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Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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475258277organellesStructures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.0
475258282cytosolThe soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.1
475258283eukaryotic cellsContain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.2
475258284cytoplasmThe region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.3
475258285plasma membraneThe membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.4
475258286nuclear envelopedouble membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus5
475258287nuclear laminaA netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.6
475258288chromosomesA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.7
475258289chromatinThe readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins8
475258290nucleolusSmall, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins.9
475258291endomembrane systemA network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.10
475258292vesicleSmall membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.11
475258293smooth ERSynthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells).12
475258294rough ERA network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.13
475258295glycoproteinA protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.14
485181252transport vesiclesVesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.15
485181253Golgi apparatusstack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum16
485181254phagocytosisProcess in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.17
485181255lysosomeA cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.18
485181256contractile vacuolesA membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.19
485181257mitochondriaThe organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.20
485181258chloroplastsOrganelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.21
485181259peroxisomeA microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.22
485181260cristaeInfoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.23
485181261thylakoidsMembranous structures within a chloroplast that serve as the site for light harvesting in photosynthesis.24
485181262stromaThe fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.25
485181263cytoskeletonNetwork of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.26
485181271cytoplasmic streamingthe motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.27
485181272cell wallStrong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.28
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The Empire In Transition Flashcards

Brinkley, Alan. "Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition." American History. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. 100-25. Print.

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2840660005Including New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, there were eight......royal colonies.0
2840665333A colony in which the king has power to appoint the governors and other colonial officials is known as a......royal colony.1
2840667738The first of the modern prime ministers was......Robert Walpole.2
2840673253Robert Walpole refrained from strict enforcement of the......Navigation Acts.3
2840677638There was no colonial office in......London.4
2840679769The Board of Trade and Plantations was established in......1696.5
2840813874The mere advisory body that had little role in any actual decisions was the......Board of Trade and Plantations.6
2840814772The central administrative agency for the government as a whole was the......Privy Council.7
2840817521Benjamin Franklin's colony was......Pennsylvania.8
2840818428The representative for Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts was......Benjamin Franklin.9
2840869851The colonial post service helped increase......communication.10
2840873300The plan, proposed by Benjamin Franklin, in which America would have "one general government" for all the colonies (except Georgia and Nova Scotia) but colonies could keep their constitutions but would give the general government the power of governing Indian relations was known as the......Albany Plan.11
2840891249The general government under the Albany Plan would have a person appointed and paid by the king called a......president general.12
2840892346The general government under the Albany Plan would have a legislature elected by the colonial assemblies know as the......grand council.13
2840897107The British won the......Seven Years War.14
2840897658The Seven Years War changed the balance of......power.15
2840902495England's victory of the Seven Years War helped settled its control over settled regions in......North America.16
2840910087Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette were 1670s French......explorers.17
2840913337Large estates were called......seigneuries.18
2840915228The center of the French empire in America was......Quebec.19
2840985528White immigrants of French descent were known as......Creoles.20
2840992205New Orleans was founded in......1718.21
2841000923In the fifteenth century the Iroquois Confederacy formed a......defensive alliance.22
2841022850The Ohio River Valley became potential......battleground.23
2841028774A chief magistrate was known as a......stadholder.24
2841062810The stadholder of the Netherlands and person who opposed French expansionism was......William III.25
2841075434William III's successor was......Queen Anne.26
2841089134Queen Anne ascended to the throne in......1702.27
2841090351Queen Anne's War ended in 1713 with the signing of the......Treaty of Utrecht.28
2841097094In 1749, the French began to build fortresses in the......Ohio Valley.29
2841100497Colonel George Washington led the troops to Ohio River Valley to challenge......French expansion.30
2841103562Colonel George Washington built......Fort Necessity.31
2841105971The French outpost located in present-day Pittsburgh was......Fort Duquesne.32
2841108303The conflict at Fort Necessity marked the start of the......French and Indian War.33
2841117171The appointed commander in chief of the British army in America was......General Edward Braddock.34
2841251619General Edward Braddock brought war efforts in America completely under......British control.35
2841260413In July 1758, two English generals, Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe captured the fortress at......Louisburg.36
2841266038On September 13th, 1759,...Quebec fell.37
2841266928The fall of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of the......American phase of the war.38
2841268606In September 1750, the French army surrendered to Amherst in......Montreal.39
2841274200The Peace of Paris was signed in......1763.40
2841297265Prime Minister George Grenville was William Pitt's......brother-in-law.41
2841304664John Stuart was in charge of Indian affairs in the......southern colonies.42
2841305728Sir William Johnson was in charge of Indian affairs in the......northern colonies.43
2841307992Sir William Johnson married a Mohawk woman,......Mary Brant.44
2841317620The colonists were required to assist in provisioning and maintaining the army under the......Mutiny, or Quartering, Act of 1765.45
2841326640Colonial assemblies had to stop issuing paper money under the......Currency Act of 1764.46
2841328031People had to pay taxes on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, and licenses under the......Stamp Act of 1765.47
2841334023In 1771, a small-scale civil war, known as the regulator movement, broke out in......North Carolina.48
2841387644In May 1765, at the House of Burgesses in Virginia, a speech was given by......Patrick Henry.49
2841390696James Otis organized the......Stamp Act Congress.50
2841397438In July 1765, the new Prime Minister was......Marquis of Rockingham.51
2841403015In 1766, Parliament repealed the......Stamp Act.52
2841404531Parliament had authority over the colonies in all cases under the......Declaratory Act.53
2841417035Taxes on lead, paint, paper, and tea were known as......Townshend Duties.54
2841419981The secretary of state for the colonies was......Lord Hillsborough.55
2841432711In March 1770, Lord North repealed all of the Townshend Duties except for the tax on......tea.56
2841445074In 1772, Samuel Adams created the......Committee of Correspondence.57
2841449048The monarchy, the aristocracy, and the common people were the......three elements of society.58
2841902945With their privileges, East India Company could undersell American merchants and monopolize the colonial tea trade under the......Tea Act of 1773.59
2841924732The event in 1773 when men dressed up as Mohawk Indians dumped the into the harbor was known as the......Boston Tea Party.60
2841959633When the Bostonians refused to pay for the tea wasted during the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the......Coercive, or Intolerable Acts.61
2841960153Boston Habor was closed under the......Coercive, or Intolerable Acts.62
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Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a.

