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Chapter 12 - Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200 - 1500 Flashcards

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20291507111. What did Mongol nomadic life look like?The mongols were pastoralists; learned to ride goats before walking public family decision making council with representatives led by a khan slaves and prisoners of war did menial work great tribute systems0
20291507122. What was the role of Mongol women in nomadic life?arranged marriages → political alliances; daughters = pawns of diplomacy wives manages empire interim if husbands died → had political power1
20291507133. What was the religion of the Mongols?multiple religions per family (mostly Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity); belief in shamanism2
20291507144. What is the khan and what is their role?universal ruler who could communicate with supernatural and dominated everyone3
20291507151. What did Genghis Khan take over?Tangut (northwest China), Beijing, most of Iran4
20291507162. What did the Great Khan conquer? Batu?Great Khan (Ogedei) = northern China; threatened southern Song Batu (grandson) = Kievan Russia, Moscow, Hungary, Poland5
20291507173. Who was emperor of the Yuan Empire?Kublai Khan established in 12716
20291507184. Why wasn't Japan taken over by the Mongols? What happened to Vietnam?They failed two sea invasions of Japan They took over Vietnam and made it a tribute nation7
20291507195. What made them such great warriors? What did they have to militarily help their cause?good riders, archers, good bows, strategy, lance/javelin/spears/mace, etc., siege, terror, catapults8
20291507206. How did trade affect the Mongols?silk and porcelain = luxury items; elite enjoyed luxury items but spread disease9
20291507217. How did the bubonic plague spread? What role did the Mongols have in this spread?spread through rats and fleas on Mongol supply trains through their exchanges10
20291507221. Where was the Il-khan Empire located?Iran, Mesopotamia, parts of Armenia, Azerbaijan11
20291507232. How did Islamic and Mongol culture clash?Muslims didn't like Mongol slaughtering or worshipping shaman idols12
20291507243. Did Mongols convert to Islam? Explainin the end, the Il-Khan ruler converted to Islam; there were Il-Khan Muslims13
20291507254. How did Europeans negotiate the new found rulers in an area very close to them? (compromise? Make friends with them? Etc)Christians worked with non-Muslim Il-Khans to expel Golden Horde; collaborated14
20291507265. Where Mongols Sunni or Shiite?unclear whether they were sunni or shiite15
20291507276. What did Mongols do to get $ from their subjects?tax farming → failed → paper money → inflation16
20291507287. What happened to the production of agriculture under Mongol rule?decline in agricultural productivity → couldn't support army → tax banks shrank17
20291507298. Who was Timur? Where did he conquer? What happened after his death?Timur (not Mongol) big time ruler of Central Asian Khanate of Jagadai → took Muslim sultanate in northern India and crushed Ottoman empire but descendants couldn't hold it together after he died18
20291507309. When did the Il-Khan empire fall?around 1405 when Timur died19
202915073110. What culture "greats" occurred while the Mongols dominated Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia? Intellectual achievements?historians (rashid al din, juivani), astronomy: observatories, eclipse predictions, astrolabes, math: algebra and trig, Nasir al din Tusi = science, cosmology, calendars, decimal notation : pi20
202915073211. What was the contribution of Rashid al Din? Ibn Khaldun? Nasir al-Din Tusi?first history of the world; history and sociology; wrote on history, religion, math, cosmology, ethics21
20291507331. How was Russia broken up into different Mongol empires?lost unity → broke into several smaller khanates22
20291507342. How did the Orthodox Church and Mongols get along? Explaingave Orthodox church some privileges23
20291507353. How did Russia maintain a strong culture under Mongol rule?language: Old Slavic language revived but Russian language = dominant!24
20291507364. What economic crisis occurred in Russia under Mongol rule?gold and silver flow → depleted economy → paper money → crisis25
20291507375. Why did prince Nevskii submit to the Mongols?so that the Mongols would favor Moscow → became cultural and economic centers26
20291507386. How did Russia suffer from the "Mongol Yoke"?held Russians back, but Russians weren't moving in the first place27
20291507397. What problems were occurring in Russia that had nothing to do with the Mongols?burdensome taxes, struggle for power internally among princes, isolation from western Europe28
20291507408. Politically, how was Russia ruled after the Mongols left?more of an autocracy with the title of tsar29
20291507411. What areas in Eastern Europe (beside Russia) were taken over by the Mongols?Anatolia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, etc.30
20291507422. Who were the Teutonic Knights? What marked the end of the northern crusades? What do the events of the TK have to do with the Mongols?Christian knights who wanted to Christianize population; crusades ended when knights were destroyed; allied with Finnish to fight against Mongols and Nevskii31
