia	a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele characterized by excessive bleeding following an injury	18
709265298	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a given gene	19
709265297	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a given gene	20
172917000	Huntington's disease	a human genetic disease	21
962431154	hybrids	offspring of parents of two different species or of two different varieties of one species	22
742560927	inbreeding	mating between close relatives	23
749037363	incomplete dominance	type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygous	24
284923420	law of independent assortment	general rule in inheritance that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular characteristic segregate independently of other pairs	25
463055706	law of segregation	general rule in inheritance that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles separate, each resulting gamete ending up with only allele of each gene	26
279083208	linked genes	genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together	27
291145658	monohybrid cross	experimental mating of two individuals differing at one genetic locus	28
962431463	P generation	parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance	29
742560926	pedigree	family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations.	30
391110491	phenotype	expressed traits of an organism	31
1011128436	pleiotropy	control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene	32
279083206	polygenic inheritance	additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic	33
463055707	Punnett square	diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization	34
934882096	recessive allele	allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the indiividual is heterozygous for that gene	35
996045682	self-fertilize	fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism	36
229948485	sex chromosomes	chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female	37
924954915	sex-linked gene	gene located on a sex chromosome	38
996045624	trait	variant of a character found within a population	39
740744578	true-breeding	organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents	40
877485510	ultrasound imaging	technique for examining a fetus in the uterus by the echoing of high-frequency sound waves	41

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Chapter 5 The Working Cell - Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections 8th Edition Flashcards