Terms : Hide Images
1901050321Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food...0
1901050329Autotrophicproduce their organic molecules from CO2 and other raw material from the environment.1
1901050330Chloroplastsabsorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.2
1901050322ThylakoidsA flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.3
1901050331PhotosynthesisThe conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.4
1901050332Autotrophsproduce their own organic molecules from CO25
1901050333HeterotrophsAn organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.6
1901050334Mesophyllspecialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.7
1901050335Stomatapores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters8
1901050336StromaThe fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.9
1901050337ThylakoidsA flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.10
1901050338ChlorophyllA green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.11
1901050339What are the two stages of photosynthesislight dependent and light independent12
1901050340Light ReactionsThe first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.13
1901050341Calvin cycleThe second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.14
1901050342NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.15
1901050343PhotophosphorylationThe process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.16
1901050344Carbon FixationThe initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).17
1901050345CarotenoidsAn accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.18
1901050323Describe a chlorophyll molecule...19
1901050346PhotosystemA light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.20
1901050347Reaction-center complexA complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.21
1901050348Light harvesting complexA complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.22
1901050349Primary electron acceptorIn the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.23
1901050350Photo system IIOne of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. Pheophytin = primary electron acceptor Electrons recovered by splitting H2O Mn complex catalyzes splitting of H2O24
1901050351Photosystem IA light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. remaining pigments = antenna pigments25
190105032410.3 The Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar...26
1901050352Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.27
1901050353What are the three phases of The Calvin cycle?Carbon Fixation Energy Consumption and Redox Release of G3P; Regeneration of RuBP28
1901050354C3 plantsA plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.29
1901050355PhotorespirationA metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.30
1901050356C4 PlantsA plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.31
1901050357Bundle-sheath cellsIn C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.32
1901050358PEP carboxylaseAn enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis.33
1901050359CAM plantsA plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.34
1901050360Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → O2 → CO2 NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 H2O → photosystem I → photosystem IIH2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle35
1901050361Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. Only heterotrophs require oxygen. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment.Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.36
1901050362Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? release of oxygen regeneration of the CO2 acceptor oxidation of NADPH consumption of ATP carbon fixationrelease of oxygen37
1901050363Which process is most directly driven by light energy? creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules reduction of NADP+ molecules ATP synthesis carbon fixation in the stromaremoval of electrons from chlorophyll molecules38
1901050364The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle withATP and NADPH.39
1901050365How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.40
1901050366In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar tooxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.41
1901050325Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.42
1901050326In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole NucleusChloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.43
1901050327What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? Chlorophyll A thylakoid An electron transport chain A chain of glucose molecules The Calvin cycleAn electron transport chain44
1901050328What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? CO2 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and RuBP ATP and NADPH G3P and H2OATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.45
1901050367What provides electrons for the light reactions? CO2 The Calvin cycle H2O Light O2H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons.46
1901050368What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) RuBP Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3)Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP, and RuBP is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle.47
1901050369What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 ChlorophyllNADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.48
1901050370The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplaststhylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.49
1901050371Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma.50
1901050372Describe Carbon Fixation in the Calvin CycleThree molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each.51
1901050373How did Jan Bautista van Helmont contribute to the elucidation of photosynthesis?Demonstrated that the substance of plant was not produced only from the soil by weighing his plants and tracking how much he watered them.52
1901050374How did Joseph Priestly contribute to the elucidation of photosynthesis?Living vegetation adds something to the air (02). "Injured air" could not support life.53
1901050375How did Jan Ingen-Houz contribute to the elucidation of photosynthesis?Proposed plants carry out a process that uses sunlight to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen gas.54
1901050376How did J. F. Blackman contribute to the elucidation of photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a multistage process and only portion uses light directly.55
1901050377How did C. B. Van Neil contribute to the elucidation of photosynthesis?Found purple sulfur bacteria do not release O2 but accumulate sulfur. Proposed general formula for photosynthesis and later researchers found O2 produced comes from water.56