20291507433. About 50 years after the Mongols began conquering various areas, who else might have been part of the Mongol army?Turks, Chinese, Iranians, Europeans32
20291507444. What did Europeans learn from the Mongols?diplomatic passports, coal mining, movable type, metallurgy, math, gunpowder, bronze cannon33
20291507455. What was King Stephen's contribution to empire building during this time period?effective leader of Serbia → turned Serbia into an independent patriarch34
20291507466. What group established the Ottoman Empire?Turkish nomads' descendants in Anatolia35
20291507477. What groups became more powerful as the Mongol leadership deteriorated?Ottoman sultans, and rulers of Lithuania and Serbia36
20291507481. What benefits did China experience under Mongol rule?secure trade routes, exchange of efforts, transmission of goods and skills37
20291507492. How did the Mongols integrate Confucian philosophy? Buddhism?used Confucian conventions and ideas; Buddhist lamas were encouraged38
20291507503. Describe Beijing during the Yuan Empire.center of economy and culture; end of all trade routes, lots of character39
20291507514. How did social status change in China with the rule of the Mongols? Political organization?Chinese were at the bottom of the hierarchy; looked up at merchants and doctors divided into provinces with central governors; stressed tax collecting and the census40
20291507525. What cities and what groups of people thrived during the Yuan Empire?merchants thrived; centers of commerce thrived41
20291507536. Economically, why was the Yuan empire a bit of a mess?decline in agricultural productivity → depletion → paper money → fail → copper → shortage → copper more valuable than gold...42
20291507547. According to the text, did the Mongol rule of China lead to great benefits or more hardships?good for elite in cities; bad for people in countryside43
20291507558. When and what contributed to the fall of the Yuan Empire?1368: plague, infanticide, floods, refugees, population shrunk 40%44
20291507561. How did the Ming Empire come into power after the Yuan Empire?Hongwu took out rivals and established Ming empire-- moved capital to Nanjing45
20291507572. What contributions did Yongle make as emperor?returned capital back to Beijing, improved Forbidden city, explored maritime connections46
20291507583. What were the accomplishments of Zheng He? (This was a really big deal!)went on naval expeditions, was Muslim → easy to travel to Muslim places, collected taxes, added fifty new tributary states47
20291507594. What changes occurred during the Ming Empire in regards to technology, agriculture, and population growth?government limited mining → decline in bronze and steel for weaponry and tools; few technological advanced (seafaring, printing, etc.), no new agricultural technology48
20291507605. List and briefly explain 3 achievements during the Ming Empire.wrote novels, porcelain = great luxury item, gunpowder49
20291507611. How did the Mongols take over Korea?attacked and in 1258 after 20 years killed Koryo commander → Koryo kings surrendered50
20291507622. How did Korean leadership adapt to Mongol rule? (be able to give examples)were mostly Mongol descent, adopted Mongol dress, culture, language, etc.51
20291507633. Since Korea was now less isolated, what changes occurred in Korea?cotton → cash crop; scholar opportunities, falconry and grazing, military garrison techniques52
20291507644. How was Korean printing different from Chinese woodblock print?more illiterate → few texts and were hard to read53
20291507655. What changes did cotton bring to Korea?accepted as tax payment; used in uniforms, elite fabric, girls spun and wove it54
20291507666. How did Korean's use gunpowder?mounted cannon ships against pirates → formidable defensive force55
20291507671. Why couldn't the Mongols conquer Japan?tried several times, ultimately coastal defenses and kamikaze drove them back/sunk them56
20291507682. Why did the Japanese make changes during this time period? What were they? How did they affect Japanese economy, military and political unity?made changes in prep for Mongol attack (built coastal defenses, developed national and military infrastructure, etc.), unified Japan against Mongols57
20291507693. What were the technological and artistic innovations during this time?Zen Buddhism introduced, water wheels, plows, Champa rice, market towns, religious institutions, schools, performances, landscape art58
20291507704. Did the Mongol domination in a large portion of the world, hurt or help the Japan?fall of Yuan → resumed overseas trade, lots of commerce, sometimes piracy59
20291507711. What was the relationship between Annam and Champa?Annam and Champa = 2 parts of Vietnam; influenced by China and India (respectively), fall of Yuan → fought with each other → ultimately Annam beat Champa60
20291507722. How does Vietnam (what was still called Annam) emerge?beat Champa in civil war → Confucian bureaucratic state with exam system and legal code61
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WS 100 Quiz review Flashcards