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2992049214	Aquaporins	common in cells involved in water; A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane EX: kidneys use them to filter water	0
2992078068	Fluid Mosaic Model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	1
2992086323	Selective Permeability	it allows some substances to cross more easily than others	2
2992092737	Attachment protein	proteins that attach to the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton help support the membrane and can coordinate external and internal changes	3
2992107167	receptor protein	signaling molecules bind to receptor protein which relay messages by activating other molecules inside the cell	4
2992110078	Active transport protein	transport proteins allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell	5
2992112732	Glycoprotein	may serve as ID tag that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells	6
2992127338	biological membrane	built by phospholipids & proteins; Largest and most primitive organelle that gives compartmentalization; semi-permeable; lipids make it impermeable to water and proteins are used for transport	7
2992136986	In the origin of the cell, why would the formation of a simple lipid bilayer membrane not be sufficient? & what else would have to be apart of such membrane?	The membrane would need embedded proteins that could regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.	8
2992146628	Diffusion	the tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space	9
2992152459	concentration gradient	An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.	10
2992163324	dynamic equilibrium	solutions on both side will at a point have equal concentrations on both sides and molecules still move back and forth, but there is no net change in concentration on either side of the membrane	11
2992171858	passive transport	Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient	12
2992177172	Traffic across the cell membrane mostly occurs by?	diffusion	13
2992179717	why is diffusion across a membrane called passive transport?	the cell does not expend energy to transport substances that are diffusing down their concentration gradients.	14
2992187426	what is one of the most important substances that crosses membranes by passive transport?	water	15
2992190696	Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	16
2992205599	solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	17
2992222064	list as high or low solute concentration- 0.5% & 2%	0.5% = lower solute concentration & 2% = higher solute concentration	18
2992223373	tonicity	the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends on its concentration of solutes relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell	19
2992676759	isotonic	the cells volume remains constant	20
2992737459	what way is red blood cells transported in the blood?	isotonic plasma	21
2992738961	hypotonic	a solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell	22
2992741333	hypertonic	Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.	23
2992743785	osmoregulation	In animals; a way to survive in hypotonic and hypertonic; to prevent excessive uptake or loss of water and regulate the solute concentration of its body fluids	24
2992749340	osmoregulation (plants)	differ due to cell walls; hypotonic plants usually are turgid or very firm which is healthy and will exert back a turgor pressure to ensure it will not take in too much ; when there is not net movement the plant is flaccid or limp	25
2992766113	plasmolysis	A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.	26
2992770665	facilitated diffusion	A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.	27
2992803333	active transport	a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient - that is across the membrane toward the side where the solute is more concentrated; allows a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules and ions that are different from concentrations in its surrounding	28
2994793902	cells actively transport Ca2+ out of the cell. Is calcium more concentrated inside or outside of the cell?	outside: active transport moves against its concentration gradient	29
2994803998	exocytosis	the movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane (used in large cells)	30
2994820840	endocytosis	a transport process through which a cell takes in large molecules	31
2994825162	phagocytosis	"cellular eating"	32
2994832890	pseudopodia	extensions	33
2994842424	receptor-mediated endocytosis	enables a cell to acquire specific solutes	34
2994868148	low-density lipoproteins	LDLs; the form of lipoprotein in which cholesterol is transported in the blood.	35
2994878820	atherosclerosis	A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.	36
2994884929	as a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands. does this involve endocytosis or exocytosis?	Exocytosis: when a transport vesicle fusses with the plasma membrane its contents are released and the vesicle membrane adds to the plasma membrane	37
2994913523	energy	the capacity to cause change or to preform work	38
2994920144	Kinetic energy	the energy of motion	39
2994923200	Thermal energy	a type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules	40
2995024999	heat	thermal energy in transfer from one object to another	41
2995033441	potential energy	second main form of energy, is energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure	42
2995037936	chemical energy	the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction	43
2995051347	thermodynamics	study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter	44
2995052979	system	word used by scientists for the matter under study and refer to the rest of the universe	45
2995056760	surroundings	everything out side of the system	46
2995061440	first law of thermodynamics	known as the law of energy conservation, states that the energy in the universe is constant . IT CAN BE TRANSFERRED AND TRANSFORMED BUT CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED	47
2995070822	cellular respiration	the chemical energy stored in organic molecules is used to produce ATP, which the cell can use to perform work	48
2995079693	second law of thermodynamics	energy transformations result in the universe becoming more disordered	49
2995088545	exergonic	Energy released	50
2995090569	endergonic	Any process that absorbs energy	51
2995100194	metabolism	the total of an organism's chemical reaction	52
2995106623	metabolic pathway	a series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule or break down a complex molecule into simple compounds	53
2995113807	energy coupling	the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions	54
2995130269	ATP	adenosine triphosphate; powers nearly all forms of cellular work; consist of an organic molecule called adenosine and a triphosphate tail of three phosphate groups. all negatively charged ; bonds are unstable	55
2995158960	adenosine diphosphate	ADP; when the bond of the 3rd group in ATP breaks and a phosphate will leave; energy is released	56
2995169178	phosphorylation	the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation	57
2995190807	what type of work does a cell do?	chemical, transport, and mechanical	58
2995209985	ordered structures tend towards _____.; high energy systems tend to change toward a more ______ state of energy.	disorder; stable	59
2995225193	activation energy	Energy needed to get a reaction started	60
2995235271	enzymes	molecules that function as biological catalysts	61
2995252893	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	62
2995265372	active site	typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme	63
2995283031	catalytic cycle	substrate + enzyme --> enzyme substrate complex --> product + enzyme	64
2995286945	induced fit	Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction.	65
2995300816	human enzymes work best at ?	35-40 degrees Celsius (95-104 degrees F)	66
2995307624	prokaryotes enzymes living in hot springs work best at?	70 C (158F)	67
2995323945	optimal ph for enzymes is?	around neutral	68
2995327208	cofactors	nonprotein helpers	69
2995332313	coenzyme	organic molecule in a cofactor	70
2995339232	inhibitor	a chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity	71
2995344410	competitive inhibitor	reduces an enzyme's productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the activity site	72
2995349990	noncompetitive inhibitor	does not enter the active site, instead binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme	73
2995355709	cells use inhibitors for what purpose?	important regulators of cellular metabolism	74
2995360456	feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	75
2995367137	what is the advantage to feedback inhibition ?	it prevents the cell from wasting valuable resources by synthesizing more of a particular product that is needed	76
2995381523	name a common drug that inhibits an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins - messenger molecules that increase the sensation of pain and inflammation?	Ibuprofen	77
2995392191	what determines whether enzyme inhibition is reversible or irreversible?	if the inhibitor binds to the enzyme with covalent bonds, the inhibition is usually irreversible. when weak chemical interactions bind inhibitor and enzyme, the inhibition is reversible	78