1901050378How did Robin Hill contribute to the elucidation of photosynthesis?Demonstrated that Neil was right that light energy could be harvested and used in reduction reaction without CO2.57
1901050379What did Engelmann elucidate?Action spectrum of chlorophyll. Not all wavelengths of light created equally when it comes to photosynthesis.58
1901050380Chlorophyll aall photosynthetic organisms59
1901050381chlorophyll baccessory pigment60
1901050382carotenoidsaccessory pigment61
1901050383With regard to the structure of chlorophyll a, what is the significance of the hydrophobic tail?all these pigments end up embedded in membranes.62
1901050384In general, photosynthesis:1. 200-400 pigment molecules linked together in antenna array 2. 1 pair of chlorophyll a molecules in reaction center which are able to transfer electrons. 3. Resonance energy transfer between array of pigments and reactions center.63
1902354990FerrodoxinPrimary electron acceptor in Photosystem I. If there is no NADP+, electrons go to cytochrome b6f64
1902354991PheophytinPrimary electron acceptor in Photosystem II.65
1902354992Cytochrome b6f complexH+ pump Establishes H+ gradient used to manufacture ATP66
1902354993What is the role of Rubisco in the presence of CO2?Combines RuBP with CO2 and H2O into a short lived 6C compound; results in the formation of 2 molecules of PGA67
1902354994What is the role of Rubisco in the presence of O2?Combines RuBP with O2 and H2O resulting: 1 molecule of PGA (3C) 1 molecule of Glycolic acid (2C)68
1902355006What happens to the products of photorespiration?1. Glycolic acid shipped to peroxisome and metabolized into glycine 2. Glycine is sent to the mitochondria and metabolized into serine 3. Serine is sent back to peroxisome and metabolized into glycerate 4. Glycerate is shipped to chloroplast and enter Calvin Cycle as PGA69
1902354995What is the cost of photorespiration?2 NADH and 1 ATP70
1902354996What is photorespiration?O2 out competes CO2 at active site of Rubisco resulting in 1 PGA and 1 Glycolic Acid71
1902354997What is the advantage of photorespiration?Helps C3 plants survive under hot dry conditions72
1902354998C4 pathwayDecouples light reactions and carbon fixation reactions. CO2 converted to 4C organic acid in MESOPHYLL cells.73
1902354999C4 pathway: What enzyme is the primary enzyme?PEP carboxylase adds a CO2 to PEP forming oxaloacetate which can be converted to malate and asparate.74
1902355000C4 pathway: Where is CO2 released from the 4C organic acid?Bundle sheath cell. This is the site of carbon fixation.75
1902355001Pros and Cons of C4 pathway:PRO: PEP carboxylase has no affinity for O2; NO photorespiration in hot, dry, very bright conditions therefore able to outcompete C3 plants in these conditions. CON: Very expensive for the plant76
1902355002What does CAM stand for?Crassulacean Acid Metabolism; ie succulents like jade77
1902355003CAM PhotosynthesisAt night, stomata are open. CO2 combined with PEP to form 4C organic acids, which accumulate at night. During the day when stomates are closed, CO2 is released and enters carbon fixation reactions.78
1902355004How do CAM and C4 plants differ?C4: light and dark reactions separated by space CAM: light and dark reactions separated by time79
1902355005What is the advantage of CAM metabolism?Allows plants to function well under limited water supply as well as high light intensity.80
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Holt Modern Chemistry Ch. 1 Matter & Change Flashcards

Vocabulary Ch 1

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890916106ChemicalAny substance that has a definite composition.0
890916107ChemistryThe study of the composition, structure and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.1
890916108AtomThe smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element.2
890916109Change of StateA physical change of a substance from one state to another.3
890916110Chemical ChangeA change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.4
890916111Chemical PropertyRelates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance.5
890916112Chemical ReactionA change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.6
890916113CompoundA substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.7
890916114ElementA pure substance made of only one kind of atoms.8
890916115Extensive PropertyDepend on the amount of matter that is present.9
890916116GasState of matter that has neither definite volume nor definite shape.10
890916117HeterogeneousMixtures that are not uniform throughout.11
890916118HomogeneousMixtures that are uniform on composition.12
890916119Intensive PropertyDo not depend on the amount of matter present.13
890916120LiquidState of matter that has definite volume but indefinite shape.14
890916121MassA measure of the amount of matter in a substance.15
890916122MatterAnything that take up space and has mass.16
890916123MixtureA blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties.17
890916124Physical ChangeA change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.18
890916125Physical PropertyA characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.19
890916126PlasmaHigh temperature physical state of matter in which the atoms lose their electrons.20
890916127ProductThe substances that are formed by chemical changes.21
890916128Pure substanceHas a fixed composition and every sample has exactly the same characteristic properties and the same composition.22
890916129ReactantThe substances that react in a chemical change.23
890916130SolidMatter that has a definite shape and a definite volume.24
890916131SolutionAnother name for homogeneous mixtures.25
890916132FamilyThe vertical columns of the periodic table.26
890916133GroupThe vertical columns of the periodic table.27
890916134MetalAn element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Malleable, ductile, and lustrous.28
890916135MetalloidAn element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals.29
890916136NonmetalAn element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.Brittle and not lustrous.30
890916137PeriodThe horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table.31
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Cell membrane, organelles, & cell parts review Flashcards

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1884716010What is the function of the cell membrane?Keeps all the pieces of the cell together0
1884716011What is the function of the holes in the cell membrane?To let some things move in and out of the cell1
1884716012What are the 2 molecules that make up the cell membrane?Proteins and phospholipids2
1884716013What is the function of the proteins in the cell membrane?To help molecules move in and out of the holes in the cell membrane3
1884716014What term do scientists use to describe the organization of the cell membrane?A fluid mosaic4
1884716015What is the term for the water liking heads of a phospholipid?Hydrophilic5