Reviewing Chapters 1 and 2 of Women's Lives Multicultural Perspectives

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1228033580Liberal Feminismconcerned with equal rights of women and men and that women have equal access to opportunities within economic and social structures0
1228033581Radical FeminismA philosophy that sees the oppression of women in terms of patriarchy, a system of male power and authority, especially manifested in sexuality, personal relationships, and the family, and carried into the male- dominated world of work, government, religion, media, and law1
1228033582Socialist FeminismA view that sees the oppression of women in terms of their subordinate position in a system defined as both patriarchal and capitalist2
1228033583CapitalismAn economic system in which most of the capital- property, raw materials, and the means of production. The goal of all production is to maximize profit making3
1228033584ImperialismThe process of domination of one nation over other nations that are deemed inferior for the purpose of exploiting their human and natural resources, to consolidate its power and wealth.4
1228033585SeparatismThe process of creating a separate life-space, often for political purposes.5
1228033586IntersectionalityAn integrative perspective that emphasizes the intersection of several attributes, for example, gender, race, class, and nation.6
1228033587Feminist Postmodernismchallenges and avoids the essentialist definitions of femininity that was propagated during the period of modern feminism7
1228033588Third-wave FeminismFeminist perspectives adopted in the 1990s, often by younger women, with an emphasis on personal voice and multiple identities, intersectionality, ambiguity, and contradictions.8
1228033589SexismAttitudes, actions, and institutional practices that subordinate individuals because of their gender9
1228033590RacismRadical prejudice and discrimination that are supported by institutional power and authority10
1228033591Matrix of OppressionThe interconnections among various forms of oppression based on gender, race, class, nation and so on. These social attributes can be sources of disadvantage or privilege. Negative ascriptions and experiences may be the source of people's resistance to oppression11
1228033592MicroA term used to analyze the connections among people and issues as seen from a personal or individual perspective.12
1228033593MesoA term used to analyze the relationships among issues, individuals, and groups as viewed from a community, or local, perspective13
1228033594MacroA term used to analyze the relationships among issues, individuals, and groups as viewed from a national institutional perspective.14
1228033595Internalized OppressionAttitudes and behavior of some oppressed people that reflect the negative, harmful, stereotypical beliefs of the dominant group directed at them.15
1228033596liberalisma theory about individual rights, freedom, choice and privacy with roots in the seventeenth century16
1228033597Liberal Feminismconcerned with equal rights of women and men and that women have equal access to opportunities within economic and social structures17
1228033598Equal Rights Amendment of 1972Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States.18
1228033599Radical FeminismA philosophy that sees the oppression of women in terms of patriarchy, a system of male power and authority, especially manifested in sexuality, personal relationships, and the family, and carried into the male- dominated world of work, government, religion, media, and law19
1228033600Socialist FeminismA view that sees the oppression of women in terms of their subordinate position in a system defined as both patriarchal and capitalist20
1228033601CapitalismAn economic system in which most of the capital- property, raw materials, and the means of production. The goal of all production is to maximize profit making21
1228033602ImperialismThe process of domination of one nation over other nations that are deemed inferior for the purpose of exploiting their human and natural resources, to consolidate its power and wealth.22
1228033603SeparatismThe process of creating a separate life-space, often for political purposes.23
1228033604IntersectionalityAn integrative perspective that emphasizes the intersection of several attributes, for example, gender, race, class, and nation.24
1228033605Feminist Postmodernismchallenges and avoids the essentialist definitions of femininity that was propagated during the period of modern feminism25
1228033606Third-wave FeminismFeminist perspectives adopted in the 1990s, often by younger women, with an emphasis on personal voice and multiple identities, intersectionality, ambiguity, and contradictions.26
1228033607SexismAttitudes, actions, and institutional practices that subordinate individuals because of their gender27
1228033608RacismRadical prejudice and discrimination that are supported by institutional power and authority28
1228033609Matrix of OppressionThe interconnections among various forms of oppression based on gender, race, class, nation and so on. These social attributes can be sources of disadvantage or privilege. Negative ascriptions and experiences may be the source of people's resistance to oppression29
1228033610MicroA term used to analyze the connections among people and issues as seen from a personal or individual perspective.30
1228033611MesoA term used to analyze the relationships among issues, individuals, and groups as viewed from a community, or local, perspective31
1228033612MacroA term used to analyze the relationships among issues, individuals, and groups as viewed from a national institutional perspective.32
1228033613Internalized OppressionAttitudes and behavior of some oppressed people that reflect the negative, harmful, stereotypical beliefs of the dominant group directed at them.33
1228085256Epistemologya theory about knowledge, who can know and under what circumstances.34
1228296712subjugated knowledgeknowledge that has been ignored or erased35
1228296713Biological Determinismis a theory that argues that a group's biological or genetic makeup shapes its social, political and economic destiny36
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MYERS' PSYCHOLOGY FOR AP: UNIT 3 (MODULES 9-15) Flashcards

These flashcard sets follow along with MYERS' PSYCHOLOGY FOR AP, 2nd Edition, textbook by David G. Myers. This is Unit 3 (Modules 9-15) and is "Biological Bases of Behavior."