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Campbell BIology Concepts and Connections Chapter 8 Flashcards

the basis of cellular reproduction and inheritance

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775244992	anaphase	the third subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell	0
775244993	anchorage dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum	1
775244994	asexual reproduction	a type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts	2
775244995	autosome	a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome	3
775244996	benign tumor	a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin	4
775244997	binary fission	the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell recieves a copy of the single parental chromosome	5
775244998	cancer cells	do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body	6
775244999	carcinomas	cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body	7
775245000	cell cycle	an ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of the M, G1, S, and G2 phases	8
775245001	cell cycle control system	a cyclically operating set of molecured in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle	9
775245002	cell division	the reproduction of cells	10
775245003	cell plate	a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis	11
775245004	centromere	the centralized region joining two sister chromatids	12
775245005	centrosome	material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center	13
775245006	chiasma	(plural, chiasmata) the x-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic meterial through crossing over during meiosis	14
775245007	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	15
775245008	chromosome	a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.	16
775245009	cleavage furrow	the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate	17
775245010	crossing over	the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I	18
775245011	cytokinesis	the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis	19
775245012	deletion	(1) a deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene	20
775245013	density-dependent inhibition	the phenomemon observed in normal animal cells that caused them to stop dividing when they come in contact with one another	21
775245014	diploid cell	a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent	22
775245015	Down syndrome	a human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects	23
775245016	duplication	an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome	24
775245017	fertilization	the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote	25
775245018	gamete	a haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote	26
775245019	genetic recombination	the general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents	27
775245020	genome	the complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material	28
775245021	growth factor	a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells	29
775245022	haploid cell	a cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)	30
775245023	homologous chromosomes	chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother	31
775245024	interphase	the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Duringg interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size mau increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle	32
775245025	inversion	an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated, but in a reverse orientation	33
775245026	karyotype	a method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type	34
775245027	leukemia	a type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow that produces leukocytes	35
775245028	life cycle	the sequence of life stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next	36
775245029	locus (plural, loci)	a particular place along the length of a certain chromosome where a given gene is located	37
775245030	lymphomas	cancers of the tissues that form white blood cells	38
775245031	malignant tumor	a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs	39
775245032	meiosis	a two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reults in cells with half the chromosome number of the orignial cell	40
775245033	metaphase	the second subphase of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate	41
775245034	metastasis	the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site	42
775245035	mitosis	a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei	43
775245036	mitotic phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	44
775245037	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis	45
775245038	nondisjunction	An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly	46
775245039	prophase	The first subphase of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleolus and nucleus are still intact	47
775245040	sarcomas	Cancers that arise in tissues that support the body, such as bone and muscle	48
775245041	sex chromosomes	One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual	49
775245042	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents	50
775245043	sister chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	51
775245044	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell	52
775245045	telophase	The final subphase of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun	53
775245046	translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport via phloem of food in a plant	54
775245047	trisomy 21	A condition in which there are three number-21 chromsomes, which can cause Down syndrome	55
775245048	tumor	A mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell	56
775245049	zygote	The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg	57

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Campbell Biology Concepts and Connections Chapter 9 Flashcards