1884716016What does hydrophobic mean?Does not like water6
1884716017Name 2 organelles that have a membraneLysosome and endoplasmic reticulum7
1884716018Name an organelle that has 2 membranesMitochondrion8
1884716019Name the 2 types of proteins found in the cell membranePeripheral and Integral9
1884716020How are integral proteins arranged in the membrane?Permanently connected to the cell membrane10
1884716021Where are peripheral proteins found?Crossing the membrane11
1884716022Which does a cell have more of- peripheral proteins or integral proteins?Peripheral12
1884716023Who were the 2 scientists that first developed the Fluid Mosaic Model?Singer and Nicolson13
1884716024State the 3 principles of the cell theory1. Cells are the basic unit of life 2. All organisms are made of one cell or more. 3. All cells arise from existing cells14
1884716025Name the scientist who termed the phrase "cells"Robert Hooke15
1884716026What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic?Hydrophilic heads are things like water and hydrophobic tail things do not like water16
1884716027How does a cell membrane accommodate the hydrophobic tails and the hydrophilic heads- what is the arrangement of the phospholipids in the membrane?The heads are exposed to the watery parts and the tails are kept dry17
1884716028What is a prokaryote?Cells that don't have a nucleus18
1884716029Give an example of a prokaryoteBacteria19
1884716030What is a eukaryote?Cells that have a nucleus20
1884716031Give an example of a eukaryotePlant and animal cells21
1884716032What is the term for the make up of the membrane- it describes the way the membrane is flexible and made of different materials.The cell membrane22
1884716033Cell theoryThe idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things and new cells and are produced from existing cells23
1884716034Cell membraneThin flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves cells24
1884716035Lipid bilayerDouble-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes25
1884716036ChromosomeThreadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed fro one generation of cells to the next26
1884716037NucleusThe center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities27
1884716038RibosomeSmall particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein28
1884716039NucleolusSmall, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins29
1884716040ProkaryoteSingle-celled organism lacking a nucleus30
1884716041EukaryoteDomain of all organisms whose cells contain nuclei31
1884716042CytoplasmMaterial inside the cell membrane - not including the nucleus32
1884716043OrganelleSpecialized structure that performs important cellular functions wihin a eukaryotic cell33
1884716044ChloroplastOrganelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy34
1884716045CytoskeletonNetwork of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movements35
1884716046MitochondriaCell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use36
1884716047Endoplasmic reticulumInternal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified37
1884716048Golgi apparatusStack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum38
1884716049OsmosisDiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane39
1884716050DiffusionProcess in which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated40
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Cell Biology (Cell Membrane and Organelles) Flashcards

Dr. Langdon's Honors Biology Class.
Flash cards cover eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, cell membrane, cell membrane

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547963266Cell Membrane- contains the cytoplasm (all interior cell organelles and the cytosol) - allowing the chemical reactions in the cell to occur - semipermeable (or selectively permeable) - allows certain substances in, keeps others out - offers limited protection0
547963267Phospholipid- two hydrophobic fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic head (with a phosphate group) - are amphipathic1
547963268Amiphipathic- hydrophobic on one end and hydrophilic on the other2
547963269Protein- integral proteins are buried inside the membrane - peripheral proteins are stuck to the surface of the protein3
547963270Carbohydrates- chains of carbohydrates serve as ID markers so the body can recognize its own cells from foreign invaders A antigen - (normal marker) B Antigen - (mutation in Asia) O Antigen - (mutation in Europe, universal donor) AB blood - (universal recipient, rarest blood type)4
547963271Cholesterol- found in animal cell membranes - fills in the gaps in the membrane and makes it more fluid (so you don't melt in heat and freeze in cold)5
547963272Fluid Mosaic Model- modern theory of how the cell membrane is arranged6
547963273fluid- things can move7
547963274Molecules which can cross the membrane through diffusion- any lipid - a small ( less than or equal to 3 atoms) and uncharged particle8
547963275Diffusion- particles move from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached - passive transport9
547963276Facilitated Diffusion- diffusion through an integral protein - used to pass through ions and larger molecules which cannot pass the membrane through diffusion - passive transport10
547963277Active Transport- breaks concentration gradient but needs to use ATP (energy for cell) - are very specific - active transport pumps act as enzymes with active sites so they often pump only one substrate - active transport11
547963278Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membrane - occurs from a hypotonic area to a hypertonic area12
547963279Hypotonic- has less dissolved material (therefore less water)13
547963280Hypertonic- has more dissolved material (therefore less water)14
547963281Isotonic- has the same amount of dissolved material15
547963282Effects of Osmosis on Animal Cells- In hypotonic solution - lysed (cell explode) - Isotonic solution - normal - Hypertonic solution - crenalate (shrivel)16
547963283Effects of Osmosis on Non-Animal Cells- Hypotonic Solution - turgid (normal) cell will swell until the cell swells up to the size and shape of cell wall (until no more water can go in). Sometimes the pressure is so strong the plants stand upright (ex. grass). When plants do not get water, they wilt but can be revived - Isotonic Solution - flaccid - Hypertonic solution - plasmolyzed17
547963284Prokaryotic Cells- cells lack a nucleus and all other membrane based organelles - What they do have ~ cell membrane ~ cell wall ~ cytosol ~ DNA ~ ribosomes18
547963285Nucleus- contains the DNA - double membrane layer - contains nuclear pores to allow material in and out - mRNA goes out of cell - nucleotides (build and repair DNA) go inside cell19