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2853551550biological psychologythe scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)0
2853551551neurona nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.1
2853551552dendritesa neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.2
2853551553axonthe neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.3
2853551554myelin sheatha fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.4
2853551555action potentiala neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down a neuron.5
2853551556refractory perioda period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.6
2853551557thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.7
2853551558all-or-none responsea neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.8
2853551559synapsethe junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.9
2853551560neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.10
2853551561reuptakea neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.11
2853551562endorphins"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.12
2853551563agonista molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response.13
2853551564antagonista molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response.14
2853551565nervous systemthe body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.15
2853551566central nervous system (CNS)the brain and spinal cord.16
2853551567peripheral nervous system (PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.17
2853551568nervesbundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.18
2853551569sensory (afferent) neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.19
2853551570motor (efferent) neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.20
2853551571interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.21
2853551572somatic nervous systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.22
2853551573autonomic nervous system (ANS)the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.23
2853551574sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.24
2853551575parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.25
2853551576reflexa simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.26
2853551577endocrine systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.27
2853551578hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.28
2853551579adrenal glandsa pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.29
2853551580pituitary glandthe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.30
2853551581lesiontissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.31
2853551582electroencephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.32
2853551583CT (computed tomography)scan a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure.33
2853551584PET (positron emission tomography)scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.34
2853551585MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer -generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.35
2853551586fMRI (functional MRI)a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as its structure.36
2853551587brainstemthe oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.37
2853551588medullathe base of the brainstem; controls heart-beat and breathing.38
2853551589thalamusthe brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.39
2853551590reticular formationa nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.40
2853551591cerebellumthe "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.41
2853551592limbic systemneural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.42
2853551593amygdalatwo lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.43
2853551594hypothalamusa neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.44
2853551595cerebral cortexthe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.45
2853551596glial cells (glia)cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking.46
2853551597frontal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.47
2853551598parietal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.48
2853551599occipital lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.49
2853551600temporal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.50
2853551601motor cortexan area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.51
2853551602somatosensory cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.52
2853551603association areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.53
2853551604plasticitythe brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.54
2853551605neurogenesisthe formation of neurons.55
2853551606corpus callosumthe large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.56
2853551607split braina condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.57
2853551608consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment.58
2853551609cognitive neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).59
2853551610dual processingthe principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.60
2853551611behavior geneticsthe study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.61
2853551612environmentevery external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.62
2853551613chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.63
2853551614DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.64
2853551615genesthe biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.65
2853551616genomethe complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.66
2853551617identical twins (monozygotic twins)twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.67
2853551618fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.68
2853551619molecular geneticsthe subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.69
2853551620heritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.70
2853551621interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).71
2853551622epigeneticsthe study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.72
2853551623evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.73
2853551624natural selectionthe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.74
2853551625mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change.75
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Psychology: Themes and Variations chapter 8 vocab Flashcards

Language and Thought
on pages 298 to 333

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1140220828CognitionMental processes or thinking.0
1140220829LanguageSymbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.1
1140220830PhomemesThe smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually.2
1140220831MorphenesThe smallest units of meaning in a language.3
1140220832SemanticsThe area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.4
1140220833SyntaxA system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences.5
1140220834Fast mappingThe process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure.6
1140220835OverextensionWhen a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to.7
1140220836UnderextensionsWhen a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to.8
1140220837Telegraphic speechContent words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted.9
1140220838Mean length of Utterance (MLU)The average length of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes).10
1140220839OverregularizationsWhen grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply.11
1140220840Metalinhuistic awarenessThe ability to reflect on the use of language.12
1140220841BilingualismThe acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules.13
1140220842AcculturationThe degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture.14
1140220843Language acquisition device (LAD)An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of a language.15
1140220844Linguistic relativityThe hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought.16
1140220845Problem solvingActive efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.17
1140220846Functional fixednessThe tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.18
1140220847Mental setWhen people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past.19
1140220848InsightWhen people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while.20
1140220849Problem spaceThe set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver.21
1140220850Trial and errorTrying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works.22
1140220851AlgorithmA methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.23
1140220852HeuristicA guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions.24
1140220853Field dependence independenceIndividuals' tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space.25
1140220854Decision makingEvaluating alternatives and making choices among them.26
1140220855Theory of bounded rationalityPeople tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal.27
1140220856Risky decision makingMaking choices under conditions of uncertainty.28
1140220857Availability heuristicBasing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.29
1140220858Representativeness heuristicBasing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.30
1140220859Conjunction fallacyWhen people estimate the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.31
1140220860Alternative outcomes effectWhen people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant.32
1140220861Gambler's fallacyThe belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.33
1140220862Confirmation biasThe tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs.34
1140220863FramingHow decision issues are posed or how choices are structured.35
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Cells Flashcards