The Patterns of Inheritance

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775330803	genetics	the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation	0
775330804	self-fertilize	the fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism	1
775330805	cross-fertilization	the fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different indivuals	2
775330806	true-breeding	referring to organisms to which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents	3
775330807	hybrids	the offspring of parents of two different species or of two different varieties of one species, the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits, an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes	4
775330808	P generation	the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance	5
775330809	F1 generation	the first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a genetic cross-fertilization	6
775330810	F2 generation	offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation	7
775695202	monohybrid cross	an experimental mating of individuals differing at one genetic laws	8
775695203	allele	an alternative form of a gene	9
775695204	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a given gene	10
775695205	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a given gene	11
775695206	law of segregation	A general rule in inheritance that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles separate, and each resulting gamete ends up with only one allele of each gene; also known as Mendel's first law of inheritance.	12
775695207	punnett square	a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization	13
775695208	phenotype	the expressed traits of an organism	14
775695209	genotype	the genetic makeup of an organism	15
779730773	dihybrid cross	an experimental mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci	16
779730774	law of independent assortment	a genetic rule in inheritance that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular characteristic segregate independently; also known as Mendel's second law of inheritance	17
779730775	testcross	the mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular characteristic and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same characteristic	18
793262648	independent event	the outcome of any particular toss is unaffected by what has happened in previous attempts	19
793262649	compound event	the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events	20
793262650	rule of multiplication	a rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events	21
793262651	rule of addition	a rule stating that the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways	22
793262652	pedigree	a family tree representing the occurance of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations	23
793262653	carriers	an individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and two therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder	24
793262654	cystic fibrosis	a genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele	25
793262655	inbreeding	a mating of close relatives	26
793262656	achondroplasia	a form of dwarfism	27
793262657	Huntington's disease	a degenerative disorder of the nervous system that usually does not begin until middle age	28
793262658	amniocentesis	physician carefully inserts a needle into uterus and extracts some amniotic fluid	29
793262659	chorionic villus sampling	physician carefully extracts sample of tissue from placenta	30
793262660	ultrasound imaging	uses sound waves to produce a picture	31
793262661	complete dominance	a type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant heterozygote are indistinguishable	32
793262662	incomplete dominance	a type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa)	33
793262663	ABO blood group	genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood types A, B, AB, and O	34
793262664	pleiotropy	the control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene	35
793262665	polygenic inheritance	the additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic	36
804493066	chromosome theory of inheritance	A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.	37
804493067	linked genes	Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together	38
804493068	recombination frequency	With respect to two given genes, the number of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total number of progeny. Recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from those in either of the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes or crossing over.	39
804493069	sex chromosome	A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female	40
804493070	sex linked gene	A gene located on a sex chromosome	41
804493071	red green color blindness	A category of common, sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome; characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females.	42
804493072	hemophilia	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury	43
804493073	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue	44

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Campbell-Biology-Concepts-&-Connections-8th-Edition-Chapter-5-Turk Flashcards

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3014681113	fluid mosaic model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, depicting the membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules.	0
3014697254	selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of other substances altogether.	1
3014708240	diffusion	The random movement of particles that results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.	2
3014708241	concentration gradient	A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. Substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.	3
3014711534	passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure of energy.	4
3014713897	osmosis	The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.	5
3014713898	tonicity	The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.	6
3014716345	isotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell.	7
3014716346	hypotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.	8
3014718957	hypertonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water.	9
3014718958	osmoregulation	The homeostatic maintenance of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.	10
3014770168	facilitated diffusion	The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient.	11
3014774521	aquaporin	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of an animal, plant, or microorganism cell that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).	12
3014776057	active transport	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP).	13
3014776058	exocytosis	The movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.	14
3014778736	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.	15
3014780407	phagocytosis	Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.	16
3014783158	receptor-mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the infolding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.	17
3015056464	energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to perform work.	18
3015056516	kinetic energy	The energy associated with the motion of objects. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.	19
3015061936	thermal energy	Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.	20
3015064122	heat	Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.	21
3015066804	potential energy	The energy that matter possesses because of its location or spatial arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses it and so does chemical bonds.	22
3015072505	chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy.	23
3015074195	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.	24
3015080687	first law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	25
3015087451	entropy	A measure of disorder, or randomness.	26
3015090935	second law of thermodynamics	The principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.	27
3015121093	cellular respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules, the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work.	28
3015406485	exergonic reaction	An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products.	29
3015419982	endergonic reaction	An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants.	30
3015428703	metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions.	31
3015446129	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.	32
3015454853	energy coupling	In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.	33
3015859869	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy source for cells. Releases energy when its phosphate bounds are hydrolyzed.	34
3015871937	phosphorylation	The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by this transfer.	35