547963286Nucleolus- dark area in the nucleus where DNA encoding ribosomal RNA and proteins are located - cells are constantly making ribosomes, so these genes are always being copied. Vast numbers of DNA-reading enzymes in one area make it appear dark20
547963287Endoplasmic Reticulum- transport tubes made of membrane - carry proteins that will go into the membane or leave the cell completely - rough ER has ribosomes attached (closest to membrane because - attached to nuclear membrane21
547963288Ribosome- found in two places; the cytosol or on the rough ER - translates the mRNA to synthesize proteins - composed of proteins and rRNA22
547963289mRNA- instructions for building proteins23
547963290rRNA- a ribozyme that actually builds the proteins24
547963291The Golgi Body- puts final modifications on membrane proteins and proteins that leave the cell - packages proteins in vesicles (sacs of membrane) [only works with a small subset of proteins, proteins come from ER]25
547963292Vesicles (Vacuoles)- membrane storage sacs; named after their contents ~ Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (like lysozyme) - used to digest food ~ Peroxisomes contain peroxides - used for apoptosis - "cell suicide" [if a cell being used by a virus starts replicating, cell will kill itself]26
547963293Endocytosisimport of materials into the cell - phagocytosis - pinocytosis27
547963294Phagocytosis- "cell eating" cell extends pseudopodia (false foot) to engulf food and pull it inside28
547963295Pinocytosis- "cell drinking" cell engulfs small vesicles full of surrounding fluid - But why is this used since water will flow in and out of cell depending on hypertonic/hyptotonic solution - this is used to sense the environment (response to stimuli)29
548005364Mitochondria- responsible for harvesting energy for the cell - combusts (burns) glucose with oxygen to produce the energy required to produce the energy to "recharge" ATP - composed of ~ double membrane ~ inner membrane with folds called cristae ~ inner gooey material called the matrix30
5480053654 pieces of evidence of endosymbiotic theory- reproduce through binary fission - like bacteria (the cell cannot build mitochondria) - same size and shape as a bacteria - have their own DNA (called mt DNA) that is circular - have their own ribosomes and can make their own proteins31
548005366Endosymbiotic TheoryMitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria that were once swallowed by ancient eukaryotes but not digested. Rather, they developed a symbiosis with the cells and evolved into the organelles.32
548005367Cell Movement- flagella: a long tail whips back and forth, very fast - pseudopodia: really slow, plants cannot use this since they have cell walls - cilia: hairlike structures which completely surround the cell - not very fast but very manuevarable33
548005368Centrioles- found only in animal cells - located in a region called the centrosome - involved in cell reproduction - 2 small cylinders perpendicular to each other34
548005369Cytoskeleton- cells have an internal skeleton for strength and shape - cell have an internal skeleton for strength and shape - formed from microtubules (made from tubulin) and microfilaments of actin35
548005370External Skeleton: Extracellular Matrx (ECM)- found outside the cell - a skeleton that holds together many cells36
548005371Unique to Plant Cells- cell wall - chloroplasts large central vacuole - plasmodesmata37
548005372Large Central Vacuole- largest organelle in plant cell - to have large central vacuole hold water, cell chucks random things in vacuole to make it hypertonic so water flows in38
548005373Cell Wall- made of cellulose - protects against osmotic shock - serves as a skeleton - note the plasmodesma: tunnels connecting cells39
548005374plasmodesma1 Benefit - cells are connected so if one cell makes a lot of sugar, sugar will spread quickly to other cells 1 Drawback - if one cell has an infection and all cells are connected, they might all die since the virus will spread -> apoptosis40
548005375chloroplasts- organelles that use the sun's energy to produce ATP - also use ATP to fix carbon dioxide into glucose41
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Psychology 101 Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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938523033sensationsimple stimulation of a sense organ0
938523034perceptionthe organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representaion1
938523035transductionwhat takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the CNS2
938523036psychophysicsmethods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulus3
938523037absolute thresholdthe minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus4
938523038just noticeable differencethe minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected5
938523039Weber's lawthe just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite the variations in intensity6
938523040signal detection theoryan observation that the response to a stimulus depends both on the person's sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's response criterion7
938523041sensory adaptationsensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions8
938523042retinalight-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball9
938523043accommodationthe process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina10
938523044conesvisual receptor cell sensitive to color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail11
938523045rodsphotoreceptors that become active under low-light conditions for night vision12
938523046foveaan area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all13
938523047blind spota location on the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina because the corresponding area of the retina contains neither rods nor cones and therefore has no mechanism to sense light14
938523048receptive fieldthe region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron15
938523049binding problema phenomenon that concerns how features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features16
938523050illusory conjunctiona perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined17
938523051feature integration theorythe idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus but is required to bind hose individual features18
938523052perceptual constancya perceptual principle stating that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistant19
938523053monocular depth cuesaspects of a scene that yield info about depth when viewed with only one eye20
938523054binocular disparitythe difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides info about depth21
938523055apparent motionthe perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations22
938523056change blindnessa phenomenon that occurs when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene23
938523057inattentional blindnessa failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention24