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2984480803ATP* (3.2)(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work0
2984480804active transport* (3.3)Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference1
2984480805bilayertwo layers2
2984480806cell membrane*A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.3
2984480808cell wall* (3.2)A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell4
2984480809chlorophyllA green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria5
2984480810chloroplast* (3.2)An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs6
2984480811 ciliaThe hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner7
2984480812cytoplasm (3.1)Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found8
2984480813cytoskeleton (3.2)A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement9
2984480814nucleus* (3.1)A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction10
2984480815 osmosisDiffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane11
2984480816differentiationProcess in which cells become specialized in structure and function12
2984480817diffusion (3.3)Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.13
2984480818phospholipid bilayer*Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.14
2984480819endocytosis (3.3)Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.15
2984480820endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) (3.2)The organelle that transports proteins around the cell.16
2984480821hydrophilicWater loving17
2984480822endosymbiosis / endosymbiotic theory (3.2)A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.18
2984480823equilibriumA condition in which a system is experiencing no net change19
2984480824eukaryote* (3.1)A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles20
2984480826exocytosis (3.3)a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.21
2984480827facilitated diffusion (3.3)A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.22
2984480828flagellumA long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move23
2984480830Golgi bodyThe organelle that packages proteins before they leave the cell.24
2984480831HomeostasisCells and systems maintain a constant internal balance25
2984480832HydrophobicWater fearing26
2984480834hypertonic solutionWhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes27
2984480835hypotonicIn comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration.28
2984480836 lysosomeIn an ANIMAL CELL. Contain chemicals that break down certain materials. Breaks down dead cells.29
2984480837isotonicDescribes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell30
2984480838fluid mosaic modelThe currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.31
2984480839unicellularOne cell32
2984480840 macromoleculeA type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.33
2984480841mitochondrion (singular)* (3.2) mitochonria (plural)A membrane‐bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; site of cellular respiration.34
2984480842multicellularMany cells35
2984480843 nucleolusFound inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes36
2984480844organelle* (3.1)Small structures within cells that perform specific functions (ex. mitochondria, nucleus, ER).37
2984480845osmosis (3.3)Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane38
2984480846passive transport* (3.3)Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient39
2984480847phospholipid bilayer (3.2)structure of the cell membrane40
2984480848 plasmolysisthe contraction or shrinking of the cell membrane of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution in response to the loss of water by osmosis41
2984480849plasma membrane (3.1)A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells42
2984480850prokaryote* (3.1)Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus43
2984480851 pseudopodfalse foot which amoebas use to move44
2984480852ribosome* (3.1)Make protein45
2984480853semi-permeablecharacteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others46
2984480854 simple diffusionNet movement of dissolved particles from higher concentration to a region of lower concentration47
2984480855sodium-potassium pump (3.3)a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.48
2984480856solutionA homogeneous mixture of two or more substances49
2984480857 soluteSubstance being dissolved50
2984480858 solventIn a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.51
2984480859transport protein (3.3)A membrane protein that is responsible for moving hydrophilic substances from one side to the other.52
2984480860 turgor pressurewater pressure inside a plant cell's central vacuole53
2984480861vacuole (3.2)Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates54
2984480862vesicle (3.2)Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.55
2984480863virus (3.1)A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.56
2984503580ameobaprotist that moves and feeds with the help of pseudopods57
2984521587hydrophobicWater fearing58
2984526072Modern Cell Theory*All organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the simplest of all units of life, only come from preexisting cells and all cell species have many fundamental similarities in chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms59
2984526073LeeuwenhoekA Dutch merchant, who in the late 1600s made the first simple microscope and observed microscopic life (protozoa).60
2984528106Compound MicroscopeMagnifies the image using two lenses at once61
2986350964organellesA membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.62
2986350965selective permeability*a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.63
2986364680chloro-green64
2986364681cyto-cell (prefix) cell; cytoplasm65
2986366003pro-before66
2986366004eu-true67
2986395789hypo-Under, below68
2986395790hyper-over69
2986395791iso-equal70
2986392200hypo-below71
2988146405bi-two, double72
2988150637-tonicStrength,concentration73
2999005280-philicloving74
2999008454-phobicfearing75
3010448009eukaryotic cell (3.1)A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.76
3010477346prokaryotic cell (3.1)A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.77
3010499344central vacuole (3.2)large "holding container" in plant cells for water; helps maintain turgor pressure in plants.78
3010561252vesicle transport (3.3)type of active transport in which substances are carried across the cell membrane by vesicles79
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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapter 13 Vocab Flashcards

Stress, Coping, and Health
on pages 510 to 549

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1149154111Biophychosocial modelPhysical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.0
1149154112Health psychologyA specialty branch of psychology that is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.1
1149154113StressAny circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and that thereby tax one's coping abilities.2
1149154114Acute stressorsThreatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint.3
1149154115Chronic stressorsThreatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit.4
1149154116FrustrationOccurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.5
1149154117ConflictWhen two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression.6
1149154118Approach-approach conflictA choice must be made between two attractive goals.7
1149154119Avoidance-avoidance conflictA choice must be made between two unattractive goals.8
1149154120Approach-avoidance conflictA choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects.9
1149154121Life changesAny significant alterations in one's living circumstances that require readjustment.10
1149154122PressureExpectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.11
1149154123Fight-or-flight responseA physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy.12
1149154124General adaptation syndromeA model of the body's stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.13
1149154125CopingActive efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.14
1149154126Learned helplessnessPassive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.15
1149154127AggressionAny behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally.16
1149154128CatharsisThe release of emotional tension.17
1149154129Internet addictionSpending an inordinate amount of time on the Internet and the inability to control online use.18
1149154130Defense mechanismsLargely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt.19
1149154131Constructive copingRelatively healthful efforts people make to deal with stressful events.20
1149154132BurnoutPhysical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can by brought on gradually through chronic work-related stress.21
1149154133Psychosomatic diseasesGenuine physical ailments that were thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors.22
1149154134Type A personalityA type of personality that includes three elements: (1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility.23
1149154135Type B personalityA type of personality that is marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.24
1149154136Immune responseThe body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.25
1149154137Social supportVarious types of aid and succor provided by members of one's social networks.26
1149154138OptimismA general tendency to expect good outcomes.27
1149154139Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)A disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).28
1149154140Catastrophic thinkingUnrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problems.29
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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapter 12 Vocab Flashcards