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Campbell-Biology-Concepts-&-Connections-8th-Edition-Chapter-7-Turk Flashcards

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3154957449	photosynthesis	The process by which plants, algae, and some protists and prokaryotes convert light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars made from carbon dioxide and water.	0
3154957450	autotroph	An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Includes plants, algae, and numerous bacteria.	1
3154960324	photoautotroph	An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis.	2
3154970239	heterotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain.	3
3155050892	chlorophyll	A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.	4
3155053781	mesophyll	Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis; a leaf's ground tissue system.	5
3155056803	stoma	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf.	6
3155070321	stroma	The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules form carbon dioxide and water. Sugars are made here by the Calvin cycle.	7
3155070322	thylakoid	A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack is called a granum.	8
3155303382	light reactions	The first of two stages in photosynthesis; the steps in which solar energy is absorbed and converted to the chemical energy of ATP an NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	9
3155307429	NADP+	Nicotinamide adenine dinulceotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.	10
3155312228	Calvin cycle	The second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a cholorplast, using the carbon in CO2 and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar molecule G3P.	11
3155315696	carbon fixation	The incorporation of carbon from atmospheric CO2 into an organic compound.	12
3155384928	wavelength	The distance between crests of adjacent waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.	13
3155386727	electromagnetic spectrum	The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.	14
3155424586	photon	A fixed quantity of light energy. The shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy.	15
3155424587	photosystem	A light-capturing unit of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes.	16
3155551003	photophosphorylation	The production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	17

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Campbell-Biology-Concepts-&-Connections-8th-Edition-Chapter-6-Turk Flashcards

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3125668675	cellular respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis).	0
3125682009	kilocalories	A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "Calorie".	1
3125702501	redox reaction	Short for reduction-oxidation reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction).	2
3125702732	oxidation	The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.	3
3125702733	reduction	The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.	4
3125706035	NAD+	A coenzyme that can accept electrons during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism.	5
3125709560	electron transport chain	A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria.	6
3125709561	glycolysis	A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytosol.	7
3125709894	citric acid cycle	The chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide.	8
3125710534	oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.	9
3125711386	chemiosmosis	An energy-coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells.	10
3125760832	substrate-level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle).	11
3125776294	intermediate	One of the compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis.	12
3125776624	acetyl CoA	The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	13
3125829945	ATP synthase	A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP.	14
3142524056	lactic acid fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+.	15
3142524057	alcohol fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.	16

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American Pageant Chapters 16-18 Flashcards