938523058pitchhow high or low a sound is25
938523059loudnessa sound's intensity26
938523060timbrea listener's experience of sound quality or resonance27
938523061cochleaa fluid-filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction28
938523062basilar membranea structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid29
938523063hair cellsspecialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane30
938523064area A1a portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex31
938523065place codethe mechanisms by which the cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basilar membrane32
938523066temporal codethe mechanism by which the cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve33
938523067haptic perceptionthe active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands34
938523068referred painfeeling pain when sensory info from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord35
938523069gate-control theorya theory of pain perception based on the idea that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped, or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions36
938523070vestibular systemthe three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear37
938523071olfactory receptor neuronsreceptor cells that initiate the sense of smell38
938523072olfactory bulba brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes39
938523073phereomonesbiochemical odorants emitted by other members on its species that can affect an animals behavior of physiology40
938523074taste budsthe organ of taste transduction41
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Psychology: Themes and Variations Ch. 3 Flashcards

Biological Psych

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1687704586Biological PsychBrian and body relate to behavior0
1687704587Neuronscells that transmit and receive throughout the nervous system Linked with other neurons or tissues1
1687704588Somathe neuron's cell body contain nucleus2
1687704589Dendritesreceive chemical signals form other neurons3
1687704590AxonCarries electrical signals from soma to terminals4
1687704591Myelin SheathInsulating cover surrounding axon5
1687704592Terminal Buttonsrelease neurotransmitters6
1687704593Glial CellsSupport and protect neurons Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microgila, Schwann Cells7
1687704594Ions in neuron at restk+, Cl-, A-8
1687704595Ions outside neuron at restCl-,Na+9
1687704596The Action Potentialwhen stimulated, opens Na+ channels K+ channels open, push K+ out10
1687704597All or None LawNeurons either do or do not fire11
1687704598Sodium-Potassium Pumprestores balance by pushing sodium out and potassium into the cell12
1687704599Synaptic Cleftgap between terminal button and dendrite13
1687704600Vesiclescellular sacs that hold neurotransmitters14
1687704601Postsynaptic Potentialwhen neurotransmitters bind with the receptor sites the postsynaptic cell changes its electrical potential15
1687704602Inhibitorythe cell becomes more negative and less likely to fire16
1687704603Excitatorythe cell becomes more positive and more likely to fire17
1687704604AcetylcholineNeurotransmitter. sustained attention, arousal, memory18
1687704605DopamineNeurotransmitter. motor control, focused attention, "reward"19
1687704606NorepinephrineNeurotransmitter. mood, activity, arousal, alertness20
1687704607SerotoninNeurotransmitter. mood, social dominance, sleep and wakefulness, self-regulation/ control21
1687704608Central Nervous SystemBrain and Spinal cord22
1687704609Peripheral Nervous SystemOutside brain and spinal cord somatic and autonomic23
1687704610Somatic Nervous Systemconnects to skin. Voluntary muscles and joints24
1687704611Afferent Nervestouch and pain Arrive to the brain25
1687704612Efferent Nervescontrol muscle exit from the brain26
1687704613Autonomic Nervous SystemConnects to heart, smooth muscle, involuntary functions27
1687704614HindbrainMedulla, Pons, Cerebellum28
1687704615MedullaBreath, Cardiac function (life support)29
1687704616CerebellumBalance and motor coordination30
1687704617PonsBridge. Spinal cord to cerebrum31
1687704618Midbrainsuperior colliculus, inferior colliculus, ventral tegmentum, substantia nigra32
1687704619ForebrainHypothalamus, Thalamus, Limbic System, Cerebral Cortex33
1687704620Hypothalamusprimary hormonal processes. 4 F's: Food, Fornication, Fear, Fight34
1687704621Thalamusrelay sensory info to the cerebral cortex35
1687704622Limbic Systemhippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens36
1687704623Hippocampusnew memories and spacial location. can be damaged by stress37
1687704624AmygdalaEmotional learning (fear)38
1687704625Nucleus AccumbensImportant in reward approach motivation39
1687704626Cerebral Cortexoccipital, temporal, parietal, frontal40
1687704627Occipital CortexVisual Cortex dorsal stream-where or how? (parietal) ventral stream-what is the object? (temporal)41
1687704628Parietal Cortexsomatosensory cortex42
1687704629Temporal CortexAuditory cortex43
1687704630Frontal Cortexmotor planning and execution decision making44
1687720703Primary inhibitory neurotransmittergaba45
1691572019Primary Excitatory Neurotransmitterglutamate46
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Psychology 101 Chapter 4. Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2939132450SensationThe Stimulation of Sense Organs.0
2939136028Perceptionthe Selection, Organization, and interpretation of Sensory Input.1
2939138567PsychophysicsStudy of how physical stimuli are translated into Psychological Experience.2
2939141228Absolute ThresholdMinimum Stimulus Intensity that an Organism can detect. As Stimulus Intensity Increases, the Subject's probability to responding to Stimuli Gradually increases.3
2939146824Just Noticeable Difference (JND)The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect.4
2939148721Weber's LawThe size of a Just Noticeable Difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial Stimulus.5
2939150350Weber's FractionThe Fractions that apply to different Sensory Inputs until a Difference is noted. Increases constantly proportionately.6
2939152301Signal-Detection TheoryThe detection of stimuli involves Decision Processes, along as Sensory Processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides Stimulus Intensity7
2939154686NoiseBackground distractions that lower the chance of detection of a Stimulus8
2939156895Subliminal PerceptionThe registration of Sensory Input without conscious awareness.9
2939167932Sensory AdaptationThe Gradual Decline in Sensitivity to prolonged Stimulation.10
2939172066LightForm of Electromagnetic Radiation that travels as a wave at the Speed of Light.11
2939173918AmplitudeAffects perception of brightness (Height)12
2939176323WavelengthAffects perception of Color (Distance between Peaks).13
2939189741LensTransparent eye Structure that focuses the light rays falling on the Retina.14