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment
on pages 468 to 509

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1149104596PersonalityAn individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits.0
1149104597Personality traitA durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.1
1149104598Factor analysisCorrelations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.2
1149104599Psychodynamic threoriesAll the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces.3
1149104600IdThe primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.4
1149104601Pleasure principleDemands immediate gratification of its urges.5
1149104602EgoThe decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.6
1149104603Reality principleSeeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.7
1149104604SuperegoThe moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.8
1149104605ConsciousWhatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.9
1149104606PreconciousMaterial just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.10
1149104607UnconciousContains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.11
1149104608Defense mechanismsLargely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.12
1149104609RationalizationCreating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.13
1149104610RepressionKeeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.14
1149104611ProjectionAttributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.15
1149104612DisplacementDiverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.16
1149104613Reaction formationBehaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.17
1149104614RegressionA reversion to immature patterns of behavior.18
1149104615IdentificationBolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.19
1149104616Psychosexual stagesDevelopmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.20
1149104617FixationA failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected.21
1149104618Oedipal complexChildren manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.22
1149104619Personal unconsciousHouses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.23
1149104620Collective unconsciousA storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past.24
1149104621ArchetypesEmotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.25
1149104622IntrovertsPeople who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences.26
1149104623ExtravertsPeople who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.27
1149104624Striving for superiorityA universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.28
1149104625CompensationEfforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.29
1149104626BehaviorismA theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.30
1149104627Reciprocal determinismThe idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another.31
1149104628Observational learningOccurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.32
1149104629ModelA person whose behavior is observed by another.33
1149104630Self-efficacyOne's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.34
1149104631HumanismA theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.35
1149104632Phenomenological approachOne has to appreciate the individual's personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.36
1149104633Self-conceptA collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.37
1149104634IncongruenceThe degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.38
1149104635Hierarchy of needsA systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.39
1149104636Need for self-actualizationThe need to fulfill one's potential.40
1149104637Self-actualizing personsPeople with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.41
1149104638IndividualismPutting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.42
1149104639CollectivismPutting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.43
1149104640Self-enhancementFocusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average.44
1149104641Self-report inventoriesPersonality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior.45
1149104642Projective testsPersonality tests that ask participants to respond to vague stimuli in ways that may reveal subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits.46
1149104643Hindsight biasThe tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.47
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AP US: Revolutionary Period 1760s-1789 Flashcards