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1161055414	1793 invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin	Growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier, and more slaves were needed.	0
1161055415	King Cotton	South's one-crop economy	1
1161055417	Denmark Vesey	Slave who led a rebellion in 1822 in Charleston	2
1161055418	Gabriel	Slave who led a rebellion in 1800 in Richmond Virginia	3
1161055419	Nat Turner	Semiliterate preacher who led a revolt in 1831	4
1161055420	American Colonization Society	Founded in 1817 for the purpose of transporting Blacks back to Africa	5
1161055421	Republic of Liberia	Founded in 1822 for Blacks to live.	6
1161055422	Theodore Dwight Weld	American abolitionist inspired by Charles Grandison Finney whose pamphlet "American Slavery As It Is" (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.	7
1161055423	William Lloyd Garrison	On January 1st, 1831, he published the first edition of The Liberator triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War.	8
1161055424	Wendell Phillips	A Boston patrician known as "abolition's golden trumpet" who refused to eat cane sugar or wore cotton cloth, since both were made by slaves.	9
1161055425	David Walker	Black abolitionist, wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 and advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.	10
1161055426	Sojourner Truth	A freed Black woman who fought for black emancipation and women's rights	11
1161055427	Martin Delaney	One of the few people who seriously reconsidered Black relocation to Africa, also fought for Black rights.	12
1161055428	Frederick Douglass	The greatest Black abolitionist at the time. Was an escaped black who was a great speaker and fought for the Black cause despite being beaten and harassed. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, depicted his remarkable struggle and his origins, as well as his life. Douglass increasingly looked to politics to solve the slavery problem. He and others backed the Liberty Party in 1840, the Free Soil Party in 1848, and the Republican Party in the 1850s.	13
1161055429	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	14
1161055430	Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy	Lived in Alton, Illinois, who impugned the chastity of Catholic women, had his printing press destroyed four times and was killed by a mob in 1837; he became an abolitionist martyr.	15
1161055431	John Tyler	Virginian gentleman who was a lone wolf. He did not agree with the Whig party, since the Whigs were pro-bank and pro-protective tariff, and pro-internal improvements, but hailing from the South, he was not. Tyler was really more of a Democrat.	16
1161055432	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	Gave Britain their desiredHalifax-Quebec route for a road while America got a bit more land north of Maine.	17
1161055433	Slavocracy	Term the North used to describe the Slaveholding South and its "schemes" to gain more slave-land.	18
1161055434	Manifest Destiny	A concept that stated that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible.	19
1161055435	1844 Election results	(170 to 105 in the Electoral; 1,338,464 to 1,300,097 in the popular) by 5000 votes in New York.	20
1161055436	Polk's 4-point mission	Lower the tariff Restore the independent treasury (put U.S. money into non-government banks) Clear up the Oregon border issue Get California	21
1161055437	Stephen W. Kearny	Led U.S. operations and 1700 troops from Leavenworth to Santa Fe	22
1161055438	John C. Fremont	Leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in California and first Republican Party candidate to run for President in 1856	23
1161055439	Zachary Taylor	"Old Rough and Ready". A general, he fought into Mexico, reaching Buena Vista, and repelled 20,000 Mexicans with only 5000 men, instantly becoming a hero. Became 12th President	24
1161055440	General Winfield Scott	Led American troops into Mexico City., Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.	25
1161055441	Nicholas Trist	Sent to negotiate an armistice with Mexico at a cost of $10,000 (Santa Anna took the bribe and then used it for his defenses).	26
1161055442	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	February 2, 1848, which -Gave to America all Mexican territory from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande. This land was called the Mexican Cession since Mexico ceded it to the U.S. -U.S. only had to pay $15 million to Mexico for it. -$3.5 million in debts from Mexico to the U.S. were absolved as well. In essence, the U.S. had forced Mexico to "sell" the Mexican Cession lands.	27
1161055443	Robert E. Lee	A former union general that joined the South after Virginia seceded. He was in charge of the Confederate Army, and led it to many victories.	28
1161055444	Ulysses S. Grant	American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	29
1161055445	David Wilmot	Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories	30
1161055446	Wilmot Proviso	1846 proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate	31
1161055447	General Lewis Cass	the Democratic party nominee in 1848 who was a veteran of the War of 1812; he was known as the father of popular sovereignty when it came to the extension of slavery	32
1161055448	William H. Seward	Young senator from New York, was flatly against concession and hated slavery, but he didn't seem to realize that the Union was built on compromise, and he said that Christian legislators must adhere to a "higher law" and not allow slavery to exist; this might have cost him the 1860 presidential election.	33
1161055449	Millard Fillmore	Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.	34
1161055450	Compromise of 1850.	Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican-American War.	35
1161055451	Fugitive Slave Law of 1850	Stated (1) fleeing slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf, (2) the federal commissioner who handled the case got $5 if the slave was free and $10 if not, and (3) people who were ordered to help catch slaves had to do so, even if they didn't want to.	36
1161055452	William Walker	Grabbed control in Nicaragua and proclaimed himself president, then legalized slavery, but a coalition of Latin American states overthrew him.	37
1161055453	Commodore Matthew C. Perry	Steamed into the harbor of Tokyo in 1854 and forced them to open up their nation. Perry's Treaty of Kanagawa formerly opened Japan. This broke Japan's centuries-old traditional of isolation, and started them down a road of modernization and then imperialism and militarism.	38
1161055454	Treaty of Kanagawa	1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships	39
1161055455	Jefferson Davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865	40
1161055456	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Created Nebraska and Kansas as states in 1854 and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	41
1161055457	Senator Stephen Douglas	Proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act	42

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