2939192485NearsightednessCaused by Retina, Close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.15
2939194567FarsightednessDistant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.16
2939196425PupilThe opening into the center of the Iris that permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye.17
2939197823IrisRegulates the amount of Light entering the Pupil by controlling the size of the Pupil.18
2939199864RetinaNeural Tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain. Part of the nervous system19
2939202268Optic DiskA hole in the Retina where the Optic Nerve Fibers exit the eye.20
2939208032Rods Outnumber Cones.21
2939208033ConesPlay a key role in Daylight Vision and Color Vision.22
2939210421FoveaTiny spot in the center of the Retina that contains only Cones; visual clarity is best here.23
2939212171RodsPlay a key role in Night Vision and Peripheral Vision. When you want to see an object in the dark, look slightly above or below where it should be to find it easier.24
2939214389Dark AdaptationThe process in which the eye becomes more sensitive to light in low illumination.25
2939216694Light AdaptationProcess in which the eye becomes less sensitive to light in High Illumination.26
2939220505Receptive Field of a Visual CellThe Retina area that when stimulated, affects the firing of that Cell.27
2939223903Lateral AntagonismOccurs when Neural Activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells.28
2939238880Optic ChiasmThe point at which the optic Nerves from the Inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the Brain.29
2939242263Parallel Processing2 Channels simultaneously extract different kinds of Information from the same input.30
2939243757Feature DetectorsNeurons that respond selectively to very specific Features of more Complex Stimuli.31
2939246364Color is viewed by Wavelength (Hue) Amplitude (Brightness) and Purity (Saturation)32
2939246365Subtractive Color MixingWorks by removing some Wavelength of light, leaving less light than originally there.33
2939250902Additive Color MixingWorks by Superimposing Lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself.34
2939255807Trichromatic TheoryColor Vision holds that the Human eye has 3 types of Receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths35
2939257979Color BlindnessInability to distinguish variety among colors.36
2939259844Complementary ColorsPairs of Colors that produce gray tones when mixed together.37
2939261315AfterimageA visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed.38
2939263449Opponent Process TheoryEwald Hering - Color Vision holds that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors. Recent Studies show both Theories are somewhat Right.39
2939266022Reversible FigureA drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth.40
2939268633Perceptual SetA readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way41
2939270516Inattentional BlindnessInvolves ones failure to see visible objects or events because one's attention is focused elsewhere.42
2939274395Feature AnalysisProcess of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form. You use Lines, Curves, and Corners to create and identify Objects.43
2939278217Bottom-Up ProcessingA Progression from individual elements to the whole.44
2939279867Top-Down ProcessingA progression from the Whole to the Elements.45
2939281459Subjective ContoursPerception of Contours (Outlines) where actually none exist.46
2939283862Gestalt PsychologyInfluential School of Thought that emerged in Germany in 1950's47
2939285148Phi PhenomenonThe illusion of Movement created by presenting visual Stimuli in Rapid Succession.48
2939286753Gestalt PrinciplesHow the Visual System Organizes a Scene into discreet forms.49
2939290969FigureObject being Looked at.50
2939292923GroundBackground51
2939294610ProximityElements that are close to one another are grouped together.52
2939296406ClosureViewers Supply Missing Elements to close or complete a Familiar figure53
2939298232SimilarityElements that are similar are grouped together.54
2939318453SimplicityViewers Organize elements in the simplest way Possible.55
2939321686ContinuityViewers see elements in ways that produce smooth Continuation.56
2939325211Distal StimuliStimuli that lies in the Distance57
2939328455Proximal StimuliThe Stimulus energies that impinge directly on Sensory Receptors58
2939331141Perceptual HypothesisAn inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed.59
2939334195Our Perceptual Hypotheses are guided by our Experience-Based Expectations.60
2939334196Depth PerceptionInterpretation of Visual Cues that indicate how near or Far away Objects are.61
2939337037Binocular Depth CuesClues about Distance based on the differing views of the two eyes62
2939338643Retinal DisparityRefers to the fact that objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the Right and Left Retinas, so each eye sees a slightly Different view of the Object.63
2939340835ConvergenceInvolves sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on Closer Objects.64
2939343079Monocular Depth CuesClues about the distance based on the image in either eye alone.65
2939344873Motion ParallaxImages at different distances move across the Retina at different Rates.66
2939347925Pictorial Depth CuesCues about distance that can be given in a flat Picture.67
2939352668Perceptual ConsistencyA tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of Continually Changing Sensory Input68
2939354939Visual IllusionAn inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual Stimulus and its Physical Reality.69
2939357071Impossible FiguresObjects that can be represented in two-dimensional pictures but cannot exist in 3D space.70
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Unit 3 - Biological Bases Of Behavior (8-10%) Flashcards

Chapter 3

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1546685690nervous systema complex combination of cells whose primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately0
1546685691neuronfundamental unit of the nervous system; nerve cell1
1546685692glial cellscells in the nervous system that holds neurons together and help them communicate with one another2
1546685693axona fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons3
1546685694dendritea neuron fiber that receives signals from the axons of other neurons and carries those signals to the cell body4
1546685695synapsethe tiny gap between neurons across which they communicate5
1546685696action potentialan abrupt wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized6
1546685697myelina fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials7
1546685698refractory perioda short rest period between action potentials8
1546685699neurotransmitterschemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another9