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47998581political, religious & intellectual movements that paved the way for am. rev. thoughbrits were taxing americans & making them only buy their goods, french/indian war ended the age of salutary neglect, since brits were in debt from the war they started taxing america even more, left soldiers in america0
47998582stamp actwill affect everyone, "no taxation w/o representation"1
47998583townshend actpractically a tax on all imports2
47998584boston massacrepaul revere's painting, first to fall leads to the townshend acts3
47998585tea actall other acts repealed except this one4
47998586quebec actcanada no representation5
479985871st continental congress1774 declaration of american rights, boycott trade with the english6
47998588olive branch petitiontried to tell britain their grievances7
47998589importance of tom paine/common sensejan. 1776: Tom Paine wrote a pamphlet called common sense - called for breaking ties with GB all together instead of just revolting against taxes and acts. contrary to common sense for a big continent to be ruled by a small island across the ocean & for ppl to pledge allegiance to a king who is corrupt and whose laws were unreasonable8
47998590ideas found in the dec of indep, author, whose ideas was it based on?Jefferson wrote the dec of indep., but it was Richard Henry Lee's idea. list of grievances against king george 3 and said that we needed to have the basic rights of life, liberty & the pursuit of happiness, claimed rights of the ppl had been violated repeatedly, no new ideas in it. based on locke, paine, and george mason's virigina dec of indep9
47998591basics of dif views of the causes of the am rev?taxes & they wanted to be indep10
47998592how radical was the rev?Goorstin: not a rev b/c there were no new ideas, leaders were not radicals. Wood: rev b/c it established a republic and rejected the monarchy, social change, old social order was replaced, america became standard of republicanism11
47998593what groups supported the am rev? which groups were loyalists? what was the majority view at the onset of the war?thought the war would be over quickly, loyalists: tories who were loyal to the king and native americans b/c british claimed ten they would limit settlement in the west. patriots: for american cause and blacks - both sides claimed if they fought with them & won, they would be freed12
47998594major battles of the rev war? turning point?saratoga - turning point. up until then americans were not doing well. Yorktown was another US victory13
47998595major even that helped the french become involved?american victory at saratoga in 1777. wanted to beat the british14
47998596advantages of the colonistshome field advantage, inspiration to fight for liberty, rights & indep, france started helping in 1778, good military leadership15
47998597reasons why brit lostsupplies were far away, large area to conquer, weak military leaders, sympathy by brit public for american cause, against french now too16
47998598treaty of parisUS = indep, Miss. R. is western boundary, americans have fishing rights in canada, americans would pay debts owed to brit merchants. 178317
47998599main features of the new state govts that were established during the warevery state govt wrote a dif state constitution, each began with a list of basic rights18
47998600main challenges & goals for new nation once war was oversetting up a new govt that worked with all their needs, overcoming money probs19
47998601under the articles of confederation, what 2 important laws regarding western lands were passed and what did they accomplish?1. land ordinance of 1785: congress established a policy for surveying and selling western lands. 2. NW ordinance of 1787: for territory btwn great lakes and ohio r., this set the rules for creating new states, granted limited self govt to the developing territory & prohibited slavery in the region20
47998602what event in 1787 reflected the economic probs btwn debtors and creditors during the critical period?economy was in terrible condition b/c they could not get out of natl debt & they were printing worthless paper $. all the states didnt work together but were suspicious of each other and tried to trade only within their own state21
47998603what main prob in the Confederation govt was the constitution trying to solve?how to run the US, bunch of states or central govt?22
47998604major power specifically denied to national govt in the articles?10th amendment: laws not covered by federal govt or prohibited are left to the states & the ppl. also cant tax exports23
47998605socio-economic background of most of the delegates to the Philly convention?college educated & wealthy24
47998606which 2 european political philosophers contributed the major principles the constitution was built on?John Locke & Montesque25
47998607the great compromisesolved the problem of representation, everyone would have the senate and then house of reps based off pop.26
47998608who supported the constfederalists27
47998609who opposed the constanti federalists28
47998610what promise was made to improve support for the constaddition of a bill of rights b.c the anti feds wanted that29
47998611what part of the const allowed the fed govt. to ability to grow and expand its power?9th amendment: any rights not specifically stated in the const are also guaranteed against govt. infringement30
47998612importance of the federalist paperspersuasive papers written by Madison, Hamilton & Jay, explaining every part of the const to the public. gained support for the const31
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The Nile River Valley Lesson 1 ~ The Gift of the Nile Flashcards

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3275892449Upper Egyptupstream on the Nile River Thebes stone cliffs/desert sand0
3275923039Lower Egyptdownstream on the Nile River delta where Nile empties into the Mediterranean Sea Memphis very fertile1
3275930610The Nile Riverworld's longest river - 4,000 miles long flows south to north begins in the mountains of Africa ends with a delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea2
3275960250deltaa very fertile, flat, fan-shaped land made of silt dropped by a river as it drains into a larger body of water3
3275969295shadoofa pole with a bucket and counterweight used especially in Egypt for raising water4
3275978089Too much Nile floodingvillages were destroyed farm animals drowned5
3275997552Too little Nile floodingCrops failed6
3275998492"Nilometer"a special staircase with carefully measured steps used to measure the level of flooding of the Nile River7
3276073088Octoberflooded land began to dry out farmers planted cucumbers, lettuce, onions, beans, and flax8
3276097633Marchmonth when crops are harvested9
3276100060surplus cropswhen farmers harvest more food than they need extra food goes to storehouses - not everyone had to be a farmer10
3276134564How the Nile helps the Egyptianswater for irrigation silt for farming (good soil) a route for trade water for transportation11
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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapters 7-9 vocab Flashcards

Human Memory (7)
Pages 258 to 297, terms 1 to 53;
Language and Thought (8)
Pages 298 to 333, terms 54 to 89;
Intelligence and Psychological Testing (9)
Pages 334 to 373, terms 90 to 115