1546685700receptorssites on the surface of a cell that allow only one type of neurotransmitter to fit into them, triggering a chemical response that may lead to an action potential10
1546685701postsynaptic potentialthe change in the membrane potential of a neuron that has received stimulation from another neuron11
1546685702excitatory postsynaptic potentiala postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the neuronal membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential12
1546685703inhibitory postsynaptic potentiala postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential13
1546685704neural networkneurons that operate together to perform complex functions14
1546685705sensory systemsthe parts of the nervous system that provide information about the environment15
1546685706motor systemsthe parts of the nervous system that influence muscles and other organs to respond to the environment in some way16
1546685707peripheral nervous systemthe parts of the nervous system not housed in a bone17
1546685708central nervous systemthe parts of the nervous system encased in bone, including the brain and the spinal cord18
1546685710somatic nervous systemthe subsystem of the peripheral nervous systems that transmits information from the senses to the central nervous system and carries signals from the central nervous system to the muscles19
1546685711autonomic nervous systema subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the heart, lungs and other organs and glands20
1546685712nucleicollections of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system21
1546685714fiber tracts/pathwaysaxons in the central nervous system that travel together in bundles22
1546685716spinal cordthe part of the central nervous system within the spinal column that relays signals from peripheral senses to the brain and conveys messages from the brain to the rest of the body23
1546685718reflexinvoluntary, unlearned reaction in the form of swift, automatic and finely coordinated movements in response to external stimuli24
1546685720hindbrainan extension of the spinal cord contained inside the skull where nuclei control blood pressure, heart rate, breathing and other vital functions25
1546685721medullaan area in the hindbrain that controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing and other vital functions26
1546685723reticular formationa network of cells and fibers threaded throughout the hindbrain and midbrain that alters the activity of the rest of the brain27
1546685726locus coeruleusa small nucleus in the reticular formation that is involved in direction attention28
1546685728cerebellumthe part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finely coordinated movements and storing memories about movement, but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion and language29
1546685730midbraina small structure between the hindbrain and forebrain that relays information from the eyes, ears and skin that controls certain types of automatic behaviors30
1546685731substantia nigraan area of the midbrain involved in the smooth beginning of movement31
1546685732striatuma structure within the forebrain that is involved in the smooth beginning of a movement32
1546685733forebrainthe most highly developed part of the brain; it is responsible for the most complex aspects of behavior and mental life33
1546685734thalamusa forebrain structure that relays signals from most sense organs to higher levels in the brain and plays an important role in processing and making sense out of this information34
1546685735hypothalamusa structure in the forebrain that regulates hunger, thirst and sex drives35
1546685736suprachiasmatic nucleinuclei in the hypothalamus that generate biological rhythms36
1546685737amygdalaa structure in the forebrain that, among other things, associates features of stimuli from two sensory modalities37
1546685738hippocampusa structure in the forebrain associated with the formation of new memories38
1546685739limbic systema set of brain structures that play important roles in regulating emotion and memory39
1546685740cerebral hemispheresthe left and right halves of the rounded, outermost part of the brain40
1546685741cerebral cortexthe other surface of the brain41
1546685742sensory cortexthe parts of the cerebral cortex that receives stimulus information from the senses42
1546685743motor cortexthe part of the cerebral cortex whose neurons control voluntary movements in specific parts of the body43
1546685744association cortexthose parts of the cerebral cortex that receives information from more than one sense or that combine sensory and motor information to perform complex cognitive tasks44
1546685745corpus callosuma massive bundle of fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other45
1546685746lateralizedreferring to the tendency for one cerebral hemisphere to excel at a particular function or skill compared with the other hemisphere46
1546685747plasticitythe ability to create new synapses and to change the strength of synapses47
1546685748neurotransmitter systema group of neurons that communicates by using the same neurotransmitter48
1546685749acetylcholinea neurotransmitter used by neurons in the peripheral and central nervous systems in the control of functions ranging from muscle contraction and heart rate to digestion and memory49
1546685750norepinephrinea neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation50
1546685751serotonina neurotransmitter used by cells in parts of the brain involved in the regulation of sleep, mood and eating51
1546685752dopaminea neurotransmitter used in the parts of the brain involved in regulating movement and experiencing pleasure52
1546685753GABAa neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons53
1546685754glutamatean excitatory neurotransmitter that helps strengthen synaptic connections between neurons54
1546685755endorphinone of a class of neurotransmitters that bind to opiate receptors and moderate pain55
1546685756endocrine systemcells that forms organs called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones56
1546685757glandan organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream57
1546685758hormoneschemicals secreted by a gland in the bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body58
1546685759fight-or-flight syndromephysical reactions triggered by the sympathetic nervous system that prepare the body to fight or to run from a threatening situation59
1546685760immune systemthe body's system of defense against invading substances and microorganisms60
1546685761autoimmune disordersphysical problems caused when cells of the body's immune systems attack normal body cells as if they were foreign invaders61
1546685762biological psychologythe psychological specialty focused on the physical and chemical changes that cause, and occur in response to, behavior and mental processes62
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