Terms : Hide Images
1146903088EncodingForming a memory code.0
1146903089StorageMaintaining encoded information in memory over time.1
1146903090RetrievalRecovering information from memory stores.2
1146903091AttentionFocusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.3
1146903092Levels-of-processing theoryDeeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.4
1146903093ElaborationLinking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.5
1146903094Dual-coding theoryMemory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either lead to recall.6
1146903095Self-referent encodingDeciding how or whether information in personally relevant.7
1146903096Sensory memoryPreserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of second.8
1146903097Short-term memory (STM)A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.9
1146903098RehearsalThe process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information.10
1146903099ChunkA group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.11
1146903100Long-term memory (LTM)An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.12
1146903101Flashbulb memoriesUnusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.13
1146903102Conceptual hierarchyA multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.14
1146903103SchemaAn organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted fro previous experience with the object or event.15
1146903104Semantic networkNodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.16
1146903105Connectionist modelsCognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.17
1146903106Parallel distributed processing (PDP) modelsCognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.18
1146903107Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenonThe temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it's just out of reach.19
1146903108Misinformation effectParticipants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information.20
1146903109Source monitoringMaking attributions about the origins of memories.21
1146903110source-monitoring errorA memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.22
1146903111Reality monitoringThe process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations).23
1146903112Nonsense syllablesConsonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words.24
1146903113Forgetting curveGraphs retention and forgetting over time.25
1146903114RetentionThe proportion of material retained (remembered).26
1146903115RecallA measure of attention that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any clues.27
1146903116RecognitionA measure of retention that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.28
1146903117RelearningA measure of retention that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having it learned it before.29
1146903118Decay theoryForgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.30
1146903119Interference theoryPeople forget information because of competition from other material.31
1146903120Retroactive interferenceWhen new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.32
1146903121Proactive interferenceWhen previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.33
1146903122Encoding specificity principleThe value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.34
1146903123Transfer-appropriate processingWhen the initial processing of information in similar to the type of processing required by subsequent measure of retention.35
1146903124RepressionKeeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.36
1146903125Long-term potentiation (LTP)A long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway.37
1146903126Retrograde amnesiaThe loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.38
1146903127Anterograde amnesiaThe loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.39
1146903128ConsolidationA hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.40
1146903129Declarative memory systemHandles factual information.41
1146903130Non-declarative memory systemHouses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses.42
1146903131Episodic memory systemChronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experience.43
1146903132Semantic memory systemGeneral knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.44
1146903133Prospective memoryRemembering to perform actions in the future.45
1146903134Retrospective memoryRemembering events from the past or previously learned information.46
1146903135Mnemonic devicesStrategies for enhancing memory.47
1146903136OverlearningContinued rehearsal of material after you have mastered it.48
1146903137Serial-position effectWhen subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than in the middle.49
1146903138Link methodForming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them all together.50
1146903139Method of lociTaking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.51
1146903140Hindsight biasThe tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.52
1146903141CognitionMental processes or thinking.53
1146903142LanguageSymbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.54
1146903143PhomemesThe smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually.55
1146903144MorphenesThe smallest units of meaning in a language.56
1146903145SemanticsThe area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of cords and word combinations.57
1146903146SyntaxA system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences.58
1146903147Fast mappingThe process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure.59
1146903148OverextensionWhen a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to.60
1146903149UnderextensionsWhen a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to.61
1146903150Telegraphic speechContent words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted.62
1146903151Mean length of Utterance (MLU)The average length of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes).63
1146903152OverregularizationsWhen grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply.64
1146903153Metalinhuistic awarenessThe ability to reflect on the use of language.65
1146903154BilingualismThe acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules.66
1146903155AcculturationThe degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture.67
1146903156Language acquisition device (LAD)An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of a language.68
1146903157Linguistic relativityThe hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought.69
1146903158Problem solvingActive efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.70
1146903159Functional fixednessThe tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.71
1146903160Mental setWhen people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past.72
1146903161InsightWhen people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while.73
1146903162Problem spaceThe set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver.74
1146903163Trial and errorTrying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works.75
1146903164AlgorithmA methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.76
1146903165HeuristicA guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions.77
1146903166Field dependence independenceIndividuals' tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space.78
1146903167Decision makingEvaluating alternatives and making choices among them.79
1146903168Theory of bounded rationalityPeople tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal.80
1146903169Risky decision makingMaking choices under conditions of uncertainty.81
1146903170Availability heuristicBasing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.82
1146903171Representativeness heuristicBasing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.83
1146903172Conjunction fallacyWhen people estimate the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.84
1146903173Alternative outcomes effectWhen people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant.85
1146903174Gambler's fallacyThe belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.86
1146903175Confirmation biasThe tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs.87
1146903176FramingHow decision issues are posed or how choices are structured.88
1146903202Psychological testA standardized measure of a sample of person's behavior.89
1146903177Intelligence testsMeasure general mental ability.90
1146903178Aptitude testsAssess specific types of mental abilities.91
1146903179Achievement testsGauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects.92
1146903180Personality testsMeasure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes.93
1146903181StandardizationThe uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test.94
1146903182Test normsInformation about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test.95
1146903183Percentile scoreIndicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained.96
1146903184ReliabilityThe measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques).97
1146903185Correlation CoefficientA numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.98
1146903186ValidityThe ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.99
1146903187Content validityThe degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover.100
1146903188Criterion-related validityCorrelating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test.101
1146903189Construct validityThe extent to which evidence shows that a teat measures a particular hypothetical construct.102
1146903190Mental ageThe mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age.103
1146903191Intelligence quotient (IQ)Is a child's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.104
1146903192Normal distributionA symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.105
1146903193Deviation IQ scoresLocates subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement.106
1146903194Mental retardationRefers to the subaverage general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating before age 18.107
1146903195Heritability ratioAn estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.108
1146903196Reaction rangeGenetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits).109
1146903197Emotional intelligenceConsists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion and regulate emotion.110
1146903198CreativityThe generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful.111
1146903199Convergent thinkingIn which one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer.112
1146903200Divergent thinkingIn which one tries to expand on the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.113
1146903201ReificationWhen a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete tangible object.114
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